V\v 






„-l°^ 






<^'%. 












«5 '^-« 



,v^ 






-Si. 



\^''"'-*i. 



xX^^^-%, 



o 



^^^ -'*. 



,\^' 



v-^"^ 









%<^^'• 



x^' 



V-^ 



^^v^■^^. 









v^^^-%. 



'■-r'\ 






xv^^"^^ 










-./ 









,0' s ■ ,, 






cO<- 






4 ^, 



^ 






.&^\. = 



.A 



> ■> , 









^^. 






^^ . 









-v^.o 



^''--VV::i;,% 



.^'^■* 






.^•^.>^^^^ 






'"^. 



i*-' 






■>>., v^ 












.V 



^-0^ 



\0 O^ ^ / « « s ^ .A ^ ^ n V 

■i ■, N f -^j .\ tin '-^ t) (J V 



\.^^'' 












X^^ 



iV->- 









N^^ '>U 



*^. 



^^-^ ='- 



^.^' 



*• ' 
.r ■* 



^^- 






%.^^'' 









• J 









a\ -" 



.'.%. 



























,^ '^f. 



.•^' 



v\-^^ 



'^, '' 



I' .>^ ■* o.. 



- O 



' « '<f'. 



0- '"^'-'/'o. 






%.^ 

i'i -^ 















xx^= 






3', -o 



^^0^ 

.^o,. 



^'^-V 



•}* ^ 



% 



.0^ 



#\^' 



-^^cs^ 



, ^-' 






%J' 






'^%^^#;.- 












■P 



- ^ -9. A* 



<■, 






A' 



av-^>. 



i'i ■' 



.0^ 



y 



% 



4 

\0 -7- 



^/-o^ 

,*-^ '- 







.-^'* --^ 









■ .A .^ . 



o^^ '^^.i 






-"■ .0' 



^^. 



^-0^ 



%.^- 



,o- 






• ■^^ 






.^•"^ 



A > ' » I 












^■i J- 



■>^''%. 






%.„^ 



v^' 



, ^ ,A ^ 






'o . . *' .0^~ 



v 



,.A^" 



'/. qX 



-A* -^ 



^^. 



l='y. -\ 











C tLCctt<y 



tt</ 



HISTORICAL 



ENCYCLOPEDIA 



OF 



ILLINOIS 

EDITED BY 

Newton Batemax, LL.D. Paul Selbv, A.M. 




AND HISTORY OF 



JO DAVIESS COUNTY 



EDITED BY 



Hon. William Spensley 



ILLUSTRATED. 



CH IC AGO : 

M L' \ S E L L PUBLISHING COMPANY 

PL'BLISHERS. 

1904. 



Entered accordiug to Act of Congress, 
in the years 1S04. is«;«) and iqoo. by 

WILLIAM W. Ml'NSEI^L. 

in the office ot the librarian of Congres 

at 

WAsniNr.ToN. 



">i 



o 



^ 







THe 

ILLINOIS RIVSR 
BASIN. 




TEKRlrORY DRAINED I)V TIIK ILLINOIS RIVER. 




-AJTt^^o^&^wR^^cCc^ 



PREFACE. 



Why publish this book? There shonlcl be many and strong reasons to warrant such an 
ttndertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have 
induced the publishers to make this Tenture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a 
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should 
receive attention. 

In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is 
abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of 
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- 
nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the 
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the 
Ohio Eiver — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early 
French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- 
tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its 
vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has 
furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on 
the Slavery question. 

This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its 
essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume 
devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most 
cai'efully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting 
material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- 
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been 
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible 
to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- 
pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information 
within the smallest practicable space. 

And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief 
that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- 
nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of 
Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, 
the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuitj, 
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. 
The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of 
the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources 
connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to 
scholars, ofiicials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, 
the jiflQce, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 

3 



4 PREFACE. 

long-drawn acconnta of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words 
for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity 
and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. 
Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are 
many of this character — it is handled accordingly. 

As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, 
as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered 
separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass 
from subject to suljject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and 
order to complexity and confusion. 

Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of 
items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, 
in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every 
statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and 
the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. 

Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of 
mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- 
ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- 
tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It 
is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be 
disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography hiis an honored, useful and 
legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission 
of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. 
Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than 
the selection of names for this part of the work. 

While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted 
that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not 
appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not 
deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. 

And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully 
assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their 
uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted 
the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- 
cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom 
especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to 
Hon. Harvey B. Ilurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, 
encouraged us in this enterprise— with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, 
the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of 
details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, 
for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found 
instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. 







Hm/)Jm. 



PREFATORY STATEMENT. 



Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and 
ready for the press, Dr. Newtou Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, 
has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it 
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. 

As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation 
of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, 
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French 
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, 
under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras 
in State history ; changes in form of government and administration ; the history of Consti- 
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have 
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military 
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of 
State officers, United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the 
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and 
educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which 
have mai'ked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early 
news23apers, and the gi'owth of religious denominations, together with general statistical 
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — 
all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- 
tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business 
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. 

While individual or collected biogi'aphies of the public men of Illinois have not been 
wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- 
stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and 
particitlar periods or classes. Eich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character 
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial 
bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon 
the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather 
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and 
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring 
patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction 
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of 
many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is 
still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be 
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. 

Tlie large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable 
feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 

5 



6 PREFATORY STATEMENT. 

elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise 
form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. 
Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains hits been 
spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. 

In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- 
dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given 
to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has 
been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population. 

In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I 
should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel il. Inglis, State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John 
M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; 
to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Paum, 
Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- 
cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Libraiuans of the State 
Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for 
special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large cu'cle of correspondents in different 
parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special 
topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been 
attained in the work. 

In conclusion, I oannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and 
associate. Dr. Batenian, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, on October 21, 1S97, was 
deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and 
immediate neighbors, but by a large cii-cle of friends in all parts of the State. 

Altliough his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time 
of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time 
prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of 
tlie public), the entliusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which ne 
brought to the discharge of Iris duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- 
tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship 
and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- 
nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its 
merit. 

With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my 
hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepai'a- 
tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded nni- 
versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualitiet of mind and heai-t 
won the love and confidence of all with whom lie came in contact, and whom it had been my 
privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. 




'-^^^^^^''^^^oa^dP^ ^<:^Ufc/ 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1 

Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 

Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237 

Asylum for Licurable Insane, Bartonville 85 

Bateman, Xewtou (Portrait) 3 

Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 

"Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1835 .... 315 

Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 

Chicago Drainage Canal 94 

Chicago Historical Society Building 394 

Chicago Public Buildings 395 

Chicago Thoroughfares 93 

Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 

Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 

Day after Chicago Fire 92 

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 

Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 

First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 

Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 

Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 

Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 

General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 

Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 

House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 

House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 

Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 

Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 

Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 

Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 240 

Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 

Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 

Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 

Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 



8 LIST OF ILLUSTKATIOXS. 

PAGE 

Institution for Ueaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 

Interior of Kooni, Kaskaskia llotel (1803) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 31-i 

Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 

Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1803) 3U 

La Salle (Portrait) 240 

Library Building, University of Illinois 334 

Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 

Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 270 

Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 COO 

Map of Illinois FoUowing Title Page 

Map of Illinois Hiver Valley 

McCormick Seminary, Chicago 363 

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 

Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 

Newberry Library, Chicago 394 

Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 

Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 

Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 

Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 

Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1808) 315 

Selby, Paul ( Portrait) 5 

Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 

Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 

Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 

University Hall, University of Illinois 150 

University of Chicago 303 

University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 

University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 

View from Engineering Hull, L'niversity of Illinois 281 

View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 

Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago , 91 

Views of Drainage Canal 96 

Views of Drainage Canal 97 

War Eagle (Portrait) 240 

Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 405 



Jo Daviess County 



PREFACE. 



In presenting the following concise History of Jo Daviess County to the public, 
I do so with some misgivings, owing to the fact that the early records of the county 
are so meager that it is difficult, and at times impossible, to obtain an accurate record 
of local events. Its mines were the first attraction, and the earliest visitors to the 
county came with the sole purpose of amassing wealth from their products, and 
paid little attention to leaving a permanent record of their work. I do not claim that 
the History is complete in every detail, but I do claim that the events narrated are as 
accurate and complete as it is possible, with the data available, to make them. I have 
stated nothing, recorded no event, that is not based upon evidence which I believe to 
be true and reliable. I have endeavored to be accurate and, while some events may 
have escaped my notice, it is not because I have not endeavored to find them. I ac- 
knowledge my obligation to the Hon. David Sheean, who is familiar with manv of 
the events recorded, and who has patiently and laboriously supervised the work. I 
also acknowledge my obligation to Mr. AI. L. Johnson, who courteously permitted me 
to examine all old papers and manuscripts left by his father, the late Aladison Y. 
Johnson, from which manuscripts I have derived much valuable information relative 
to matters herein recorded. It may be possible that some will criticise the work : this 
I expect, but it should be remembered that nothing human is perfect, and the most 
careful will make mistakes. Few know — I did not know before undertaking the work 
— what infinite pains and great care are required in the preparation of any historical 
work, no matter how brief, to make the same reliable. I present the work to the can- 
did consideration of the people of the County, among whom I have lived for many 
vears. 




j^aI^^^i.^1-^^4 



Jo Daviess County. 



INDEX. 



CHAPTER I. 

Territorial Changes. page. 

Region Claimed b)- France 619 

Passes to Great Britain after Battle 

of Quebec 6ig 

Conquest of the Illinois Countr)^ by 

Col. George Rogers Clark 619 

Cession to the United States 619 

Virginia claims Control of Country 

Northwest of the Ohio 619 

Territorial Jurisdiction conveyed to 

the United States Government. . . 619 

Ordinance of 1787 619 

"Territory Northwest of River 

O'hio" Organized 619 

Ordinance Prescribes State Boun- 
daries 6ig 

Illinois a Part of Indiana Territory. 620 
Set off from Indiana : Territorial 

Boundaries 620 

Illinois Admitted as a State 620 

Jo Daviess County Created ; Original 

Boundaries 620 

The Military Tract 620 

Counties Originally Embraced in Jo 

Daviess County 620 

Sketch of Col. Joseph Hamilton 

Daviess 620-62 1 

United States' Attorney in the Prose- 
cution of Aaron Burr 621 

Col. Daviess' Death at Tippecanoe. 621 
Act of 1836 Defining Boundaries of 

Jo Daviess County 621 

Counties Organized from Jo Daviess 

County Territory 621 

V CHAPTER II. 

Physical Characteristics. 

Surface and Geological Features... 621 

Principal Streams 621 

Soil and Products 622 

Notable Scenery 622 

^Mineral Wealth 622 



CHAPTER III. ■ 

E.\RLY Settle jiENTS. 

First White Visitor to Lead Mine 

Region 623 

Indian Workers of the Mines 623 

Some First White Occupants of the 

Soil 623 

Jesse ShuU and Samuel Muir Early 

Traders 623 

Thomas H. January Operates a yUne 

Within the Limits of Galena 623 

Julian Dubuque Settles at Dubuque, 

Iowa 623 

Beginning- of the Lead-smelting 

Business 623 

New Orleans First Market for the 

Product 623 

Col. George Davenport 623 

Immigrants Begin Arriving in 

1822-23 623 

Lieut. Martin Thomas appointed 

Government Superintendent of 

Alines in 1824 623 

First White Child born in Jo Daviess 

County 623 

Story of an Early Settler with a 

Squaw-wife ; his Massacre 623 

Francois Barthillier first Permanent 

Settler 623 

He Locates on the Site of Galena. . 624 

CHAPTER IV. 

MixixG History. 

Lead Mines Attract first Settlers... 624 

French Trader LeSueur sees the 
Mines in 1700 624 

Galena River first called "River of 
Mines" 624 

Mining Region a Part of the Crozat 
Grant made by Louis XIV., of 
France 624 

The "Buck Aline," the first Discov- 
ered 624 



JO D A \' I E S S COUNTY INDEX. 



List of Most Important Mines 624 

Estimated Product of Jo Daviess 

Mines 625 

Averagje \'ahie of Lead-ore, 1853- 

i8f)8 r.. 625 

Ore \eins Descrilx'd 625-626 

Smcltinfj Methods — the "Scotch 

Hearth" 626-627 

A Story alx)ut Ilhnois "Suckers" and 

Missouri "Pukes" 627 

Development of Zinc Mining. . . .627-628 
Present Condition of Mining Indus- 
tries 628 

Other Mineral Products 628 

CHAPTER V. 

Ol'FlelAL HlSTOKV. 

Territorial Delegates in Congress. . 628 

Members of Congress who have rep- 
resented Jo Daviess Countv 629 

Col. E. D. Baker and E. B. 'Wash- 
burne 629 

Jo Daviess County Delegates in Con- 
stitutional Conventions 630 

Senators and Representatives in the 
State Legislature 630 

CHAPTER VL 

JUDKIAKV AND Till: B\K. 

Early Courts 630 

Justices of the Peace Hold first Cir- 
cuit Court 630 

Advent of Regular Circuit Judges. 631 
Some Notable Occu]>ants of the Cir- 
cuit Bench 63 1 

Distinguished Members of the Bar. 631 

The County Court 631 

Probate Justices 631 

County Judges 632 

CHAPTER VII. 

TowNsiiii- Organizatiox. 

Early Townships : Date of ( )rganiza- 

tion 632 

List of First Townships 632 

Present Organization 633 

Origin of Township Names. . . .633-634 

CHAPTER V\U. 

Towxsiiip History. 

East and West Galena Townships. . 634 
Galena City a Part of Each 634 



Early Settlers 634 

Galena first called "La I'ointe".... 634 
The Lead Mines Attract Immigra- 
tion about 1823 634 

The Increased Tide of 1827 634 

The first Survey and Plat of (ialena. 635 

Postofiice established in 1826 635 

( ialena incorporated 635 

I'Larlv Xews]japers 635 

ThePdack Hawk War 635 

A Tragic Story of Pro-Slavery Days. 636 

Galena as County-Seat 636 

Rawlins ( )riginally I'art of West Ga- 
lena Townshi]) 636 

Hanover Town.sliip and its first Set- 
tlers 636 

Warren Township and \'illage. .636-637 

Some Early Settlers 637 

Postoifice Established in 1847 637 

CH.M'TF.R IX. 

TuwNSiiii' HlSTOKV (continued). 
A])ple River Township and its ILarly 

Settlers 637 

Scales Mound a Historic Locality. 637 
Dunleith Township and East Du- 
buque City 637 

Elizabeth Township and \illage. 637-638 

The "Wishon Mine" 638 

Stockton a Mining and Stock-raising 

District 638 

Council Hill Township and N'illage. 638 
\'inegar Hill an early Mining Reg- 
ion 638 

Rice Township 6)39 

Guilford Townshi]) the Home of 

John .\. Rawlins 639 

Pleasant N'alley Townshi]> 639 

Ward's Grove Township 639 

Berreman Township 639-640 

Dcrinda Townshi]) 640 

Woodbine Townshi]) 640 

Rush Townshi]) 640 

CH.M'TICR X. 

Rici.u.iois A.vi) Chi'Rcii History. 
First Religious Service in Jo Dav- 
iess Comity held by a Catholic 

Priest 641 

Early Protestant Ministers 641 

Revs. John Dew and .\ratus Kent.. 641 
Historx- of Local Churches 641-642 



JO DA\'IESS COUNTY INDEX, 



CHAPTER XI. 

School History. 

Conditions in Galena in 1829. as de- 
scribed by Gov. Reynolds 642 

]Mi"s. Sarah Reed's Account of Early 
Schools 642 

Galena Academy and other higher 
Institutions 642 

Statistics of Jo Daviess County 
Schools of the Present Day 642 

CHAPTER XII. 

Distinguished Citizens (Sketches). 

Gen. U. S. Grant 643 

Gen. John A. Rawlins 643-644 

Hon. E. B. Washburne 644-645 

Col. Edward D. Baker 645 

Judge Tliomas Drunmiond 645 

Hon. Thompson Campbell 645-646 

Gen. John Eugene Smith 646 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Notable ^"ISIT0RS. 

Abraham Lincoln : Speech and 

N^ewspaper Article by 646-647 

Stephen A. Douglas 648 

President Fillmore 648 

Lyman Trumbull 648 

Joseph Jefferson 648 

Vice-Presidents Wilson and Colfax. 648 

\\'illiam AIcKinley 648 

Theodore Roosevelt 648 

Gen. John A. Logan 648 

CHAPTER XI\-. 

War Record. 

Jo Daviess furnishes first \^olun- 
teer in Northwest for Civil War. 649 

Gen. Augustus L. Chetlain 649 

List of distinguished Soldiers 649 

^Military ( )rganizations formed in 
whole or part from Jo Daviess 

County 649 

Officers from Jo Daviess County. .. 649 
List of Jo Daviess Countv Soldiers 
who died in Battle or in Rebel 

Prisons 650-652 

Spanish-American War 652 



CHAPTER XV. 

Citizens of Jo Daviess County. 

Allanson. Richard 663 

Appel, John 663 

Artman, Andrew G 663 

Avery, George Smith 657 

Barnett, Richard S 664 

Baume, James Simpson 655 

Beall, John P 664 

Beaton, Matthew 664 

Bell, Bert 665 

Bench, Edward M 665 

Birkbeck, Thomas T 665 

Blair, Hiram 665 

Boevers, John C 660 

Bourquin, L. F 665 

Boyle, Patrick 665 

Bracken, Andrew 666 

Bracken, Julia AI 666 

Breed, A. L 666 

Brickner, Philip 667 

Brushons, Jackson 667 

Bucknam, Alvan E 668 

Bunker, Henry L 668 

Burrichter, Frank Joseph 668 

Carroll, Jeremiah 668 

Cassidy, Thomas F 669 

Chetlain, Henry B 66g 

Clock, Alonzo 669 

Clock, Frank 669 

Connor, Bryan H 670 

Czibulka, Alfonso Clemens 670 

Dillon, Martin J 670 

Dimmick, Daniel W 670 

Dittmar. Albert 671 

Dittmar, Rudolph 672 

Dobler, Samuel 672 

Doxey, William H 672 

Eadie, Benjamin 672 

Eaton, Walter S 672 

Ebv; Charles, Sr 672 

Edwards, George 673 

Felt, Benjamin Franklin 654 

Fiddick. John 673 

Foster, Thomas 656 

Ford, Walter 656 

Furlone, John E 673 

Gann, Herst C 674 

Gault, Norman A 674 

Gerner, John 675 

Glasgow, James G 675 

Glasgow, William Henry 675 

Goldthorp, William 676 



JO D A \' I E S S C O I' X T \' INDEX 



Graham, George 676 

Grube, George 676 

Haas, John 677 

Hall, Walter 677 

Hardt, Edward Alexander 677 

Heni])stead. William 677 

Hermann. William I'^ 678 

Hicks, Preston Thomas 663 

Hicks, Thomas H 678 

Hicks, William S 662 

Hilliard, Celia A 678 

Milliard, Sumner H 679 

Hodson. William Theophilus 661 

Hogan, Owen C)79 

Homrich, Louis 679 

I Inward. Henrv Danforth 679 

Howell. John A 680 

I I unt, Ernest F 680 

Hunt, Paul I! 680 

Hutton, William 680 

Irwin. William D CiSo 

Jefl'ers, (icorge 680 

Jewell, Alfred 681 

Keast, Horatio (iS\ 

Keller, U. S. G ()8i 

Kepner, Erastus P 682 

Kneelxjne, Joseph T 682 

Kiihlsaat, Herman I tenry 682 

Lamont,'J. Stewart 682 

Leeklev. Annie Eliza 683 

Leitzen. John, Sr ('^^ 

Lewis, James S 683 

Lewis, Ulysses S 684 

Leydon, Rev. Thomas 698 

Logan, Evan B 684 

Logan, Jesse R 684 

Lupt<in. William 684 

Lu|)t()n. John T 684 

Mahonev, Michael 685 



Ma: 



Robert R 68; 



Martin. William H 685 

McClellan. Robert H 654 

Mcl-'adden. Tames Ci8^ 

Mcl'adden. tames T 685 

McEadden. "William S 686 

Mellcr. Frank J 686 

Miller. Samuel H 686 

Miner. H. P. 686 

Miner. Simeon K 687 

Monnier. E(hvard W 687 

Morchead. James F 688 

Morton. Charles E 688 

Moyle. Alfred .\ 68() 

Xash, .Anson H (^q 



Xewson, K. A 689 

Xorris, David L 690 

Olmstead, Orange H 690 

Page, Edward G 690 

Parkin, Thomas R 691 

Parkinson, Isaac W 691 

Patterson, Edward S 691 

Peaslee, Samuel C 692 

Phillips, A. C 692 

Pierce, John F 692 

Pierce, Thomas 692 

Porter, Charles Henry 693 

Price, Qiarlcs 693 

Puckett, William Hill 693 

Rees. Moses 694 

Roach, John 694 

Roberts. Fred 695 

Ross, John 660 

Rood, James 695 

.Schambergcr, John 695 

Schmohl, John George 661 

Scliopke, \\'illiani 695 

Schreck, Edward J 695 

Simmons, Menjamin F" 696 

Sheean, David 655 

Sheean, Thomas J 660 

Smith. Domer G 696 

Smith. John Corson 6g6 

Smith. Will Alder 697 

S])cer. John 697 

Speer. John M • 697 

Spensley, Richard 658 

Spenslev, ^\'illiam 659 

Stacy, William 698 

Steele. George E . . . . 698 

Stickney. Walter 698 

St. Joseph's Catholic Church at Apple 

River 698 

Stump. Samuel A 699 

Sullivan. Timothy J 699 

-Swift, George Bell 699 

Teeter, Margaret 700 

Thain, Nicholas 700 

Tucker, William C 700 

Tyrrell, F. S 700 

Tyrrell. George M 701 

I'ehren. Andrew 701 

\'an Dervort. H. S 701 

\"ick, Orlando John 701 

\'incent. W'illiam 659 

\'i]xind. Josei)h 702 

\"i])(in(l. Willis 702 

Walters. Giarles Alfred 702 

Wand. Andrew J 702 



JO DA\'IESS COUNTY INDEX. 



\\'atson. Charles A 702 

White, Albert B 703 

White, James W 703 

White, Jonathan 703 

White, S. R 703 

White, Wilbur E 704 

Wierich, August Francis William. . . . 704 

\\'iley, Georq-e E 704 

Wiley, George W 704 

^^'illiams. Jasper C 705 

Williams, John F 705 

Winter, John 705 

Wishon, ^Martin 705 

Wright, C. E 705 

ILLUSTRATIONS AND PORTRAITS. 

Grant's Old Home 617 

Jo Daviess County Court House 617 

Jo Daviess County Map 618 

Avery, George S 657 

Barnett, Richard S 664 

Baume, James S 656 

Boevers, J. C 661 

Bracken, Andrew 666 

Brushons, Jackson 667 

Brushons, Mrs. Jackson 667 

Bucknam, A. F 668 

Clock, Alonzo 669 

Dimmick, D. W 671 

Ebv, Charles 673 

Felt, B. F 655 

Ford, Walter 657 



Foster, Thomas 656 

Gault, N. A 675 

Glasgow, W. H 675 

Goldthorp, William 676 

Hardt, Edward A 677 

Hicks. W. S 662 

Hilliard, L. H 678 

Hilliard, S. H 679 

Hodson, W. T 662 

Keller, U. S. G 681 

Lewis, U. S 684 

Levdon, Rev. Thomas 699 

McClellan, R. H 654 

Miner, H. B 687 

Miner, Simeon K 687 

Monnier, Ed. W 688 

Morton. C. E 688 

Nash, A. H 689 

Phillips, A. C 692 

Puckett, W. H 693 

Rees, Moses 694 

Ross, John 660 

Schmohl. John G 661 

Schreck, Edward J 696 

Sheehan, David 655 

Sheehan, Thomas J 660 

Smith, John C 696 

Spensley, Richard 658 

Spensley, William 659 

\'incent. William 659 

\Vhite, James \V 703 

Wile}', George W 704 

W^ishon, Martin 705 







Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. 



ABBOTT, (Lient.-GoT.) Edward, a British 
officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes 
(called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the 
time Col. George Rogers Clark captm-ed Kaskas- 
kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at 
least nominall}', over a jjart of the "Illinois 
Country, " Ten days after the occupation of Kas- 
kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that 
Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at 
Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard 
except that furnished by the inhabitants of the 
village, took advantage of his absence to send 
Pierre Gibault, the Catliolic V^icar-General of Illi- 
nois, to win over the people to the American 
cause, which he did so successfully that they at 
once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- 
can flag was run up over the fort. Although 
Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of 
the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- 
tion was as much of a surprise to the British as 
that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the 
completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, 
Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- 
ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more 
humane character than the mass of British 
officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General 
Carleton about this time, protesting strongly 
against the employment of Indians in carrying 
on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, 
on the groiuid of humanity, claiming that it was 
a detriment to the British cause, although he 
was overruled b}' his superior officer. Colonel 
Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- 
ture Vincennes. 

ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty, 
at the junction of the Iowa Central and the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 
miles south of Galesburg, with which it is con- 
nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks, 
electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile 
works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks, 



three weekly papers, public library, fine high 
school building and two ward schools. Hedding 
College, a flourishing institution, under auspices 
of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population 
(1900), 3,022; (est. 1904), 3,000, 

ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer 
and companion of La Salle, who came to the 
"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied 
Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois 
River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- 
sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. 
Paul, where they were captiu-ed by Sioux. They 
were rescued by Greysolon Dulliut (for whom 
the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- 
covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to 
Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) 

ACKERMAJf, William K., Railway President 
and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 
29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary 
ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- 
man, having served as Captain of a company of 
the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with 
"Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony 
Point during the Revolutionary War, while his 
father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the 
War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- 
cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in 
mercantile business, but in 1853 became a clerk 
in the financial department of the Illinois Central 
Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of 
the Company in 1860, he successively filled the 
positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, 
xmtil July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- 
dent and a year later promoted to tlie Presidency, 
voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 
1883, though serving some time longer in the 
capacity of Vice-President. During the progress 
of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago 
(1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the 
Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago 
imder the administration of Mayor Hopkins 



10 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



(1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago 
Historical Society, and has rendered valuable 
service to railroad history by the issue of two bro- 
chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail- 
roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois 
Central R;iilroad." 

ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan- 
thropist, was born at Canterburj', Conn., Sept. 18, 
1772; graduated at Yale College in 179.5; taught 
for several j-ears in his native place, in Plain- 
field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he 
became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- 
dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three 
J ears. In addition to his educational duties he 
participated in the organization of several greiit 
charitable associations which attained national 
importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy 
in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where, 
four years afterward, he became the third Prin- 
cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining 
six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- 
can Sunday School Union, in the course of the 
next few years founding several hundred Sunday- 
Schools in different parts of the State. He re- 
ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 
1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The 
subject of tliis sketch was father of Dr. William 
Adams, for forty years a prominent Presljyterian 
clergj'man of New York and for .seven years (1873- 
80) President of Union Theological Seminary. 

ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was 
born at Londonderry, X. H., March 11, 1834, the 
son of Rev. John R. Adams, who serveil as Chap- 
lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and 
Twenty-first New York Volunteers during the 
Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham, 
Me., and Andover, Ma.ss., after which, going to 
New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- 
goods house at §150 a year. He next entered the 
ofKce of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, 
and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the 
house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became 
associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of 
Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of 
Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & 
Westlake Co., have done a large business in the 
manufacture of railway supplies. Since the 
death of Mr. Crerar. Mr. Adams has been princi- 
pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing 
business. 

AD.VMS, (Dr.) Snninel, physician and edu- 
cator, was bcjrn at Briuiswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806, 
and educated at Bowdoin College, where he 
graduated in both the departments of literature 
and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a 



physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the 
chair of Natural Philo.sophy, Chemistry and 
Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- 
ville. 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- 
fes-sor of JIateria Medica and Therajieutics in the 
Medical Department of the same institution, and, 
during his connection with the College, gave 
instruction at different times in nearly every 
branch embraced in the college curriculum, 
including tlie French and German languages. 
Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- 
age in his adherence to principle, he was a man 
of singular modest}-, refinement and amiability 
in private life, winning the confidence and esteem 
of all with whom he came in contact, especially 
the students who came under his instruction. A 
profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a 
refined and exalted literary taste, which was 
illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- 
tific antl literary jx^riodicals. Among productions 
of his i)en on philosophic topics may be enumer- 
ated articles on "The Natural History of 5Ian in 
his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the 
"Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte 
and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and 
"Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- 
tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 
1875). His connection with Illinois College con- 
tinued until his deatli, April, 1877 — a period of 
more than thirty-eiglit years. A monument to 
liis memory has been erected tlirough the grate- 
ful donations of his former pupils. 

ADAMS, (ieorge Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- 
gressman, born at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840; 
wiis educated at Harvard College, and at Dane 
L;iw School, Cambridge, Mass.. graduating at the 
former in 18G0. Eiirly in life he settled in Chi- 
cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher 
in the Chicago High School, he engiiged in the 
practice of his profession. His first jxist of pub- 
lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to 
which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was 
chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth 
Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 
1884, "86 and "88. In 1890 he was again a candi- 
date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newln-rry. 
He is one of tlie Trustees of the Newberry 
Library. 

.\D.VMS, <Ianios, pioneer lawyer, was l)orn in 
Hirtford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego 
Coimt}'. N. Y., in 1809, and. in 1821, removed to 
Springfield. 111., being the first lawyer to locate 
in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- 
tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was elected 
a Justice of the Peace, took jxirt in the Winne- 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



11 



bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate 
Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. 

ADAMS COUJiTY, an extreme westerly county 
of the State, situated about midway between its 
northern and southern extremities, and bounded 
on the west by the Mississippi River. It was 
organized in 1825 and named in honor of John 
Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given 
to the county seat. The United States Census of 
1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- 
tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile 
and well watered, the surface diversified and 
liilly, especially along the Jlississippi bluflfs, and 
its climate equable. The wealth of the county is 
largely derived from agriculture, although a 
large amount of manufacturing is carried on in 
Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. 

ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at 
Sinking Springs, Berks Covmty, Pa., July 12, 
1822; educated at Trappeaud Upper Dublin, Pa., 
and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, 
which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. 
Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, 
Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land 
and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. 
In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from 
Stephenson County, serving continuously in tliat 
body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as 
a "Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1863 
he established the Second National Bank of Free- 
port, of which he continued to be the president 
until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane 
( Addams), philanthropist, the foimder of the "Hull 
House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. 

ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of 
Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School 
and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and 
public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614. 

ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- 
tant-General for the State of Illinois was first 
created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 186.5. 
Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position 
was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties 
(except during the Black Hawk War) and its 
emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- 
cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's 
Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small 
importance. Those who held the office during 
the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert 
Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- 
ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State 
np to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties 
(which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- 
charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21 ; Elijah C. 
Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Mo.ses 



K. Anderson, 1839-57 ; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. 
In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held 
the position for three years previous, resigned to 
enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller 
was appointed, remaining in office until January 
1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 
1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office 
until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, 
taking into consideration that all the Illinois 
volunteers had been mustered out, and that the 
duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- 
ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the 
department and curtailed the appropriation for 
its support. Since the adoption of the military 
code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has 
occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- 
tion among the departments of the State govern- 
ment. The following is a list of those who have 
held office since General Haynie, with the date 
and duration of their respective terms of office: 
Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 
1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 
1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- 
dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. 
Reece, 1897—. 

AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an 
agricultural State. A large area in the eastern 
portion of the State, because of the absence of 
timber, was called by the early settlers "the 
Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge 
beginning in Jackson County and rimning across 
the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of 
Southern Illinois. Tlie bottom lands extending 
from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are 
of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- 
tral jjortion of the State is best adapted to corn, 
and the southern and southwestern to the culti- 
vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of 
the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- 
land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. 
In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all tlie 
States, that for 1891 being 831,106,674, with 3,088,- 
930 acres under cultivation. In the production 
of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census 
(1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation, 
and the value of the crop being estimated at 
S86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, 
although the annual average value of the crop 
from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than S29,000,- 
000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of 
horses (§83,000,000), ranks second in the produc- 
tion of swine (§30,000,000), third in cattle-growing 
(§32.000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the 
value of milch cows being estimated at §24,000,- 
000. (See also Farmers' Institute.) 



12 



niSTORICAL E^X•YCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



AGRICILTIRE, DEI'.VKTMEXT OF. A 

department of tlie State ailniinistration whic-Ii 
grew out of the organization of tlie Illinois Agri- 
cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the 
Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from 
the State tre;isury for its maintenance was SI, 000 
per annum, "to be exjiended in the promotion of 
mechanical and agricultural arts." The first 
President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon 
County. Simeon Francis, aLso of Sangamon, was 
the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennioutt 
of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John 
Williams of Sangamon, first Treiisurer. Some 
thirtj' volumes of reports have been issued, cover- 
ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- 
culturists. The department has well equipjied 
offices in the State Hoase, and is charged with 
the conduct of State Fairs and the management 
of annual exhiliitions of fat stock, besides tlie 
collection and dissemination of statistical and 
other information relative to the State's agri- 
cultiural interests. It receives annual reports 
from all County Agricultural Societies. The 
State Board consists of three general officers 
(President, Secretarj' and Treasurer) and one 
representative from each Congi-essional district. 
The State appropriates some §20,000 annually for 
the prosecution of its work, besides which there 
is a considerable income from receipts at State 
Fairs and fat stock shows. Between S'-0. 000 and 
§2.5,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to 
comi)eting exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some 
SIO.OOO divided among Coimty Agricultural 
Societies holding fairs. 

AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal 
clergj'man, born of Presbyterian parentage, in 
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- 
cated in the common schools, and, at the age 
of 10, began teacliing, later ])ursuing a classical 
course in institutions of Virginia and North 
Carolina. Having removed to Kentuckj', after a 
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling 
in that State, he began the study of law and was 
admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he 
began the publication of a paper called "The 
Star," whicli was continued for a short time. In 
1821 he w;us converted and joined the Methodist 
church, and a few months later l)egan preaching. 
In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year 
spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the 
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, 
remaining during 1833-34; then estiiblished a 
■"manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which 
he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 
1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding 



Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In 
the latter year he was again appointed to the 
Presidency of McKendree College, where he 
remained five years. He was then ( 1.S57) trans- 
ferred to the Jlinnesota Conference, but a year 
later was compelled by declining healtli to assume 
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois 
about 1865, he ser\-ed as Presiding Elder of the 
Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but 
was again compelled to accept a superannuated 
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where 
he died, Feb. 21, 1886. AVliile President of Mc- 
Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- 
lical Clironologj'," to which he had devoted many 
previous years of his life, and which gave evi- 
dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. 
Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- 
sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit 
orator and logician he proUibly had no su2)erior 
in the State during the time of his most active 
ser^-ice in the denomination to which he belonged. 

AKIX, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was Ixirn iu AVill County, 111., in 1852, and 
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann 
Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and 
receiving teller in the First National Bank of 
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and 
has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he 
entered uikhi his political career as the Republi- 
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was 
elected by a majority of over 700 votes, althougli 
the city was usually Democratic. The follow- 
ing year he was the candidate of his ])arty for 
State's Attorney of Will County, and was again 
elected, leading the State and county ticket by 
800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 
1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee 
for Mayor of Joliet. and, altliough op|x)sed by a 
citizen's ticket heailed by a Republican, was 
elected over his Democratic comi>etitor by a deci- 
sive majority. His greatest jxipular triumph wiis 
in 1890, when he was elected Attorney -General 
on the Re])ublican State ticket by a plurality 
over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a 
majority over all com])etitors of 111,255. His 
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high 
order, while his personal popularity is indicated 
by his uniform success as a candidate, in the 
face, at times, of strong political majorities. 

ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- 
cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul Riiilway (Rock Island 
brancli). Population (1890), Oil; (1900), 621. 

ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, 
on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louia 




KXPERIMIvNT FARM TIIi: VINEVAKUi INIVKKSITV cU- Il.l.INeiIr~ 




i;XPl.KlMi;.\T lAKM lOKCHARD CILTIVATION ). f NIVKKSIT Y Ol- ILLINOIS 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



13 



ami Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- 
stitute; has plant for manufactui-e of vitrified 
shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, 
flouring mills, and is important shipping point 
for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; 
has five churches and splendid public schools. 
Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. 

ALCORN, James Liisk, was born near Gol- 
conda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and 
held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, 
including member of the Legislature in each; 
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- 
tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed 
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, 
but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis 
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was 
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of 
the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was 
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 
1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he 
was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two 
years later elected United States Senator, serving 
until 1877. Died, Dec. 30, 1894. 

ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born 
at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of 
William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- 
gressman from Cliicago ; was brouglit to Chicago 
in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- 
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- 
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, 
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he 
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. 
Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a 
member of the Board of County Commissioners 
of Cook County, serving as President of that body 
during the reform period of 1887; was also a 
member of the County Board of Education and 
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, 
appointed from the various clubs and commer- 
cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- 
mation of the Cliicago Sanitary District. From 
May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner 
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned 
his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a 
member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the 
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional 
District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the 
close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he 
was appointed to a position in connection witli 
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at 
Washington. 

ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- 
man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. 
His early common school training was supple- 
mented by private tuition in higher branches of 



mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in 
an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 
years he was engaged in farming and teaching, 
but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile 
pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, 
wliere, in addition to merchandising, he engaged 
in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, 
and where he also held several important offices, 
being Superintendent of Schools for three years. 
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors 
one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- 
ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he 
embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 
1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 
1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in 
Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, 
and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., 
Dee. 3, 1885. 

ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in 
the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal 
region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also 
extensively carried on, and large quantities of 
these commodities are shipped here; has two 
newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- 
tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. 

ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and 
stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, 
Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six 
years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. 
Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres 
of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of 
Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of 
tlie richest stock-farms in the State. After the 
war he became the owner of the celebrated 
"Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres 
on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in 
Champaign County, to whicli he transferred his 
stock interests, and although overtaken by re- 
verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. 

ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in 
Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated 
with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while 
still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, 
serving under the command of General Jackson 
until the captiire of Pensacola, when he entered 
upon the campaign against the Seminoles in 
Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 
III., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural 
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster 
there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the 
Count}' Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. 
In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, 
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois 
State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- 
ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 



14 



HISTORICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second 
Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of 
the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was 
elected by the Legislature a member of the first 
Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving 
until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. 
ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, 
came to Soutliern Illinois previous to the organi- 
zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, 
wliile practicing his profession as a physician, 
acted as agent of the i)roprietors of the town of 
America, which was locate<I on the Ohio River, 
on the first high ground alx)ve its junction, with 
the Mississippi. It became the first countj'-seat 
of Alexander County, which was organized in 

1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find 
him a Representative in the Second General 
Assembly from Pope County, and two years later 
Representative from Alexander County, when he 
became Speaker of the House during the session 
of the Third General A.ssenibly. Later, he 
removed to Kivskaskia, but finally went South, 
where he died, though the date and place of his 
death are unknown. 

ALEXANDER rOl'XTY,the extreme southern 
county of the State, being l>ounded on the west 
by the Mississipppi, and south and esist by the 
Ohio and Caclie rivers. Its area is about 230 
square miles and its population, in 1800, was l(i,- 
503. The first American settlers were Tennessee- 
ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave 
it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of 
the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to 
the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. 
Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and 
Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- 
ica), and Huniplireys (near Caledonia). In 1818 
Sliadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. 
Comj'ges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres 
in the central and northern part of the county, 
and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo."" 
The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 
1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the 
Government; but in 1835 Sidney Bree.se, David J. 
Baker and Miles A. Gilbert reentered the for- 
feited bank tract and the title thereto became 
vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,"" 
which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, 
extendeil its holdings to 10,000 acres. The 
county was organized in 1819; the first county- 
seat being America, which wjis incorporated in 

1820. Population (1900), 19.384. 

ALEXLiN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located 
at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the 
management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic 



order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was 
originally opened in a small frame building, but a 
better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- 
stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following 
year, through tlie aid of private benefactions and 
an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re- 
lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital 
was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- 
ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only jKK)r 
male patients are admitted, and these are received 
without reference to nationality or religion, and 
absolutely without charge. The present medical 
staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- 
geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- 
mural transit line having rendered the building 
unfit for hospital purjwses, a street railway com- 
pany purchased the site and buildings for $250,- 
000 and a new location has been selected. 

ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the 
Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles ea.st of 
north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of 
brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- 
ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. 
Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900). 915. 

ALGONiJl'INS, a group of Indian tribes. 
Originally tlieir territory extended from about 
latitude 37' to 53 north, and from longitude 25' 
east to 15' west of the meridian of Wiisliington. 
Branches of the stock were found by Curlier in 
Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by tlie Puritans in 
New England and by Catholic missionaries in the 
great basin of tlie Mississippi. One of the prin- 
cipal of their five confederacies embraced the 
Illinois Indians, who were found within the 
State by the French when the latter discovered 
the country in 1673. They were liereditary foes 
of the warlike Iroquois, by wliom tlieir territory 
was re])eatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, 
other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- 
nally dwelt witliin the present limits of Illinois, 
were the Foxes, Kicka]xx)s, Miamis, Menominees, 
and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of 
life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the 
chiise, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers 
of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. 
Various dialects of their language have been 
reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot"s Indian 
Bible is published in their tongue. The entire 
Algonquin stock extant is estimated at alwut 
95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United 
States. 

ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born 
June 9, 1829, in Wilson County. Tenn. ; of Vir- 
ginia ancestry of Scotch- Irish descent. In early 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



15 



infancy he was brought by his parents to South- 
ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- 
came a Judge and member of Congress. After 
reading law with his father and at the Louisville 
Law School, young Allen was admitted to the 
bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) 
at his old home, Marion, in Williamson Count}'. 
In 1853 he was appointed United States District 
Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- 
sumed private practice as partner of John A. 
Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit 
Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but lie 
declined a re-election. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Conventions of 18G2 and 1869, serv- 
ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and 
as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of 
Rights. From 186-1 to 1888 he was a delegate to 
every National Democratic Convention, being 
chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He 
has been four times a candidate for Congress, and 
twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During 
this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai 
policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the 
solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook 
the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- 
detta" which had broken out among his former 
neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- 
less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to 
justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, 
Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 
was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed 
Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the 
United States District Court for the Southern 
District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. 

ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who 
removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and 
engaged in farming. In 183-t he was chosen 
Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- 
resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, 
and, in 18-14, became State Senator. In 1841, 
although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen 
Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, 
and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. 
He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On 
March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the 
Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three 
months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- 
ceeded him in the latter office. 

ALLERTON, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and 
capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in 
Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His 
youth was spent with his father on a farm in 
Yates County. N. Y., but about 1852 he engaged 



in the live-stock business in Central and Western 
New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations 
to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to 
New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He 
was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago 
Stock -Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- 
burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in 
yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and 
Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and 
a Director of the First National Bank of Cliicago, 
a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City 
Railway (the first cable line in that city), the 
owner of an extensive area of highly improved 
farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large 
tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable 
and productive mining properties in the Black 
Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a 
liberal supporter of the measures of that party, 
and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- 
didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to 
Carter H. Harrison. 

ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called 
"The Apostle of the West," a Je.suit priest, was 
born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 
1658, and later explored the country around 
Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the 
mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis. , 
now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green 
Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians -the 
existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, 
and was the first to communicate the informa- 
tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report 
was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He 
succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at 
Kaskaskia, on the IlUnois, in 1677, where he 
preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 
he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and 
Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. 

ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, 
Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- 
ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert 
All3-n, who was one of the first settlers of New 
London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his 
early education in a country school, supple- 
mented by access to a small pubUc library, from 
which he acquired a good degree of familiarity 
with standard English writers. In 1837 he 
entered the Wesleyan University at Middletovra, 
Conn., where he distinguished himself as a 
mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist 
and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- 
mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics 
in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., 
and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 



10 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI.-,. 



meanwhile (1843) l)ecoming a licentiate of the 
Providence Conference of tlie Methodist Episcopal 
Church. From 184S to 18.'>4 lie seri-ed as Princi- 
pal of the Providence Conference Seminar}- at 
East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed 
Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island 
— also serving the same year as a Visitor to West 
Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1839 
he filled tlie chair of Ancient Languages in the 
State University at Atliens, Oliio, when he ac- 
cepted tlie Presidency of the Wesleyan Female 
College at Cincinnati, four years later (ISlWi) 
becoming President of McKendree College at 
Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. 
That position he resigned to accept the Presi- 
dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University 
at Carboiidale, whence he retired in 1892. Died 
at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. 

ALTAMONT, Effingliam County, is intersecting 
point of the Vaiulalia. Chicago & Eastern Illinois, 
Baltimore & Oliio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, 
being midway and highest point between St. 
Louis and Terre Haute, In<l. ; was laid out in 
1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- 
growing and stock-raising district; has a bank, 
two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a 
large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- 
tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,044, 1 190(1), 1,335. 

ALTCJELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- 
ernor, was l)orii in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- 
hood accompanied his parents to Americ^i, the 
familj- settling in Oliio. At the age of 10 he 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixtj'-fourth 
Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. 
His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and 
Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was 
Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that 
State. In 1878 lie removed to Chicago, where he 
devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he 
led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for 
Congress in a strong Republican Congressional 
district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of 
the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned 
in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- 
tion of 1893 nominated him for Governor, and ho 
wius electe<l the following November, being the 
lirst foreign-lxirn citizen to. hold that office in the 
history of the State, and the first Democrat 
elected since 1852. In ISOfi he was a prominent 
factor in the Democratic National Convention 
which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- 
dent, and was also a candidate for reelection to 
tlie office of Governor, but wjis defeated by John 
R. Tanner, the Republican nominee. 



ALTON, principal city in Madison County 
ami important commercial and manufacturing 
point on Mis.sissippi River, 25 miles north of 
St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French 
trading-post about 1807, the town proi)er being 
laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal 
business houses are located in the valley along 
the river, while the residence portion occupies 
the bluffs overlooking the river, sometimes rising 
to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has 
extensive glass works employing (1903) 4,000 
hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- 
tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min- 
ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides 
several banks, numerous churches, schools, and 
four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- 
ment to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoy, who 
fell while defending his press against a pro-slav- 
ery mob in 1837. was erected in Alton Cemetery, 
1890-7. at a cost of 830.000. coiitribute<l by tlie 
State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890), 
10,294; (1900), 14,210. 

ALTON PEMTEXTIAKY. The earliest pun- 
ishments impu.sed upon public offenders in Illi- 
nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for 
a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, 
from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner 
of nerve, strength and mental resource. The 
inadequacy of such places of confinement was 
soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any 
increase of taxation prevented the adoption of 
any other i)oIicy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 
acres of saline lands was made to the State by 
Congress, and a considerable portion of the monej- 
received from their sale was appropriated to the 
establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. 
The sum set apart proved in.sufficient.an^, in 1831, 
an additional appropriation of §10,000 \ms made 
from the State treiisury. In 1833 the priVon was 
ready to receive its first inmates. It w;us built of 
stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions 
were made from time to time, but by 1857 the 
State determined tijion building a new jieniten- 
tiarj", which was located at Joliet (see Xorthem 
Penitentiari/). and, in 1800, the last convicts were 
tran.sferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison 
was conducted on what is known as "the .Vuburu 
plan" — associated labor in silence by day and 
separate confinement by night. The manage- 
ment was in the hands of a "leasee," who fur- 
nished supplies, emploj'ed guards and exerci.sed 
the general powers of a warden under the su]ier- 
vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, ^ 
and who handled all the products of convict 
lalxiT. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



17 



ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Par- 
rish.) 

ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q. 
R, R., 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an 
endowed public library, electric light system, 
cement sidewalks, four churches and good school 
system. Population (1900), 633. 

ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago & Alton Railroad.) 

AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at 
junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail- 
roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago ; has 
artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- 
tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric 
lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two 
newspapers, seven churches, graded and high 
schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric 
Rj'. from De Kalb to Dixon: extensive bridge 
and iron works located here. Poj}. ( 1900), 1,836. 

AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, 
May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State 
University, where he joined the M. E. Church. 
In 1838 he left college and became Principal of 
the Seminary at Lebanon, 111. , wliich afterwards 
became McKendree College. While there he 
received a license to preach, and, after holding 
various charges and positions in the church, in- 
cluding membership in the General Conference 
of 1840, '44 and '53, in the latter year was elected 
Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred 
in Baltimore, April 35, 1879. 

ANDERSON, Galni^ha, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1833; 
graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at 
the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent 
ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, 
Wis. , and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in 
Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 
to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was 
then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- 
sity, remaining eight j^ears, when he again be- 
came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after 
assumed the Presidency of Denison University, 
Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago 
University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics 
and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds 

ANDERSON, Georg'e A., lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Botetourt County, Va., March 
11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by 
his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- 
ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying 
law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled 
at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880. 
In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the 



Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without 
opposition. The following year he was the suc- 
cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which 
was his last public service. Died at Quincy, 
Jan. 31, 1896. 

ANDERSON, .lames C, legislator, was born in 
Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on 
a farm, and after receiving a common-school 
education, entered Monmouth College, but left 
early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained 
the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he 
served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, 
was elected Representative in the General 
Assembly in 1888, '90, "93 and '96, and served on 
the Republican "steering committee" during the 
session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- 
Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and 
was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention of 1890. His home is at Decorra. 

ANDERSON, Stiusoii H., Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor, was born in Siuimer County, Tenn. , in 1800 ; 
came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, 
at an early age, began to devote his attention to 
breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk 
War as a Lieutenant in 1833, and the same year 
was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth 
General Assembly, being re-elected in 1834. In 
1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the 
ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after 
the close of his term entered the United States 
Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity 
taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. 
Still later he served under President Polk as 
United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held 
the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary 
at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — 
William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, 
was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; 
attended the common schools and later studied 
surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson 
County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- 
ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 
he was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he 
entered the vokmteer service as a private, was 
promoted through the grades of Captain and 
Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the 
close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential 
Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member 
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to 
fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty- 



18 



HISTORICAL' ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



fourtli Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 
1893 General Anderson was appointed bj- Presi- 
dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- 
tinuing in tliat position four years, wlien he 
retired to private life. 

AN'DRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergj'man and edu- 
cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County, 
N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton 
County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a 
student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but 
graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 
1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered tlie 
Jlethodist ministry, ami, in 1850, founded the Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of 
whicli he became a Professor; later re-entered 
the ministry and lield cliarges at Beardstown, 
Decatur, Quincy, Si)ringfield and Bloomington, 
meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois 
Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and 
temporary President of Quincy College. In 1807 
he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and 
stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 
1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- 
versity at Greencastle. Died at Indiana{X)lis, 
Jan. 17, 1887. 

ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois 
Central Railroad, HG miles from Cairo; is center 
of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, 
and largest shipping-point for these commodities 
on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice 
plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks 
and two newspapers. Tlie Southern '(HI- > Hos- 
pital for tlie In.sane is located here. Population 
(1890), 2,2!l.->; (1900), 2,018; (est. 1904), 3,000. 

ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New 
England Quaker ancestry at SpafTord, Onondaga 
County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on 
the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- 
tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years 
were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course 
of pre])aratory study at Cortland Academy, in 
1847 he entered the sophomore cla.ss in Hamilton 
College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 
1850. The next year lie began the study of law, 
at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- 
emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- 
land iis one of his pupils. After admission to the 
bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- 
ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following 
year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A 
Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 18,58 was elected 
City Attorney, and. in 1803, liecame solicitor of 
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroiid (now the 
Chicago & Northwestern ). Judge Anthony 
served in two State Constitutional Conventions — 



those of 1802 and 18C9-70 — being chairman of the 
Committee on Executive Department and mem- 
ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. 
He was delegate to the National Republican Con- 
vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a 
Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was 
re-elected in 1880, retiring in 1892, after which lie 
resumed the practice of his profession, being 
chieflj' employed as consulting counsel. Judge 
Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- 
rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member 
of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago 
Public Library; also served as President of the 
State Bar A.ssociation (1894-95), and delivered 
several important liistorical addres.ses before that 
bodj'. His other most important productions 
are volumes on "Tlie Constitutional History of 
Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and 
"Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of 
his last term upon the bench, he sjient several 
montlis in an extended tour through the princi- 
pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, 
after a protracted illness, at his liome at Evans- 
ton. Feb. 24. 1898. 

ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- 
TION, a political body, which convened at 
Decatur, Feb. 22, 1850, pursuant to the suggestion 
of "The Morgan Journal," tlien a weekly paper 
publislied at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- 
mulating a policy in opposition to the principles 
of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors 
were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray 
of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of 
"The Quincy Wliig"; O. P. Wliarton of "The 
Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The 
Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The 
Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Cliarles Faxon of "The 
Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- 
zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. 
C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. 
Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. 
Usrey of "The Decatur Clironicle"; and Paul 
Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby 
was chosen Chairman and AV. J. Usrey, Secre- 
tary. The convention adopted a platform and 
recommended tlie calling of a State convention 
at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing 
the following State Central Committee to take tlie 
matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. 
Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J. 
Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William 
H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- 
tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edward.sville : D. L. P)iil- 
lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and 
Gustavus Koemer for the State-at-large. Abra- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



19 



ham Lincoln was present and participated in the 
consultations of the committees. All of these 
served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- 
ner, the two former declining on account of ab- 
sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by 
the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial 
Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac 
C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- 
tion of 1S56. ) 

APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess 
County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 31 miles 
east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 
626; (1890), 573; (1900), 576. 

APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zeiias, soldier, was born 
in Broome Coimty, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 
emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where be fol- 
lowed successively the occupations of farmer, 
blacksmitli, carpenter and merchant, finally 
becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here 
he became wealthy, but lost much of his property 
in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he 
was elected to the State Senate, and, during the 
session of 1859, was one of the members of that 
body apiJointed to investigate the "canal scrip 
fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of 
the earnest supporters of the Government in its 
preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The 
latter year lie assisted in organizing the Seventh 
Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned 
Major, being some time in command at Bird's 
Point, and later rendering important service to 
General Pope at New Sladrid and Island No. 10. 
He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862, 
while obeying an order to charge upon a baud of 
rebels concealed in a wood. 

APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of 
the counties of the State into Districts for the 
election of members of the General Assembly 
and of Congress, which will be treated under 
separate heads: 

Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- 
ment was provided for by the Constitution of 
1818. Tliat instrument vested the Legislature 
with power to divide the State as follows: To 
create districts for the election of Representatives 
not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- 
six in number, until the population of the State 
should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- 
torial districts, in nmuber not less than one-third 
nor more than one-half of the representative dis- 
tricts at the time of organization. 

The schedule appended to the first Constitution 
contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- 
tors and Representatives. The first fifteen 
counties were allowed fourteen Senators and 



twenty-nine Representatives. Each county 
formed a distinct legislative district for repre- 
sentation in the lower liouse, with the number of 
members for each varying from one to three; 
while Johnson and Franklin were combined in 
one Senatorial district, tlie other counties being 
entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- 
ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. 
Before an election was held under the last, how- 
ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, 
and considerable changes were effected in this 
regard. The number of Senators was fixed at 
twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- 
five, until the entire population should equal 
1,000,000, when five members of the House were 
added and five additional members for each 500,- 
000 increase in population until the whole num- 
ber of Representatives reached 100. Tliereafter 
the number was neither increased nor dimin- 
ished, but apportioned among the several coun- 
ties according to the niimber of white inhabit- 
ants. Should it be found necessary, a single 
district might be formed out of two or more 
counties. 

The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four 
Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- 
tricts. By the apportionment law of 18.54, the 
number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, 
and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- 
atorial districts remained unchanged, but their 
geographical limits varied under each act, while 
the number of members from Representative 
districts varied according to pojjulation. 

The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- 
mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its 
adoption) by tlie Governor and Secretary of 
State upon the basis of the United States Census 
of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, 
as prescribed by the schedule, the State was 
divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each 
electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- 
sentative districts, with an aggi'egate of 177 mem- 
bers varying from one to ten for the several 
districts, according to population. This arrange- 
ment continued in force for only one Legislature 
— that chosen in 1870. 

In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- 
tion the State in accordance with the principle of 
"minority representation," which had been sub- 
mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- 
tion and adopted on a separate vote. This 
provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one 
districts, each being entitled to one Senator and 
three Representatives. The ratio of representa- 
tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 



20 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing the entire population by 153 and each county 
to be allowed one Representative, provided its 
population reached tliree-fifths of the ratio ; coun- 
ties having a [Kipulation equivalent to one and 
three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two 
Representatives; while each county with a larger 
l)opulation w;i.s entitled to one additional Kejire- 
sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated 
in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments 
were made on this principle in 1872, '83 and "93. 
Jlemljers of the lower house are elected bienni- 
ally: Senators for four years, those in odd and 
even districts being chosen at each alternate 
legislative election. The election of Senators for 
the even (numbered) districts takes place at tlie 
same time with that of Ciovernor and other State 
officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- 
mediate periods. 

CoXGRESSlON.'VL. — For the first fourteen years 
of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one 
Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- 
ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 
(by act. approved Feb. 13) divided the State into 
three districts, the first election under this Law 
being held on the first Slonday in August, 1832. 
At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun- 
ties, which were apportioned among the districts 
as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, 
Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, 
Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, CUn- 
ton, Bond, Madison, JIaci>iii)in; Second — White, 
Ilaniilton, JelTerson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, 
Clay. JIarion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, 
Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- 
ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, 
Macon, Tazewell, Mcl.«an, Co<ik, Henry, La 
Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, 
McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, 
Schuyler, Adams, Calhoim. 

The reai)pc)rtionment following the census of 
1840 wius made by Act of JIarch 1, 1843. and the 
first election of Rejiresentatives thereimder 
occurred on the first Monday of the following 
August. Forty -one new counties had been cre- 
ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number 
of districts was increased to seven as follows: 
First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, 
Perry. Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, 
JIa<lison ; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, 
Williamson. Gallatin. Franklin. AVhite, Wayne, 
Hamilton, Wabash. Massac. Jefferson, Edwards, 
Marion ; Third — Lawrence, Richland. Jasper, 
Fayette. Crawford. Effingham. Christian, Jlont- 
goinery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Cliy, 
Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth— Lake, 



McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane. De Kalb, Du Page, 
Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, 
Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean, 
Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun. Pike, 
Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully 
organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, 
Macoupin; Sixth — Jo Daviess. Stephenson, 
Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside. Henry, 
Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, 
AVarren, Knox, JlcDonough, Hancock; Seventh 
— Putnam. Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, 
Mason, Jlenard, Scott, Morgan, L<igan, Sangamon. 
The next Congressional api)ortionment (Augu.st 
22, 18.i2) divided the State into nine districts, as 
follows — the first election under it being held the 
following November; First — Lake, McHenry, 
Boone. Winnebago. Stephenson, Jo Daviess. Car- 
roll, Ogle; Second — CtX)k, Du Page, Kane, De 
Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island ; Third — 
Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, 
Putnam. Bureau, Vermilion. Iroquois, Cham- 
paign, McLean, De Witt: Fourth — Fulton, 
Peoria. Knox, Henry. Stark, Warren, Mercer, 
Marsliall. Miuson, AVcwdford, Tazewell: Fifth 
— Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- 
Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Jlorgan, 
Scott, Sangamon, Greene, ilacoupin, Slontgom- 
ery. Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; 
Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, 
Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- 
ham, Jasper, Clay, LawTence, Richland, Fayette ; 
Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond, 
Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- 
ion; Ninth — Ale.xander, Pulaski, Mas.sac. Union. 
Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- 
son. Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, 
Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash. 

The census of 18G0 showed that Illinois was 
entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through 
an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861. 
created only thirteen districts. This was com- 
pensated for by providing for the election of one 
Congressman for the State at- large. The districts 
were as follows: First — Cook. Liike; Second — 
McHenry. Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and 
Kane: Third— Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- 
side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth — Adams, Han- 
cock, AVarren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; 
Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark. Marshall, Putnam, 
Bureau. Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Gi-undy, Ken- 
dall, Du Page, Will, Kank.akee; Seventh — 
Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Jloultrie, 
Cumberland, Vermilion. Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, 
Ford; Eighth— vSanganion. Ix)gan, De Witt. Sic- 
Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, l.ivinirston: Ninth— 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



21 



Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, 
Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- 
houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, 
Montgomery, Shelby; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- 
ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, 
Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, 
Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth — St. Clair. Madison, 
Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph; 
Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perr}-, 
Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pojie, 
Hardin, Gallatin, Saline. White, Edwards, 
Wabash. 

The next reapportionment was made July 1, 
1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- 
lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago 
and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the 
county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to 
Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards 
Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder 
of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — 
Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- 
bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll. 
Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, 
Putnam, Bureau. Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- 
dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, 
Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth — 
Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, 
Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, 
Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, 
Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, 
Slenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth — 
Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt ; Four- 
teenth — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas. Coles, 
Vei'milion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- 
land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, 
Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery, 
Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, 
Clay; Seventeenth — Macoujiiii, Sladison, St. 
Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph. Perry, 
Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson. Alex- 
ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth — 
Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, 
Saline. Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, 
Hamilton. 

In 1883 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- 
tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- 
aries determined as follows : First — Wards First 
to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen 
towns in Cook Count}' ; Second — Wards 5th to 
7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards 
yth to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago ; Fourth 
— The remainder of the City of Chicago and of 
the county of Cook ; Fifth — Lake, McHenry, 
Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago, 
Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; 



Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- 
nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall. Grundy, Du 
Page, and Will; Niutli — Kankakee, Iroquois, 
Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — 
Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock 
Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, 
McDonough, Schuyler ; Twelfth —Cass, Brown, 
Adams, Pike, Scott. Greene, Calhoun, Jersey; 
Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- 
mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, 
De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — 
Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign; 
Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, 
Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, 
Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, 
Sloultrie. Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight- 
eenth — Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash- 
ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton Jefferson, 
Saline, Franklin. Hamilton, White. Gallatin, Har- 
din ; Twentieth — Perry. Randolph, Jackson, 
Union, Williamson, Johnson, Ale.xander, Pope, 
Pulaski, Massac. 

The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- 
led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- 
portionment, however, was made until June, 
1893, two members from the State-at-large being 
elected in 1893. The existing twenty-two Con- 
gressional districts are as follows: The first 
seven districts compri.se the counties of Cook and 
Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- 
trict ; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du 
Page, Kendall, Grundy ; Ninth — Boone, Winne- 
bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; 
Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, 
Stark, Knox; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, 
Livingston. Woodford ; Twelfth — Will, Kanka- 
kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc- 
Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- 
teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, 
Tazewell, Mason ; Fifteenth — Henderson, War- 
ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, 
Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, 
Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; 
Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon, 
Christian ; Eighteenth — Madison, Montg6mery, 
Bond, Faj-ette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth — 
Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham, 
Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- 
eth — Clay, Jefferson. Wayne. Hamilton, Ed- 
wards, Wabash, Franklin, White. Gallatin, 
Hardin; Twenty-first — Marion, Clinton, Wash- 
ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry; 
Twenty-second — Jackson, Union, Alexander, 
Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope, 
Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress. ) 



22 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ARCHEK, William B., pioneer, was born in 
Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- 
tucky at an early day, where he remained until 
1817, when liis family removed to liUnois. finally 
settling in what is now Clark County. Although 
l)Ursuiug the avocation of a fiirmer, he became 
one of the most prominent and influential men in 
that part of the State. On the organization of 
Clark County in 1819. he wiis appointed the first 
County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former 
office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he 
was elected to the lower branch of the General 
Assembly, and two years later to the State 
Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight 
years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking 
out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in wliich he 
served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; 
was apix)inted by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a 
member of the first Board of Commissioners of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was 
returned a second time to the House of Repre- 
sentatives and reelected in 1840 and "46 to the 
same Iwdy. Two years later (1848) he was again 
elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18.52, and 
in 18,")4 was an AntiNelmiska Wliig candidate 
for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. 
Although Allen received the certificate of elec- 
tion, Archer contested his right to tlie seat, with 
the result that Congress declared the seat vacant 
and referred the question back to tlie people. In 
a new election held in August, 1836, Archer was 
defeated and Allen elected. He held no public 
office of importance after this date, but in 18.56 
was a delegate to the first Republican National 
Convention at Pliihulelphia. and in that body was 
an enthusia.stic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, 
whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the 
office of Vice-President. He was also one of the 
active promoters of various railroad enterprises 
in that section of the State, especially the old 
Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected 
southward from the City of Chicago. His con- 
nection with tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal was 
the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, 
a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago 
lie was of tall stature and great energj- of char- 
acter, with a tendency to enthu.siasm that com- 
municated itself to others. A local historj- has 
said of him that "he did more for Clark County 
than any man in his day or since," although "no 
consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever 
given him for his services." Colonel Archer was 
one of the founders of Marshall, the county-seat 
of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- 



ated with him in the ownership of the land on 
which the town was laid out. His dejith oc- 
curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the 
age of 78 j-eiirs. 

ARCOLA, incorporated city in Douglas County, 
158 miles south of Cliicago, at junction of Illinois 
Central and Terre Haut« branch Vandalia R;iil- 
road ; is center of largest broom-corn |)roducing 
region in tlie world; has city waterworks. wiiU 
efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, 
telephone .system, grain elevators and broom- 
corn warehouses, two banks, three newspapers, 
nine churches, library building ami excellent fri-e 
school system. Pop. (1890), 1.733; (1900), 1,995. 

ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at 
Blankenberg. in the Province of the Rhein, 
Pru.ssia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education 
and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile 
business in liis native country. In 1827 he came 
to the United States and, after spending two 
years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where 
he was engaged for a short time in the lead 
trade. He took an early opportunity to become 
naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few 
months later, went into merchandising and real 
estate; also became a contractor for furnishing 
suijplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk 
War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous 
and shipping point. In 1834 he begjm the publi- 
cation of "Tlie Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois 
Bountj' Land Register," and was the projector of 
the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending 
from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's 
Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a 
special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He 
had a survey of the line made, but the hard times 
preventetl the beginning of the work and it was 
finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile 
business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles 
southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to 
a tract of land near the Morgan County line 
which he had bought in 1833, and on which the 
present village of Arenzville now stands. This 
became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- 
munity comixjsed largely of Germans, among 
whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming 
the mercantile business here, he continued it 
until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable 
part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was 
elected as such to the lower bninch of the Four- 
teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan 
County, and during the following session suc- 
ceeded in securing tlie pas-sage of an act by which 
a strii) of territory three miles wide in the north- 
ern part of Morgan County, including the village 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



23 



-if Arenzville, and wliieh had been in dispute, 
v.-as transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass 
County. In 18.53 Mr. Arenz visited his native 
land, bj' appointment of President Fillmore, as 
bearer of dispatches to the American legations at 
Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders 
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53, 
and served as the Vice-President for his district 
until his death, and was also the fovmder and 
President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- 
ety. Died, April 3, 18.56. 

ARLINGTON, a village of Bureau County, on 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 93 
miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; 
(1890), 436; (1900), 400. 

ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a 
village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- 
western Railway, 33 miles northwest of Chicago ; 
is in a dairying district and has several cheese 
factories, besides a sewing machine factory, 
hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and 
one newspaper. Population (1880), 99.5; (1890), 
1,434; (1900), 1,380. 

ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer, Board of 
Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- 
bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1833. 
After receiving the benefits of such education as 
the village academy afforded, in 1853 he set out 
.across the Plains to California, where he re- 
mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- 
cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon 
after embarked in the commission business in 
Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he 
formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton 
in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- 
tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having 
; already built up an extensive grain commission 
trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive 
packing and commission firm of Armour & 
Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City 
and Chicago, their headquarters being removed 
to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. 
Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- 
thodical business man, giving as many hours 
to the superintendence of business details as the 
most industrious day-laborer, the result being 
seen in the creation of one of the most extensive 
.and prosperous firmj in the country. Mr. 
Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- 
strated in a munificent manner by his establish- 
ment and endowment of the Armour Institute 
(a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost 
-of over .$3,3.50,000, as an offshoot of the Armour 
Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased 
brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901. 



ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, born in 
Somerset County, Pa., May 39, 1810, the oldest of 
a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents 
in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent 
his childhood and early youth. His father was a 
native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob 
Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and 
dealer in Morgan County. In 1839, John S. came 
to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later 
joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now 
Marshall) Coimty, all finally removing to La 
Salle County, where they were among the earli- 
est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, 
where he continued to reside over fifty years, 
when he located in the village of Sheridan, but 
early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in 
Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk 
War, has been a prominent and influential farm- 
er, and. in the later years of his life, has been 
a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his 
local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of 
the State Grange.— George Washington (Ann- 
strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon 
the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) 
Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 
1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his 
father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at 
the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. 
Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family 
to Illinois, locating a few months later in La 
Salle County. In 1833 he served with his older 
brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was 
identified with the early steps for the construc- 
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- 
coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, 
where he resided several j'ears. He then returned 
to tlie farm near the present village of Seneca, 
where he had located in 1833, and where (with 
the exception of his residence at Utica) he has 
resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 
1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower 
branch of tlie Fourteenth General Assembly, 
also served in the Constitutional Convention of 
1847 and, in 18.58, was the unsuccessful Democratic 
candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen 
Love joy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as 
Representative from La Salle County, he served 
in that body by successive re-elections until 1868, 
proving one of its ablest and most influential 
members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- 
tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original 
promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Rtilroad. — 
WiUiam E. (Armstrong), third brother of this 
family, was born in Licking Coimty, Ohio, Oct. 
25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 



24 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County 
until 1841, iiieanwliile servin-^ two or three terms 
as Slieritr ot the county. Tlie latter year he was 
appointed one of the Commissioners to locivte the 
county-seat of tlie newly-organized county of 
Grundy, finall}' becoming one of the founders and 
the first i)erraanent settler of the town of Grundy 
— later called Monis, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- 
ris, of Quincy, III, at that time one of the Com- 
missioners of the Illinois & Micliigan Canal. 
Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the 
office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- 
tensive was his influence in Grundy Count}', that 
he wiis popularly known as "The Emjjeror of 
Grundy." Died, Xov. 1, 1830.— Joel TV. (Arm- 
strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking 
County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood 
to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as 
County Recorder, was member of the Board of 
Supervisors for a number of years and the first 
Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — 
Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of 
tliis historic familj-, was born near Newark, Lick- 
ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La 
Salle County, III., in 1831. His opportunities for 
acq\iiring an education in a new country were 
limited. l>ut between work on the farm and serv- 
ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a 
short term in an academy and as a teaclier in 
Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself 
for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- 
ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was 
comiielled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- 
legiate education and returned home at the end 
of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, 
meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter 
and working on his mother's farm during the 
crop season, until 184.J, when he located in Mor- 
ris, (Jrundy County, opened a general store and 
wiis ai)|)ointed Postmaster. He luis been in pub- 
lic ])osition of some sort ever since he reached his 
majority, including the offices of School Trustee, 
Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, 
County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as 
Representative in the General Assembly (18()2-64 
and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- 
eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the 
revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 
1870, framing some of the most important laws 
on the statute book, while participating in the 
prei)aration of others. At an earlier date it fell 
lo his lot to draw up the original charters of the 
Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He 



has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and 
Miisonic circles, having been Grand Master of the 
first named order in the State and being the old- 
est 32d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to 
the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme 
Court of the United States in 1868, and has been 
Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive 
years. Mr. Armstrong has also foimd time to do 
some literary work, as shown by his history of 
"The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- 
ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- 
ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one 
of which is the story of his first trip from 
Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he 
accompanied his oldest brother (William E. 
Armstrong) to Chicago ^vith a sled and ox- 
team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the 
trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that 
there were but three white families in Chicago 
at that time, but a large number of Indians 
mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian 
origin. 

ARNOLD, Isaac X., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30. 1813, 
being de.scended from one of the companions of 
Roger AVilliams. Thrown upon liis own resources 
at an earlj' age. he was largely "self-made." 
He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to 
Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, 
but resigned before the close of the year and was 
admitted to the liar of Illinois in 1841. He soon 
established a reputatit)n as a lawyer, and .served 
for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and 
Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- 
ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on 
the Polk ticket, but the rejieal of the Mi.ss<5uri 
Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- 
siis and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- 
soiler, into the ranks of the Reimblicin p.arty, by 
which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. 
While in Congress he prepared and delivered an 
exhaustive argument in supjiort of the right of 
confiscation by the General Government. After 
the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. 
ArnoM returned to Chicago, where he resided 
until his death, April 24, 1884, He was of schol- 
arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of 
repute. Among his best known works are his 
"Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of 
Benedict Arnold." 

AKKIXOTOX, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer 
and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, 
September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- 
ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



25 



received on trial as a Methodist preacher and 
became a circuit-rider in Indiana; during 1833-33 
served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much 
celebrity by his eloquence. In 183-t he began the 
study of law, and having been admitted to tlie 
bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, 
where be was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1S44, 
was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- 
tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served 
as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to 
Madison, Wis. , but a year later came to Chicago, 
where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying 
in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- 
plished scholar and gifted writer, having written 
much for "The Democratic Review" and "The 
Southern Literary Jlessenger, " ' over the signature 
of "Charles Sunimerfield, " and was author of an 
"Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the 
mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and 
which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote 
with great effect. A volume of his poems with a 
memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. 

ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, 
on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles 
east of Bloomiugton; is in an agricultural and 
stock region; has one newspaper. Population 
(1890;, 420; (1900), 317. 

ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas 
Counties, at junction of Clucago & Eastern Illi- 
nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia 
Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two 
banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 
858; (est. 1904), 1,000. 

ASAY, Edward d!., lawyer, was born in Phila- 
delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private 
schools and entered the ministry of the Jlethodist 
Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the 
South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and 
began the study of law, meantime devoting a part 
of his time to mercantile business in New York 
City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- 
ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up 
a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker 
and became eminent, especially as a criminal 
lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat 
and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Jlorris 
and others during their trial for conspiracj- in 
connection witli the Camp Douglas affair of No- 
vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- 
tended triji to Europe, occupying some eighteen 
months, making a second visit in 1882. His later 
years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle 
County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. 

ASBl'RY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- 
son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 



1810 ; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- 
ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, 
where he soon after began the study of law with 
the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the 
bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. 
Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States 
Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's 
Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed 
by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land 
Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of 
President Lincoln (who was his clo.se personal 
friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- 
trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," 
by which he was widely known among his 
friends. Later he served for several years as 
Registrar in Bankru]itcy at Quincy, which was 
his last official position. Originally a Kentucky 
Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders 
of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- 
operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, 
Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others 
of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham 
Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- 
spondent at tliat period. Messrs. Nicolay and 
Haj', in their Life of Lincoln, award him the 
credit of having suggested one of the famous 
questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas 
which gave the latter so much trouble during 
the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain 
Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued 
to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. 

ASHLAXD, a town in Cass County, at the 
inter.section of the Cliicago & Alton and the 
Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 
miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 
miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of 
a ricli agricultural region, and is an important 
shipping point for grain and stock. It has a 
bank, three chui-ches and a weekly newspaper. 
Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 
609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,201. 

ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at 
intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & 
Nashville Railways, 02 miles east by southeast of 
St. Louis; is io an agricultural and fruit-growing 
region; has some manufactures, electric light 
plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. 

ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
wa}-, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper 
and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
446, (1900), 487; (1903), 520. 

ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- 
cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 



26 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 
646; (1800), fisO; (1000), 776. 

ASPIXW.VLL, Homer F., farmer and legisla- 
tor. \va.s liorn in Stephenson County, 111., Nov. 15, 
1840, educated in tlie Freeport high school, and, 
in early life, sjient two years in a wholesale 
notion store, later resuming tlie occupation of a 
fanner. After holding various local offices, in- 
cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- 
ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Mr. Aspinwall 
was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 
1806. Soon after the lieginning of the Spanish- 
American War in 1S08, he w;vs appointed by 
President JIcKinley Captain and Assistant 
Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but 
before lieing a.ssigned to duty accepted the Lieu- 
tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- 
visional Regiment. When it became evident that 
the regiment would not be called into the service, 
he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- 
toba," a large transport steamer, which carried 
some 13,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico witli- 
out a single accident. In view of the approach- 
ing .session of the Forty-first General Assembly, 
it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. 
Aspinwall applied for a discharge, whicli was 
refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted 
instead. A discharge was finally granted about 
the middle of February, wlien he resumed his 
seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and 
operates a large farm near Freeport. 

ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on 
the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by 
west from Decatur and miles north of Pana. 
It is situated in a ridi agricultural and coal min- 
ing district, and has two banks, five churclies, a 
public school, two weekly papers and coal mine.s. 
Population (1880). 700; (1800). 1,076; (1900), 1,703. 

ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock 
Island & St. Louis Division C, 15. & Q. R. R. ; 
has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- 
phone exchange, three large grain elevators, 
pressed brick works; six cluirdies, two banks, 
two weekly papers, citj- hall and park, and good 
schools; is in a coal region; busine.«s portion is 
built of brick. Pop. (1800), 1,,1.57; (1900), 1,084. 

ATCHISOX, TOPEKA & SAXTA FE RAIL- 
W.\Y CO.MP.\XY. This Company operates three 
subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa 
Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Siinta 
Fe in Chicago, and the Jlississippi River Rail- 
road & Toll Bridge, which are ojierated as a 
through line between Chicago and Kans;is City, 
with a bninch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav- 
ing an aggregate operated mileage of 513 miles, of 



which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and 
income for the year ending June 30, iso.j, were 
§1,298,000, wliile the operating exjjenses and fixed 
charges amounted to §2.360,706. The accumu- 
Lited deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 
1894, to more than $4..50o,000. The totjil capitali- 
zation of the whole hue in 1895 was §52,775,251. 
The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the 
name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 
1863 was changed to the Atchison, To]jeka & 
Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main 
line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. 
The largest number of miles operated was in 
1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road 
was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, 
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its i)resent 
name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- 
closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- 
chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 
6,481.65 miles. The executive and general oflficers 
of the .system (1898) are: 

Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, 
New York; E. P. Ripley, President. Chicago; C. 
M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; 
E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General 
Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- 
dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- 
urer, Topeka ; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, 
New York; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, 
New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, 
New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, 
New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, 
Chicago ; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, 
Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; 
H. W. Mudge, General Sui>erintendent, Topeka; 
W. A. Bissell, ^Vssistant Freight Traffic Manager, 
Chicago; W. F. White, Pa,ssenger Traffic 
Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant 
Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. 
Hodges, General Purcluising Agent, Chicago; 
James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- 
cago; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; 
John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, 
Topeka. Kan. ; C. W. Koims, Superintendent Car 
Service, Toiieka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal 
Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes. Superintendent 
of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General 
Claim Agent, Toiieka; F. C. Gay, General Freight 
Agent, Toijeka; C. R. Hudson, jVssistant General 
Freight Agent, Tojieka; W. J. Black, General 
Pas.senger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General 
Baggage Agent, Chicago. 

ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal- mining 
town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



27 



& St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring- 
field. It is also tlie center of a prosperous agri- 
cultural and stock-raising district, and large 
numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- 
cago market. The place lias an electric lighting 
plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain 
elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good 
schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in 
Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535. 

ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was 
born near Elmira, N. Y., June 9, 1836; came with 
his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm 
till 1850 ; was educated at Rock River Seminary, 
Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's 
trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna 
Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began 
the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at 
Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but 
resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a 
private soldier in Stephenson County. He served 
as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Vokmteers 
(three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same 
rank for three years and took part in the capture 
of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- 
, ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. 
Forced to retire temporarily on account of his 
health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in 
Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- 
onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 
1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in 
the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army 
of the Cimiberland. On the organization of Sher- 
man's great "March to the Sea," he efliciently 
cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General 
for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the 
■war, by special order of President Lincoln, was 
brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen- 
eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of 
editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for 
nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- 
master of that city. He took a prominent part 
in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- 
diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President 
of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- 
tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 
1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, 
one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. 

ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles 
east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a 
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 763. 

ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 30 miles southwest of 
Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie 



and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as- 
well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- 
ing district. It has a water-works system, elec- 
tric liglit plant, five churches, a graded school, a 
weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is 
the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So- 
ciety established in 1860. Population (1900) 1.270. 

ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of 
Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and 
three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on 
the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- 
teresting history. It was settled by Col. William 
Ross and four brothers, who came here from 
Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or 
early in 1820, making there the first settlement 
within the present limits of Pike County. The 
town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the 
nest j'ear the county-seat was removed thither 
from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but 
which had been the first county-seat of Pike 
County, when it comprised all the territory lying 
north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- 
sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. 
Atlas remained the coimty-seat xmtil 1833, when 
the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. 
During a part of that time it was one of the 
most important points in the western part of the 
State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. 
It now has only a postoffice and general store. 
The population, according to the census of 1890, 
was 52. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a 
list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the 
Territorial and State Governments, down to the 
present time (1899), with the date and duration of 
the term of each incumbent : 

Territorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- 
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to 
April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to 
October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; 
William Mears, 1813-18. 

State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 
1819; WiUiam Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- 
wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George 
Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Ninia» 
W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F. 
Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- 
liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43; 
James Allen MoDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- 
bell, 1846-48. 

The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for 
the continuance of the office, and for nineteen 
years it remained vacant. It was recreated, 



28 



IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



liowever, by legislative enactment in 1867, and 
on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby 
appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis- 
charge the duties of the jKisition, which he con- 
tinued to do until 1SG9. Subsequent incumbents 
of the office have been: 'Wasliington Bushnell, 
18C0-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81 ; James McCart- 
ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 
1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the 
first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- 
General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- 
ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already 
stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of 
the Legislature of 1807, but, in 1870, it was made 
a constitutional office to be filled by popular 
election for a term of four years. 

ATAVOOI), a village lying partly in Piatt and 
partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, 
Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 37 miles east of Deca- 
tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- 
ing; the town has two l)ank.s, an excellent scliool 
and a newspaper. Poj) (1890), .530; (1900), 698. 

ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at 
Millbury, Mass., May 18, 18-19; at 17 began a full 
course in architecture at Harvard Scientific 
School, and, after graduation, received prizes for 
public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and 
a number of other cities, besides furnishing 
designs for some of the finest private residences 
in the country. He was associated with D. H. 
Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian 
Exposition l)uilcliiigs. at Chicago, for the World's 
Fair of 1893, and distinguished liiniself bj- i)ro- 
ducing plans for tlie "Art Building," the "Peri- 
style," the "Terminal Station" and other 
prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his 
highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, 
Dec. 19, 1895. 

AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on 
the Chicago & Alton Kailioad, 15 miles south of 
Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and 
farm implements, besides tile and brick works, 
two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, 
several churches, a graded school and a weekly 
newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281. 

AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The 
Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- 
torial Government were H. H. Slaxwell, 181216; 
Daniel P. Cook, 181617; Robert Blackwell, (April 
to Augxist), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under 
the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public 
Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, 
without limitation of term; but by the Constitu- 
tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made 
elective by the people for a term of four years. 



The following is a list of the State Auditors 
from tlie date of the admission of the State into 
the Union down to the present time (1899), with 
the date and duration of the term of each: 
Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 
1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835 41; James ShieKls, 
1841-43; WilUam Lee D. Ewing, 1843 46; Thomas 
H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois. 1857-64; 
Orlin n. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 
1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Cliarles P. 
Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David 
Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 — . 

AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, 
Hancock County, on the Cliicago. Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad. 36 miles northeast of Quincy. 
Wagons and brick are tlie principal manufac- 
tures. The town has one newspajjer, two banks, 
three churches and a graded school. The sur 
rounding country is a fertile agricultural region 
and abounds in a good ijuality of bituminous 
coal. Fine (jualities of potter's clay and mineral 
paint are obtained lieie. Population (1890), 
1,077; (1900), 1,149. 

AUGUSTAXA COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran 
denomination, located at Rock Island and founded 
in 1863. Besides preparatorj- and collegiate de- 
partments, a theological school is connected with 
the in.stitution. To the two first named, young 
women are admitted on an equiility with 
men. More than 500 students were reported in 
attendance in 1896, alxmt one-fourth being 
women. A majority of the latter were in the 
preparatory (or academic) department. The col- 
lege is not endowed, but owns projierty (real 
and personal) to the value of §250,000. It has a 
library of 12.000 volumes. 

AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- 
ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles soutli- 
west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine 
water-power and many successful manufactories, 
including extensive boiler work.s, iron foundries, 
cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- 
ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage 
factories, stove and smelting works, establish- 
ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, 
and wood-working machinery. The city owns 
water-works and electric light plant; has six 
banks, four dailj- and several weekly papers, 
some twenty-five churches, e-xcellent schools and 
handsome public library building; is connected 
by interurban electric lines with the principal 
towns and villages in the Fox River valley. 
Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



29 



AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. 
It is accessible from that city bj' either the Chi- 
cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street 
railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a 
graded school is supported (including a high 
school department) and there are numerous 
churches, repre.senting the various religious 
denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890), 
4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899. 

AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing- 
ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers 
and reports a total of 313 pupils for 1897-98—163 
males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000 
volumes and reports property valued at §37,000. 

AUSTRALIAN BALLOT," a form of ballot for 
popular elections, thus named because it was 
first brought into use in Australia. It was 
adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 
1891. and is applicable to the election of all public 
officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- 
ors, niombers of Boards of Education and officers 
of road districts in counties not under township 
organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- 
tion of c fficers (except those just enumerated) 
are required to be printed and distributed to the 
election officers for use on the day of election, at 
public cost. These ballots contain the names, 
on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted 
for at such election, such names having been 
formally certified previoush' to the Secretary of 
State (in the case of candidates for offices to be 
"voted for by electors of the entire State or any 
district greater than a single county) or to the 
County Clerk (as to all others), by the jaresiding 
officer and secretary of the convention or caucus 
making such nominations, when the party repre- 
sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate 
vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- 
eral election. Other names may be added to the 
ballot on the petition of a specified number of the 
legal voters under certain prescribed conditions 
named in the act. The duly registered voter, on 
presenting himself at the poll, is given a copj- of 
the official ticket by one of the judges of election, 
upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- 
ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for 
his use, by making a cross at the head of tire col- 
umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if 
he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the 
same part}', or by a similar mark before the name 
of each individual for whom lie wishes to vote, in 
case he desires to distribute his support among 
the candidates of different parties. The object of 
the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the 
ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- 



tation or interference by others in the exercise of 
his right of sufl'rage. 

AVA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated 
as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad 
(Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south- 
southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and 
two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984. 

AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B & Q. 
R. R. , 30 miles south of Galesburg; has drain- 
pipe works, two factories for manufacture of 
steam- and hot-water heaters, two banks and two 
newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu- 
ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1.000. 

AYER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in 
Kingston, N. H., April 23, 1835, graduated at 
Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane 
Law School (Harvard University), was admitted 
to the bar and began practice at Manchester, 
N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- 
shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney 
for Hillsborough County, in 1857 became to Chica- 
go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers 
then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel 
in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised 
city cliarter. After the close of his official career, 
he was a member for eight years of the law firm of 
Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the 
firm of Ayer & Kales, imtil, retiring from general 
practice, Mr. Aj'er became Solicitor of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, 
and is at present its General Counsel and a jjotent 
factor in its management. 

AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, 
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 37, 1823; 
came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 
1830, and was educated there, graduating from 
Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. 
Newton Bateman. afterwards President of Knox 
College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K. 
Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- 
lege he became the partner of his father (David 
B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- 
phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- 
nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers 
succeeded to the management of the business, 
about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands 
coming under his charge. In December, 1852, 
with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- 
ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- 
sonville, for tlie sale of exchange, but which 
finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been 
continued ever since, being recognized as one of 
the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 
1870-71. aided by Philadelphia and New York 
capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers' Rail- 



30 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



road" between Jacksonville ami Waverly, after- 
wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia 
and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the 
Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr. 
Ayers has had no connection with it for several 
years. Other business enterprises with wluch he 
has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com- 
pany (now including an electric light and power 
plant), of which he has l)een President for forty 
years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped 
out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, 
coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a 
body of 33,600 acres of land in Champaign County, 
known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander, 
an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become 
heavily involved during the years of financial 
revulsion. As a result of this transivction, Mr. 
Alexander's debts, which aggregated SI. 000,000, 
were discharged within the next two years. Mr. 
Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the 
organization of that partj- and, during the war, 
rendered valuable service in assisting to raise 
funds for the support of the operations of the 
Cliristian Commission in the field. He has also 
been active in Sutiday School, benevolent and 
educational work, having been, for twenty yeare, 
a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has 
been an ardent friend. In 1846 lie was married 
to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John 
Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father 
of four sons and four daughters, all living. 

BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan, 
N. Y., Jan. 20, 182S, the son of a member of Con- 
gi'ess from that State; at tlie age of 18, having 
lost his father by (.leath, came West, and soon 
after engaged in mercantile business in partner- 
ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 18.54 he 
was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- 
Nebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine- 
teenth General Assembly, and, in the following 
se.ssion, took part in tlie election of United States 
Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman 
Trumbull. Although a personal and political 
friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter 
of policj', ciist his vote for his townsman, William 
Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- 
trict, until it w;us apparent that a concentration 
of the Anti-Nebriiska vote on Trumbull was 
necassarj' to defeat the election of a Democrat. 
In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the 
Fourth District, and, in 1863. was commissioned 
by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred 
and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. 
Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in 



the Republican National Convention of 1868. 
which nominated General Grant for the Presi- 
dency, and the same year was made Chairman of 
the Republican State Central Committee, also 
conducting the campaign two years later. He 
identified himself with the Greeley movement in 
1872, but. in 1S76, was again in line with his 
party and restored to his old position on the State 
Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among 
business enterprises with which he was con- 
nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda 
branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the 
erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., 
which was undertaken, in conjunction with 
Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell. about 
1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm 
received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the 
"Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel 
Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which 
continued to be his home imtil his death from 
apoplexy, Feb. 2.5, 1899. 

BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at 
Dorche.ster, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; 
began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 
went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to 
Springfield, 111., where, in 18.59. he joined a mili- 
tary company calleil the Springfield Greys, com- 
manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of 
which he was First Lieutenant. This company 
became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- 
nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Jlr. Lincoln's 
first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook 
having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeedeil 
him as Captain, on the re-enli.stment of the regi- 
ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- 
Colonel, and, in JIaroh, 1862, being promoted to 
the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service 
rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was 
compelled to resign on account of impaired 
health. His home is at Springfield. 

BACON, (ieorire E., lawyer and legislator, born 
at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to 
Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and. 
in 1876. located at Paris. Edgar County; in 1S79 
was admitted to the bar and held various minor 
offices, including one term as State's Attorney. 
In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the 
State Senate and re-elected four years later, but 
finally removed to Aurora, where he died. July 
6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized 
ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death 
of Senator John A. Logan, he was .selected by his 
colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy 
on the deceased statesman. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



31 



BAGBT, John C, jurist and Cougi-essman, was 
born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- 
sing through the common schools of Barren 
County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at 
Baoon College, gi'aduating in 1840. Later he 
read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. 
In 1840 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., 
confining himself exclusively to professional work 
until nominated and elected to Congress in 18T4, 
b}- the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 
188.5 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the 
Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. 

BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, 
was born at Middle bury, Wyoming County, N. Y., 
June 23, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y. ) 
University in 1854, and was admitted to the 
bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856. he 
removed to Freeport. 111. , where he soon built up 
a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a 
Representative in the Twenty-fifth General 
Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was 
especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- 
lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was 
chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on 
the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a 
Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and 
re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 
1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to 
the bench of the Aj^pellate Court, being presiding 
Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from 
June, 1881, to June. 1883. In 1879 he received 
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of 
Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected 
to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in 
office, Oct. 16, 1895. 

BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was 
born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after 
gaining the rudiments of an education in his 
mother tongue (the Fi-ench), he acquired a knowl- 
edge of English and some proficiency in Greek 
and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, 
when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. 
In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- 
ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a 
half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe 
(then the State Capital), .soon after becoming sole 
owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- 
zette" and consolidated the two papers under the 
name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian 
Chronicle." Here he remained until 1838, mean- 
time engaging temporarilj- in the banking busi- 
ness, also serving one term in the Legislatm-e 
(1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the 
Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 
1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge 



of "The Ohio State Joui-nal," served one term as 
Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive 
years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- 
nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- 
ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The 
Telegraph" at Alton, lU., which he conducted 
alone or in association with various partners until 
18.54, when he yetired, giving his attention to the 
book and job branch of the business. He served as 
Representative from Madison County in the Thir- 
teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man 
and a joiu-nalist Judge Bailhache commanded the 
highest respect, and did much to elevate the 
standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- 
graph," during the period of his connection with 
it, being one of the leading papers of the State. 
His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the 
result of injuries received the day previous, by 
being thrown from a carriage in which he was 
riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of 
the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, 
August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 
111., in 1836, was educated at Shm-tleflf College, 
and learned the printing trade in the office of 
"The Telegraph," under the direction of his 
father, afterwards being associated with the 
business department. In 1855, in partnership 
with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the 
proprietors and business manager of "The State 
Jom-nal'' at Springfield. During the Civil War 
he received from President Lincoln the appoint- 
ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, 
serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank 
of Major. After the war he returned to joui'nal- 
jsm and was associated at different times with 
"The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," 
as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; 
in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, 
Receiver of Public Monej-s at Santa Fe., N. M., 
remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- 
dent of San Diego, Cal. , where he has been 
engaged in newspaper work, and, under the 
administration of President MoKinley, has been 
a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — 
Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was 
born in Columbus, Oliio, Feb. 31, 1885, served as 
a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a 
Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- 
tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- 
ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the 
interest of sanitary and hospital service. At 
present (1899) he occupies a prominent position 
at the headquarters of the United States Marine 
Hospital Service in Washington. ^Arthur Lee 
(Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April 



32 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was 
employed in the State commissary service at 
Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the 
Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at 
Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of 
disea.'ie and exjwsure in the service. 

BAKKK, David Jewett, lawj-er and United 
States Senator, was Ixjrn at E;ist Iladdani, Conn. , 
Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to Xew York 
in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- 
hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 
1816, and tliree }'ears later was admitted to the 
bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- 
tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence 
in his profession and was made Probate Judge of 
Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- 
duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- 
sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 
1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United 
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of 
Senator McLean, but he served only one month 
when he was succeeded by Jolm M. Robinson, 
who was elected by the Legislature. He was 
United States District Attorney from 1833 
to 1841 (the State then constituting but 
one district), and thereafter resumed private 
practice. Died at .Mton, August 6, 1869. 
—Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- 
ceding, was born at Kaska.skia, 111., Nov. 10, 
1824, received his preparator}' education at Shurt- 
leff College, L^pper Alton, and, in 1843, entered 
Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom 
in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- 
ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, 
Hon. David J. Baker. In 18.-)4 lie was elected as an 
AntiNebr:uska candidate to tlie lower branch of 
the Nineteenth General A.ssembly, and, at the 
subsequent session of the General .Vssembly, was 
one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose 
uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- 
bull resulted in the election of the latter to the 
United States Senate for the first time — the others 
being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the 
House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards 
United States Senator. Burton C. Cook and Nor- 
man B. Juihl in the Senate. He served as one of the 
Secretaries of the RepubUcau State Convention 
held at Bloomington in May, 18.50, was a Repub- 
lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, 
became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving 
until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- 
lican State Convention, served as delegate to the 
Repuljlican National Convention of the sjinie 
year and was an unsuccessful candidate for 
Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. 



Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver 
the addi'ess on occasion of the unveiling of the 
statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the 
capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888. 
About 1888 lie retired from practice, dying at 
Alton, March J5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), 
second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at 
Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Sliurt- 
leflf College in 1847 ; read law with his father two 
years, after which he entered Harvard Law 
School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
field in 185.5. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had 
become associated with William H. Bailhache, in 
the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," 
and, in July, IS.5.5, they purchased "The Illinois 
State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. 
Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 
1874. In 1809 he was appointed United States 
Assessor for the Eiglith District, serving until 
the abolition of the oflSce. In 1873 he received 
the appointment from President Gi-ant of Consul 
to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming 
the duties of the office in 1874, remained there 
for twenty-three years, proving himself one of 
the most capable and efficient officers in the con- 
sular service. On the evening of the 20th of 
June, 1897, wlien Mr. Baker was about to enter a 
railway train already in motion at tlie station in 
the city of Buenos Ayres. he fell uii<]er the cars, 
receiving injui-ies which necessitated the ampu- 
tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his 
death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, Julj- 8, 
following. His remains were brought home at 
the Government expense and interred in Oak 
Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- 
ment has since been erected in his honor, liearing 
a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres 
and foreign representatives in that city express- 
ive of their respect for his memorj-. — Uavid 
Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett 
Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20.1834; 
graduated from Shurtleflf College in 18.54, and was 
admitted to the bar in 18.56. In Novemlier of 
that year he removed to Cairo and begiin prac- 
tice. He was Mayor of that citj- in 1864-65. and, 
in 18C9, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth 
Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act 
of March 28) having divided the State into 
twenty -six circuits, he was elected Judge of the 
Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, 
lie resigned to accept an appointment on the 
Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, 
deceased, but at the close of his term on the 
Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit 
Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



33 



served for several years on the Appellate Bench. 
In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by 
resignation and was elected a Justice of the 
Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, 
in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but 
was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after 
retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to 
Chicago and engaged in general practice, in 
partnersliip with his son, John W. Baker. He 
fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13, 
1899. In all. Judge Baker had spent some thirty 
years almost continuously on the bench, and had 
attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and 
a jurist. 

BAKER, Edivard Dickinson, soldier and 
United States Senator, was born in London, 
Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while 
yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, 
afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to 
Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- 
sented in the lower house of the Tenth General 
Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth 
and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as 
a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned 
in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the 
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the 
Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in 
command of the brigade, when the latter was 
wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected 
to Congress from the Galena District ; was also 
identified with the construction of the Panama 
Railroad; went tO' San Francisco in 18.52, but 
later removed to Oregon, where he was elected 
to the United States Senate in 1800. In 1861 he 
resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union 
army, commanding a brigade at the battle of 
Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 31, 1861. 

BAKER, Jeliii, lawj-er and Congressman, was 
born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4. 1822. At 
an early age he removed to Illinois, making his 
home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- 
ceived his early education in the common schools 
and at McKendree College. Although he did 
not graduate from the latter institution, he 
received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. 
in 18.58, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time 
he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the 
study of law. From 1861 to 18G5 he was Master 
in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 
1869 he repi'Bsented the Belleville District as a 
Republican in Congress. From 1ST6 to 1881 and 
from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in 
Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term 
of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- 
ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) 



from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated 
for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, 
Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified 
himself with the Free Silver Democracy and 
People's Party, he was elected to Congress from 
tlie Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, 
the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 
1899. He is the author of an annotated edition 
of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of 
the Romans." 

BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- 
tor, was born in liitchfleld County, Conn., Slarcli 
8. 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a comi- 
try school, continuing this occupation for several 
years during the winter months, while working 
on his father's farm in the summer. He then 
started a store at New Milford, which he man- 
aged for three years, when he sold out on account 
of .his health and began farming. In 1833 he 
came west and purchased a considerable tract of 
Government land in La Salle Count}', where the 
village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing 
thither with his family the following j-ear. He 
served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- 
secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and 
as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La 
Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected 
as a Republican to the House of Representatives, 
was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to 
the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He 
was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first 
Board of Public Charities, serving as President of 
the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- 
tory of La Salle County," which contains much 
local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 
1895. 

BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- 
tor, was born in Goslien, Conn., July 21, 1801; 
graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two 
years' study in the theological school there, was 
ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming 
one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or 
"Western College Society," of which lie was Cor- 
responding Secretary during most of his life. He 
was settled as a Congregationalist minister at 
Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- 
curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- 
ville, of which he was a Trustee from its 
organization to his death. He served for a 
number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the 
Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 
1838, became the first Principal of Monticello 
Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con- 
ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 
10, 1870. 



34 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



UALLAKI), Addisdn, inercliant, was born of 
Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio. No- 
vember, IS'22. He located at La Porte, Lnd., 
about 1841, where he learned and pursued the 
carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, 
remaioing two years, when he returned to La 
Porte ; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked 
in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 
1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard 
served several years as one of the Commissioners 
of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- 
man of the City of Chicago, and again in the 
latter office. 1894-9G. 

BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop 
of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- 
varia, April 7, 1827; was educated at the colleges 
of the Iloly Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. 
Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, 
Montreal, and was ordained a priest in IS.'iS, and 
consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- 
istration was successful, but regarded by his 
priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- 
ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance 
of clergj- and laitj'. His most important literary 
work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first 
edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and 
enlarged\ 1880. Died at .Vlton. Feb. \r,, 1880. 

BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN 
RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the 
Baltimore & Oliio system) is made up of two 
principal divisions, the first extending across the 
State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the 
second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- 
ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total 
mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 
miles, of which 147'^ are in Illinois, and of the 
latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The 
main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- 
sissippi Rsiilway) was chartered in Indiana in 
1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 18.51. It 
was constructed by two companies, the section 
from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State 
line being knowni as the Ea.stern Division, and 
that in Illinois as the Western Division, the 
gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but 
reduced in 1871 to stamlard. The banking firm 
of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis ami San Francisco, 
were the principal financial Uickers of the enter- 
prise. The line was completed and oi}ened for 
traffic, Maj' 1, 18.17. The following year the roivd 
became financially emlxirrassed; the E;istern Di- 
vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 
1860 while the Western Division was sold under 
foreclosure, in 1862. and reorganized as the Ohio 
& Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois 



Legislature pa.ssed in February, 1861. The East- 
ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and. in 
November of the same year, the two divisions 
were consoliilated under the title of the Ohio & 
Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division 
was the result of the consolidation, in December, 
1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Nortliwestern 
and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each 
having been chartered in 1867 — the new cor|X)- 
ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- 
nois Southeastern Riiilroad. under which n;uue 
the road was built and opened in Marcli. 1871. In 
1873. it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 
1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 
1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- 
sissippi Railwa3' Company. In November, 1876, 
the road was again placed in the hands of a 
receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. 
— In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was 
con.solidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western Railroad, which was the suc('e.s.sor of the 
Cincinnati, Wa.shington & Baltimore Riiilroad, 
the reorganized Company taking tlie name of tlie 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- 
pany. The total capitalization of the road, as 
organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several 
brandies of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go 
to increase the aggregate mileage, but being 
wholly outside of Illinois are not takfu into ac- 
count in tliis st.atcnuMit. 

BALTIMORE A. OHIO A. CHICAGO RAIL- 
ROAD, part of tlio Hahimore & Ohio Riiilroad 
System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in 
Illinois. The princijKil object of the comixiny's 
incorporation was to secure entrance for the 
Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital 
stock outstanding exceeds §1.500.000. The total 
capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) 
is .$20,329,166 or §76.728 per mile. The gross 
earnings for the year ending June 30, l.'.<98, were 
.83.38!, 016 and the operating expenses .82.493,4.52. 
The income and earnings for the portion of the 
line in Illinois for the same period were §209,208 
and the expenses §208,096. 

BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was^born in Franklin 
County, Ma.ss., Jan. 9, 1822; .si>ent his lM)y- 
hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after 
a year in an institution at Rochester, came to 
Chicago in 1844. later spending two years in farm 
work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- 
ing east in 1847, he engiiged in teaching for 
two years at Springfield. Mass., then si>ent 
a j'ear in a dry goods store at Lacon, III., 
meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. In 
1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



35 



cf the Circuit Court in 1S.")9 ; served one session 
as State Senator (1870-73) ; in 1873 was ap- 
pointed Circuit Judge to fill the xinexpired 
term of Judge Riclimond, deceased, and, in 1875, 
was appointed by President Grant United States 
District Attorney for the Northern District, 
remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was 
also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State 
Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 18.54; 
in 1803 presided over the Congressional Conven- 
tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress 
for the first time ; was one of tlie charter members 
of the "Union. League of America," servingas its 
President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the 
National Convention which nominated General 
Grant for President for the first time. After 
retiring from the office of District Attorne)- in 
1879, he removed to Chicago, wliere lie is still 
(1898) engaged in the practice of liis profession. 

BaXKSOX, .\ndrew, pioneer and early legis- 
lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver 
Creek, in St. Clair County, III., four miles south 
of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently 
removed to Washington County. He was a Col- 
onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a 
Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 
1823 he was elected to the State Senate from 
Washington County, serving four years, and at 
the session of 1822-23 was one of tliose who voted 
against the Convention resolution which had for 
its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- 
sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 
18.53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. 

BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- 
tie in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who 
located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- 
lowed, about 179G-97, by Revs. David Badgley and 
Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist 
church within the limits of the State. Five 
churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- 
bers, formed an association in 1807. Several 
causes, among them a difference of views on the 
slavery question, resulted in the division of the 
denomination into factions. Of these perhaps 
the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- 
ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John 
M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1823 until 
his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, 
until it had some 250 chui-ches, witli about 7,500 
members. These were under tlie ecclesiastical 
care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac 
McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at 
Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years 
later, Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first 
Baptist society in what was then an infant set- 



tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations 
had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891 
ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- 
logical Seminary was for some time supported at 
Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the 
University of Chicago, becoming the divinity 
school of that institution. The chief organ of the 
denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- 
lished at Chicago. 

B.\RBER, Uirani, was born in Warren County, 
N. Y., March 24, 183.5. At 11 years of age he 
accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which 
State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- 
ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at 
Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law 
School, and was admitted to practice. After 
serving one term as District Attorney of his 
coimty in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant 
Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in 
the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, 
was elected to Congre.ss by the Republicans of 
the old Second Illinois District. His home is in 
Chicago, where he holds the position of JIaster in 
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. 

B.\RDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, 
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 
miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. 
Population (1880), 409; (1800), 447; (1900), 387. 

B.ARXSBACK, George Freilerick Julius, pio- 
neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781; came 
to Pliiladeljihia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- 
tucky, where he became an overseer; two or 
three years later visited his native country, suf- 
fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; 
returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 
1809, when he removed to what is now Madison 
(tlien a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in 
the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 
1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he 
bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. 
Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, 
he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, 
locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where lie 
resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback 
served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after -returning from 
Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor 
of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his 
son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 
14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, 
Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 
1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company 
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- 
teers (100-days' men); also served as a member or 
the Twenty-fom-th General Assembly (1865). 



36 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
was bom in Onondaga Countj', N. Y., Feb. 13, 
1840. When he was but two years old his family 
removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed 
his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- 
tion was obtained at Belleville. 111., Ypsilanti, 
Mich., and at the Michigiin State University at 
Ann Arljor. After leaving the institution last 
named at the end of the sophomore j'ear, he 
taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- 
sical studies. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar 
at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office 
at Cliester, where, for a time, he held the office 
of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago 
in 1807, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench 
of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- 
ration of his term he resumed private practice. 

BARKERE, (iranville, was born in Highland 
County, Ohio. After attending the common 
schools, he acquired a higlier education at Au- 
gusta, Ky., and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted 
to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- 
tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 1830. In 
1873 he received the Republican nomination for 
Congress and was elected, representing his dis- 
trict from 1873 to 187.5, at the conclusion of his 
term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 
111., Jan. 13, 1889. 

BARRIX(ilTO\, a village located on the north- 
ern bortler of C'(X)k County, and partly in Lake, 
at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern 
and the Elgin, Joliet & Ea.stern Railway, 32 miles 
northwest of Cliicago. It has banks, a local paper, 
and several cheese factories, being in a dairying 
district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1.102. 

BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman 
and eclucator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 
11. 1847; gra<luated at Mount Olivet College in 
1807, and studied theology at Yale, Union and 
Anilover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, 
where he si)ent two and a half years in mission- 
ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) 
accepted a call to the First Congregational 
Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a 
year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, 
visiting Europe, Egypt ami Palestine, during a 
part of tlio time supplying the American chapel 
iu Paris. On his return to the United States he 
spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and 
Eiist Boston, Mass., when (in Novemter, 1881) he 
assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian 
Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a 
world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman 
of the "Parliament of Religions." a branch of the 
"World's Congress Auxiliary," held dui-ing the 



World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 
1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- 
turer on Comparative Religions.under lectureships 
in connection with the University of Chicago en- 
dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, 
established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated 
a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on 
alt«rnate years with a similar course at the L'ni- 
versity. Courses were delivered at the University 
in 189.5-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes 
of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows found it 
necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in 
the spring of 1896. After spending the summer 
in Germany, the regular itinerarj- of the round- 
the-world tour began at London in the latter part 
of Noveml>er, 1896, ending with his return to the 
United States by way of .San Francisco in Jlay, 
1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party 
of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, 
the tour embracing visits to the principal cities 
of .Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and 
Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India 
during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to 
the United States he lectured at the University 
of Chicago and in many of the jjrincipal cities of 
the country, on the moral and religious condition 
of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered 
the Presidencj- of Oberlin College. Ohio, which 
he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 
1899. 

BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in 
1836, on tlie Wabash Railroad, 18 miles ea.st of 
Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. 
The surrounding country is agricultural. The 
city contains flouring miUs, jwrkpacking and 
poultry establishments, etc. It has two local 
papers, two banks, three churches and a high 
school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- 
tion (ISSin. 1.392; (1890). 1,3.54; (1900), 1,643. 

BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was 
born of Kevolutionarj- ancestry at Stratford. 
Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated 
in the common schools and at Danville Academy 
and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming 
to Chicago in 1863. entered into the employment 
of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., 
now Hibbard. Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, 
a few years later, he became a partner, and later 
Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett 
has also been a Trustee of Beloit College. Presi- 
dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and 
a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and 
the Jletropolitan National Bank, besides being 
identified with various other business and benevo- 
lent associations. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



37 



BASCOM, (Rev.) Flayel, D. D., clergyman, 
was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent 
his boyhood on a farm uxitil 17 years of age, mean- 
while attending the common schools; prepared 
for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, 
entered Yale College, graduating in 1838. After a 
year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, 
Conn., he entered upon the study of theology 
at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for 
the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- 
ary department of the college. Then coming to 
Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale 
Band," organized at Yale College a few j'ears 
previous ; spent five years in missionary work in 
Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- 
nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, 
exploring new settlements, founding churches 
and introducing missionaries to new fields of 
labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 
1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First 
Presbyterian Chm'ch at Galesburg, this relation 
continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- 
ice as the Agent of the American Missionary 
Association of the Congregational Church, he 
accepted a call to the Congregational Church at 
Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when 
he took charge of the Congregational Church at 
Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- 
able period as a member of the Executive Com- 
mittee of the Illinois Home Missionarj' Society; 
was also prominent in educational work, being 
one of the founders and, for over twenty-five 
years, an officer of the Chicago Theological 
Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of 
the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, 
Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. 
in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, ID., 
August 8, 1890. 

BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox 
River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- 
western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroads, 3.5 miles west of Chicago; has water 
power and several prosperous manufacturing 
establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. 
The city has fine water-works supplied from an 
artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric 
street car lines with interurban connections, two 
weekly papers, eight churches, two public 
schools, and private hospital for insane women. 
Population (1900), 3.871; (1903, est.), 4,400. 

BATEMAN, Nowtoii, A. M., LL.D., educator 
and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- 
pedia of Illinois." was born at Fairfield, N. J., 
July 27. lo22, of mixed English and Scotch an- 



cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 
1833; in his j'outh enjoyed only limited educa- 
tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois 
College at Jack.sonville in 1843, supporting him- 
self during his college course wholly by his own 
labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- 
tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane 
Theological Seminary, but was compelled to 
withdraw on account of failing health, when he 
gave a j-ear to travel. He then entered upon his 
life-work as a teacher bj' engaging as Principal 
of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, 
remaining there two }-ears. when he accepted the 
Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- 
lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that 
position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- 
sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the 
principalship of the main public school of that 
city. Here he remained seven years, during four 
of them discharging the duties of County Super- 
intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the 
fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville 
Female Academy, but the following year was 
elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, having been nominated for the office by the 
Republican State Convention of 1858, which put 
Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United 
States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- 
tinued in this office fourteen j'ears, serving con- 
tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years 
(1863-65), as the result of hisdefeat for re-election 
in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office 
by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but 
was not formally nominated by a State Conven- 
tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- 
mon school system was developed and brought to 
the state of efficiency which it has so well main- 
tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of 
biennial reports, portions of which have been 
republished in five different languages of Em'ope, 
besides a volume of "Common School Decisions," 
originally published by authority of the General 
Assembly, and of which several editions have 
since been issued. This volimie has been recog- 
nized by the courts, and is still regarded as 
authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. 
In addition to his official duties during a part of 
this period, for three years he served as editor of 
"The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- 
mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted 
by Congress creating the National Bureau of 
Education. Occupying a room in the old State 
Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an 
office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- 
dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 



38 



niSTOKK'AL EXC YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



close intimacy sprang up between tlie two men, 
which enableil the "Scliool-nuister," as Mr. Lin- 
coln plavfullj- calleil the Doctor, to acquire an 
insight into the character of the future emanci- 
pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, 
and of which he gave evidence by liis lectures 
full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent 
appreciation of the higli (character of the "Martyr 
President." A few months after his retirement 
from the State Superintendency (18T5), Dr. Bate- 
man was offered and accepted tlie Presidency of 
Knox College at Galesburg. remaining until 1H93, 
when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. 
This, after having been repeatedly urged upon 
the Board, w;us finally accepted ; but that body 
immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed 
him President Emeritus and Profes-sor of Jlental 
and Moral Science, under which lie contiiuied to 
discharge his duties as a special lecturer as liis 
health enabled him to do so. During his incum- 
bency as President of Knox College, he twice 
received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State 
University and the Chancellorship of two other 
important State institutions. He also served, by 
api«)intment of successive Governors l)etween 1877 
and 1.^91, as a member of the State Board of 
Healtli. for four years of this period being Presi- 
dent of the Board. In February, 1S78, Dr. Bate- 
man, unexpectetlly and without solicitation on liis 
part, received from President Hayes an apiMiint- 
ment as '"Assay Comini-ssioner" to examine and 
test the fineness and weight of United States 
coins, in accordance with the provisions of the 
act of Congress of June 22, 1874, ami discharged 
the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. 
Never of a very strong physique, wliicli was 
rather weakened by his privations while a stu- 
dent and his many years of close confinement to 
mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. 
Batcman suffered much from a chest trouble 
wliich finally developed into "angina pectoris," 
or heart disease, from whicli, as the result of a 
most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- 
burg, Oct. 21, 1S97. The event produced the 
most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- 
ates in the Faculty and among the students of 
Knox College, but a large number of friends 
throughout the State, who had known him offi- 
cially or personally, and had learned to admire 
his many noble and beautiful traits of character. 
His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on 
Oct. 2.'), called out an immense concourse of 
sorrowing friends. Almost the last laboi-s per- 
formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of 
matter for this volume, in which he manifested 



the deepest interest from the time of his assump- 
tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the 
time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- 
ing that his work in this field was practically 
complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, 
first in ISoO to Mi.ss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, 
who died in 1S.j7, and a second time in October, 
18S9, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts 
(but for some time a teaclier in Jacksonville 
Female Academy), who died. May 28, 1.'<7S.— 
Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman 
by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, 
March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and 
later from the law department of Columbia Col- 
lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his 
studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally 
becoming Professor of Administrative Law and 
Government in Columbia College — a position 
especially created for him. He had filled this 
jxjsition a little over one year when his career — 
which was one of great promise — was cut short by 
death, Feb. 0, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- 
man survive — all tlie wives of clergj-men. — P. S. 

BATES, Clara Doty, author, was bom at Ann 
Arbor, Midi., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first 
book in 18G8; the next year married Morgan 
Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote mucli for 
juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, 
some of the most popular among the latter being 
"Blind Jakey" (1868) and ".^sops Fables" in 
verse (1873). She was the collector of a model 
library for children, for the World's Columbian 
Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. 

BATES, Erastus Xewton, soldier and State 
Treasurer, was born at Plainfiehl, Mass., Feb. 29, 
1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- 
flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by 
his father to Oliio, where the latter soon after- 
ward died. For several years lie lived with an 
uncle, preparing himself for college and earning 
monej- by teaching and manual labor. He graihi- 
ated from Williams College, 5Iass., in 18.-13, and 
commenced the study of law in New York City, 
but later removed to Jlinnesota. wliere he served 
as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
185{> and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. 
In 1>'.">9 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- 
menced practice there in August, 18l!2; was com- 
missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois 
^'olunteers. being successively jiromoted to the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and 
finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen 
months he wjis a prisoner of war, escaping from 
Libby Prison only to lie recaptured and later 
exixised to the tire of the Union batteries at Mor- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



39 



ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 18G6 he was 
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State 
Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office 
under the new Constitution of 18T0, and serving 
until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, 
Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- 
field. 

BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was 
born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to 
Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United 
States District Attorney for that State, but re- 
moved to California in 1850, where he became a 
member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" 
at San Francisco, and, in 18.56, delivered the first 
Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he 
practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was 
appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving 
two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., 
where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an 
orator of much reputation, and was selected to 
express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to 
Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, 
after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- 
las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which 
he performed in an address of great eloquence. 
At an early day he married the widow of Dr. 
Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- 
ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife 
being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white 
settler of Chicago. 

BATH, a village of Mason County, on the 
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. 
Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- 
lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (I'JOi)), yiio. 

BATLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, 
on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles 
soutbea.st of Quiiicy ; has one newspaper. Popu- 
lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. 

BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a 
private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last 
two years of the Civil War, and graduated from 
Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, .supporting 
himself during his college course by work upon a 
farm and teaching. After serving three years as 
County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange 
County, Ind., m 1874 he came to Illinois and 
entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the 
northern part of the State. He served for some 
time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of 
Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the 
Township High School at Streator, where he was, 
in 1898, when he received the nomination for the 
office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, to which he was elected in November follow- 



ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent 
of nearly 70,000 votes. 

BE.4RD, Tliomas, pioneer and founder of the 
city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, 
Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to 
Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed 
to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville 
and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of 
the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- 
lished there the flr.st ferry across the Illinois 
River. In 1827, in conjimction with Enoch 
March of Morgan Coimty, he entered the land on 
which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at 
Beardstown, in November, 1849. 

BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the 
Illinois River, being tlie intersecting point for 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the 
northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 
miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of 
Peorip,. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was 
named, settled liere about 1820 and soon after- 
wards established the first ferry across the Illi- 
nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by 
Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, 
and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it 
became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- 
nois volunteers. The city has six churches and 
three schools (including a high school), two banks 
and two daily newspapers. Several branches of 
manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and 
saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- 
tory, two button factories, two stave factories, 
one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others 
of less importance. The river is spanned here by 
a fine railroad bridge, costing some S300,000. 
Population (1890), 4,326; (1900), 4,837. 

BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second pei- 
maneut settler on the site of Chicago, was bo:":i 
at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader c_i 
Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for h r 
first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at ML- 
waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Hj 
visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabiii 
there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre ol 
1813, married the daughter of Francis La Frarc-' 
boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becani& 
agent of the American Fur Company, having' 
charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else- 
where. After 1823 he occupied the building 
known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear- 
born, which had belonged to the Government, 
but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. 
Out of the ownership of this building grew his 
claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 



40 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn 
reservation. Tlie claim was allowed by tlie Land 
Office officials and sustained by the State courts, 
but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the 
United States after long litigation. An attempt 
was made to revive this claim in Congress in 
1878, but it was reported upon adversely bj- a 
Senate Committee of which the late Senator 
Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien 
was evidently a man of no little prominence in 
his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens 
to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed 
by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for 
Cook County, and, in IS.jO, was commissioned 
BrigJidier-General. In 18.^8 he removed to Na.sli- 
ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. .5, IBd'.i. — Mark 
(Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, 
was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 
182G. and bouglit a log house of James Kinzie, in 
wliich he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he 
erected the first frame building in Chicago, which 
was known as tlie "Sauganasli." and in which he 
kept a hotel until 1834. He also eng;iged in mer- 
chandising, but was not s\iccessful, ran the first 
ferry across the Soutli Branch of the Chicago 
River, and served for many years as lighthouse 
keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- 
ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on 
the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- 
wards, he received a patent which had been 
signed by Martin Van Buren — lie liaving previ- 
ously been ignorant of its existence. He was 
married twice and had a family of twenty two 
children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. 
— Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of 
General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born 
on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined 
liis father in Chicago, was eilucated in a Baptist 
Mission Sdiool where Niles, Jlich., now stands; 
was licensed iis a merchant in Chicago in 1831. 
but failed as a business man; served as Second 
Lieutenant of the Naperville Compjiny in tlie 
Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant 
of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a 
white woman, from whom he separated, after- 
wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- 
nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at 
Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for 
many years tlie official interpreter of the tril>e 
and, for some time, one of six Coniiiiissioners 
employed by the Indians to look after their 
alTairs with the United States Government.— 
Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- 
bien by his white wife, was born in one of the 
buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 



1822. In 1840 lie accompanied his father to his 
farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago 
in 1862. and for years past has been employed on 
the Cliic-ug" jMilice force. 

ItEIUt, William, Governor of Ohio, was born 
in Hamilton County in that State in 1802; taught 
.school at North Bend, the home of William Henry 
Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton; 
served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a 
Welsh colony to Tennes.see, but left at the out- 
break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago 
County, III., where he had i)urcha.sed a large 
body of land. Ho was a man of uncompromising 
loyalty and high principle; served as Examiner 
of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln 
and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- 
paign which resulted in Grant's first election to 
the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. 
A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. 
John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary 
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, 
during the AVorld's Columbian Exposition, 
Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of AVorld's 
Fair Coniniissidiicrs. 

BECKER, Charles St. N., ex State Treasurer, 
was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought 
to this country by his parents at the age of 11 
years, the family settling in St. Clair County, III. 
Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth 
Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea 
Ridge, was so severely wouiuled that it was 
found nece.ssary to amputate one of his legs. In 
1866 ho wiis elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, 
and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the 
St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several 
terms as a City Councibnan of Belleville. In 1888 
he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican 
ticket, serving from Jan. 14. 1889, to Jan. 12, 1801. 

BECKWITH, Corj don, lawyer and jurist, was 
iKirn in Vermont in \>*'l'.i. and educated at Provi- 
dence. K. I., and Wrenthain. Mass. lie read law 
and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans. Vt., 
where he practiced for two years. In 18.')3 he 
removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was 
appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the 
Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months 
of the unexpired term of Judge Caton. who had 
resigned. On retiring from the iM^nch he re- 
.sumed ])rivate ]inicti(i'. Dii'd. .\ugust 18, 1890. 

BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and 
author, was born at Danville. 111.. March ri. 1833. 
Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- 
neer settler of Esistern Illinois and one of the 
founders of the city of Danville, was a native of 
Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



41 



his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, 
one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming 
massacre of 1778. In 1817. the senior Beckwith. 
in company with his brotlier George, descended 
the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash 
to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally 
locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 
111. A year later he removed to tlie vicinity of 
the present site of the city of Danville. Having 
been employed for a time in a surveyor's 
corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, 
on the organization of Vermilion County, served 
for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of 
the Governor, and was also employed by the 
General Government in surveying lands in the 
eastern part of the State, some of the Indian 
reservations in that section of the State being 
set off by him. In connection' with Guy W. 
Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the 
Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the 
ground on wliich the county-seat of Vermilion 
County was located, and it took the name of Dan- 
ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he 
was elected Representative in the State Legisla- 
ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, 
and Vermilion Counties, then including all that 
section of the State between Crawford County 
and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. 
Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left 
fatherless at less than three years of age, received 
only such education as was afforded in the com- 
mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he 
began the study of law in the Danville office of 
Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice 
in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. 
He continued in their office and, on the removal 
of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded 
to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. 
Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the 
Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia — was distantlj" related to Mr. 
Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of 
the latter. While engaged in the practice of his 
profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty 
years a zealous collector of records and other 
material bearing upon the early history of Illinois 
and the Northwest, and is probably now the 
owner of one of tlie most complete and valuable 
collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also 
the autlior of several monographs on historic 
themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The 
Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic 
Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- 
gus Series." besides having edited an edition of 
"Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the 



same firm), which he has enriched by the addition 
of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed 
a series of valuable articles to "Tlie Chicago 
Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and 
Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by 
Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of 
Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 
serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, 
and was re-appointed to the same position by 
Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being 
chosen President of the Board. 

BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway 
solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y. , 
August '27, 1839, but, in 1836, removed with his 
family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived 
upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. 
Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan 
University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to 
Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, 
and began the study of law in the office of his 
brother, Edwin Beeclier, being admitted to prac- 
tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the 
organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- 
road projected from Shawneetown to Edgevs'ood 
on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. 
This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two 
later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- 
ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois 
Southeastern, under which name it was con- 
structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This 
line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time 
as Vice President — now constitutes the Beards- 
town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore 
& Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- 
nois Southeastern Company having fallen into 
financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was 
appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, 
had control of its operation as agent for the bond- 
holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the 
Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the 
Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became 
General Counsel of the controlling corporation, 
so remaining until 1888. Since tliat date he has 
been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore 
& Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin- 
nati, although for over a quarter of a century he 
has been prominently identified with one of the 
most important railway enterprises in Southern 
Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been 
a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne 
County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for 
Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of 
the Republican State Central Committee of 
Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve 
years. 



42 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BKECHER, Edward, 1). D., clergyman ami 
educutor, was born at East Hampton, L. I, 
August 37, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lj-nian Beeclier 
and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; gratluated 
at Yale College in 18i2, taught for over a year at 
Hartford, Conn., studied theologj', and after a 
year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 
1826 was ordained i)astor of the Park Street 
Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 
he became President of Illinois College at 
Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he 
resigned and returned to Boston, serving as 
pastor of the Salem Street Church in that 
city until IS.!!!, also acting as senior editor of 
"The Congregationalist" for four years. In 18.50 
he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- 
gregational Church at Galesburg. continuing 
until 1871, when lie removed to Brooklyn, where 
he resided without pastoral charge, except 188.'5- 
b'.l. when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- 
gational Church. While President of Illinois 
College, that institution was exposed to much 
hostile criticism on account of his outspoken 
opiwsition to slavery, as shown by his ])articii)a- 
tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- 
Slavery Society and his elocjuent denunciation of 
tlie murder of Klijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his 
brother Henry Ward, he was i)robably the mo.st 
powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, 
and. in coiuiection with his able a.s,sociates in the 
faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give 
that institution a wide reputation as a nurserj- 
of independent thought. Up to a short time 
before his death, he was a prolific writer, his 
proiluctions (besides editorials, reviews and con- 
tributions on a variety of subjects) including 
nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- 
tant are: "Statement of A nti Shivery Principles 
and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); 
'A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the 
Alton Riots" (183,8); "The Concord of Ages" 
(1853): "The Conflict of Ages" (18.54): "Pai)al 
Conspiracy Exjiosed" (1854), besides a number 
of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery 
topics. Died in Hnx.Ulyn. July 28. 1895. 

BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest 
son of Rev. Lyman Beeclier and brother of 
Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East 
Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- 
dover. became a Congregationalist clergj-man, 
occupying pulpits at Newport. R. I.. Batavia, 
N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in 
his later years, living at the home of his daugh- 
ters in th.1t city. June 23. 1S89. 

ItEGCiS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist 



Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham 
County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who 
was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 
1805, but remained there only two years, when he 
removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed 
but poor eilucatioual a<ivantages here, obtaining 
liis education chiefly by his own efforts in what 
he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he 
entered the ministry of the Methodist Ejjiscopal 
Cluirch, during the next ten years traveling 
different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was 
appointed to Chicago, but the Black Ilawk War 
coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to 
Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in 
Illinois, until 1808, when he was .superannuated, 
occnipying his time thereafter in writing remi- 
niscences of his early history. A volume of this 
character publislied by him, was entitled "Pages 
from the Early History of the We.st and North- 
west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 189,5, 
in the 9.5th year of his age. 

liEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of 
German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 
27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at 
Springfield, where be carried on the grocery 
business for five years, then removed to Chicago 
and engaged in the lumber trade in connection 
with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large 
lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, 
Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 
Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- 
vesting largely in west side real estate in the city 
of Chicago, which apjireciated rapiiUy in value, 
making him one of the most wealth}- real estate 
owners in Chicago. Died, March 10. 1893. — Jacob 
(Beidler). brother of the preceding, was born in 
Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 
1842, first began working as a carpenter, but 
Later engaged in the grocery business with his 
brother at Springfield, III. ; in 1844 removed to 
Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four 
years l;iter, when they eng.aged largely in the 
lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business 
in 1891. devoting his attention to large real estate 
investments. He was a liberal contriliutor to 
religious, educational and benevolent institutions. 
Died in Cliic.ago. M.uch 15, 1S98. 

BELFIELD. Henry Holmes, educator, was 
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17. 1837; was educated 
at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in 
the same ; during the War of the Retellion served 
in the army of the Cuml>erland. first as Lieuten- 
ant and afterw.ards !is Adjut.int of the Eighth 
Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of 
Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



43 



Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a 
prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed 
under tire of the Union batteries at Charleston. 
Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal 
in various public schools, including the North 
Division High School. He was one of the earli- 
est advocates of manual training, and, on the 
establishment of the Chicago Manual Training 
School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a 
position wliich he lias continued to occupy. 
During 1891-03 he made a trip to Europe by 
appointment of the Government, to investigate 
the school systems in European countries. 

BELKNAP, Hii^h Reid, ex-Member of Congress, 
was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 18G0, being 
the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- 
tary of War wider President Grant. After 
attending the public schools of his native city, 
he took a course at Adams Academj-, Quinoy, 
Mass., and at Pliillijis Academy, Andover, wlien 
he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio 
rtailroad, wliere he remained twelve years in 
various departments, finally becoming Chief 
Clerk of the General Manager. In 1802 he retired 
from this position to become Superintendent of 
tlie South Side Elevated Haih'oad of Chicago, 
lie never held any political position until nomi- 
nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth 
Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- 
trict of Chicago. Although the returns .showed 
a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic 
opponent (Lawrence McGaiin), a recount proved 
him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- 
tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously 
awarded the seat. In 1896 lie was re-elected 
from a District usually strongly Democratic, 
receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was 
defeated bj' his Democratic opponent in 1898. retir- 
ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when lie re- 
ceived an appointment as Paynia.ster in the Army 
from President ilcKinley, with the rank of Major. 
BELL, Robert, lawj-er, was born in Lawrence 
County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Cariiiel 
and Indiana State University at Bloomington, 
graduating from the law department of the 
latter in 18.5.5; while yet in his minority edited 
"Tlie Mount Carmel Register," during 18ol.53 
becoming joint owner and editor of the same 
with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- 
ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne 
County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel 
and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. 
Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief 
Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 
1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County 



Judge of Lawrence Count}', being elected to the 
Sime office in 1894. He was also President 
of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company 
mitil it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes 
Road in 18G7 ; later became President of the St. 
Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the 
Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and 
secured the construction of the division from 
Princeton, Ind., to Albion, III. In 1876 he visited 
California as Special Agent of the Treasury 
Department to investigate alleged frauds in the 
Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878 
was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on 
the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic 
Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same 
year, a member of the Republican State Central 
Committee for the State-at- large, and, in 1881, 
officiated by appointment of President Garfield, 
as Commissioner to examine a section of the 
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. 
Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known 
in the southeastern part of the State as the 
"Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." 

BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair 
County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south 
of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest 
towns in the State, having been selected as the 
county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies 
in tlie center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- 
ing district and contains numerous factories of 
various de.scriptions, ini;luding flouring mills, a 
nail mill, glass woiks and slioe factories. It has 
five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- 
man, which Lssue daily editions. Its commercial 
and educational facilities aie exceptionally good. 
Its population is largely of German descent. 
Population (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484. 

BELLEVILLE, CEXTRALIA k E.\STERN 
RAILRO.VD. (See Louisville. Ei-(insrille d- St. 
Louis (Coiisolidi(fcd) liailroad.) 

BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, 
a short line of road extending from Belleville to 
East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered 
Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton 
& Terre Haute Railroad Compaii}', June 1, 1883. 
The annual rental is .SSCOOO, a sum equivalent to 
the interest on the bonded debt. The cajiital 
stock (1895) is §500,000 and the bonded debt S485,- 
000. In addition to these sums the floating debt 
swells the entire capitalizatiiyii to ■§995,054 or §57,- 
317 pev mile. 

BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, 
a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- 
ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feli. 22, 
1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 



44 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & 
Terra Haute Railroad Company for 4>i() years, and 
has since been operated by that corporation in 
connection with its lielleville branch, from East 
St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road 
intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and 
the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & 
Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville 
& Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital 
stock (189.5) is §1,000,000 and its bonded debt 
S.^.^O.OOO. Tho coriM.rate office is at Hellcvillf. 

BELLEVILLE A: ILLIXOISTOWN K.VILRO.Vl). 
(See .S7. Louis. Altiin t£' Ti'rrc llaiitv liiiilrinid. t 

BELLEVILLE & SOITHEKX ILLINOIS 
RAILKO.VI), a road (laid with steel rails) run- 
ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles 
in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and 
completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Dui|Uoin it connects 
with the Illinois Central and forms a short line 
between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1. 1H60. it was 
leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital 
stock is Sl,fi92.()00 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 
000. The corporate office is at Belleville. 

BELLMOM, a village of Wabash County, on 
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 
miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 
350; (1890), 487; (1900). 624. 

BELT I{.\ILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, 
THE, a cor()cinUi<in chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and 
the lessee of tlio Belt Division of the Chicago & 
Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total 
trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 60- 
pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol- 
lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & 
St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- 
man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; 
second track, 14.1 miles; sidings. 57.85 miles. 
The cost of construction lias been .?.")24.549; capi- 
tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt. 
The earnings for the year ending June 30, 189.5, 
were §5,56,847, the operating expenses §378,012, 
and the taxes §51,009. 

BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- 
kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & 
Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest 
of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford; is con- 
nected with the latter city bj- electric railroad. 
The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, 
and three banks (two national). Two daily ahd 
two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel- 
videre also has very considerable manufacturing 
interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- 
chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large 



milk-condensing factory and two creameries. 
Population (1890), 3.867; (1900), 6,937. 

BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- 
section of main line and Chicago Division of 
Wabash Itiiilroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 
166 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in agri- 
cultural and stock-raising district; has three 
grain elevators, broom factory, water-works, elec- 
tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and 
weekly paper. Pop. (1890). 1,139; (1000). 1,484. 

BENJAMIN, Reuben M<»ore, lawyer, born at 
Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 
29. 1833; was educated at .Vmlierst College, xVm- 
herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- 
ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst 
and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on 
an examination certificate furnished by Abraham 
Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first 
public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of 
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in 
shaping the i)rt)visions of the new Constitution 
relating to corf)orations. In 1873 he was chosen 
County Judge of McLean County, bj' rei)eated 
re-elections holding the position until 1886, when 
he resumed private practice. For more than 
twenty years he has teen connected with the law 
department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; 
is also the author of several volumes of legal 
textbooks. 

BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic 
Medical School of Chicago, incorixirated by 
special charter and opened in the autumn of 
1868. Its first se.ssions were held in two large 
rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, 
and there were thirty matriculates. More com- 
modious ([uarters were secured the following 
year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, 
in which all the college jiroperty was destroyed. 
Another change of location was made in 1874. 
In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a 
new college building, in connection with a hos- 
pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. 
A free dispensary is conducted by the college. 
The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen 
professors, with four a,ssistants and demonstra- 
tors. Women are admitted as pupiLs on e<iual 
terms with men. 

BENT. Cliiirles, journalist, was born in Chi- 
cago, Dec. 8. 1844, but removed with his family, 
in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, 
two years later, he became an apprentice to the 
printing business in the office of "The Whiteside 
Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier 



' HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



45 



in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100- 
days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term 
of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at 
Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank 
of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- 
tion as a printer, in July, 1807, he purchased the 
ofBce of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he 
learned his trade, and has since been the editor of 
that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged 
in writing a "History of Whiteside County." 
He is a charter member of the local Grand Army 
Post and served on the staff of the Department 
Commander ; was Assistant A.ssessor of Internal 
Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected 
as a Republican to the State Senate for White- 
side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. 
Other positions held by him include the office of 
City Alderman, member of the State Board of 
Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner 
of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also 
been a member of the Republican State Central 
Committee and served as its Chairman 1880-88. 

BENTON, county-seat of Franklin County, on 
111. Cent, and Chi. & E. III. Railroads; has electric- 
light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- 
tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick 
and tile works (projected), four churches and 
three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939; (1900), 1,341. 

BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge, 
was born in New York City, July 4, 180.5, and 
educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gra<lu- 
ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His 
father, James Berdan. Sr. , came west in the fall 
of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York 
Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited 
the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 
111., but died soon after his return, in part from 
exposure incurred during his long and arduous 
winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his 
son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same 
region, and Jacksonville became his home for the 
remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- 
read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle 
and sound culture, with pure literary and social 
tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, 
his refinement of character and dislike of osten- 
tation made him seek rather the association and 
esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he 
was elected County Judge of Morgan County, 
serving by a second election until 1857. Later 
he was Secretary for several }'ears of the Tonica 
& Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of 
construction), serving until it was merged into 
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, 



now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- 
vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also 
served for many years as a Trustee of IlUnois 
College. In the latter years of his life he was, for 
a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- 
ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge 
Berdan was the ardent political friend and 
admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- 
mate friend and frequent correspondent of the 
poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, 
during a long period of his life, of a number of 
other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, 
the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, 
was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a 
favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- 
ville. August 24, 1884. 

BERCiEN, (Rev.) John (}., pioneer clergyman, 
was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; 
studied theolog3-, and, after two years' service as 
tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of 
a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1838 
came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the 
erection of the first Protestant (-hurch in the 
central part of the State, of which he remained 
pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 
17, 1872. 

BERGGREJr, Augustus W., legislator, born in 
Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United 
States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, 
Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- 
burg; held various offices, including that of 
Sheriff of Knox County (1873-81), State Senator 
(1881-89) — serving as President pro tem. of the 
Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State 
penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many 
j'ears the very able and efficient President of the 
Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and 
is now its Treasurer. 

BERlilER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in 
France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He 
labored among the Tamaroas, being in charge of the 
mis.sion at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. 

BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was 
born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852; 
early left an orphan and, after working for some 
time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock 
County, where he read law and was admitted to 
the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of 
Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the 
State Senate in 1888 and "92, and, in 1891, took a 
prominent part in securing the enactment of the 
comjiulsory education clause in the common 
school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- 
lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was 
a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 



46 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic 
competitor, who was declared elected by 164 
plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the 
first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, 
the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground 
of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of 
State affecting the vote of liis opponent. 

BERRY, (Col.) William W., la\ryer and sol- 
dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 22, 1834, and 
educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then 
in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, 
at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., 
being married two years later to Miss Georgie 
Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1S(51 he entered 
the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the 
Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in 
the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the 
sea with Sherman and, during the period of his 
service, receiving four wounds. After the close 
of the war he was offered the position oi Gov- 
ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining 
not to go further west than Illinois, declined. 
For tliree years lie was located and in practice at 
Winchester. 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, 
where he afterwards resided. He always took a 
warm interest in politics and. in local affairs, 
was a leader of liis party. He was an organizer of 
the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- 
mander, and, in 1884-8.'), served as Commander of 
the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- 
ized a Young Men"s Republican Club, as he 
believed that the young minds should take an 
active part in politics. He was one of the com- 
mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to 
locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, 
and, after spending six months inspecting vari- 
ous sites offered, the institution was finally 
located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox 
College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was 
fretpiently urged by his party friends to run for 
public oflice, but it was so much against his 
nature to ask for even one vote, that he would 
not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, 
much regretted. May fi, 1895. 

BKSTOR, tieorge C, legislator, born in Wash- 
ington City, April 11, 1811 ; was assistant docu- 
ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight 
years; came to Illinois in 18:55 and engaged in 
real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- 
pointed Postniiister of that city (1842 and 1861) 
and three times elected JIayor; served as finan- 
cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chic^vgo, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of 
the Toledo, Peoria & AVarsaw ; a delegate to the 
Whig National Convention of 1852; a State 



Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- 
ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, Maj- 14, 

1872, while prosecuting a claim against the 
Government for the construction of gunboats 
during the war. 

BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Ixtuis 
Railway. 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- 
tion (1S.80), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. 

BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on 
Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- 
east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- 
paper and four cliurches. Pop. , mostly American 
born, (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900. 

BETTIE STIART IXSTITITE, an institu- 
tion for young ladies at Springfield, III., founded 
in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- 
ducted it for some twenty years, until lier death. 
Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct- 
ors and 125 pupils. Its prof)erty is valued at 
§23,500. Its course of instruction e'mbraces the 
preparatory and classical branches, together with 
music, oratory and tine arts. 

BEVERID(iE, James H., State Treasurer, 
was born in Washington County. N. Y., in 1828; 
served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as 
Secretary of the Commission which built the 
State Capitol. His later years were spent in 
superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, 
De KaU) County, where he died in January, 1896. 

BEVERIBGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born 
in Greenwich X. Y., .July 6, 1824; came to Illi- 
nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in 
Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, 
went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching 
while studying law. Having been admitted to 
the Ixvr, lie returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- 
ing at Sycamore, but three yeiirs later established 
liimself in Cliic^go. During the first year of the 
war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- 
nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- 
tain and still later Major; two j'Ciirs later 
became Colonel of the .Seventeenth Cavalrj-, 
which he commanded to the close of the war, 
being mustered out, February, 1866, with the 
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war 
he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four 
years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, 
and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large 
to succeed General Logan, elected to the L^nited 
States Senate; resigned this office in January, 

1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, 
and .1 few weeks later succeeded to tlie govern- 
orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the 
United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



47 



by President Arthur, Assistant United States 
Treasurer for Cliioago. serving until after Cleve- 
land's first election. His present home (1898), is 
near Los Angeles, Cal. 

BIEjVVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur 
de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, 
and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the 
time the Illinois country was included in that 
province. He had several brothers, a number of 
whom played important parts in the early history 
of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- 
ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 
1698, their object being to establish a French 
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The 
first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, 
and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in 
charge. The latter was afterward made Governor 
of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was 
succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat 
of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined 
by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- 
teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards 
Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to 
France in 1707, but was reinstated the following 
year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of 
the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- 
ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- 
colored aborigines for negroes from the West 
Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- 
lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out 
as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- 
Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was 
superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's 
first expedition arrived (see Company of the 
West), and brought a Governor's commission for 
Bienville. The latter soon after founded New 
Orleans, which became the seat of government 
for the province (which then included Illinois), in 
1723. In January, 172-1, he was again siuumoned 
to France to answer charges; was removed in 
disgrace in 1726. but reinstated in 1733 and given 
the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- 
ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, 
he was again superseded in 1743, returning to 
France, where he died in 1768. 

BlfctdiS, William, pioneer. Judge and legislator, 
was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the 
Revolutionary army, and served as an officer 
under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- 
dition for the capture of Illinois from the British 
in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe 
County) soon after the close of the war. He was 
Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and 
later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court 
of Common Pleas. He also represented his 



county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- 
diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, 
in 1827. 

BICKtSA'ILLE, a village of Henderson County, 
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 
15 miles northeast of Burlington; has a bank and 
two newspapers; considerable grain and live- 
stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358; 
(1890), 487; (1900), 417. 

BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the 
union of two branches which rise in Jefferson 
County. It runs south and southwest through 
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the 
Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. 
Its length is estimated at 140 miles. 

BILLIJfOS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was 
born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated 
in the common schools of his native State and 
Vermont, and. at the age of 22, became Sheriff of 
Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor 
for a time of the mail stage-coach line between 
Concord, N. H., and Boston, but, having sold out, 
invested his means in the securities of the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became 
identified with the business interests of Chicago. 
In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius 
K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- 
cago, of which he served as President from 1859 
to 1888. In 1890 Jlr. Billings became extensively 
interested in tlie street railway enterprises of Mr. 
C. B. Holmes, resulting in' his becoming the pro- 
prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, 
Tenn., valued, in 1897, at §3,000,000. In early 
life he had been associated with Commodore 
Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River 
steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his 
other business enterprises, he was principal 
owner and, during the last twenty-five years of 
his life. President of the Home National and 
Home Savings Banks of Cliicago. Died, Feb. 7, 
1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions 
of dollars. 

BILLIXGS, Henry W., was born at Conway, 
Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- 
lege at twent}' years of age, and began the study 
of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was 
admitted to the bar two years later and practiced 
there some two years longer. He then removed 
to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at 
Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at 
Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, 
and the first Judge of the newly organized City 
Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. 
In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison 
County to the State Constitutional Convention of 



48 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- 
sion, on April 19, is7(t. 

BIREBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born 
in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to 
America in ll?17, and settled in Edwards County, 
111. lie purchased a large tract of land and in- 
duced a large colony of English arti.sans. laborers 
and farmers to settle uijon the same, founding 
the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- 
compromising opponent of slavery, and was an 
important factor in defeating the scheme to make 
Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- 
tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, 
but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile 
Legislature having refu-sed to coiilirm him. A 
strong writer and a fre(iuent contributor to the 
pres-s, his letters and published works attracted 
attention both in this country and in Europe. 
Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a 
Journey Through France" (IHl.'i); "Notes on a 
Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters 
from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 
1825, aged about 6:! years. (See Slavery ami 
Slave Laivs.) 

BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- 
ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, 
N. Y., on April 25, ISll, graduated in medicine at 
Pliiladelphia in 183."). and, after practicing a short 
time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Jlon- 
roe County, 111. In 1840 he wa-s elected a Repre- 
sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon 
attained high rank as a debater. He studied law 
and practiced in Helleville, St. Clair County, be- 
coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 
1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois 
Volunteers during the Mexican War, and acliieved 
distinction at Buena Vista. He rejjresented Illi- 
nois in Congress from 1849 to 18.').'5, being first 
elected as an Indepemlent Democrat. On the pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- 
cratic part}- and. in 1H.')6, was elected Governor on 
the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was 
challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- 
change of heate<l words resiiecting the relative 
courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, 
spoken in debate. Bis.sell accejited the challenge, 
naming muskets at thirty i)aces. Mr. Davis's 
friends objected, and the duel never occurred. 
Died in office, at Si)ringfleld, 111., March 18, 1860. 

BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, 
born at Lexington. Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight 
years of age came with his widowed mother to 
Illinois; while a student at Wabash College. Ind., 
in April, ISIH, enlisted in the Union army, serv- 
ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 



1865, when, as Colonel of the 37tli 111. Vol. Inf., he 
retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General; 
was admitted to tlie bar in 1857, and after practic- 
ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 
was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving 
until 1889, when he removed to Chicago; served as 
Congressman-at-large (1893-95). and U. S. District 
.\ttorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loj-al 
Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of 
Illinois), was elected Commaniler-in-Chief of the 
Grand Army at the Gran<i Encampment. 1903. 
Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.JL 
from his Alma Mater and that of LL.D. from Knox 
College; in January, 1904, was appointed by 
President Roosevelt member of the U. S Civil 
Service Commission, and clio.sen its President. 

BL.VCKIU KX IMVERSITY, located at Car- 
linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to 
the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having 
induced friends in the East to unite with him in 
the purchase of Illinois lands at Government 
price, in 1837 convej'ed 16,6.56 acres of these 
lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust 
for the founding of an institution of learning, 
intended particularly "to qualify young men for 
the gos])el ministry." The citizens of Carlinville 
donated funds wlierewith to purchase eighty 
acres of land, near that city, as a site, whicli was 
included in tlie deed of trust. The enterjjrise 
lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 
1H57 tliat the institution was formally incorpo- 
rated, and ten years later it was little more than 
a liigh school, giving one course of instruction 
considered particularly adapted to prospective 
students of tlieologj-. At jiresent (189S1) there 
are aliout IKI students in attendance, a faculty 
of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as 
jireparatory and collegiate deitartments. The 
institution owns property valued at 8110,000, of 
whicli §50,000 is represented by real estate and 
.^40.000 by endowment funds. 

BL.VCK H.VWK, a Chief of tlie Sac tribe of 
Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia 
in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on 
Rock River, as well as within the present limits 
of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his ])eoj)le 
had been wrongfidly despoiled of lands belonging 
to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com- 
monly known as the Black Hawk War. His 
Indian name was M.akabaimishekiakiak, signify- 
ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He wiis ambitious, but 
susceptible to flattery, and while having many of 
the qualities of leadership, w;is lacking in moral 
force. lie was always attached to British inter- 
ests, and unquestionably recei\'ed British aid of a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



49 



substantial sort. After his defeat he was made 
the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which 
humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died 
on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in 
1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been 
exhumed nine montlis after death, and his articu- 
lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved 
in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical 
Society until 18.55, when it was destroyed by fire. 
(See also Black Hawk War: Appendix.) 

BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi- 
dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 
1829. After receiving a common school educa- 
tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring 
academy, at 18 he began the practical study of 
engineering in a corps employed by the New 
York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and 
the same year became assistant engineer on the 
Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus 
employed he applied him.self diligently to the 
study of the theoretical science of engineering, 
and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified 
to accept and fill the position of division engineer 
(from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railway. On the completion of the main 
line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief 
Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later 
becoming financially interested therein, and 
being chosen President of the corporation on the 
completion of the line. In January, 1864, the 
Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- 
stone then became a Director in the latter organi- 
zation and, in April following, was chosen its 
President. Tliis office he filled uninterruptedly 
until April 1,1899, wlien the road passed into the 
hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also 
one of the original incorporators of the Union 
Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 
186-1 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- 
spicuous for its long service, the iminterrupted 
success of his management of the enterprises 
entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for 
the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated 
by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Cliicago 
& Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred 
and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8)3 percent 
per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse- 
quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- 
tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his 
stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole 
— which would have netted him $1,000,000 in 
excess of the amount received, because he was 
unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage 
over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900. 



BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was bom 
at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a 
prominent family in the early history of the 
State, his fatlier, David Blackwell, who was also 
a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, 
having been a member of the Second General 
Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also 
of the Foiirth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was 
appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, 
succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- 
wards a Justice of the Supreme Coiu-t, who had 
just received from President Monroe the appoint- 
ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the 
Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served 
in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during 
a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois 
Intelligencer," which liad been removed from 
Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly 
opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave 
State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert 
Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of 
the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with 
Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after- 
wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 
1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the 
office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, 
being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who 
had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," 
and served as Auditor until the organization of 
the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry 
were cliosen State Printers after the removal of 
tlie State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in 
this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell 
located at Vandalia and served as a member of 
the House from Fayette County in the Eighth 
and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in 
the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S.— the son of David, 
and the younger member of this somewhat 
famous and historic familj' — whose name stands at 
the head of this paragrapli, attended the common 
schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early 
manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged 
in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law 
with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning 
practice at Rushville. where he was associated 
for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he 
removed to Chicago, having for liis first partner 
Corydon Beckwith. afterwards of the Supreme 
Court, still later being associated with a number 
of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- 
scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an 
eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." 
"Blackwell on Tax Titles, "from his pen, has been 
accepted by the profession as a high authority on 
that brancli of law. He also published a revision 



50 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract 
of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had 
reached the third or fourth volume at his death. 
May 16. 1863. 

BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at 
Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, 
being descended through five generations of New 
England ancestors. After attending school in 
the town of Cortland, which became his father's 
residence, at the age of 14 lie obtained employ- 
ment in a stove and hardware store, four years 
later (1836) coming to Joliet, III., to take charge 
of a branch store whicli the firm had established 
there. The next year he purchased the stock and 
continued the business on his own account. In 
August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he 
established the earliest and one of the most 
extensive wholesale liardware concerns in that 
city, with which lie remained connected nearly 
fifty years. During this period he was associated 
with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, 
E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton 'and 
others, besides, at times, conducting the business 
alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common 
witli other business men of Chicago, but promptly 
resumed business and, within tlie ne.xt two or 
three years, had erected business blocks, succes- 
sively, on Lake and Randoliih Streets, but retired 
from business in 18.H8. Ho was a Director of the 
Mercliants' National Bank of Chicago from its 
organization in 1865, as also for a time of the 
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the 
Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of 
Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of 
the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the 
Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, 
May 111, \x'JO. 

BL.VKELV, David, journalist, wivs born in 
Franklin County, Vt., in 1884; learned the print- 
er's trade and graduated from the University of 
Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical 
family which, under tlie name of "The Blakely 
Family," made several successful tours of the 
West. He engaged in journalism at Rocliester, 
Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of 
State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, 
serving until 1805, wlien lie resigned and, in 
partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago 
Evening Post," with which he was connected at 
tlie time of the great fire and for some time after- 
ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and 
became one of the proprietors and a member of 
the editorial staff of "TheSt. Paul Pioneer- Press." 
In his later years Mr. Rlakely was President of 
the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also 



conducting a large printing business in New 
York, which was his residence. He was manager 
for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band 
of musicians, and also instrumentivl in organizing 
the celebrated Sousa's Band, of wliich he was 
manager up to the time of his decease in New 
York, Nov. 7, 1890. 

BLAKEMAX, Cnrtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer 
settler, came from New EugUind to Madison 
County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was 
afterwards kno\vn as the "Marine Settlement," of 
which he was one of the founders. This settle- 
ment, of which the present town of Marine (first 
called Madison) was the outcome, took its name 
from tlie fact that several of the early settlers, like 
Captain Blakeman. were sea-faring men. Captain 
Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- 
sented Madison County in the lower branch of 
the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822 
and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents 
of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. 
A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- 
ative in the Thirteenth. Fifteentli and Sixteenth 
General Assemblies from iladison County. 

BLAXCHARD, Jonathan, clergj-man and edu 
cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19, 
1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832; 
then, after teaching some time, spent two years 
in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- 
ating in theology at Lane Seminar}', Cincinnati, 
in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor 
of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. 
Before this time he had become interested in 
various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a 
delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery 
Convention in Ix)ndon, serving as the American 
Vice-President of that body. In 1840 he assumed 
the Presidency of Kno.x College at Galesburg, 
remaining until 18,58, during his connection 
with that institution doing much to increase its 
capacity and resources. After two years spent in 
pastoral work, lie accepted (1800) the Pi-esidency 
of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill 
until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer- 
itus, remaining in this position until his death, 
M.-iy 14, isn2. 

BL.\.XI)I>'SyiLLE, a town in McDonough 
County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- 
road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 
64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship 
ping point for the grain grown in tlie surround- 
ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam 
flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two 
weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- 
lation"()«o'^^ 877; (1900), 995. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



51 



BLANEY, Jerome Van Zaiidt, early physician, 
born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- 
cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at 
Philadelphia when too yoaag to receive his 
diploma ; in 1843 eanie west and joined Dr. Daniel 
Brainard in founding Rush Medical College ftt 
Chicago, for a time filling three chairs ia that 
institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of 
Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- 
ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- 
geon, and afterward-s Medical Director, in the 
army, and was Surgeonin-Chief on the staff of 
General Sheridan at the time of the battle of 
Winchester; after the war was delegated by the 
Government to pay off medical officers in the 
Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,- 
000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- 
Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 187-4. 

BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet WIckes, LL.D., 
son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, 
N. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel 
Blatchford, D.D., who came to New York from 
England, in 179.'j. He prepared for college at Lan- 
singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion 
College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, 
Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- 
ing, he was employed for several years in the law 
offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, 
New York. For considerations of health he re- 
turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- 
ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. 
Louis, Mo. , afterwards as.sociating with him the 
late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- 
ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established 
in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After 
a few years the firm was dis.solved, Mr. Blatch- 
ford taking the Chicago business, which has 
continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- 
ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably 
declined political offices, he has been recognized 
as a staunch Republican, and the services of few 
men have been in more frequent request for 
positions of trust in connection with educational 
and benevolent enterprises. Among tlie numer- 
ous positions of this character which he has been 
called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- 
western Branch of the United States Sanitary 
Commission, during the Civil War, to which he 
devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi- 
nois College (1866-T5); President of the Chicago 
Academj' of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- 
teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of 
the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of 
the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee 
of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its 



incorporation, President of the Board of Trustees 
of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John 
Crerar Library; one of the foiuiders and Presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago 
Manual Training School; Jj.fe member of the 
Chicago Historical Society; ,for nearly forty 

r. • T i A , ; « i' " ^tirectors of the 
years President of the Board Oi. 



Chicago Theological Seminary; u^ 



•ring his resi- 



^.^^^a^yj i iiCUHJgil.,cll UCimiicUJ' , Ul Pllffland 

dence in Chicago an officer of the New ._^ - 
Congregational Church; a corporate memb^ 
the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- 
President; a charter member of the City 
Missionary Society, and of the Congregational 
Club of 'Chicago; a member of the Chicago 
Union League, the University, the Literary and 
the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has 
been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was 
married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter 
of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — 
four sons and three daughters— have blessed this 
union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of 
Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's 
life has been one of ceaseless and successful 
activity in business, and to him Chicago owes 
much of its prosperity. In the giving of time 
and money for Christian, educational and benevo- 
lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his 
generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and 
executive ability in carrying these enterprises to 
success. 

BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- 
field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; 
removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., 
and was educated at Cambridge Academy and 
Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. 
He finished his theological course at "Princeton, 
N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- 
sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and 
Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate 
of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- 
port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- 
ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, 
in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he 
remained until compelled by failing health to 
resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- 
cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- 
losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently 
assuming the Presidency. The institution having 
been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he 
removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, 
to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the 
remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. 
Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 



52 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, 
acceptable and successful performance of his 
ministerial duties. He wa.s married in 182.5 to 
Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, 
Esfi-. of Jamaica, Long Island. N. V. 

BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- 
yer, \v;i.s born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; 
graduated at West Point Military Academy in 
1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- 
son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 
1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor 
of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon 
College, Ohio, and, in 1835-30, Profe.s.sor of 
Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- 
ing studied theology, he served for several years 
as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 
he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- 
tice of law, remaining several years, when he 
removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became 
Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the 
University of Mississippi, and (18.54 61) in the 
University of Virginia. He then entered the 
Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, 
but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of 
War; in 1863 visited England to collect material 
for a work on the Con.stitution, which was pub- 
lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, 
where he began the publication of "The Southern 
Review," which became the recognized organ of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later 
he became a minister of the Methodist Church. 
He gained considerable reputation for eloquence 
during his residence in Illinois, and was the 
author of a number of works on religious and 
political subjects, the latter maintaining the 
right of secession; was a man of recognized 
ability, but lacked stability of character. Died 
at -MexaiKlria. Va.. Dec. K, 1877. 

JJLODUETT, Heiirj Williams, jurist, was born 
at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 
years he removed with his parents to Illinois, 
wliere he attended the district schools, later 
returning to Amherst to spend a year at the 
Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 
1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he 
began the study of law at Chicago, being 
admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- 
tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued 
to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower 
house of the Legislature from Lake County, as 
an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 18.58, to the 
State Senate, in the latter serving four years. 
He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being 
employed at different times by the Chicago & 
Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 



Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg 
& Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named 
road he was one of the projectors, procuring its 
charter, and being identified with it in the sev- 
eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- 
dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him 
Judge of the United States District Court for the 
Northern District of Illinois. This position he 
continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- 
ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment bj' Presi- 
dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the 
United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators 
at Paris, whicli was his last oflicial service. ' 

BLOOMIX(iI)A LE, a village of Du Page County, 
30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population 
(1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. 

BLOOMINtiTON, the county seat of McLean 
County, a flourisliing city and railroad center, 59 
miles northea.st of Springfield; is in a rich agri- 
cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car 
shops and repair works employing some 2,000 
hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- 
naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous 
in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much 
attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- 
leyan LTniversity, has fine public schools, several 
newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- 
tional and other i)ublications. The business sec- 
tion suffered a dististrous fire in 1900, but has been 
rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- 
cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- 
nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of 
the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- 
phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20.284; (1900), 23,286. 

BI,00MI>(;T0X convention of 1S5«. 
Although not formally called as such, this was 
the first Republican State Convention belil in 
Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- 
lican organization in the State. A mass conven- 
tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri 
Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska 
Convention") was held at Springfield during the 
week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), 
and, althougli it ailopted a platform in harmony 
with the i)riniipl('s wliicli afterwards became the 
foundation of the Reiiublican jjarty, and api)ointed 
a State Central Committee, besides putting in 
nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the 
only State officer elected that year — the orgjini- 
zation was not perpetuated, the State Central 
Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington 
Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call 
issued by a State Central Committee appointed 
by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held 
at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb- 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



53 



Yaska Editorial Convention.) The call did not 
even contain the word "Republican," bvit was 
addressed to those opposed to the principles of 
tlie Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing 
Democratic administration. The Convention 
met on May 29, 185(i, the date designated bj- the 
Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather 
in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- 
tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- 
ties of the State at tliat time. Consequently 
representation was very unequal and followed no 
systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties 
into which the State was then divided, only 
seventy were represented by delegates, ranging 
from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty 
counties (enrbracing nearly the wliole of the 
southern part of tlie State) entirely unrepre- 
sented. Lee County liad tlie largest representa- 
tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of 
Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- 
gates, while Cook County had seventeen and 
Sangamon had five. The whole number of 
delegates, as sliown by the contemporaneous 
record, was 369. Among the leading spirits in 
the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- 
bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, 
John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. 
Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards 
became prominent in State politics. The delega- 
tion from Cook County included the names of 
John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George 
Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and 
Charles L. Wilson. Tlie temporary organization 
was effected witli Arcliibald Williams of Adams 
County in tlie chair, followed by the election of 
Jolin M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent 
President. Tlie other oflicers were: Vice-Presi- 
dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William 
Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. 
Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; 
Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of 
Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith 
of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. 
Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John 
Clark of Scliuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker 
of Madison ; Cliarles L. Wilson of Cook ; John 
Tillson of Adams; Washington Buslmell of La 
Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State 
ticket was put in nomination consisting of 
William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- 
tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, 
for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of 
Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of 
Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, 
for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, 



for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- 
man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- 
dence after tlie date of naturalization, withdrew, 
and his place was subsequently filled by the 
nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- 
form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of 
unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition 
to the extension of slavery into new territory. A 
delegation was appointed to the National Con- 
vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, 
following, and a State Central Committee was 
named to conduct the State campaign, consisting 
of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; 
Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of 
La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. 
Judd of Cook. Tlie principal speakers of the 
occasion, before the convention or in popular 
meetings held while the members were present in 
Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- 
ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraliam Lincoln, Burton 
C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John 
Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and 
Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been 
Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment 
of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out 
the policy of the administration for making 
Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches 
were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has 
been universally regarded by those who lieard it 
as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant 
of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "liouse- 
divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. 
John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his 
paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to 
listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- 
tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he 
(Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by 
the power of his argument, the intense irony of 
his invective, and tlie deep earnestness and fervid 
brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, 
the audience sprang to tlieir feet and cheer after 
cheer told how deeply tlieir hearts had been 
touched and their souls warmed up to a generous 
enthusiasm." At the election, in November 
following, altliough the Democratic candidate 
for President carried the State by a plurality of 
over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in 
nomination at Bloomington was successful by 
majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the 
several candidates. 

BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on 
the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island 
& Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and 
the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of 



u 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Chicago. It has a high school. churche.s and two 
newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. 
Population (1890). 2..521 ; (1900), 6,114. 

BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 
miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; 
capital stock §2.5,000; operated by the Illinois 
Central Railroad Coiniwny. Its funded debt 
(189.5) was .$100,000 and its floating debt. .$3,779. 

BLUE MOl'M), a town of Macon County, on 
the Wabasli Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- 
catur; in rich grain and livestock region; has 
three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and 
one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 690; (1900), 714. 

BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the 
junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of 
the Wabash R;iilway, .52 miles west of Spring- 
field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population 
(18.H0), 162; (l.'iDO), 421; (190(1), ,5;». 

BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- 
lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was 
brought by his parents to Ohio when fi\Te years 
old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from 
the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at 
Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, 
when, having been appointed Surgeon of the 
Board of Enrollment for that Di.strict, he re- 
moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by 
Dr. Boal have been tho.se of Senator in the 
Fourteenth and Fifteenth General As.semblies 
(1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and 
Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- 
tion for the Deaf and Diunb at Jacksonville, 
remaining in the latter position seventeen years 
under the successive administrations of Gov- 
ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- 
idge — the last five years of his service being 
President of tlie Board. He was also President 
of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal 
continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, 
when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon 
to reside with his daughter, the widow of the 
late Colonel Greenburj- L. Fort, for eight years 
Representative in Congress from the Eighth 
District. 

BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the 
State Government, created by an act of the Legis- 
lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is apjwinted 
by the Executive and is composed of three mem- 
bers (not more than two of whom can belong to 
the same political party), one of whom must be 
an employer of labor and one a member of some 
. labor organization. The term of office for the 
members first named was fixed at two years; 
after March 1. 1897, it is to be three yejirs. one 
member retiring annually. A compensation of 



SI. .500 per annum is allowed to each member of 
the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be 
a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per 
annum. When a controversy arises between an 
individual, firm or corporation employing not less 
than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, 
application may l>e made by the aggrieved 
party to the Board for an inquiry into the 
nature of the disagreement, or both parties may 
unite in the submission of a case. The Board is 
required to visit the locality, carefully investi- 
gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- 
cion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once 
made public. If the application be filed bj- the 
employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- 
tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out 
for the space of three weeks after its date. In 
like manner, complaining employes must promise 
to continue peiicefully at work, under existing 
conditions, for a like period. The Board is 
granted power to send for persons and papers and 
to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions 
are binding upon applicants for six months after 
rendition, or until either party shall have given 
the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or 
their intention not to be bound thereby. In case 
the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists 
between employes and an employer having less 
than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that 
a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is 
made the duty of the body to put itself into 
communication with both emploj-er and employes 
and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement 
between them by mediation. The absence of any 
provision in the law ])rescribing penalties for its 
violation leaves the ol)servance of the law. in its 
present form, dependent ujwn the voluntary 
action of the parties interested. 

BOARD OF E(}l'ALIZATIO>', a body organ- 
ized under act of the General Assembly, approved 
March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five 
members, one from each Senatorial District. 
The first Board was ap]x)inted by the Governor, 
holding office two years, afterwards becoming 
elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the 
law was amended, reducing the number of mem- 
l)ers to one for each Congressional District, the 
whole number at that time becoming nineteen, 
with the Auditor as a member exofficio, w;ho 
usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted 
of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was 
increased to twenty two. The Board meets 
annually on the second Tuesday of August. The 
abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in 
the several counties of the State are laid before 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



55 



it for examination and equalization, but it may 
not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase 
it more tlian one per cent. Its powers over tlie 
returns of the assessors do not extend beyond 
equalization of assessments between counties. 
The Board is required to consider the various 
classes of property separately, and determine 
such rates of addition to or deduction from the 
listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it 
may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- 
scribe rules for determining the value of all the 
classes of property enumerated — personal, real, 
railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the 
capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other 
corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the 
Board. Its consideration having been completed, 
the Board is required to summarize the results of 
its labors in a comparative table, which must be 
again examined, compared and perfected. 
Reports of each annual meeting, with the results 
reached, are jjrinted at the expense of tlie State 
and distributed as are other public documents. 
The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- 
tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (3) John J. 
McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- 
Ansh, (.5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, 
(7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, 
(9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) 
Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) 
Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (1.5) 
J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) 
Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) 
Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John 
W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the 
Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-ofRcio member 
— the District members being divided politically 
in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four 
Democrats. 

BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State 
Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 
1869, upon the recommendation of Governor 
Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the 
Commissioners supervisory oversight of the 
financial and administrative conduct of all the 
charitable and correctional institutions of the 
State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, 
and they are especially charged with looking 
after and caring for the condition of tlie paupers 
and the insane. As originally constituted the 
Board consisted of five male members wlio em- 
ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made 
for the appointment of a female Commissioner. 
The office is not elective. The Board has always 
carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various 
State charitable institutions, and, under its man- 



agement, no charge of peculation against any 
official connected with the same has ever been 
substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and 
only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to 
inmates. Its supervision of the coimty jails and 
almshouses has been careful and conscientious, 
and lias resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers 
and the inmates. The Board, at the clo.se of the 
year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- 
bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- 
thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence 
(1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- 
houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- 
bus was President and Frederick H. Whines, 
Secretary. 

BOOARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born 
in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and 
left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated 
in tlie common schools, began working in a store 
at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected 
First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service 
as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- 
ous service" before Petersburg. While in tlie 
service he participated in some of the most 
important battles in Virginia, and was once 
wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located 
in Ford Count.y, 111., where he has been a success- 
ful opei'ator in real estate. He has been twice 
elected to tlie House of Representatives (1884 and 
'86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, 
'92 and '96), and has served on the most important 
committees in each house, and has proved him- 
self one of the most useful members. At the 
session of 189.5 he was chosen President pro tern. 
of the Senate. 

BOdrGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 
111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native 
town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, 
County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of 
the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, 
being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In 
June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of 
the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. 
Baker, his term to continue until 190G. 

BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William 
and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- 
herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at 
Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst 
College in 1853. While in college he taught 
school every winter, commencing on a salary of 
S4 per week and "boarding round" among the 
scholars. After gi-aduating he taught in acad- 
emies at Limerick. Jle., and at Pembroke and 



56 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Derry, N. H., and in tlie high school at Law- 
rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner 
for Rockingliam Count)', X. H. In 1864 he went 
into the service of the Sanitary Commission in 
the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the 
close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a 
colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered 
in. After the close of the war he was employed 
as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, III., 
for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- 
ized the first township high school ever organized 
in the State, where he remained eleven years. He 
afterwards organized the township high school at 
Ottawa, remaining there five years, after wliich, 
in 1><H3, he organized and took charge of the 
township high school at Evanston, where he has 
since been employed in his profession as a teacher. 
Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State 
Board of Education and has served as President 
of tlie State Teachers' Association. As a teacher 
he has given special attention to English language 
and literature, and to history, being the author 
of an English Grammar, a High School Speller 
and "Topical Outlines of General History," 
besides many contributions to educational jour- 
nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, 
both in Illinois and Iowa, and h.is been known 
somewhat as a larilf reformer. 

BOXI), Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- 
na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829; educated in the common 
schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring 
in local factories; studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in 18.")3, the following year coming to 
Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly 
to practice in connection with patent laws. 5Ir. 
Bond served several terms in the Chicago City 
Council, was Republican Presiilential Elector in 
18G8, and served two terms in the General Assem- 
bly— 1866-70. 

BOXD, Sliadrach, first Territorial Delegate in 
Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the 
State, was l)orn in Maryland, and, after being 
liberally eilucated. removed to Ka.-ika.skia while 
Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory'. 
He served as a member of the first Territorial 
Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the 
first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in 
Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the 
latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public 
Moneys: he also held a commission as Captain in 
the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, 
in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied 
the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- 
kia, April 13, 18.32.— Shadradi Bond, Sr., an uncle 
of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was 



elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then 
comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial 
Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, 
in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly 
organized Territory of Indiana. 

BOND COl'.MY, a small county lying north- 
east from St. Louis, liaving an area of 380 square 
miles and a population lOOO) of 1G,078. The 
first American settlers located here in 1807, com- 
ing from the South, and building Hill's and 
Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. 
Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely 
twenty-five log cabins in the county. The 
county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin 
was erected in 181.') by George Davidson. Tlie 
county was organized in 1818, and named in 
honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original 
limits included the present counties of Clinton, 
Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was 
held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge 
Jesse B. Tliomas presided over the first Circuit 
Court at Hill's Station. The first court house 
was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county 
contains good timber and farming lands, and at 
some points, coal is found near the surface. 

BOXXEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- 
former, was born in Hamilton. N. Y., Sept. 4, 
1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled 
in Peoria, 111., in 1850, wliere he pursued the 
avocation of a teacher while studying law; was 
admitted to tlie bar in 18.52, but removed to Chi- 
cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in 
pi'actice; served as President of the National 
Law and Order League in New York in 1883, 
being rejieatedlj' re-elected, and has also been 
President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as 
well as a member of the American Bar Associa- 
tion. Among the reforms wliich he has advo- 
cated are constitutional prohibition of special 
legislation; an extension of equity practice to 
bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil serv- 
ice pen.sions; State Boards of labor and capital, 
etc. He has also published some treatises in book 
form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing 
a volume of "Poems by Alfred AV. Arringtoii, 
with a sketch of his Character" (1809.) As Presi- 
dent of the World's C'ongres.ses Auxiliary, in 1893, 
Mr. Bonuey contributed largely to the success of 
that very interesting and important feature of 
the great Colunibiun Exjiosition in Chicago. 

BOOXE, Levi I)., .M. D., early physician, was 
born near Lexington, Ky.. December, 1808 — a 
descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania 
University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



57 



early daj-, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and 
taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of 
a cavalry company ; came to Chicago in 1836 and 
engaged in the insurance business, later resuming 
the practice of his profession ; served several 
terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 
1835 by a combination of temperance men and 
Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by 
operations in real estate. Died, February, 
1883 

BOOjVE COO'TT, the smallest of the "north- 
ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 
square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791. 
Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the 
principal products are oats and corn. The earli- 
est settlers came from New York and New Eng- 
land, and among them were included Medkiff, 
Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and 
Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had 
evacuated the country), came the Shattuck 
brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. BuUard, 
Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. 
C. Walker, and the Xeeley and JIahoney families. 
Boone County was cut oflf from Winnebago, and 
organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- 
tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the 
county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for 
fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north 
side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat 
(Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy 
built soon after. The first Protestant church 
was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. 
Dr. King. 

BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County, 
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of 
Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900), 593. 

BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14, 
1836, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- 
sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard 
in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 
1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the 
United States in 1883. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was 
elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth 
General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, 
in the long struggle during the following session, 
participated in the election of Gen. John A. 
Logan to the United States Senate for the last 
time. At a special election held in the Sixth 
Illinois District in November, 1897, he was 
elected Representative in Congress to fill the 
vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- 
ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at 
the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the 
same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over 



his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 
over all. 

BOUTON, Jfathaniel S., manufacturer, was 
born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his 
youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, 
but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed 
in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards 
became a partner, in the manufacture of car- 
wheels and railway castings. Later he became 
associated with the American Bridge Company's 
works, which was sold to the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the 
Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. 
He then became the head of the Union Foundry 
Works, which having been consolidated with 
the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, 
organizing the Bouton Foundrj' Conipanj-. Mr. 
Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of 
Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms 
before the Civil War, and served as Assistant 
Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois 
Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) 
from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga. 

BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, 
Pa., June 35, 1830, and graduated at Marshall 
College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; 
studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted 
to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where 
he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- 
nois. In 18G1 he abandoned his practice to enlist 
in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he 
held the position of Captain. At the close of the 
war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and 
in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected 
at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in 
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
seventh General Assemblies. He was also a 
Republican Representative from his District in 
the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses 
(1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. 

BRACEVILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61 
miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining 
is the principal industry. The town has two 
banks, two churches and good public schools. 
Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669. 

BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda 
and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway ; is in excellent farming region 
and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- 
lent high school building, fine churches, good 
hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. 

BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, 
was born in Bedford Count)', Va. , July 12, 1787. 
He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the 
first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov- 



58 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ington), the first school-teacher and the first 
Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the 
time of his death he was Probate and County 
Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he 
was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- 
tody of all the county's money. For several 
years ho was also Deputy United States Surveyor, 
and in that capacity surveyed nmch of the south 
part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay 
Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 
1839. 

BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and 
editor, was bom at Loughburougli, England. .\])ril 
16, 1828, and bruuglit to America in infancy, liis 
parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 
18;S3 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the 
following year removed to Wheeling. Cook 
County, settling on a farm, where the younger 
Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking 
prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His 
first schooling was obtained in a country log- 
school- hou.se, but, later, he attended the Wil.son 
Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- 
renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a 
course in Kno.\ College at Galesburg, then a 
manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- 
ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, 
etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra 
Colby, a teacher, with wliom he went to Mem- 
phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged 
in teaching a select school, the subject of this 
sketch meanwliile devoting some attention to 
reading law. He was admitted to tlie Itar there, 
but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- 
l)his. returned to Chicago and began practice. 
In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook 
County, and re-elected four years later, but 
declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of 
his term occurring during the progress of the 
Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering 
some vigorous decisions which won for him the 
reputation of a man of counige and inflexible 
indepenilence, as well as an incorruptible cliam- 
pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the 
lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General 
Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 
1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by 
manj' believed to have been honestly elected, 
though his opponent received the certificate. He 
made a contest for the seat, and the majority of 
the Committee on Elections reported in his 
favor ; but he was defeated througli the treach- 
ery and suspected corruption of a professed ]X)lit- 
ical friend. He is the author of the law making 
women eligible to school offices in Illinois and 



allowing them to become Notaries Public, and 
has always been a champion for equal rights for 
women in the professions and as citizens. He 
was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and 
Fifth Regiment. Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided 
over the American Woman's Sufi'rage Associa- 
tion at its orgiinization in Cleveland ; has been 
President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- 
cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, 
the Hi-storian of the latter; one of the founders 
and President of the Union League Club, besides 
being associated with manj' other social and 
bu.siness organizations. At present (1899) he is 
editor of '"The Chicago Legal News," founded by 
liis wife thirty years ago, and with which lie has 
been identified in a busine.ss capacity from its 
establishment. — Myra Colby (BradweU), the wife 
of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, 'Vt., 
Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's 
side from the Chase family to which Bishop 
Philander Cha.se and Salmon P. Chase, the latter 
Secretary of the Treiisury and Cliief Justice of 
the Supreme Court by apixiintment of Abraham 
Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought 
to Portage, N. Y., wliere she remained until she 
was twelve years of age, when her faniilj- re- 
moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, 
Wis., and a seminarj' at Elgin, afterwards being 
engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, slie was 
married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately 
going to Memphis. Tenn.. where, with the assist- 
ance of her husband, she conducted a select school 
for some time, also teaching in the public schools, 
wlieii they returned to Chicago. In the early 
part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in 
the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their 
families at home, becoming President of the 
Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in 
the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 
1865. After the war she commenced the study 
of law and, in 1868, began the publication of 
"The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- 
mained identified until her death — also publishing 
biennially an edition of the session laws after 
each session of the General A.ssembly. After 
passing a most creditable examination, applica- 
tion wiis made for her admission to the liar in 
1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered 
by Judge C. B. Livwrence of the Supreme Court 
of the State, on tlie sole ground of sex, .as 
wivs also done by the Supreme Court of the 
United States in 1873, on the latter occa-sion 
Chief Justice Cha-se dissenting. She was finally 
admitted to the baron March 28. 1S92. and was 
tlie liist ladv iiiemlier of the State Bar Associ- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



59 



ation. Other organizations with which she was 
identified embraced the Illinois State Press 
Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- 
diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial 
School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian 
Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of 
the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the 
World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although 
■much before the public during the latter years of 
iier life, she never lost the refinement and graces 
which belong to a true woman. Died, at her 
home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. 

BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- 
rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- 
mining point, and in the heart of a rich 
agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly 
newspaper. Population (1890), 4,641 ; (19U0), 3,279. 

BRANSOJf. Xathaniel W., lawyer, was born in 
■ Jacksonville. 111.. May 29, 1837; was educated in 
the private and public schools of that city and at 
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- 
nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was 
admitted to the bar in Januaiy, 1860, soon after 
establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, 
Menard County, where he has ever since resided. 
In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in 
Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- 
sition which he held thirteen jears. He was also 
elected Representative in the General Assembly 
in 1873, by re-election in 1874 serving four years 
in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth 
General Assemblies; was a Delegate from Illinois 
to the National Republican Convention of 1876, 
and served for several years most efficiently as a 
Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at 
Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the 
Board. Politically a conservative Republican, 
and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- 
sitions which he has occupied have come to him 
unsought and in recognition of his fitness and 
capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. 

BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was 
born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up 
as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The 
Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was 
admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 
1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 
and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- 
tiser" in 1841. In 1843 he opened a law office in 
Springfield, 111., and the following year was 
appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to 
adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity 



he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was 
appointed to revise the statutes of the State. 
Later he devoted much attention to railroad 
enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central 
Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- 
tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite 
Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- 
pleted before the war, and alniast wholly de- 
stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered 
the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois 
Volunteers, taking pai-t in a number of the early 
battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; 
was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- 
duct at the latter, and for a time seried as 
Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCIer- 
nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- 
tember, 1863, at the close of the war receiving 
the brevet rank of Major-General. After the 
close of the war he devoted considerable atten- 
tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the 
South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 
1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- 
pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four 
years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. 
Died, in Kansas City. Feb. 27, 1895. 

BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on 
Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of 
St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and 
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808. (1900), 1,571. 

BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was 
born at Whitesboro, N. Y., (according to the 
generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. 
Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in 
his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult 
to secure authentic data on the subject; but his 
arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at 
Union College, and his admission to the bar in 
1820, have induced many to believe that the date 
of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. 
He was related to some of the most prominent 
families in New York, including the Livingstons 
and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- 
kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias 
Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. 
Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- 
kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, 
and, in December, 1830, superintended the re- 
moval of the archives of that office to Vaudalia, 
the new State capital. Later he was appointed 
Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position 
from 1833 till 1837, when he became United 
States District Attorney for Illinois. He was 
the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, 
issuing its first volume of decisions; .served as 
Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 



CO 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Black Hawk War (1832); in 1835 \vas elected to 
the circuit bench, aud, in 1841, was advanced to 
the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, 
when lie resigned to accept a seat in the United 
States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as 
the successor of liicliard M. Young, defeating 
Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter 
for the ofKce. Wliile in the Senate (1843-49) he 
served as Chairman of the Conmiittee on Public 
Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the 
construction of a transcontinental railway to the 
Pacific. He was also one of the originators ami 
active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad enterprise. He was Sjieaker of the 
Illinois House of Kepresentatives in 18ol , again 
became Circuit Judge in 18.J5 and returned to 
tlie Supreme bencli in 18.57 and served more than 
one term as Chief Justice, tlie last being in 
1873-T4. His liome during most of liis public life 
in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred 
at Pinckneyville. June 28, 1878. 

BBE>'TANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, 
in the Grand Ducliy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 
14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of 
Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of 
LL. D., and attaining liigh honors, both profes- 
sional and political. He was successively a 
member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and 
of tlie Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader 
of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became 
President of the Provisional Republican Gov- 
ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced 
to find an asylum in the United States. He first 
settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, 
but, in 18.j9, removed to Chicago, where he was 
admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the 
field of journalism, becoming editor and part 
proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He 
held various public offices, being elected to the 
Legislature in 1863, serving five years as Presi- 
dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a 
Republican Presidential Elector in 18C8, and 
United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- 
eral amnesty having been granted to the 
participants in the revolution of 1848), and 
Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. 
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. 

BRIlMiEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, 
on the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern Railroad, 
14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It lias a bank 
and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. 

BRID(iEP()RT, a former suburb (now a part of 
the city) of Cliicago. located at the junction of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South 
Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the 



center of the large slaughtering and packing- 
industry. 

BRIli«EPORT & SOUTH CHIC.VGO RAIL- 
AV.VY. (See Chicago d- yorthern Pacific Railroad.) 

BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at 
the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the- 
Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined 
here; luis a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; 
(1890), 697; (1900), (iOO. 

BRIM FIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the- 
Buda and Kushville branch of the Cliicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of 
Buda; coalmining and farming are the chief 
indu.stries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. 
Population (1880), Sii'J: (1890). 719; (1900), 077. 

BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergj'man, was bom 
in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 18.'il ; came 
to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost 
his father at 12 years of age, spent the following 
years in various manual occupations until about 
nineteen years of age, when, having been con- 
verted, he determined to devote his life to the 
ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, 
he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- 
tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- 
ton, afterwards supixirting himself by preaching 
at various points, meanwhile continuing his- 
studies at the University until 1877. After com- 
pleting his course he served as pastor of some of 
the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- 
cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- 
ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington 
City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. 
Churcli, attended by President McKinley Dr. 
Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator 
of recognized ability. 

BRO.VIUVEl.L, Norman M., lawyer, was born 
in Morgan County, 111., .\ugust 1, 182."); was edu- 
cated in the common schools and at McKendree 
and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing 
liealth to leave college without graduating; spent 
some time in the book business, then began the 
study of medicine with a view to benefiting his 
own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 
18.50, commenced the study of law in the office of 
Lincoln & Herndon at Si)ringfield. Having been 
admitted to the bjir, he jiracticed for a time at 
Pekin, but, in 18.54. returned to Springfield, 
where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 
he was elected as a Democrat to the House of 
Representatives from Sangamon County, serving 
in tlie Twenty-second General As.sembly. Other 
offices held by him included those of County 
Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



61 



field, to wliich last position he was twice elected 
(18t)7 and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was 
one of the most genial of men, popular, high- 
minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, 
in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. 

BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born 
in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 ; 
graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied 
three years in the theological department of Yale 
College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- 
istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service 
of the American Home Missionary Society. 
After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and 
other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of 
the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the 
principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, 
Morgan County, but three j-ears later removed to 
Springfield, where he established an academy for 
both sexes. Although finally compelled to 
abandon this, he continued teaching with some 
interruptions to within a few j-ears of his death, 
which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- 
tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to 
his death. 

BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- 
sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated 
with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- 
ing previously developed his phj'sical strength 
by much hard work upon the Delaware and 
Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For 
five j'ears after graduating he was a teacher, and 
settled in Chicago in 1848. Thsre he first engaged 
in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. 
His first publication was "Tlie Prairie Herald," a 
religious paper, which was discontinued after 
two J'ears. In 18.52, in connection with John L. 
Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," 
which was consolidated with '"The Tribune" in 
18.58, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the 
new concern. He was always an ardent free- 
soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of 
Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- 
astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as 
an eff'ective campaign orator. In 1864 he was 
the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- 
ant-Governor. This was his onl}- official position 
outside of a membership in the Chicago Common 
Council in 18.5.5. As a presiding officer, he was 
dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was 
shown by the fact that no appeals were taken 
from his decisions. After quitting public life he 
devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- 
ing lectures in various parts of the country. 
Among his best known works are a brief "His- 
tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," 



and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 
1890. 

BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was 
born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 
1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of 
General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- 
ated at Yale College, and. when of age, removed 
to New York, later studying law at Albany, 
Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to 
the bar about 1813, when he settled down in 
practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed 
Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the 
bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- 
tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when 
he removed to Chicago. The following year he 
was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two 
years, and, in 1842, became Pro.secuting Attorney 
of Cook Countj'. During this period he was 
engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which 
was published in New York in 1844 This was 
regarded at the time as the most voluminous and 
best digested work on Illinois histoiy that had as 
yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the 
Presidency of the Chicago Lyceiun, he delivered 
an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and 
Future," which is still jireserved as a striking 
prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- 
nally a Democrat, he Ijecame a Freesoiler in 1848. 
Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. 

BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in 
Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 
1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- 
ture and Selectman for Iiis town. The son was 
educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he 
studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- 
ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at 
Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he 
became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 
was elected County Superintendent of Schools 
for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two 
years later and assuming the editorsliip of "The 
Gazette" of that city. Sir. Bi-own also serv-ed as 
Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, 
Feb. 13, 1896. 

BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- 
man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 
1806; came to Sangamon Count)', 111., in 1833, 
locating at Island Grove, where he engaged 
extensively in farming and stock-raising. lie 
served as Representative in the General Assem- 
blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was 
instrumental in securing the incorporation of the 
Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he 
was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 
1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 



62 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



era of blooded cattle in the State and did much to 
introduce them in Central Illinois; was also an 
earnest and influential advocate of scientific 
education for the agricultural classes and an 
efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of 
Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- 
gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the 
endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which 
grew the Illinois State University and institu- 
tions of like character in other States. Died, 
Nov. 16, 186S. 

BROWN, 'ffillinm, lawyer and jurist, was born 
Jime 1. 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- 
ents emigrating to this country when he was 
eight years old, and settling in "Western New- 
York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, 
in Octoljer, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- 
ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 18.52 
he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- 
teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen 
Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to 
the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to 
Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- 
preme Court, and was reelected successively in 
1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 1.5, 
1891. 

BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, 
was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent 
his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, 
in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- 
wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme 
Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- 
town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskiis- 
kia and was soon after ai)pointed Clerk of the 
United States Di.strict Court by Judge Natlianiel 
Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandulia, tlie new 
State capital, where he remained until 1835. He 
then removed to Chicago to accept the ]X)sition of 
Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank 
of Illinois, wliich he continued to fill for many 
years. He served the city as School Agent for 
thirteen years (t!^40-.53), managing the city's 
school fund through a critical period with great 
discretion and success. He was one of the grouj) 
of early patriots who successfully resisted the 
attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; 
was also one of the projectors of tlie Chicago & 
Galena Union Railroad, was President of the 
Chicago Historical Society for seven years and 
connected with many other local enterprises. 
He W!us an ardent personal friend of President 
Lincoln and served as Representative in the 
Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-(52). 
While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- 
sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. 



BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western 
part of the State, with an area of 300 square 
miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut 
off from Schuyler and made a separate county in 
May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob 
Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the 
Vandeventers and Hambaughs, Jolm and David 
Six, 'William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, 
Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and 
Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount 
Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. 
Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and 
Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is 
farming, although there is some manufai'turing 
of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois 
River. Population (1900). 11,5.57. 

BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, 
was Iwrn in South Halifax, Vt.. Dec. 1, 1843, the 
son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a 
. teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- 
dred Years to Come." In childhood he was- 
brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, 
where he attended the public schools and learned 
the printing trade in his father's newspaper 
ofl^ce at Cliicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 18C2, 
he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Mas.sa- 
chusetts Vohmteers, in which he served one 
year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army 
of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- 
ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- 
ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the 
University of Michigan in 186G, but abandoning 
his intenton of entering the legal profession, 
removed to Chicago in 1807, where he engaged in 
journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 
and "74 he wius editor of "Tlie Lakeside Monthly," 
wlien he became literary editor of "The Alliance," 
but, in 1880, he established and iissunjed the 
editorsliip of "The Dial," a purelj' literary pub- 
lication which hiis gained a high reputation, and 
of which he hiis remained in control continuously 
ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary 
adviser, for many years, of the well-known i>ub- 
lishing house of McCIurg & Co. Besides his 
journalistic work, 5Ir. Browne hi\s contributetl 
to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- 
ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The 
Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and 
a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" 
(1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden 
Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); 
"The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose'* 
(1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- 
ard )K>etry (1891-92). Mr. Browne wjis Chairman 
of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



63 



the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- 
nection witli The Columbian Exposition in 
1893. 

BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in 
Kentuckj', studied law there and, coming to 
Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch 
of the Second Territorial Legislature (181-t-lGj 
and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- 
yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed 
Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of 
Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme 
bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the 
Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously 
until the reorganization of the Supreme Court 
under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over 
thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character 
and abilities have been differently estimated. 
Though lacking in industry as a student, he is 
represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, 
who knew him personally, as a close thinker and 
a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, 
accustomed to argue questions in the conference 
room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity 
for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- 
tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- 
siderable ability and liad clear and distinct views 
of his own. An attempt was made to impeacli 
him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of 
capacity to discharge the duties of his office," 
but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He 
was a Whig in jjolitics, but had some strong sup- 
porters among Democrats. In 1823 Judge Browne 
was one of the four candidates for Governor — in 
the final returns standing third on the list and, by 
dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery 
clause in the State Constitution, contributing to 
the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of 
the pro-slavery part_v. (See Coles, Edward, and 
Slarenj and Slave Latcs.) In the latter part of 
his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- 
lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, 
ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — 
probably about 1856 or 1858. 

BROWNING, Orvllle Hickman, lawyer. United 
States Senator and Attorney-General, was born 
in Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- 
ing a classical education at Augusta in his native 
State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was 
admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1833 he served 
in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, 
was a member of the Legislature, serving in both 
houses. A personal friend and political adherent 
of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization 
of the Republican party at the memorable 



Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate 
to the Cliicago Convention in 1860, he aided in 
securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a 
conspicuous supporter of the Government in the 
Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator 
Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1803. In 
1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- 
pointment of President Johnson, also for a time 
discharging the duties of Attorney-General. 
Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which 
was his last participation in public affairs, his 
time thereafter being devoted to his profession. 
He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 
1881. 

BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, 
born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov 4, 1832; was 
left an orphan at an earlj' age, and came west in 
1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, 
Mo. The following year he came to Marion 
County, 111., where he attended school and 
worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree 
College, graduating in 1849, and two years later 
was admitted to the bar, supporting liimself 
meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem, 
III., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to 
the State Senate, in which body he served for 
eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he 
was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial 
Circuit, and again chosen in 1807, his second 
term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, 
he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley 
ticket in 1873. Died at Salem, Marcli 30, 1880.— 
William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding, 
vpas born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. Tlie early 
life of young Bryan was spent on his father's 
farm, but at the age of ten years he began to 
attend the public school in town ; later spent two 
years in Whipple Academy, ^the preparatory 
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as 
the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted 
two years to the study of law in the Union Law 
School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and 
studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman 
Tnmibull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he 
soon entered upon the practice of his profession 
at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. 
Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent 
Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) 
found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has 
since been his home. He took a prominent part 



64 



HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State 
for tlie Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and 
in 1890 received tlie Democratic nomination for 
Congress in a district wliich liad been regarded 
as strongly Republican, and was elected by a 
large majority. Again, in 1892, lie was elected 
bj- a reduced majority, but two years later 
declined a renomination, though proclaiming 
himself a free-silver candidate for the United 
States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of 
"Tlie Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he 
received the nomination for President from the 
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on 
a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited 
coinage of .silver" at tlie ratio of sixteen of silver 
(in weigljt) to one of gold, anil a few weeks later 
was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis 
for the same office — being the youngest man ever 
put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- 
tory of the Government. He conducted an 
active personal campaign, speaking in nearly 
everj' Nortliern and Midille "Western State, but 
was defeated by his Repuljlican oi)ponent, Maj. 
William McKinley. Jlr. Bryan is an ea.sy and 
Ihient sixjaker. jiossessiiig a voice of unusual 
compass and power, and is recognized, even by 
his political opiK)nents, as a man of pure personal 
character. 

BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real 
estate ojierator, was born at Alexandria, Va., 
Dec. 22, 1828, being descen<led on the maternal 
side from the noted Barbour family of that 
State; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the 
age of twenty-one, settle<l in Cincinnati. In 
1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquireil ex- 
tensive real estate interests and built Bryan 
Hall, which became a popular place for en- 
tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well 
as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen 
to deliver the address of welcome to Senator 
Douglas, when that statesman returned to 
Cliicago a few weeks before liis death in 18(>1. 
During the progress of the war he devoted his 
time and his means most generously to fitting out 
soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and 
wounded. His services as President of the great 
Sanitary Fair in Chicago (180.')), where some 
$300,000 were cleared for distibled soldiers, were 
especially conspicuous. At this time he became 
the purchaser (at 83,000) of the original copy of 
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, 
which had been donated to the cause. He also 
rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, 
though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was 
a leading factor in securing the location of the 



World's Columbian Ex|X)sition in Chicago in 1890, 
later becoming Vice-President of the Board of 
Directors and making a visit to Euroi)e in the 
interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan 
resided in Washington for some time, and, by 
app(jintment of President Hayes, served as Com- 
missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing 
refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done 
much for the encouragement of literature and 
art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban 
village of Elmhurst.— Charles Page (Bryan), son 
of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, 
was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, IS')'), and educated 
at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law 
School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and 
the following year removed to Colorado, where 
he remained four years, while there serving in 
both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he 
returned to Chicago and became a member of the 
First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, 
serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesbj- 
and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the 
State Legislature from Cook County, being re- 
elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first 
Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of 
the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return 
serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- 
sioners in 1891-93. In the latter part of 1897 he 
was appointed by President McKinley Minister 
to China, but before being confirmed, early in 
1.S98, was a.ssigned to tlie United States mission to 
tlie Republic of Brazil, where he now is. Hon. 
E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been 
appointed to the Brazilian nii.ssion, l)eing trans- 
ferred ti> Pckin. 

BRYAXT, Jobn Howard, pioneer, brother of 
William CuUen Bryant, the jioet, was born in 
Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at 
the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, 
N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- 
ous offices in Bureau County, including that of 
Representative in the General Asseniblj-, to whicli 
he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A 
practical and entei-prising farmer, he was identi- 
fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society 
in its early liLstory, as also with the movement 
which resulted in the establishment of industrial 
colleges in the various States. He was one of the 
founders of the Republican party and a warm 
personal friend of President Lincoln, being a 
member of the first Republican .State Convention 
at Bliximington in 18.56, and serving as Collector 
of Internal Revenue by apiiointment of Mr. Lin- 
coln in 1862-04. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the 
Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



65 



-years later was identified with the "Independent 
Reform" party, but lias since cooperated with 
the Democratic party. He has pi-oduced two 
volmnes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 
and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. 
His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. 

BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- 
ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois 
Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- 
tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being 
much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his 
death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the 

• endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at 
Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College 
at Jacksonville, Died at Decatur, 111., August 
22, 1892. 

BUI)A,a village in Bureau County, at tlie junc- 
tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- 
ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of 
the Chicago & Northwestern, 13 miles southwest 
of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of 
Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- 
light plant, brick and tile factory, fine cliurches, 
graded school, a bank and one newspaper 
Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a 
good-sized creamery is located here. Population 
(1890), 990; (1900), 873. 
BUTORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and 

. soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 
13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad- 

■ emy, 1827, and served for .some time as Lieutenant 
of Artillery ; entered Harvard Law School in 
1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and 
Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then 
resigned his commission, and, after .some service 
as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, 
established himself as an iron-founder and banker 
at Rock Island, 111 , in 1857 becoming President 
of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In ISGl 
he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of 
the Twent}'-seventh Illinois, serving at various 
points in Western Kentuckj- and Tennessee, as 
also in the siege of Vicksburg. and at Helena, 
Ark., where he was in command from SeiJtem- 
ber, 1863, to March, 1805. In the meantime, by 
promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- 
General by brevet, being mustered out in August, 
1865. He subsequently held the post of Special 
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
(1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific 
Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. 

BULKLET, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born 

. at Leicester, Livingston Count}', N. Y., July 23, 
1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 



years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- 
ing school in a log school-house in the winter and 
working on a farm in the summer. His family 
then removed to Illinois, finally locating at 
Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the 
preparatory department of Shurtleff College at 
Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was 
immediately made Principal of the preparatory 
department, remaining two years, wlien lie was 
ordained to the Baptist ministry and became 
pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years 
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics 
in Shurtleff College, but remained only two 
years, when he accepted the pastorship of a 
church at Carrollton, which he continued to fiU 
nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a 
church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of 
one year he was qigain called to a professorship 
in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of 
Church History and Church Polity, which he 
continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; 
also serving for a time as Acting Presiilent dur- 
ing a vacancy in that office. During this period 
he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- 
erator at General As.sociations of the Baptist 
Churi'h, and he became widely known, not only 
in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at 
Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1.899. 

BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was bom 
in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the 
eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin 
Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the 
party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from 
the vicinit}- of Boston and settled Hartford in 
1634. Leaving Hartford in tlie spring of 1833, he 
arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, 
but soon after secured a position with Judge 
Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the 
county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- 
missioners' Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and 
Justice of the Peace. Here the j-oung clerk 
made himself acquainted ■with the jjeople of the 
county (at that time few in number), with the 
land-system of the country and with the legal 
forms and methods of procedure in the courts. 
He remained with Judge Snow over two years, 
receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- 
lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars 
per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's 
family. He next accepted a situation with 
Slessrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the 
most prominent mercantile houses of the cit}', 
remaining through various changes of the firm 
until 1844, wlien he formed a partnership with 



66 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



his brother under the firm name of L. & C. 11. 
Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware 
and crockery, which was the first attempt made 
in Quincy to separate the mercantile business 
into different departments. Disposing of their 
business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull 
embarked in the private banking business, which 
thej' continued in one location for about thirty 
years, when they organized the State Savings 
Loan & Trust Company, in wliich he held the 
position of President until 1898, when he retired. 
Mr. Bull has alwaj's been active in promoting the 
improvement and growth of the city ; was one of 
the five persons who built most of the horse rail- 
roads in Quinc}', and was, for about twenty years, 
President of the Conipanj'. The Quincy water- 
works are now (1898) owned entirely bj- himself 
and his son. He has never sought or held political 
office, but at one time was the active President of 
five distinct business corporations. He was aLso 
for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois 
College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 
to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. 
Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they 
have five children now living. In politics he is a 
Republican, and his religious associations are with 
tlie Congregational Church. — Charles Henry 
(Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in 
Hartford, Conn.. Dec. IG. 1822. and removed 
to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced 
business as a clerk in a general store, where 
he remained for seven years, when he entered 
into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, 
in the hardware and crockerj- business, to 
which was subsequently added dealing in 
agricultural implements. This business was 
continued until the year 1801. when it was 
sold out, and the brothers established them- 
selves as private bankers under the same firm 
name. A few years later they organized the 
Jlerchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which 
was mainly owned and altogether managed by 
them. Five or six years later this bank was 
wound up, when they returned to private bank- 
ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when 
it was merged in the State Savings Loan & 
Trust Companj-, organized under the laws of 
Illinois with a capital of $300,000, held equally 
by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. 
Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- 
dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the 
First National Bank of Quincy was merged into 
the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with 
J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as 
P*resident of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull 



was one of the parties who originally organized 
the Quincy, Mis.souri & Pacific Railroad Com- 
pany in 1869 —a road intended to be built from 
Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to 
Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now 
(1898) the President, the name having been 
changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City 
Railway. He was also identified with the con- 
struction of the system of street railwaj's in 
Quincy, and continued active in their manage- 
ment for about twenty years. He has. been 
active in various other public and private enter- 
prises, and has done much to advance the growth 
an<l prosperitj- of the city. 

BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on 
the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has 
electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal 
mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other 
manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera 
house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- 
tary academy and fine public schools, and many 
hand.some residences; is situated on high ground 
in a rich agricultural and dairj-ing region and an 
important shipi)ing-point. Pop. (1900). 1,279. 

Bl'NN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was 
born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814. came 
to Springfield in 183G, and, four years later, began 
business as a grocer, to which he afterwards 
added that of private banking, continuing until 
1878. During a part of this time liis bank was 
one of the best known and widely regarded as 
one of the most solid institutions of its kind in 
the State. Though crippled by the financial 
revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in 
depreciated real estate, lie paid dollar for dollar. 
After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed 
charge of the Springfield Watch Factory, in 
which he was a large stockholder, and of wliich 
he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- 
tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in 
"The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of 
"The Inter-Ocean"'), and was one of the bankers 
who came to the aid of the State Governiuent with 
financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil 
War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1.897.— John W. 
(Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor 
to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has 
been a prominent business man of Springfield, 
and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural 
Board from 18.58 to 1898. and of the Illinois Uni- 
versity from its establishment to 1893. 

BrNSEN, (ieorge, German patriot and educa- 
tor, was born at Frankfort -on-the Maine. Ger- 
many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



6; 



city and at Berlin University; wiiile still a 
student took part in the Peninsular War which 
resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum- 
ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years 
later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank- 
fort, which he maintained fourteen years, wlien, 
having been implicated in the republican revolu 
tion of 1833. he was forced to leave the country, 
locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair 
County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in 
the public schools, served in the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847, was elected School 
Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having 
removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a 
private school for the instruction of teachers 
while discharging the duties of his office; later 
was appointed a member of the first State School 
Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the 
establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni 
versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He 
was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," 
and, for several years prior to his death, served 
as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without 
compensation. Died. November, 1872. 

BURCH.tRD, Horatio C, e.x Congressman, was 
bom at .Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 22, 
1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 
1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 
111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- 
sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely 
interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 
1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson 
County; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State 
Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- 
tive in Congress, being each time elected as a 
Republican, for the first time as the successor of 
E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress, 
he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the 
United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked 
ability. During the World's Colimvbian Exposi- 
tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in 
charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection 
with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- 
ing the practice of his profession at Freeport. 

BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and 
humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa., July 
30, 1844. and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life, 
where he was educated in the public schools. In 
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-seventh 
Illinois Vokmteers and served to the end of the 
war; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed 
upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers 
of that city. Later he became associated with 
"The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which 
he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- 



ist. Several volumes of his sketches have been 
published, but in recent years he has devoted hi* 
attention chiefly to lecturing, with occasional 
contributions to the literary press, 

BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam 
County in 1837, near the center of the northern 
half of the State, Princeton being made the 
county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, 
there being considerable quantities mined at 
Mineral and Selby. SheflSeld also has an impor- 
tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale 
as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all 
sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890. 
contained a population of 3,396. The county has 
an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the 
census of 1900, a population of 41,112. The pio- 
neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the 
first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was 
soon followed by the Anient brothers (Edward, 
Ju-stus and John L. ), and for a time settlers came 
in rapid succession, among the earliest being 
Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, Jolin Hall, 
William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard 

Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious 

Indian di.sturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of 
the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 
1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the 
whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large 
influx of immigrants. Among other early set- 
tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers 
of the poet, W^illiam Cullen Brvant. 

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- 
lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation 
and discontent among the laboring classes, which 
culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of 
five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal 
compensation, their term of office being two 
years. They are nominated by the Executive 
and confirmed by tiie Senate. The law requires 
that three of them shall be manual laborers and 
two emploj-ers of manual labor. Tlie Bureau is 
charged with the collection, compilation and 
tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- 
nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- 
cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary 
conditions of the working classes. The Com- 
mission is required to submit biennial reports. 
Those already published contain much informa- 
tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, 
convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- 
outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage 
indebtedness, and kindred topics. 

BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal 
Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at 
Providence, R. I., Oct. 81, 1819. He graduated 



68 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



from Brown University in 1838 and from the 
General rheological Seminary (New York) in 
1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3. 1842. and 
ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- 
vation to the episcopate he was rector of various 
parislies in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at 
Springfield, Mass. He represented tlie dioce.ses 
of Maine, Long Island and Ma.ssaoliu,setts in the 
General Conventions of tlie Protestant Episcojial 
Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, 
was President of the House of Deputies. Upon 
the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, 
he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- 
ceed him but declined When the diocese of 
Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first 
Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- 
field, Mass , on May 1.5, 1878. Besides publishing 
a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the 
author of several Sunday-school question books, 
carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to 
periodical church literature. His residence is at 
Peoria. 

BURLET. Arthur Oilman, merchant, was born 
at Exeter, N. H., Oct. 4, 1813, received his edu- 
cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came 
West, locating in Cliicago. For some two years 
he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing 
store of John Ilolbrook. after which he accepted 
a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, 
the proprietor of the first book and stationery 
store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings 
in a bankrupt stock of crockerj', purchased from 
the old State Bank, and entered upon a business 
career which was continued iminterruptedly for 
nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burlej- 
built up a business which, for its extent and 
success, was unsurpa.ssed in its time in the West. 
His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a 
member of the firm in 18.52. the biLsiness there- 
after being conducted under the name of Burley 
& Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the 
Company until his death, which occurred, August 

27, 1897.— Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of 
the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 

28, 1819; was educated in the schools of his native 
State, and, in his youth, was employed for a 
time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to 
Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman 
in the book and stationery store of his half- 
brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a 
partner, and, on the retirement of Mr. Gale a 
few years later, succeeded to the control of the 
business. In 1857 he dis]K)sed of his book and 
stationery business, and about the same time 
became one of the founders of the Merchants' 



Loan and Trust Company, with which he has 
been connected as a Director ever since. Mr. 
Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart- 
ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the 
numerous public positions held by him may be 
mentioned, memter of the Board of PublicWorks 
(1807-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park 
(1869). Representative from Cook County in the 
Twenty seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City 
Comptroller during the administration of Mayor 
Medill (1872-73), and again undjr Mayor Roche 
(1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). 
Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub- 
lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense 
Committee in the first j-ear of the Civil War, and 
was a delegate from the Stateat^large to the 
National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 
18G4, which nominated Abi'aliam Lincoln for the 
Presidency a second time. 

BURNH.\M, Daniel Hudson, architect, was 
born at Henderson, N. Y.. Sept. 4, 184G; came to 
Chicago at 9 years of age: attended private 
schools and the Chicago High School, after which 
lie spent two years at Waltham, Mjiss.. receiving 
special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867, 
he was afterwards associated with various firms. 
About 1873 he formed a business connection with 
J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the 
death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham 
& Root furnished the plans of a large number of 
the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- 
cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- 
nection with the construction of buildings for the 
World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. 
Root was Supervising Architect previous to his 
death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of 
Construction and, later. Director of Works. In 
this capcicity his authority w;is almost absolute, 
but was used with a discretion that contributed 
greatly to the .success of the enterprise. 

BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was 
born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829; 
came to Illinois about 1832 wuth his widowed 
mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life 
he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read 
law and was admitted to the bar. also, for a time, 
following the occupation of a printer. Here he 
was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- 
eral Assembly (1800 and 1862). meanwhile sen-ing 
as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1862. Having removed to CarroUton. 
Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to 
the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1806 and 
1868). serving until March 4. 1871. In August, 
1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



69 



vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term 
in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1883. 

BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was 
born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with his 
parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing 
up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common 
school education; in 18.50 went to California, 
driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after 
the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a 
company of cavalry, of which he was elected 
Captain, and which became a part of the First 
Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County 
Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Slieriif 
in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative 
in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth 
District, composed of counties whicli formerly 
constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth 
District, and which had uniformly been repre- 
sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a 
candidate for reelection in 1896. 

BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and 
educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7, 
1818; graduated at Yale College in 1843, and 
Madison Theological Semina7-y in 1846. After 
five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at 
Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1853 he 
assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church 
of Chicago ; about 18.56 was elected to the presi- 
dency of the Chicago University, then just 
established, having previously declined the 
presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. 
Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after 
became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- 
intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving 
until his death, Ajiril 21, 1893. 

BUSET, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- 
man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 
1885; in infancy was brought by his parents to 
Urbana, 111., where he w-as educated and has 
since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged 
in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 
attended a commercial college and read law. In 
1863 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned 
to enter the Union Army, being commissioned 
Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and 
assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in 
the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois 
Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- 
Colonel, Augu.stl3, 1862; was afterward promoted 
to the colonelc}', and mustered out of service at 
Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet 
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
ful candid.ate for the General Assembly on the 
Democratic ticket and for Trustee of the State 



University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was 
Mayor and President of the Board of Education 
of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank, 
which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- 
teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can 
non. Republican, by whom he was in turn 
defeated for the same office in 1892. 

BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- 
turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles 
northeast of Macomb, at the junction of two 
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; fias 
numerous manufactories, including wooden 
pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons 
and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- 
boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry 
packing houses; also has water- works and elec- 
tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several 
churches, graded public and higli schools, two 
newspapers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 3,490. 

BUSHNELL, Neliemiali, lawyer, was born in 
the town of Westbronk, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813; 
graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law 
and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in 
December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where, 
for a time, he assisted in editing "The Wliig" 
of that city, later forming a partnership with 
O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken 
until his death. In his practice he gave much 
attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"; 
in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- 
ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- 
burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy) , and later of the Quincy Bridge Company 
and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 
1873 he was elected by the Republicans the 
"minority" Representative from Adams County 
in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but 
died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. 
He was able, high-minded and honorable in public 
and private life. 

BUSHNELL, Washington, lawj-er and Attor- 
ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., 
Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to 
Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on 
a farm and taught at times ,- studied law at Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and 
established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. 
The public positions held by him were those of 
State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and 
Attorney-General (1869-73); was also a member 
of the Republican National Convention of 1864, 
besides being identified with various business 
enterjorises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 



ro 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born 
in Atlaii- County. Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the 
war of 1S13, at the age of 10 years, served as the 
messenger of the Gorernor of Kentucky, carrying 
dispatolies to Gen. William Henry Harrison in 
the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 
1828, and, in 1836, was a|>pointeJ Clerk of the 
Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 
IS.VJ he served as foreman of the Grand Jury 
which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" 
charged against ex-Governor JIatteson, and it 
was largely through liis influence that the pro- 
ceedings of that body were subsequently i)ub- 
li^hed in an official form. During the same year 
Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer 
to fill a vacancy caused by tlie resignation of 
James Miller, and he was elected to the s;ime 
office in 18G0. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- 
porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom lie efficiently 
befriended in the earlj- struggles of the latter 
in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 
187G. 

BITTERFIELD, Jnstin, early lawyer, was 
born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at 
Williams College, and was admitted to tlie bar 
at Watertown, N. Y., in 1S12. After some years 
devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's 
Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where 
he attained a high rank at the bar. In 18.35 he 
settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in 
his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed 
by President Harrison United States District .\t- 
torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by 
President Taylor Commissioner of the General 
Land Office, one of his chief competitors for tlie 
Litter place being Abraham Lincoln. Tliis dis- 
tinction he probably owed to the personal intlu- 
ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of St;ite, 
of whom Mr. Butterfielil was a psrsonal friend 
and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he 
rendered valuable service to the State in securing 
the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical 
and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at 
repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the 
Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories 
are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and 
elsewhere. One of the former relates to his 
address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the 
United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- 
corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, 
the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under 
the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- 
ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin 
his argument. Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to 
address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), '"sur- 



rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party 
of la<lies in the audience), "in the presence of 
the holy a]x>stles, in behalf of the prophet of 
the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if 
he was opposed to the war with Me.xico, he 
rei)lied. "I opposed one war" — meaning his 
opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — 
"but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for 
war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 
185.5. 

BYFORD, William H., physician and author, 
was born at Eaton, Ohio. .March 20, 1817; in 1830 
came with his widowed mother to Crawford 
County, 111., and began learning tlie tailor's 
trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at 
Vincennes and practiced at different points in 
Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the 
Ohio Medical College. Cincinnati, in 18.50, he 
assumed a professorship in a Medical College at 
Evansville, Ind. , also editing a medical journal. 
In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- 
cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two 
years later bei^ame one of the founders of the 
Chicago Medical College, where he remained 
twert}' years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, 
assuming the chair of Gynecologj-. In 1870 he 
assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- 
lege of Chicago, remaining President of the 
Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death, 
May 21. 1890. He published a nuniter of medical 
works which are regarded as standard by the 
profession, besides acting as a.ssociate of Dr. N. S. 
Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical 
Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical 
Journal and E.Kaminer," the successor of the 
former. Dr. Byford was lield in the highest 
esteem as a physician and a man, both by the 
general public and his professional associates. 

BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- 
esque region on Rock River, at junction of the 
Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul Railways. 83 miles west-north- 
west from Chicago ; is in rich farming and dairy- 
ing district; has two banks and two weekly 
papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015. 

C.VBLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock 
Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east 
from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal 
industry, but there are also tile works, a good 
quality of clay for manufai-turing ])ur|x>ses being 
founil in abundance. Population (1880), 572; 
(1S90), 1.-27G; (1900). 697. 

CABLE, Uonjaniin T., capitalist and ix)liticiaD, 
was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky., 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



71 



August 11, 1853. When lie was three years old 
his father's family removed to Rock Island, III, 
where he has since resided. After passing 
through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- 
ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating 
in June, 18T6. He owns extensive ranch and 
manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; 
is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- 
ential in his party, having been a member of both 
the National and State Central Committees. In 
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh 
Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public 
office. 

CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was 
born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. 
His early training was mainly of the practical 
sort, and b^- the time he %vas 17 years old he was 
actively employed as a lumberman. In 18.57 he 
removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention 
to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock 
Island. Later he became interested in the pro- 
jection and management of railroads, being in 
turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- 
dent of the Rook Island & Peoria Railroad. His 
next position was that of General Manager of the 
Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His 
experience in these positions rendered him famil- 
iar with both the scope and the details of railroad 
management, while his success brought him to 
the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- 
way interests all over the country. In 1870 lie 
was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with 
this company he has held, successively, the 
offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- 
dent, General Manager and President, being chief 
executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific Railway.) 

CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- 
ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, 
one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- 
sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas 
here in 1700, to which they gave the name of 
"Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the 
settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a 
few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were 
jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair County, 
when that county was organized by Governor St. 
Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph 
County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was 
continued as the county-seat of the parent 
county, so remaining until the removal of the 
seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its 
early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- 
tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated 



at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers 
make up a considerable portion of the present 
population. The site of the old town is on the 
line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
road, about four miles from East St. Louis. 
Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in 
the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia 
Mounds," are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- 
Bnildcrs. ^Vo)•ks of the.) 

CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 
1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., 
which was embraced in Lawrence County on the 
organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes 
was a member of the House for Crawford County 
in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and 
for Lawrence County in the Third (1833-24), in 
the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- 
tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence 
County to some point on the Mississippi River in 
1826, but further details of his history are un- 
known. 

CAIRO, the coimty-seat of Alexander County, 
and the most important river point between St. 
Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- 
tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- 
rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John 
G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the 
"City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered 
about 1.800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- 
ges, the land reverted to the Government. The 
forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney 
Breese and others, who later transferred it to the 
"Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation 
chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased 
its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is 
said to have erected the first house, and John 
Hawley the second, within the town limits. In 
consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois 
Central Railroad has erected around the water 
front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- 
ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base 
for military operations. Its population, according 
to the census of 1900, was 13,566. (See a,\so Alex- 
ander County.) 

CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of 
modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, 
opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest 
metallic bridge across a river in the world, being 
thirtj'-tliree feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in 
Scotland. The work of construction was begun, 
July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for 
twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 
1889. The first train to cross it was made up of 
ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 



72 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky 
shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced 
timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach 
consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and 
one span of 100 'i feet. All these rest on cylin- 
der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally 
supported by ])iles driven within the c^-linders. 
The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar 
general construction. The total number of spans 
is twenty -two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, 
and one of 106,'4^ feet. The total length of the 
metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, 
including tliat of the bridge proper, which is 
4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through 
spans and three deck spans. The through spans 
rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic 
foundations. The total length of the bridge, 
including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about 
SJi miles. _Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle 
■work has been filled in with earth, while that on 
the southern shore has been virtually replaced by 
an embankment since tlie completion of the 
bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in 
the clear above low water, and from the deepest 
foundation to the top of tlie liighe.st iron work is 
248.94 feet. The total co.st of the work, including 
the filling and embankment of the trestles, has 
been (1895) between §3.250,000 and .?.3,.5(K3,000. 

CAIRO, VIXCEXXES & CHICAGO RAIL- 
ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from 
Danville to Cairo (261 mile.s), with a branch nine 
miles in length from St. Francisville, III., to Vin- 
cennes, Ind. It was cliartered as the Cairo & 
Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, 
placed in the liands of a receiver in 1874, sold 
under foreclasure in January, 1880. and for some 
time operated as the Cairo Division of the 
Wabash. St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, 
having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. 
Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the 
Danville & Southwestern Riiilroad. reorganized as 
the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and. 
in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known 
as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- 
nali. Chicago d- St. Lnui.i Rtiilirai/.) 

CAIRO & ST. LOriS RAILROAD. (See St. 
Louis <£■ Cairo Railroad and Miibilc <£• Ohio Ruil- 
u-aij. ) 

CAIRO i VIXCEXXES RAILROAD. (See 
Cairo. Vincennes <{• Chicago RailriKtil.) 

CALDWELL. (Dr.) George, early physician 
and legislator (the name is spelled both Cad well 
and Caldwell in the early records), was born at 



Wethersfield, Conn.. Feb. 21, 1773, and received 
his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- 
fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter 
of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of 
Ireland, .and who served two terms in Congress 
from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), 
and w:is elected the first Delegate in Congress 
from .Arkansas Territory, but died before taking 
his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi- 
dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate 
for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory, 
but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Ilcmj^- 
stead. Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the 
Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon"s 
family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger 
(see Mcisinger, John), who afterwards became a 
prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party 
locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldweil 
and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near 
old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in 
the American Bottom. Tlie former finally 
located on the banks of the Mis.sis.sippi a few 
miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his 
profession and held various public offices, includ- 
ing those of Justice of the Peace and County 
Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison 
County after the organization of the latter. He 
served as State Senator from Madison County 
in the First and Second General Assemblies 
(1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the 
limits of what is now Morgan County (but still 
earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected 
to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — 
the latter at that time embracing all the northern 
and northwestern part of the State, including 
the county of Cook. During the following ses- 
sion of the Legislature he w.is a sturdy opponent 
of the scheme to make Illinois a slave .State. His 
home in Slorgan County was in a locality known 
as "Swinerton"s Point," a few miles west of 
Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826. 
(Bee Slavery and Slave Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or 
Caihvell, as he was widely known) commanded 
a high degree of resi)ect among early residents of 
Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer 
History of Illinois," says of him: "He was 
moral and correct in his public and private life. 
. . . was a respectable physician, and always 
maintaineil an unlilemished diameter." 

CALHOL'X, John, pioneer printer and editor, 
was born at AVatertown. X. Y.. April 14, 1808; 
learned the printing trade and jiracticed it in his 
native town, also working in a tyjie-foundry in 
Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall 
of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



73 



an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, 
and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago 
Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that 
cit)-. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of 
the paper thi-ee years, transferring it in Novem- 
ber, 1S36, to John Wentwortli, who conducted it 
until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 
1861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County 
Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as 
agent of the Illinois Central Raih-oad in procur- 
ing riglit of way for the construction of its lines. 
Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. 

CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was 
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to 
Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black 
Hawk War and was soon after appointed County 
Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his 
appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for 
some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon 
County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- 
ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated 
in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at tlie 
following session. He was a Democratic Presi- 
dential Elector in 1844, %vas an unsuccessful 
candidate for the nomination for Governor in 
1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51), 
served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 
1853 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- 
wards Govertior and United States Senator) , as a 
candidate for Congress, but two years later was 
appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General 
of Kansas, where he became discreditably con- 
spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out 
the policy of the Buchanan administration for 
making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- 
nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- 
vention, with the election of which he had much 
to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. 
Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. 

CALHOUN, WilUam J., lawyer, was born in 
Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at 
various points in that State, his family removed 
to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, 
when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth 
Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of 
the war. He participated in a number of severe 
battles while with Sherman on the march against 
Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- 
ville, Tenn. During the last few month-s of the 
war he served in Texas, being mustered out at 
San Antonio in that State, though receiving his 
final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the 
war he entered the Poland Union Seminar}', 
where he became the intimate personal friend of 
Maj. William McKinlej', who was elected to the 



Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the 
seminar}-, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 
111. , and began the study of law, later taking a 
course in a law school in Chicago, after which he 
was admitted to the bar (18T5) and established 
himself in practice at Danville as the partner of 
the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun 
was elected as a Republican to the lower branch 
of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during 
the following session, proved himself one of the 
ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. 
Calhoun was appointed by President JIcKinley a 
special envoy to investigate the circumstances 
attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- 
uralized citizen of the United States who had 
died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards 
during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. 
In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- 
State Commerce Commission to succeed William. 
R. Morrison, whose term had expired. 

CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the 
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their 
junction. It has an area of 260 square miles, 
with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized 
in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- 
nally, the county was well timbered and the 
early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, 
which tended to give the population more or less 
of a migratory character. Much of the timber 
has been cleared off, and the principal business 
in later years has been agriculture, although coal 
is foiind and mined in jiaying quantities along 
Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- 
ines foimd the precious metals in the bed of this 
stream. It was originally included within the 
limits of the Military Tract set apart for the 
veterans of the War of 1813. The physical con- 
formation of the county's surface exhibits some 
peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- 
times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of 
botli rivers, wliile through the center of the 
county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. 
The side valleys and the top of the central ridge 
are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very 
rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- 
seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- 
tion (1890) of 311. 

CALLAH.VN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator, 
was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; 
came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he 
farmed, taught school and edited, at diff'erent 
times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall 
Telegraph." He early identified himself with 
the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the 
Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 



74 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



trict : became a member of the first State Board 
of E<iualiz!ition by appointment of Governor 
Oglesljy in IHGT; serreil in the lower house of tlie 
General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, "91, 
'93 and '95, and, in 1.S93-95, on a Joint Committee 
to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also 
Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. 
Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 
30 years of age, and was President of the State 
Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. 
CALUMET KIVER, a sliort stream the main 
body of which is formed by the union of two 
brandies whi(di come together at the southern 
boundary of the city of Chicago, and which tlows 
into Lake Michigan a short distance north of tlie 
Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known 
as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- 
tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with 
the Little Calumet from the west, 3;-< miles from 
the moutli of tlie main stream. From the south- 
ern limit of Chicago the general coui-se of the 
stream is nortli l)etween Lake Calumet and Wolf 
Lake, which it serves to drain. At its moutli, 
Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which 
admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy 
draught, and is a shipping and receiving 
point of importance for heavy freight for 
the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace 
Car Works and other manufacturing establish- 
ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as 
a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the 
General Government to a deptli of twenty feet 
and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles, 
with a depth of si.\teen feet for the remainder of 
the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder 
for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from 
the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal 
in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream 
was knoivn to the early French e-xiilorere ius "the 
Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by 
them with the Chicago River. 

CALl'MET KIVER KAILROAl), a short line. 
4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook 
County. The Pennsylvania Rjiilroad Company 
is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present 
(1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700. 
It has no funded debt, but lias a floating debt of 
§116 357. making atotal capitalization of Sl-5,0S7. 
This road extends from One Hundredtli Street in 
Cliicago to llegewisch, and was chartered in 1883. 
(See Piinis-iilrditia R^lill•uad.) 

CAMBRIIMJE, the county-seat of Henry 
County, about 100 miles southwest of Chicago, 
on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- 
ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to 



agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- 
siderable grain market and has some manufac- 
tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public 
library, two newspapers, three banks, good 
Bcliools. and handsome public (county) buildings. 
Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States 
census report, 940; (1900). 1,345. 

CAMERON, James, Cmuberland Presbyterian 
minister and i)ioneer, was born in Kentucky in 
1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled 
in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have 
located where the town of New Salem (after- 
wards associated with the early liistory of Abra- 
ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and 
James Rutledge were the founders. He is also 
said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann 
Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's 
name has been tenderly associated by his biog- 
raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed 
successively to Fulton Count j-, 111., to Iowa and 
to California, ilying at a ripe old age, in the latter 
State, about 1878. 

CAMP DOl'WLAS, a Federal military camp 
establislied at Chicago early in the War of the 
Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and 
College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest 
Avenues. It was 'originally designed and solely 
used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. 
Afterwards it was utilized as a pla^e of confine- 
ment for Confederate jirisoners of war. (For 
plot to liberate the latter, together with other 
similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas 
Coiisjiirac)/. ) 

CAMP DOl'CiLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed 
in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate 
prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), 
Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be 
but a preliminary step in the execution of a 
design long cherished bj- the Confederate Gov- 
ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- 
ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the 
formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, 
through the cooperation of the ".Sons of Lib- 
erty." (See Secret TVeasonaole Sncietie.1.) Three 
peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C. 
Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent 
from Richmond to Canada, held frequent 
conferences with leaders of the treasonable 
organizations in the Nortli, including Clement L. 
Vallandigliam, Bowles, of Indiana, and one 
Charles Walsli, who w;is head of the movement 
in Chicago, with a large numtier of allies in that 
city and scattered throughout the States. The 
general management of the afl'air was entrusted 
to Capt. Thomas H. Hines. who had been second 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



75 



in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- 
ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col. 
Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger 
Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to 
carry out the military program. Hines followed 
out his instructions with great zeal and labored 
indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis- 
seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and 
strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by 
the use of argiunent and money, both he and his 
agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. 
There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was 
determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for 
resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for 
'July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was 
finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- 
self at Chicago, and personally attended to the 
distribution of funds and the purclia.se of arms. 
Tlie date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate 
the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, wlien 
the National Democratic Convention was to 
assemble at Chicago. On that date it was 
expected the city would be so crowded that the 
presence of the promised force of "Sons" would 
not excite comment. The program also included 
an attack on the city by water, for which pur- 
pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- 
dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. 
There were some 26, 500 Southern prisoners in the 
State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at 
Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- 
field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that 
there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, 
who would be largely reenforced. With these 
and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp 
Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus 
formed was to march ujjon Rock Island, Spring- 
field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, 
and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of 
infantry and a battery. The organization of the 
proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and 
the great majority of those who were to compose 
it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the 
latter reported for service to justify an attack, 
and the project was postponed. In tlie meantime 
a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly 
connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, 
and which contemplated the release of the rebel 
officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake 
Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" bj' the arrest 
of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- 
guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was 
on the point of pvitting in execution a scheme for 
seizing the United States steamer Michigan at 
Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder- 



ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected 
to carr_v out the Chicago scheme — the day of Presi- 
dent Lincoln's second election. Tlie same pre- 
liminaries were arranged, except that no water 
attack was to be made. But Cliicago was to be 
burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. 
Detachments were designated to apply the torch, 
to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack 
banks. But representatives of the United States 
Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons 
of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and 
his as.sooiates were well known to the authori- 
ties. An efficient body of detectives was put 
upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, tlie com- 
mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the 
most valuable service in running down the con- 
spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered 
by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel 
Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken 
the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of 
some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. 
Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known 
as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks 
were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot 
as it was unfolded to them, and entered with 
zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was 
permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby 
getting in communication with the leaders of the 
plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- 
fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On 
the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on 
the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused 
simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at 
their liiding-places. Captain Hines was not 
captured, but the following conspirators were 
taken into custody: Captains Cantrill and Trav- 
erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of 
the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, 
and in whose barn and house was found a large 
quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St. 
Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. 
Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke, 
Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the 
Treasurer of the order. They were tried by 
Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- 
acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted ; 
Anderson committed suicide during the trial; 
Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to 
the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to 
be hung, although his sentence was afterward 
commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- 
gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some 
years afterward, but whether he escaped or was 
drowned in the attempt to do so has never been 
known. The British Government had made 



TO 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother 
of hi.s being a General in the British Army. 
Daniels managed to escape, an<l was never recap- 
tured, while Walsh and Seiunies, after under- 
going brief terms of imprisonment, were 
pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent 
history of Shanks, who played so prominent a 
part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, 
pillage and assassination, is interesting. While 
in prison he liad been detailed for .service as a 
clerk in one of the offices under the direction of 
General Sweet, and, while thus emploj'ed, made 
the accjuaintance of a young ladj' member of a 
loyal family, whom he afterwards married. 
After the e.\posure of the contemplated uprising, 
the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of 
$1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he 
was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi- 
dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered 
In- him, and sometime d\iring 186.'i he received a 
commission as Captain and engaged in fighting 
the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency 
shown b}' Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- 
spiracy and defeating its consummation won for 
him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and 
the whole nation, and was recognized by the 
Government in awarding him a commission as 
Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, 
Camp Douglas and Sfcn'f Treasonable Societies.) 

CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- 
gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. 
After obtaining a limited education in the com- 
mon schools, at an early age he secured employ- 
ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon 
rose to the position of superintendent, managing 
iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- 
souri, until 18.50, when he removed to Illinois, 
settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and 
IH.'i:}) elected ilayor of that city, and represented 
his county in the Twenty-first General .\ssembly 
(18.19). He was also a member of the State 
Constitutional Convention of 1802, and served 
one term (lS7.")-77) as Representative in Congress, 
being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was 
defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, 
Kepublican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend 
of .\braham Lincoln, and, in IS.IS, contributed 
liberally to the e.\penses of the latter in making 
the tour of the State during tiie debate witli 
Douglas He broke with the Republican party 
in 1S74 on the greenback issue, which won for 
him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His 
death o.curr.'d at La Salle, August 9, 1898. 

CAMPBELL, Antrim, early law^-er, was born 
in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111., 



in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for 
Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a 
similar position by the United States District 
Court for tliat district. Died, Augu.st 11, 1808. 

CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- 
dier, was born in Hamilton County. 111., May 4, 
1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers 
in that section of the State; was educated at 
Notre Dame L^niversity, Ind., read law and was 
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877; 
in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times," 
which he has since conducted; was elected to the 
lower hou.se of the General Assembly in \X><-1. and 
again in '80, advanced to the Senate in 1888. and 
re-elected in '92. During his twelve years' 
experience in the Legislature he participated, as 
a Democrat, in tlie celebrated Logan-Morrison 
contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and 
assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer 
to the Senate in 1891. At the clo.se of his la.st 
term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con- 
gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a 
plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- 
lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the 
second call for troops issued by the President 
during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp- 
bell organized a regiment which was mustered in 
as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned 
to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- 
ville, Fla. Altliough his regiment saw no active 
service during the war, it was held in readiness 
for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba 
in December, 1898, it became a part of the army 
of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained 
with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- 
ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- 
gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 
1898. 

CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State 
and Coiigre.s.snuin. wxs Inirn in Chester County, 
Pa., in 1811 ; removed in ehildliood to the western 
part of the State and was educated at Jefferson 
College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. 
Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed 
to Galena. 111., where he had acquired some min- 
ing interests, and, in 1843, w:us apjKjinted Secre- 
tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigneil in 
1840. and became a Delegate to tlie Constitutional 
Convention of 1847; in 18.50 was elected a.s a 
Democrat to Congress from the G.alena District, 
but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B. 
Washburne. He was then appointed by President 
Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land 
grants by the Mexican Government in California, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



77 



removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this 
position about 1855 to engage in general practice. 
In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe 
with his family, and, on his return, located in 
Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate 
for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin- 
ridge ticket ; in 18C1 returned to California, and, 
on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a 
zealous champion of the Union cause, by his 
speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the 
destiny of the State. He also served in tlie Cali- 
fornia Legislature during tlie war, and, in 1864, 
was a member of the Baltimore Convention 
which nominated llr. Lincoln for the Presidency 
a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- 
quent campaign to carry the State for tlie Repub- 
lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1808. 

CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- 
cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When 
he was two years old his father removed to 
Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing 
through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp- 
bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for 
two years, after which he studied law-, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he 
was in active practice and attained prominence 
at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State 
Senator, and was re-elected in 1883, serving in all 
eight j'ears. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 
he was chosen President pro tempore of the 
Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- 
ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- 
Governor Hamilton to the executive office to 
succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected 
United States Senator. In 1888 he represented 
the First Illinois District in the National Repub- 
lican Convention, and was the same year chosen 
a member of the Republican National Committee 
for Illinois and was re-elected in 1883. Died in 
Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years 
immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell 
was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing 
Company of Chicago. 

CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at 
the intersection of the Cliicago, Burlington & 
Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 23 miles east- 
northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has 
one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a 
pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a 
high school, and one newspaper. Population 
(1890), 1,1.50; (1900), 1,360. 

CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session 
of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. 
Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had 
been associated with the construction of the 



Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, 
had his attention called to a check purporting to 
have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839, 
which, upon investigation, he became convinced 
was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued. 
Having communicated liis conclusions to Hon. 
Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of 
the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an 
inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund 
Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov- 
ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — 
which developed the fact that a large amount of 
these evidences of indebtedness had been taken 
up through that office and bonds issued therefor 
by the State Auditor under the laws for funding 
the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the 
Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered 
by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery 
that, in May and August, 1839, two series of 
canal "scrip" (or checks) liad been issued by the 
Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the 
work of construction — the sum aggregating 
$269,059— of which all but §316 had been redeemed 
within a few years at the Chicago branch of the 
Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified 
that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after 
redemption, been held by them in tlie bank vaults 
without cancellation until settlement was had 
with the Canal Board, when it was packed in 
boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- 
ing lain in the canal office for several years in 
this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the 
officer in charge was now called) having come 
into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other 
papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk 
and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then 
Governor, to be taken by him to Springfield and 
deposited there. Nothing further was known of 
these papers until October, 1854, when $300 of the 
scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund 
Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond 
issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 
1857 by larger smns, until, at the time the legis- 
lative investigation was instituted, it was found 
that bonds to the amount of $323,183.66 had been 
issued on account of principal and interest. 
With the exception of the $300 first presented, it 
was shown that all the scrip so funded had been 
presented by Governor Matteson, either while in 
office or subsequent to his retirement, and the 
bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although 
none of the persons in whose names the issue was 
made were known or ever afterward discovered. 
The developments made by the Senate Finance 
Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 



78 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



indemnify the State, in which he stated that he 
had "unconsciously and innocently been made 
the instrument througli whom a gross fraud upon 
the State had teen attempted." He therefore 
pive to the State mortgages and an indemnifying 
bond for the sum shown to have been funded by 
him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the 
State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured 
judgment for $25.5,000, although the property on 
being sold realized only .$238,000. A further 
investigation by the Legislature, in 1861. revealed 
the fact that additional issues of Iwnds for similar 
scrip had been made amounting to •$16.5,8-1C. for 
which the State never received any compensa- 
tion. A search through the State House for the 
trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor 
Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation 
was in progress, resulted in the discoverj' of the 
trunk in a condition showing it had been opened^ 
but the box was never found. The fraud was 
made the subject of a protracted investigation 
by the Grand Jury of .Sangamon County in May, 
18,5!l, and, although the jury twice voted to indict 
Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted 
to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to 
"ignore the bill." 

CAN'BY, Richard Sprigg, jurist, was born in 
Green County. Ohio, .Sept. 30, 1808; was educated 
at Miami University and admitted to tlie bar, 
afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney, 
member of the Legislature and one term ( 18lT-t9) 
in Congress. In 1S63 he removed to Illinois, 
locating at Oliiey. was elected Judge of the 
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming 
practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. 
Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge 
Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard 
Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by 
the Modocs in California in 1873. 

CAXXOX, Joseph G., Congressman, was born 
at Guilford, X. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to 
Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville. Ver- 
milion Countj'. By profession he is a lawyer, 
and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion 
County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, 
he is conducting a large banking busine.ss at 
Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican 
to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- 
trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever 
since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for 
the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, 
his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) 
serving his twelfth term as the Representative 
for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has 
been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty- 



sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been 
an influential factor in State and National poli- 
tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- 
man of the Hou.se Committee on Appropriations 
during the important se.s.sions of the Fifty-fourtli 
and Fifty-fifth Congresses. 

CANTON', a flourishing city in Fulton County, 
13 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles 
southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- 
tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties 
in the "corn belt"' -, also has abundant supplies 
of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. 
There are coal mines within the municipal limits, 
and various manufacturing establishments. 
Among the principal outputs are agricultural 
implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar 
boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- 
arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted 
by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- 
partment, a public library, six ward schools and 
one high sclioo". and three newspapers. Popula- 
tion (1890). .5,604; (1900), 6,564. 

CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was lx>rn in London, 
England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the L^nited States 
in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. 
For a time he taught school in what is now 
called Round Prairie, in the present County of 
Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original 
name of a part of the city of Springfield), having 
among his pupils a numl>er of those who after- 
wards became prominent citizens of Central 
Illinois. In 1836, in conjmiction witli two part- 
ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the 
original county-seat of Logan County, where he 
continued to live for the remainder of his life, 
and where, during its later period, he served as 
Postmjister .some fifteen years. He also served as 
Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, 
April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. 

t'ARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, 
founded in lf-.")2, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 
miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway 
center here. The cliief indu.stries are coal-min- 
ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
lumbering. It luus two preserving plants, eight 
churches, two weekly papers, and four public 
schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois 
Normal University. Poi).(1890), 2,382 ; (1900), 3,318. 

rARHONDALE \ SHAWXEETOWN RAIL- 
R().\l>, a short line 17'+' miles in lengtli. ex- 
tending from Marion to Carbondale. .and ojierated 
by the St. Ix>uis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
Coni])any, as lessee. It was incorporated as the 
Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867; 
its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



79 



Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 
18T1, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. 
Louis Southern, through which it passed into the 
hands of the St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
road, and by lease from the latter, in 189G, became 
apart of the Illinois Central System (which see). 

CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town 
of Turner. Maine, Dec. 29, 1836 ; studied law with 
General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was 
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of 
Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in 
1857, and the Supreme Court of the United 
States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in 
1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State 
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo 
Daviess Count}', and the choice of the Republicans 
in that body for temporary presiding officer; 
was elected to the next General Assembly (the 
Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the 
House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- 
sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- 
trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying 
various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno 
County, Kan. The first office held by Judge 
Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of 
Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred 
iipon him through the influence of John A. Raw- 
lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff 
during the war, and later Secretary of War — 
altliough at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were 
politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi- 
dence is in Chicago. 

CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born 
of Irish ance.stry in Fayette County, Ky., July 
18, 1789; emigi-ated to Illinois in 1811, and served 
as a private in the War of 1813, and as a Captain 
in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- 
cated, he was a man of strong common sense, 
high moral standard, great firmness of character 
and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in 
Greene Comity, of which he was the first Sheriff ; 
was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- 
ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was 
elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 
1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never- 
theless commanded the respect and good-will of 
his political opponents. Died at his home in 
Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. 

CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of 
Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, 
Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1839. At the age 
of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- 
tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was 
attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as 
Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian 



fighting, he was ordered to California, where he 
was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to 
recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was 
commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi- 
nois Volunteers. H is record during the war was 
an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. 
Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 
1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- 
souri for eighteen months; led a brigade under 
Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with 
marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ; 
took a prominent part in the battle of Stone 
River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign, 
at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- 
sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also 
took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the 
capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman 
to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at 
Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made 
Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- 
ous service at Benton ville, N. C, and Major- 
General for services during the war. Colonel 
Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- 
General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton. 

CARLINVILLE, the count3'-seat of Macoupin 
County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles 
northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of 
Springfield. Blackburn University (which see) 
is located here. Three coal mines are operated, 
and there are brick works, tile woiks, and one 
newspaper. The city has gas and electric light 
plants and water-works. Population (1880), 
3,117, (,1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502. 

CARLTLE, the countj-seat of Clinton County, 
48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas- 
kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and 
public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and 
manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for 
young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public 
library connected with the high school. Popula- 
tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. 

CARMI, the county -seat of White County, on 
the Little Wabash River, 134 miles east of St. 
Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- 
rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals 
and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- 
turing, including the making of staves, are the 
chief industries, though the city has brick and 
tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- 
tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939. 

CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State 
Treasurer ; entered upon public life in Illinois as 



fiO 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Representative in the Ninth Greneral Assembly 
(1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- 
sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh anj 
Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) 
he was elected by the Legislature to the ofiice of 
State Treasurer, retaining this position until the 
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was 
chosen his own successor by popular vote, but 
died a few days after the election in August, 
1848. He was buried in what is now known as 
the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying 
ground in the west part of the city of Springlield, 
long since abandoned — where his remains still lie 
(1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. 

CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- 
gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary 
ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 
1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , 
in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he 
established himself in tlie drug business, wliioh 
was later extended into otlier lines. Soon after 
his arrival, he began investing in lands, wliich 
have since become immensely valuable. Mr. 
Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. 
Jeremiaii Porter in the organization of tlie First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851, 
withdrew on account of di.s.<^vtisfaction with the 
attitude of some of the representatives of that 
denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- 
ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, 
in whicli lie had been re.ared. He was one of the 
original f()un<lers and most liberal benefactors of 
the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he 
gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in 
bequests after his death, sums aggregating not 
far from $100,000. One of the Seminary luvild- 
ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall." 
He was identified with various other organiza- 
tions, one of the most important l)eing the Relief 
and Aid Society, which did such u.seful work 
after tlie fire of 1871. Py a life of probity, lilier- 
ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all 
classes, dying, August 7, 188G. 

CARPEXTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- 
neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. V., Sept. 1, 
1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State 
Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her i)arents 
(Mr. and ilrs. Daniel AVarren) to Chicago, and 
soon after liegan teaching in what was called the 
"Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, 
Will County. She came to Chicago the following 
year (1834) to take the place of as.sistant of Gran- 
ville T. Spro,at in a school for boys, and is said to 
have been the first teacher paid out of the public 
funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chapi>en 



(afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- 
ing the children about Fort Dejirborn in 1833, 
Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom 
she survived, dying at Aurora. Kane County, 
Jan. 10. 1897. 

CARPE>TERSVILLE, a village of Kane 
County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- 
neva branch of theChicago& Northwestern Rail- 
road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 
miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 7.54 ; (1900). 1.002. 

CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo- 
mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., 
May 20, 1830; at 13 years of age accompanied his 
fatlier's family to Galesburg, 111., where he spent 
several years at Knox College. In 18.')7 lie gradu- 
ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- 
ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his 
aflSliations being uniformlj- with the Republican 
party. His first office was that of Postmaster at 
Galesburg, to which he was apjiointed by Presi 
dent Lincoln in 1801 and whicli lie held for 
twenty-four years. He wjis a tried and valued 
assistant of Governor Yates during the War of 
the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter 
with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to 
the National Convention of his party at Baltimore 
in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an 
active part in the campaigns of that year, as well 
as those of 1808 and 1872. In 18G9 he purcliased 
"The Galesburg Republican," which he edited 
and published for two years. In 1880 he wius an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- 
nation for Governor; in 1884 was a delegate to tlie 
Rejiublican National Convention, from the State- 
at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus 
nomination for United States Senator, which was 
given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was 
defeated in the Republiciin State Convention as 
candidate for Governor by Joseph W Fifer. In 
1S89 President Harrison apix)inted liim Minister 
to Denmark, which jxjst he filled with marked 
aliility and credit to the country until his resig- 
nation was accepted by President Cleveland, 
when he returned to his former home at Gales- 
burg. While in Denmark lie did much to 
promote American trade with that country, 
especially in the introduction of American corn 
as an article of food, which has led to a large 
incresise in the annual eximrtation of this com- 
modity to Scandinavian markets. 

CARR. Eugene A., .soldier, was born in Erie 
County. N. V.. May 20. 1830, and graduated at 
West Point in ISHO, entering the Jlounted Rifles. 
L'ntil 1801 he was stationed in the Far West, and 
engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



81 



tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he 
entered upon active service under General Lyon, 
in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage- 
ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, 
winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 
September, 18G1, he was commissioned Colonel of 
the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting 
Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day 
expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth 
Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the 
second day at Pea Ridge, although three times 
woxmded, he remained on the field seven hours, 
and materially aided in securing a victory, for 
his bravery being made Brigadier-General of 
Volunteers. In the summer of 1803 he was 
promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular 
Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- 
manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia 
Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, 
and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in 
the United States Army. He also distinguished 
himself for a first and second assault upon taking 
Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- 
manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at 
Corinth. In December of that year lie was 
transferred to the Department of Arkansas, 
where he gained new laurels, being brevetted 
Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, 
and Major-General for services during the war. 
After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed 
chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- 
ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was 
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and 
has since resided in New York. 

CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born 
^t Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow 
Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; 
graduated from the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York City, in 1837, and immedi- 
ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician 
in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, 
remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he 
visited a large number of the leading hospitals 
and asylmus of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel 
received the appointment of Superintendent of 
the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at 
Jacksonville, a position which he continued to 
fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to 
Oovernor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect 
July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel), 
wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. 
Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected 
a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- 
lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039 
•over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. 



CARROLL COU\TY, originally a part of Jo 
Davi&ss County, but set apart and organized in 
1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The 
first settlements were in and around Savanna. 
Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first 
County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor 
den. Garner IMoffett and S. M. Jersey; who held 
their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 
1843 the county seat was changed from Savanna 
to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town- 
ships were first organized in 1850, and the 
development of the county has steadily pro 
gressed since that date. The surface of the land 
is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- 
esque. Tlie land is generally good for farming. 
It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- 
sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles; 
population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, 
prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 
inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public 
and private schools. 

CARROLLTO?f, the county-seat of Greene 
County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- 
cago & Alton and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. 
Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of 
Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- 
ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and 
wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour 
mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and 
two weeklj' newspapers. Population (1890), 
2,258; (1900), 3,355. 

CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March 
13, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after 
attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged 
in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois 
College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated 
from tlie Law Department of the University of 
Michigan, the next year establishing himself in 
practice at Quincy, where he has since resided 
He was a member of the Thirty-first and Tliirty- 
.second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in 
June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme 
Pencil, wliich lie now occupies 

CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- 
tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; 
in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his 
father locating at Pana, where he was educated 
in the public schools ; was employed in farming, 
railroading and teaching several years, then 
studied law and was admitted to the bar, and, in 
1883, removed to Helena. Jlont., where he en- 
gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican 
the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from 
Idaho and the first Representative from the new 



82 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



State: was Commissioner of the General Land 
Office (1891-92), and, iu 189.1, was elected to tlie 
United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. 
In 1S92 lie was chosen Chairman of the Repub- 
lican National Committee, serving until the St. 
Louis Convention of 1896. 

CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 
10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- 
ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five 
churches, a public school, and a weekly news- 
paper. Population (IHHO), 092; (1890). 969; (1900), 
1,749; (1904, est), 2,000. 

C.VRTHAOE, a city ami the county-seat of 
Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, 
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincyand the Wa- 
bash Railroads; lias water-works, electric h'ghts. 
three banks, four trust companies, four weekly 
and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a 
Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1.6.54; (1900), 2,104. 

CARTHAGE COLLEOE, at Carthage. Hancock 
County, incorporated in 1871 ; lias a teaching 
faculty of twelve members, and reports l.")M pupils 
— sixty-eight men and ninet)' women — for 1.S97-98. 
It has a library of .'5,000 vohimes and endowment 
of $32,000. Instruction is given in the classical, 
scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- 
ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 
this institution rejiorted a property valuation of 
$41,000, of which S3.-).000 was in real estate. 

CARTHAGE k HIHLIXJTOX RAILROAD. 
(See Cliicayo. Burlinijtun d- Quincy Railroad.) 

CARTWRKiHT, James Henry, Justice of the 
Supreme Court, was born ;it Maijuoketa, low.a, 
Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist 
clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi- 
nary and the University of Michigan, graduating 
from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at 
Oregon, Ogle County, wliich is still his home; in 
1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge 
Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- 
late Court duty; in December. 189."), was elected 
Justice of the .Supreme Court to succeed Justice 
John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 
1897. 

CARTWRIGHT, I'cter, pioneer Metliodist 
preaclier. was born in Amlierst County, Va., 
Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- 
panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to 
Logan County. Ky. The country w;is wild and 
unsettled, there wei'e no scliools, the nearest mill 
was 40 miles distant, tlie few residents wore 
homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, 
tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- 
known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded 
the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane 



Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious; 
impressions. A few months later he abandoned 
his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured 
gambling. He began preaching immediately 
after his c.inversion, and, in 180:i, was regularly 
received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, although only 18 years old. In 
1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon 
County, then but simrsely settled. In 1828, and 
again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature, 
where his homespun wit and undaunted courage 
stood liim in good stead. For a long series of 
years he attended annual conferences (usually as 
a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at 
camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his 
life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of 
slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his 
denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous 
supporter of the Government during the Civil 
War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress 
on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by 
Abi-iliam Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, 
a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a 
Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the 
lecture platform, hisquaintness an<l eccentricity, 
together with his inexhaustible fund of personal 
anecdotes, insured an interested audience. 
Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess 
in overcoming unruly characters whom he had 
failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the 
church he was equally fearless and outspoken, 
and his strong common sense did much to pro- 
mote the success of the denomination in the 
West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, 
Sangamon County, Sept. 2.5, 1872. His principal 
published works are "A Controversy with the 
Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- 
wright" (18.56), "The Backwoods Preacher" 
(London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. 
CARY, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager, 
was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 20, 
1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile 
attending a select scliool or academy at intervals; 
studied law at Shelxiygan, Wis., and Buffalo, 
N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and 
later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in 
the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv- 
ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cuml)erland, 
and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the 
staff of General Rous.seau. After the war he 
settled at Nashville, Tenn., wliere he held the 
office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 
he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, 
wiis the High-License candidate for Mayor in 
opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



83 



many to have been honestly elected, but counted 
out by the machine methods then in vogue. 

CAJSAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy- 
sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex 
County, N. J., May 2, 1791 ; died at Summerfield, 
111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas 
Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his 
wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early 
settlers of Sussex County. He was descended 
from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name 
being originally Cossart, the American branch 
having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who 
emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663. 
At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene 
County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site 
of the present city of Dayton, wliere some of his 
relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he 
married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel 
Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's 
father and grandfather having been patriot sol- 
diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony 
Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in 
the War of 1812, being a member of Captain 
Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re- 
moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. 
Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered 
the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia 
and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, 
where he taught school. Later he studied medi- 
cine and attained considerable prominence as a 
practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the 
Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 1835. He was 
one of the founders of McKendree College and a 
liberal contributor to its support; was also for 
many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at 
Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. 
Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper 
Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. 
He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- 
ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda 
Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). 

CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter- 
section of the Vandalia Line and tlie Chicago & 
Ohio River Railroad, 35 miles southwest of Terre 
Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500. 

CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and earlj' Congressman, 
was born in Georgia, March 17. 1796, the young- 
e.st son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who 
removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject 
of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing 
with him his widowed mother, and settling in 
the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, 
in Jefferson County, where he acquired great 
prominence as a politician and became the head 



of an influential family. He began preaching at 
an early age, and continued to do so occasionally 
through his political career. In 1819, he took a 
jirominent part in the organization of Jefferson 
County, serving on the first Board of County 
Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the Legislature in 1830, but was elected 
Representative in 1823 and re-elected two years 
later ; in 1836 was advanced to the Senate, serv- 
ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant- 
Governor, and during his incumbency took part 
in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he 
resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept 
a seat as one of the three Congressmen from 
Illinois, to which he had been elected a few 
months previous, being subsequently re-elected 
for four consecutive terms. In 1843 he was 
again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. 
McClernand. Other public positions held by him 
included those of Delegate to the Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1863, Representative in 
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- 
blies (1848-.52), serving as Speaker in the former. 
He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but 
died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4, 
1862. During the latter years of his life he was 
active in securing the right of way for the Ohio 
& Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- 
sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- 
western. He commenced life in poverty, but 
acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor 
of the ground upon wliich the Supreme Court 
building for the Southern Division at Mount 
Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R. (Casey), 
son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson 
County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- 
mary education in the local schools and at Hills- 
boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 
entered the Ohio University at Athens in that 
State, remaining until 1845, when he com- 
menced the study of medicine, taking a course 
of lectures the following year at the Louisville 
Medical Institute; soon after began practice, 
and, in lb47, removed to Benton, 111., returning 
the following year to Mount Vernon. In 
1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at 
the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter 
year removing to Mound City, where he filled a 
number of positions, including that of Mayor 
from 1859 to 1804, when he declined a re-election. 
In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- 
nois to the Democratic National Convention at 
Cliarleston. S. C, and, on the establishment of 
tlie United States Government Hospital at Mound 
City, in 1861. acted for some time as a volunteer 



84 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 
1866, he was elected Representative in the 
Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 
1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic 
candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. 
CuUoni; al.so again served as Representative in 
the Twenty-eighth General A.ssembly (1872-74). 
Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has 
given his attention to the practice of his profes- 
sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son. was 
born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6. 1832, 
educated in the common schools and at lIcKend- 
ree College, in due course receiving the degree of 
A.M. from the latter; studied law for three 
years, being admitted to the bar in 18.54; in 1860, 
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth 
Judicial District; in Septenil)er. 1862. was com- 
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out 
Jlay 16, 1863. having in the me;intime taken part 
in the battle of Stone River and other imix)rtant 
engagements in Western Tennessee. Bj- this 
time his regiment, having been much reduced 
in numbers, was consolidated with the Si.\tieth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 18(>4, he was 
again elected State's Attorney, serving until 
1808; in 1870, was cliosen Representative, and. in 
1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for 
a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- 
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to 
Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of 
his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where 
he died, Marcli 1, 1891. 

CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the 
center of the State, with an area of 360 square 
miles and a population (1900) of 17.222— named 
for Gen. Lewis Ca.ss. French traders are believed 
to have made the locality of Beardstown their 
headquarters about the time of the discovery of 
the Illinois country. The earliest permanent 
white settlers came about 1820, and among them 
were Thomas Beard. Slartin L. Lindsley, John 
Cetrough and Arcliil)ald Job. As early as 1821 
there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and. in 
1827. M. L Lindsley con<lucted a school on tlie 
bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodi.st 
missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest 
preachers, and among tlie pioneers may be named 
Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing, 
Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins. 
Beardstown was the original county-se;vt, and 
during both the Black Hawk and ilormon 
troubles was a deptJt of supjilies and rendezvous 
for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made 
his first ixjlitical speech. The site of the town, 



as at pre.sent laid out, was at one time sold by 
Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The 
county was set off from Morgan in 18;J7. The 
principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand- 
lerville, Ashland and Arenzviile. The county- 
seiit, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed 
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was 
incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants. 
Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated 
until 1842. 

CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at 
Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison 
University, Ohio, 1846,- spent one year as tutor 
there, and, for several yeivrs. had charge of the 
public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 18.'j8, he 
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and 
Belles-Lettres in Sluu-tleff College, at Upper 
Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31, 
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of 
LL.D. from Denison L'niversity in 1877. 

CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was 
born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844, 
educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, 
where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was 
married to James S. Catherwood. with whom she 
resides at Hooijeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the 
author of a number of works of fiction, which 
have been accorded a high rank. Among her 
earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881), 
'•Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" 
(1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The 
Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. 
Anne" (1889). During the past few years she 
has shown a predilection for subjects connected 
with early Illinois history, and has published 
IX)pular romances under the title of "The Story 
of Tonty," "The 'White Islander," "The Lady of 
Fort St. John, • "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase 
of Sant Castin and other Stories of the PVench 
in the New World." 

CATO>', John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Monroe County, N. Y., March 19, 
1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at 
an early age, his childhood was s])ent in jwverty 
and manual labor. At 1.5 he was set to learn a 
trade, but an infirmity of sight comi)elled him to 
abantlon it. After a brief attendance at an 
academy at Utica. where he studied law between 
the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to 
Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to 
Pekiii. was examined and licensed to practice by 
Judiro Stei)lien T. Logan. In 18:U. he was elected 
Justice of the Peace, .served iis Alderman in 
1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme 
Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- 



> 

•z 
w 
i< 

n 

m 
z 

> 
r 

O 

>' 

o 
50 



w 

z 

> 
z 



> 
w 

o 
z 

V 





w 



7, 

C 
H 

< 
< 

en 

a 



z 



2! 
O 



■Si 

< 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



85 



ing served nearly twenty-two years. During 
this period he more tlian once occupied the posi- 
tion of Chief -Justice. Being emljarrassed by the 
financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year 
he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and, 
taking his family with him, began farming. 
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he 
became interested in the construction of telegraph 
lines in the West, which for a time bore his name 
and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- 
ern Union," laying the foundation of a large 
fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted 
himself for the remainder of his life to his private 
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among 
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer 
of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- 
lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." 
Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. 

CATARLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- 
lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793; 
served as a soldier in the War of 1813, and, in 
1833, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- 
ville, and soon afterwards at CarroUton, Greene 
County. Here he was elected Representative in 
the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to 
the Twelfth (184U) ; also served as Senator in the 
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies 
(1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- 
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was 
chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a 
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- 
tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was 
prominent both in his profession and in the 
Legislature while a member of tha.t body. In 
1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided 
until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. 

CENTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in 
the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near 
Coal Citv. Population (1880), 673; (1900), 200. 

CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
established under act of the Legislature passed 
March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- 
gan County. Its founding was largely due to the 
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, 
who addressed tlie people from the jilatform and 
appeared before the General Assembly in behalf 
of this class of unfortunates. Construction of 
the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two 
wards were ready for occupancy, and the first 
patient was received in November of that year. 
The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, 
who served less than two years, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- 
ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as 



Acting Superintendent for several months, when 
the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. 
Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his 
administration continuing until 1870, when he 
resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded 
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. 
Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, 
after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. 
F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- 
tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge 
of the institution. The original plan of construc- 
tion provided for a center building, five and a 
half stories high, and two wings with a rear 
extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen 
and employes' quarters. Subsequently these 
wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an 
increase in the number of wards, and as the 
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- 
ations have been made for the erection of addi- 
tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings 
have been erected witliin the past few years, and 
the capacity of the institution greatly increased 
^"The Annex" admitting of the introduction of 
many new and valuable features in the classifica- 
tion and treatment of patients. The number of 
inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to 
1,400. The counties fron. which patients are 
received in this institution embrace: Rock 
Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- 
shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, 
McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, 
Mason, Slenard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, 
Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, 
Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and 
Jersey. 

CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of 
Marion County, 250 miles .south of Chicago. It 
forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" 
of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines, 
a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries, 
raih'oad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and 
an ice plant ; also has water-works and sewerage 
system, a fire department, two daily papers, and 
excellent graded schools. Several parks afford 
splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 
4,763; (1900), 0,721; (1903, est), 8,000. 

CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. 
(See Cciitralia A' Chester Railroad.) 

CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail 
way line wholly within the State, extending 
from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the 
Mississippi River (91. G miles), with a lateral 
branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and 
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from 
the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 



86 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered 
as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 
1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 
1889, and consolidated the same year witli the 
Sparta & Evansville and the CentraUa & Alta- 
niont Railroads (projected); line completed 
from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. Tlie 
branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 
1895, the section of the main line from Centralia 
to Salem (U.9 miles) in 1896, and that from 
Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. 
The road was placed in tlie hands of a receiver, 
June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension 
and equipment made under authority granted by 
the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's 
certificates. Tlie total capitalization is $2,374,- 
841, of which §978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in 
bonds. 

CEXTR.VL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago. Jiurliiigton d- Qiiincy RailrtKtd.) 

CERHO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12 
miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop 
of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient 
to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which 
has aLso a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, 
etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a 
bank and two newspaper offices. Population 
(1890), 939; (1900), 1.008. 

CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under 
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
at Quiucy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is coeduca- 
tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and 
reports 127 students— 70 male and 57 female— in 
the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual dei)art- 
ments in literature, science and the classics, 
instruction is given to classes in theology, music, 
the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It 
has property valued at $110,000, and reports an 
endownu-nt fund of S^.ooil 

CHAMBERLIX, Thomas Crowder, geologist 
and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111. , Sept. 
25. 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, 
in 1866: took a course in Michigan University 
(1808-69): taught in various Wisconsin institu- 
tions, also discharged the duties of State 
Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at 
Columbian University, Wasliington, D. C. In 
1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- 
cational exhibits of Wiscon.sin, at the Interna- 
tional Exposition of that year — during his visit 
making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. 
In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he 
became Heail Professor of Geology at the Univer- 
sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is 



also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- 
ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a 
number of volumes on educational and scientific 
subjects, chiefly in the line of geologj'. He 
received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- 
sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian 
University, all on the same date (1887). 

CHAMPAIGN', a flourishing city in Champaign 
County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 
miles northeast of Springfield; is the intersecting 
point of three lines of railway and connected 
with the adjacent city of Urbana. the county- 
seat, bj- an electric railway. The University of 
Illinois, located in Uibana, is contiguous to the 
city. Champaign has an excellent sj'stem of 
water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by 
both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- 
try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- 
tories of carriages and machine.s. Three papers 
are published here, besides a college weekly con- 
ducted by the students of the University. The 
Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' 
Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- 
dence portion of the city there is a handsome 
park, covering ten acres and containing a notable 
piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks 
in other sections. There are several hand.some 
churches, and excellent schools, both public and 
private. Population (1890), 5.839; (1900), 9,098. 

CHAMPAIGN COl'XTY, situated in the eastern 
half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 
stjuare miles; population (1900), 47,022. The 
county was organized in 1833, and named for a 
county in Ohio. The physical conformation is 
flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the 
heart of what wivs once called the "Grand 
Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal 
underlie the surface, but overlying ipiick-sands 
interfere with their oiwration. The Sangamon 
anil Kaska,skia Rivers have their sources in this 
region, and several railroads cross the county. 
The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow 
clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 
1900) is the county-seat. Other important iwunts 
in the county are Champaign (9.000), Tolono 
(1.000), au.i Rantoul (l,2tH)). Champaign and 
Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the 
Illinois State University extend into each corpo- 
ration, being largely situated in Champaign. 
Large drifted miis.ses of Niagara limestone are 
found, interspersed with coal measure limestone 
and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel 
anil (juicksand of the drift formation are found 
beneath the subsoil to the depth of LIO to 300 feet. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



87 



CHAMPAIGIV, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- 
"ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at 
West Woodstock, Conn., Julj' 2, 1806; graduated 
with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, 
in 1839, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started 
with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now 
Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown by 
the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the 
Sangamon River, in Cass County, wliere, in 1848, 
he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham 
Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted 
the town. Here he gained a large practice, 
which he was compelled, in his later 3'ears, par- 
tially to abandon in consequence of injuries 
received while prosecuting liis profession, after- 
wards turning his attention to merchandising 
and encouraging the development of the locality 
in whicli he lived by promoting the construction 
of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and 
churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- 
ence for good extended over a large region. 
Died, April 7, 1879. 

CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, 
was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1836; 
at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of 
the business department of "The Detroit Free 
Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. 
Storey and became business manager of "The 
Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey 
and retired from newspaper business. Died, at 
Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896. 

CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, 
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 
miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 
1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by 
Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery, 
four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a 
•saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940. 

CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the 
intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of 
Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), ,514. 

CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, 
was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. 
With an ardent passion for the railroad business, 
at the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight 
brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, being steadily promoted through the 
ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, 
until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed 
General Agent of the Eastern Division of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad 
positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are: 
Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific 



(1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent 
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of 
its branches (1870-74); General Superintendent 
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76) ; 
Superintendent of the Western Division of the 
Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the 
position of Assistant General Superintendent of 
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in 
the next three years through the grades of 
General Superintendent and Assistant General 
Manager, to that of General Manager of the 
entire system, which he has continued to fill for 
over twelve years. Quietly and without show or 
display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge 
of his duties, assisting to make the system with 
which he is identified one of the most successful 
and perfect in its operation in the whole country. 

CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles 
County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- 
tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies 
in the center of a farming region, yet lias several 
factories, including woolen and flouring mills, 
broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry 
and a canning factory. Three newspapers are 
published here, issuing daily editions. Population 
(1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State 
Normal School was located here in 1895. 

CHARLESTON, NEO(iA & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City 
Railroad.) 

CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, 
a celebrated Frencli traveler and an early 
explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, 
Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society, 
and while a student was sent to Quebec 
(1695), where for four years he was instructor in 
the college, and completed his divinity studies. 
In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to 
Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St. 
Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
and finally reached the Mississippi by way of the 
Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the 
surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down 
the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to 
France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some 
works on religious subjects, he was the author of 
histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. 
His great work, however, was the "History of 
New France," which was not published until 
twenty years after his death. His journal of his 
American explorations appeared about the same 
time. His history has long been cited by 
scholars as authority, but no English translation 
was made until 1865, when it was undertaken by 
Shea. Died in France, Feb, 1, 1701. 



88 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal 
Kisliop. was born in Comisli, Vt., Dec 14, 1775, 
and graduated at Dartinoutli in 1795. Although 
reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted tlie 
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 
1799, for several years laboring as a missionary 
in Nortliern and Western New York. In 1805, 
he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 
1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, 
Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, 
organizing a nuiiilx-r of parishes and founding an 
academy at Worthington; was consecrated a 
Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to 
raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon 
College and Gambler Theological Seminary, 
named in honor of two English noblemen who 
had contributed a large portion of the funds. 
Differences arising with some of his clergy in 
reference to the proper u.se of the funds, he 
resigned both the Bisliopric and the Presidency 
of the college in 1831. and after three years of 
missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen 
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to 
England, he succeeded in raising additional 
funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at 
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a 
charter was obtained in 1817. He was a man of 
great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance 
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal 
Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop 
from 1843 until his death, whicli occurred Sept. 
20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, 
the most important being "A Plea for the West'' 
(1826), and "Reminiscences; an Autobiograpliy, 
Comprising a History of the Principal Events in 
the Author's Life" (1848). 

CH.VTHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on 
tlie Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of 
Springfield. Population (1800), ^,h2; (19(i0), 000., 

CHATSWOUTH, town in Livingston County. 
on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- 
ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and 
stock-raising district; has two banks, three grain 
elevators, five churches, a graded school, two 
weekly papers, water works, electric lights, paved 
streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and otlier 
manufactories. Pop. (1890). 8'-27: (1900). 1,038. 

CHEBAXSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee 
Counties, on tlie Illinois Central Railroad, 64 
miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place 
has two banks and one newspaper. Population 
(1880), 728; (1890). 616; (1900), 55,5. 

CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- 
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in 
Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at 



Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after 
ordination he became rector of Christ Church, 
Chicago, and was prominent among those who, 
under tlie leadersliip of Assistant Bishop Cum- 
mins of Kentucky, organized tlie Reformed Epis- 
copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary 
Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- 
tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, 
Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. 

CHENEY, John A'anoe, author and librarian, 
was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, 
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt.. 
wliere lie grew up and received liis primary edu- 
cation. He acquired his academic training at 
Manchester, Vt., and Temjile Hill Academy, 
Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 
1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the 
same institution. Having studied law, he was 
admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts 
and New York; but meiinwhile having written 
considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" 
(now "Century Magazine''), while under the 
editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually 
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to 
the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the 
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining 
luitil 1894, when he accepted the position of 
Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, 
as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. 
Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney 
is the author of numerous essays on literary 
subjects. His published works include "Thistle- 
Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems 
(1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That 
Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," 
poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem 
(1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," 
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's 
edition of Derby's Ph(eni.\iana. 

CHENO.A, an incorporated city of McLean 
County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, 
Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
roads. 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast 
of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. 
Agriculture, dairy fanning, fruit-growing and 
coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- 
rounding region. The city also lias an electric 
light iilant. waterworks, canning works and tile 
works, liesides two banks, seven churches, a 
graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone 
systems connecting with the surrounding coun- 
try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1.512. 

CHESBROUGH,ElUs Sylvester, civil engineer, 
was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



89 



age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering 
party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being 
later employed ou other roads. In 1837, he was 
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- 
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- 
ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the 
Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- 
missioner of the Water Department of that city. 
In 18.5,5, he became engineer of the Chicago Board 
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity 
designed the sewerage system of the city — also 
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the 
office of Commissioner of Public Works of 
Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- 
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- 
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, 
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, 
August 19, 1886. 

CHESXUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- 
tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of 
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. 
was educated principally in his native State, but 
came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. 
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the 
bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 
1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged 
in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- 
nut %vas associated with many local business 
enterprises, was for several years one of the 
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the 
Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same 
place, and was Supervisor of the United States 
Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. 
Died, Jan 14, 1898. 

CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph 
Covinty, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 
miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the 
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State 
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the 
heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, 
and is a prominent shipping point for this com- 
modity : also has quarries of building stone. It 
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills 
and foundries. Population (1880), 2,.580; (1890), 
2,708; (1900). 2,833. 

CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born 
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- 
not stock — his parents having emigrated from 
Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members 
of the Selkirk colonj' on Red River, in Manitoba. 
Having received a common school education, he 
became a merchant at Galena, and was the first 
to volunteer there in response to the call for 
troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 



1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company 
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, 
which General Grant had declined; participated 
in tlie campaign on the Tennessee River which 
resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the 
battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at 
Corinth, where he remained in command until 
Ma)-, 1863, and organized tlie first colored regi- 
ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he 
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in 
charge of the organization of colored troops in 
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being 
brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From 
January to October, 1865, he commanded the 
post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- 
dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was 
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain 
was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District 
of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States 
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1873, on his 
return to the United States establishing himself 
as a banker and broker in Chicago. 

CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, 
chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in 
population in the United States. 

Situation. — The city is situated at the south- 
west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of 
the extreme southern point of the lake, at the 
mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of 
New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- 
ington, and 200 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 3,417 miles. 
Latitude 41' 52' north; longitude 87" 35' west of 
Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. 

Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing 
ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence 
basins. It is 503 feet above sea-level, aud its 
highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- 
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, 
dividing into north and south branches about a 
half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding 
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering 
science and skill have done much for it in the 
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal 
terminates at a point on the south branch of 
the Chicago River, within the city limits, and 
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those 
of the Illinois River. 

Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its 
branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for 
the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, 
stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Anrther navigable 
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 



«0 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



•corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- 
cago River, with its branches, navigable for 
vessels of deep draft. The liarlior has also been 
widened and deepened. AVell constructed break- 
waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the 
port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The 
city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels 
arriving there exceeds that of any otlier port in 
the United States. During 1897, 9,1.56 ves.sels 
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,443, 
while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 
7,18.5.324. It is the largest grain market in the 
world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity 
of 32..>")0,0()0 bu-shels. 

According to the reixirts of the Board of Trade, 
the total receipts and sliipments of grain for 
the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain eiiuiva- 
lent in bushels — amounted to 323.097.4."):$ bushels 
of the former, to 2«9,920.028 bushels of the latter. 
The receipts and shipments of various jiroducts 
for the year (1898) were as follows: 



Flour (bbls.) . 

Wheat (bu.) . . 

Corn "... 

Oats "... 

Rye "... 

Barley " . . . 

Cured Meats (lbs.) 

Dressed Beef " . 

Live-stock — Hogs 
" Cattle 

" Sheep 



Receipts. 

.5,310.195 

35, 741.. 555 

127.426,374 

110.293.647 

4.935.308 

18, 116. .594 

229.(H)5,246 

110.286,6.53 

9.360.968 

2.480.633 

3,502,378 



Shipments. 

5.032,236 

38,094,900 

130,397,681 

85.057,636 

4.4.5.3.384 

6,7.5.5.247 

923.627.722 

l,00O.H.59.808 

1.334.708 

864.408 

545,001 



Chicago is also an important lumber market, 
the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 
1, .562, .527 M. feet. As a center for beef and jmrk- 
packing, the city is witliout a rival in tlie amount 
of its products, there Iiaving been 92,4.59 cattle 
and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-9.5. In bank 
clearings and general mercantile business it 
ranks second oidy to New York, while it is also 
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the 
country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- 
facturing establisliments. with a capital of ^OOJ,- 
477,038; employing 203,108 liands, and turning 
out products valued at §032,184,140. Of the out- 
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- 
ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting 
to S203.S25,092; men's clothing came ne.xt (§32,- 
517.226) ; iron and steel. 831,419.854; foundry and 
machine shop products, .$29,928,616; [ilaned 
lumber, .'?17.604,494. Chicago is also the most 
important live-stock market in the United States. 
The Union Stock Yards (in the soutliwest jKirt of 
the city) are connected witli all railroad lines 
■entering the city, and cover many hundreds of 



acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 
animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,- 
620. Chicago is also a jiriinary market for Iiides 
and leather, the production and sales being both 
of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- 
tured leather (notalily in bfnits and shoes) 
exceeds that of any other market in the country. 
Sliip-building is a leading industry, as are also 
brick-making, distilling and brewing. 

Transport.\tio.n. etc.— Besides lieing the chief 
port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to 
no other -American city as a railway center. The 
old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, 
was ojierated in 1849, and within liiree years a 
substantial advance liad been scored in tlie way 
of steam transportation. Since then the multi- 
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing 
through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 
1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter 
the city, although these are operated by only 
twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of 
railroad track are laid within the city limits. 
The number of trains daily arriving and depart- 
ing (suburban and freight included) is alx)ut 
2.000. Intramural transjKirtation is atforded by 
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four 
tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, 
and numerous bridges connect tlie various divi- 
sions of the city. 

History.— Point du Sable (a native of San 
Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of 
Cliicago other than the aborigines. The French 
missionaries and explorers — Jlarijuette, Joliet, 
La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century 
earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. 
After tlie expulsion of tlie French at the close of 
the French and Indian War, the territory i)assed 
under British control, though French traders 
remained in this vicinity after the AVar of the 
Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed 
Point du .Sable alx)ut 1796, and was hini-self suc- 
ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who 
came in 1803. Fort Dearlx)rn was built near the 
mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on hind 
acquired from the Indians by the treaty of 
Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
in 179.5, but was evacuated in 1812. when most of 
the garrison and the few inhabitants were mas.sa- 
cred by the savages. (See Fort Dvarborii.) The 
fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement 
established around it. The first Government 
survey was maile. 1829-30. Early residents were 
the Kinzips. the Wolcotts. the Beaul)iens and the 
Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather 
aided in developing the resources and increasing 






o 



a 
> 



s 
o 

M 

o 

c 
■a 



en 

B 





a 

3 

a 

3 
O 



o 
o 
< 
o 

X 
o 

< 

?: 

o 
'-J 

z 

z 

> 



c 
o 

53 






HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



91 



the population of the infant settlement by draw- 
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of 
mutual protection. Town organization was 
effected on August 10, 1833, the total number of 
votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly 
for a time, but received a set-back in the financial 
crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- 



ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became 
a city. Tlie total number of votes cast at that 
time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st 
of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. 
The following table shows the names and term 
of office of the chief city ofiScers from 1837 to 
1899: 



1837 

1838 
18:i9 
1S40 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
18ti6 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877-78 
1879 80 
1381-82 
1883-84 
1885 86 
1887-88 
1889-90 
1891-92 
1893 94 

1895-9R 
lsy7-98 
1899 — 



Wm. B. Ogden.. 

Buckner e. Morris 

Benj. W. Raymond 

Alexander Lloyd 

F. C. Sherman 

Benj, W. Raymond 

August ns Garrett 

Aug Uarri'tt.Al.soii S,Sherman(4) 
Aug.Garrett.Al9onS.Sherman(4) 

John P. Chapiu 

Jamea Curtiss 

James H. Woodworth 

James H. Woodworth 

James Curtiss 

Walters Ournee 

Walters. Gurnee 

Charles M.Gray 

Ira L Milliken 

Levi D. Boone 

Thomas Dyer 

John Wentworth 

John C. Haines 

JohnC. Haines 

John Wentworth 

Julian S- Rumsey 

F.C.Sherman 

F O. Sherman 

F.C.Sherman..... 

John B. Rice 

John B. Rice 

John B. Rice 

John B. Kice 

John B Rice (8) 

R. B. Mason 

R. B. Mason 

Joseph Medill 

Joseph Medill 

Harvey D. Colviii 

Harvey D. Colvin 

Monroe Heath. (9) H. D. Colvin, 

Thomas Hoyne 

Monroe Heath 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

[Carter H Harrison 

John A. Roche 

Dewitt C. Cregier 

Hempstead Washburne 

Carter H. Hsirrison, Geo. B. 
I Swift,'ll) John P. Hopkins.dit 

Geo. B. Swift 

.Carter H. Harrison. Jr 

Carter H. Harrison, Jr 




I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1) 

Geo. Davis 

Wm. H. Brackett 

Thomas Hoyne 

Thomas Hoyne 

J. Curtis 

James M. Lowe 

E. A. Rucker 

E. A. Rucker.Wm S.Brown(5 

Henry B. Clarke , 

Henry B. Clarke 

Sidney Abe. I 

Sidney A hell , 

Sidney Abell 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

H. Kreisman 

H. Kreisman 

H. Kreisman 

Abraham Kohn 

A. J. Marble 

A. J. Marble 

H.W.Zimmerman 

H. W. Zimmerman 

Albert H. Rodman 

Albert H. Bodman 

Albert H, Bodman 

Albert H. Bodman 

Albert H. Bodman 

Charles T. Hotchkiss 

Charles T. Hotchkiss 

Charles T. Hotchkiss , 

Charles T. Hotchkiss 

Jos. K. C. Forrest 

Jos. K. C. Forrest 

Caspar Butz 

Caspar Butz 

P.J. Howard 

P. J. Howard , 

John O. Neumeister 

C. Herman Plautz 

D. W. Nickerson , 

Franz Amberg 

James R. B. Van Cleave 

Chas. D. Gastfield , 

James K. B. \au Cleave 

Wilhani LuetTler 

William Loeftler 



N. B. Judd 

N. B. Judd 

Samuel L. Smith 

Mark Skinner 

Geo. Manierre 

Henry Brown 

G. Manierre. Henry Brown(3) 

Henry W.Clarke 

Henry W. Clarke 

Charles H. Larrabee 

Patrick Ball i ngall 

Giles Spring 

O R. W. Lull . 

Henrv H. Clark 

Henry H. Clark 

Arno Voss 

Arno Voss 

Patrick Balllngall 

J. A. Thompson 

J L Marsh 

John C. Miller 

Elliott Anthony 

Geo. F. Crocker 

John Lyte King 

Ira W. Buel 

Geo. A. Meech 

Francis Adams 

Francis Adams 

Daniel D. Driscoll 

Daniel D, Driscoll 

Hasbrouck Davis 

Hasbrouck Davis 

Has'irouck Davis 

Israel N. Stiles 

Israel N. Stiles 

Israel N. Stiles 

Israel N. Stiles 

Egbert Janiieson 

Egbert Jamleson 



CiTV Treasiirkr. 



Hiram Pearsons. 

Hiram Pearsons. 

Geo. W. Dole. 

W.S. Gurnee, N. H. Bolles(2) 

N. H. Bolles. 

F. C. Sherman. 

Walter S. Gurnee. 

Walter S. Gurnee. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Andrew Getzler. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Wm. Ij. Church. 

Edward Manierre. 

Edward Manierre. 

Edward Manierre. 

Edward Manierre. 

Uriah P. Harris. 

Wm. F De Wolf. 

O J. Rose. 

C. N. Holden. 

Alonzo Harvey. 

Alonzo Harvey. 

Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6) 

W. H Rice. 

F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice(7) 

David A. Gage. 

David A. Gage. 

A.G. Tliroop. 

A. G. Throop. 

Wm, F. Wentworth. 

Wm. F. Wentworth. 

Wm. F. Wentworth. 

David A. Gage. 

David A. Gage. 

David A. Gage. 

David A. Gage. 

Daniel O'Hara. 

Daniel O'Hara. 



Clinton BrlggS. 
Chas. B. Larrabee. 
W. C. Seipp. 



R.S. Tuthill 

R.S. Tuthill 

Julius S. Grinnell 

Julius S. Grinnell Rudolph Brand. 

Julius S. Grinnell I John M. Dunphy. 

Hempstead Washburne Wm. M. Devlne. 

Hempstead Washburne C Herman Plautz. 

Geo. F. Sugg Bernard Roesing. 

Jacob J. Kern, G.A.TrudeUO) Peter Klolbassa. 



Geo. A. Trude.... 

Roy O. West 

Miles J. Devine.. 
Andrew J. Ryan . 



Michael J. Bransfield. 
Adam Wolf. 
Ernst Hummel. 
Adam Ortseifen. 



(11 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 

(0) 

(6) 
(7) 
<8) 

(9) 



UO) 
ill) 



I, N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837. 

Gurnee resigned. Bolles appointed hia successor. April, 1840. 

Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 1843. 

Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. 

Brown appointed to till vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. 

Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to fill vacancy. 

Cutting havimc failed to qualify, Rice, who was already in office, held ove-. 

Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in ofEce at beginning of 1S69 remaining in office 

to December of that year- 
City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1H75, and no city el'^ction held until April, 1876. The order for a new 
election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council 
then in office refused to canvass this vote, bur its successor, at it.s first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. 
Colvin, the Incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to ■■ hold over:" Hoyne then made a contest 
for the office, which resulted In a decision by the Supretne Court denying the claims of both contestants when a new 
election was ordered by the City ComicU, July VI. 1876, at wnich Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. 

City Attorney Keru, having resigneJ November 21, 18i>2, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the 
term. 

Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated. October 28. 1893. the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893) 
elected Gen. B Swift i ^n Aldermm from the Eleventh Wird > Mayo-- at interim. At a special electioa held December 19, 
1893. John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. 



92 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



The Fire of 1871.— The city steadily grew in 
beauty, jwpulation and commercial importance 
until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the 
"great fire" the story of which has passed into 
historj'. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, 
when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, 
although by no means so disastrous as that of 
1871. The city's recuperative power was again 
demonstrated, and its subsequent development 
has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement 
shows its growth in population : 



1837 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 



4,179 
4.470 
28,269 
. 112,163 
. 298.977 
. 503. 185 
. 1,099,850 
. 1,698.575 



Notwithstanding a large foreign population and 
a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago 
has witnessed only three disturbances of the 
peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the 
Anarcliist disturbance of 1880, and a strike of 
railroad employes in 1894. 

Mlxicip.\l Admixistratiox. — Chicago long 
since outgrew its special cliarter, and is now 
incorjxjrated under tlie broader provisions of the 
law applicable to "cities of the first class." under 
which the city is virtual!}' autonomous. The 
pereonnel, drill and equipment of the police and 
fire departments are second to none, if not supe- 
rior to any. to be found in other American cities. 
The Cliicago River, with its liranclies, divides the 
city into three priiicii>al divisions, known respec- 
tively as Nortli, South and West. Each division 
has its statutory gpographical boundaries, and 
each retains its own distinct township organiza- 
tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- 
ever, botli assailants and defenders. 

Public Improveme.nts. — Chicago has a fine 
system of parks and boulevards, well develojied, 
well ini|)roved and well managed. One of the 
parks (Jackson in the Soutli Division) was tlie 
site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The 
water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by 
means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction 
new and better facilities are being constantly 
introduced, and the existing water system will 
compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- 
can city. 

Architecture.— The public and office build- 
ings, as well as tlie business blocks, are in some 
instances classical, but generally severely plain. 



Granite and other varieties of stone are used in 
the City Hall, County Court House, tlie Hoard of 
Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- 
ings, as well as in manj' private residences. In 
the business part of the city, however, steel, 
iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most 
largely employed in construction, the exterior 
walls being of brick. The most approved 
methods of fire-proof building are followed, and 
the "Chicago construction" has been recognized 
and adopted (with modifications) all over the 
United States. Office buildings range from ten 
to sixteen, and even, as in tlie case of the Masonic 
Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them 
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the 
largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 
occupants, including tenants and their employes. 
In the residence sections wide diversity may be 
seen ; the cha.ste and tlie ornate styles being about 
equally popular. Among the handsome public, 
or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the 
Public Librarj-, the Newberry Librarj-, the Art 
Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of 
Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade 
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the 
railroad depots. 

Educatio.n- and Libraries. — Chicago has a 
public schixjl sj-stem unsurpa.s.sed for excellence 
in any other city in the country. According to 
the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the 
city had a total of 221 primary and grammar 
schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 
5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 
236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The 
total expenditures during the year amounted to 
§6,785,001, of which nearly .$4,500,000 was on 
account of teachers' salaries. The city has 
nearly S7..")00,000 invested in school buildings. 
Besides pupils attenuing public schools there are 
about 100,000 in attendance on private and 
parochial schools, not reckoning students at 
higher institutions of learning, such as medical, 
law, theological, dental and pharmacoutical 
schools, and the great L'niversity of Chicago. 
Near the city are also the Northwestern and the 
Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston 
and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- 
sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- 
ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, 
and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235.000 
volumes and nearly 50.000 pamphlets, there 
are the Library of the Cliicago Historical Society 
and the Newberrj- and Crerar Libraries — the last 
two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by 
public-spirited and lil)eral citizens — all open to 




DAY AFTER TIIH FIRE. 




CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



93 



the public for purposes of reference under certain 
conditions. This list does not include the exten- 
sive library of the University of Chicago and those 
connected with the Armour Institute and the 
public schools, intended for the use of the pupils 
of these various institutions 

CHICAGO BOARD OP TRADE, one of the 
leading commercial exchanges of tlie world It 
was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as 
a voluntary association, with a membership of 
eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- 
tion of the city"s commercial interests by unity 
of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature 
enacted a general law authorizing the establish- 
ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions 
an incorporation was effected — a second organi- 
zation being effected in April, 18.50. For several 
j'ears the association languished, and at times its 
existence seemed precarious. It was, however, 
largely instrumental in securing the introduction 
of the system of measuring grain by weight, 
which initial step opened the way for subsequent 
great improvements in the methods of handling, 
storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. 
By the close of 1856, the association had overcome 
the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and 
the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange 
building began to be agitated, but the project lay 
dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted 
the first systerh of classification and grading of 
wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- 
tion of the elaborate modern system, which has 
proved of such benefit to the grain-growing 
States of the West, and has done so much to give 
Chicago its commanding influence in the grain 
markets of the world. In 18.58, the privilege of 
trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited 
to members. The same year the Board began 
to receive and send out daily telegraphic market 
reports at a cost, for the first year, of 8500,000, 
which was defrayed by private subscriptions. 
New York was the only city with which such 
communication was then maintained. In Febru- 
ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- 
ring more extensive powers upon the organization, 
and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An 
important era in the Board's history was the 
Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its 
attitude was one of imdeviating loyalty and gener- 
ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars 
were contributed, by individual members and 
from the treasury of the organization, for the work 
of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring 
for tlie wounded on Southern battlefields, and 
■Providing for the famiUes of enlLsted men. In 



1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war 
upon the irredeemable currency with which the 
entire West was then flooded, and secured such 
action by the banks and by the railroad and 
express companies as compelled its replacement 
by United States legal-tender notes and national 
bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as 
then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- 
pied in a new building erected by the Chicago 
Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with 
the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed 
in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, 
and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely 
one year after the destruction of its predecessor. 
Spacious and ample as these quarters were then 
considered, the growing membership and increas- 
ing business demonstrated their inadeejuacy 
before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the 
erection of a new building were taken in 1881. 
and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the 
largest and most ornate of its class in the world 
— was opened for occupancy. The membership 
of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- 
siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the 
association is felt in every quarter of the com- 
mercial world. 

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN 
RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad.) 

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- 
ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is 
the parent organization of an extensive system 
which operates railroads in eleven Western and 
Northwestern States, furnishing connections 
from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and 
Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- 
enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont), Deadwood (So. 
Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- 
nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. 
The main line extends from Chicago to Denver 
(Colo.), 1,035.41 miles. The mileage of the 
various branches and leased proprietary lines 
(1898) aggregates 4,637.06 miles. The Company 
uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other 
roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines 
controlled through the ownership of securities 
amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to 
these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 
179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole 
number of miles of standard-gauge road operated 
by the Burlington system, and known as the 
Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated 
at 7,419, of which 1,.509 is in lUinois, all but 47 
miles being owned by the Company. The system 
in Illinois connects many important commercial 



94 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, 
Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota. Ful- 
ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keitlisburg, 
Rock Island. Beardstown, Alton, etc. Tlie entire 
capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds 
and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to S234,884,- 
600, which was e<iuivalent to about S33,0(M) jier 
mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, 
during the fiscal year ending June 30. 1898, 
amounted to §8,724,997, and tlie total disburse- 
ments of the Com|)any within the State, during 
the same period, to S7,409,4.'50. Taxes paid in 
1898, S377.968.— (History). The first section of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was 
constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to 
the Aurora Branch Railroad Companj-, the name 
being changed in li^^ii to the Cliicago & Aurora 
Railroad Company. The line was comi)leted in 
1853, from the junction with the old (Jalena & 
Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- 
cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. 
In 1855 the name of the Company was changed 
by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy. The section between Jlendota and 
Galesburg (80 miles) was built \inder a charter 
granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract 
Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 
9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated 
under the name of the former. Previous to this 
consolidation the Company had extended aid to 
the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to 
the Mis.sissippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, 
Iowa), and to tlie Northern Cro.ss Railroad from 
' Quincy to Galesburg, both of wliich were com- 
pleted in 1855 and operatetl bj' the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the 
Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & 
Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter wiis sold 
under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was 
acquired in the same way — the former constitut- 
ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the 
latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up 
to 18G3. the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used 
the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- 
road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year 
began the construction of its line from Aurora to 
Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In is7i 
it accjuired control, by peri)etual lease, of the 
Burlington & Mis.souri River Road in Iowa, 
and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, 
now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral 
branch to Deadwood. So. Dak. Other bnmches 
in Illinois, built or acquireil by this corporation. 
include the Peoria & Hannibal; Carthage & Bur- 



lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago & 
Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, 
and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Oiicago. The 
Chicago. Burlington & Northern — known as the 
Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy — is an important jiart of the system, 
furnishing a connection between St. Louis on 
the south and St. Paul and Minneaiwlis on the 
north, of which more than half of the distance of 
583 miles l)etween terminal jxiints. is in Illinois. 
The latter division was originally chartered, Oct. 
21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St. 
Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to 
Savanna, 111. (16.73 miles), and opened, Nov. 1, 
1886. It wiis formally incorix)rate<l into the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In 
June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & 
Western Riiilroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, 
Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas 
City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Caines- 
ville. Mo. (112 miles). 

CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VISCENNES RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Cliicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- 
road. ) 

CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or 
waterway, in course of construction (1892-99) 
from the Chicago River, within the limits of the 
city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines 
River, about 12 miles above the junction of the 
Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object 
of the channel is the removal of the sewage of 
the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of 
the region comprised within what is called the 
"Sanitary District of Chicago." The feiusibility 
of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by 
way of the Des Plaines River with those of the 
Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest 
French explorers of this region, and wiis com- 
mented upon, from time to time, bj- them and 
their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of 
a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
w;is discu-ssed in a rejiort on roads and canals by 
Albert Gallatin, tlien Secretarj- of the Treasury, 
and the project wa.s touched upon in a bill relat- 
ing to the Erie Canal and other enterjirises. intro- 
duced in Congre.s.s in 181 1. The measure continue<l 
to receive attention in the pres.s. in Western 
Territorial Legislatures and in official reports, 
one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal- 
houn, as Secretarj' of War. in 1819, in which it is 
spoken of as "valuable for militarj' purpases." 
In 1822 Congress passed an act granting the 
right of way to the State through the puV)lic 
lanils for such an enterprise, which was followed. 



IS 
X 

n 
> 

> 

O 



o 
n 
?5 

■II 
o 

d 

> 
o 
w 

n 

X 

> 
■z 
■z 

w 
r 

> 
D 

H 
P) 
PC 

^ 

■< 



•n 

r 
r 

o 
w 

"0 
H 



n 
w 
z 

H 
W 




SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO 




MANCHESTER 

nzo - 




5P 



NORTH SELA 
- 9ALTIC- 




I ^to ■ -^ 



NORTH SEA 
- AMSTERDAM - 

ZiHJ OH 




SUEl 




PANAMA 




WtLLAND 




ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI 

HENNEPIN - 
-- jiflif 



ERIE 



ILLINOIS«MICHIGAN 

'«a»i> 



COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



95- 



five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- 
pose of its construction. The work was begun in 
1836. and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of 
the passage of boats from the Cliicago basin to La 
Salle. (See Illinois & Michigan Canal.) Under 
an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work 
of deepening the canal was imdertaken by the 
city of Chicago with a view to furnisliing means 
to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being 
completed some time before the fire of 1871. This 
scheme having failed to accomplish the object 
designed, other measures began to be considered. 
Various remedies were proposed, but in all the 
authorities were confronted with the difficulty 
of providing a fund, under the provisions of the 
Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost 
of construction. In the closing months of the 
year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a 
member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- 
ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give 
attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- 
self and others that the difficulties were not 
insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- 
lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed 
a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a 
Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of 
reputation and experience in engineering and 
sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, 
to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- 
mission" for the purpose of investigating and 
reporting upon the matter of water-supply and 
disposition of the sewage of the city. As a 
result of this action, .Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- 
phia, was appointed expert engineer by Slaj-or 
Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. 
Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. 
At the succeeding session of the General Assem- 
bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd 
bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but 
both drawn by Sir. Hurd, the first contemplating 
doing the work by general taxation and the issue 
of bonds, and the other by special assessment — 
were introduced in that body. As it was found 
that neither of these bills could be passed at that 
session, a new and shorter one, which became 
known as the "Roche-Winston bill," was intro- 
duced and passed near the close of the session. 
A resolution was also adopted creating a com- 
mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- 
sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further 
investigate the subject. The later act. just 
referred to. provided for the construction of a cut- 
off from the Des Plaines River, which would 
divert the flood-waters of that stream and the 
North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the 



city. Nothing was done under this act. however. 
At the next session (1889) the commi.ssion made a 
favorable report, and a new law was enacted 
embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, 
though changing the title of the organization to 
be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as. 
proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- 
trict." The act, as passed, provided for the 
election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers 
being confined to "providing for the drainage of 
the district," both as to surplus water and sew- 
age. Much opposition to the measure had been 
developed during the pendency of the legislation 
on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, 
on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- 
mer flooding of the bottom lands which are 
cultivated to some extent : but this was overcome 
by the argument that the channel would, when 
the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved 
between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and 
enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels 
between the lake and the Mississippi River, and 
the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held 
at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the 
eighteen months preceding the pas.sage of the 
act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of 
not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also 
excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, 
lest the taking of so large a volume of water from 
Lake Michigan should aff'ect the lake-level 
injuriously to navigation ; but these apprehen- 
sions were quieted by the assurance of expert 
engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- 
level below the present minimum would not 
exceed three inches, and more likely would not 
produce a perceptible effect. 

At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, 
the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- 
ized by an almost unanimous popular vote 
— the returns showing 70,958 votes for the 
measure to 242 against. The District, as thus 
formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago 
north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- 
three square miles outside of the city limits 
but "within the area to be benefited by the 
improvement. Though the channel is located 
partly in Will County, the district is wholly in 
Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- 
tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a 
special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then 
elected to hold their offices for five years and 
until the following November. The second 
election occurred. Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, 
as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. : 
William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 



96 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Carter. Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones. 
Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. 
Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have 
jwwer to sell bonds in order to procure funds to 
prosecute the work and to Ifevy taxes upon prop- 
erty within the district, under certain limitations 
Jis to length of time the taxes run and the rate 
jier cent imposed. Under an amendment of the 
Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, 
the rate of asses-sment upon property within the 
Drainage District is limited to one and one-half 
per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but 
after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. 
The bed of the cliannel, as now in proce.ss of 
con.struction. commences at Robey Street and the 
South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles 
from Lake Michigan, and extends in a .south- 
westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, 
where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From 
this point it follows the bed of that stream to 
Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence 
of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of 
the channel comes to the surface, and where the 
great controlling works are situated. This has made 
necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles 
of new channel for tlie river — which runs parallel 
with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal 
— besides the construction of about nineteen 
miles of levee to separate the waters of the 
canal from the river. The following statement 
of the quality of the material excavated and the 
dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by 
Hon. H. B. Ilurd, under the title, "Tlie Chicago 
Drainage Cliannel and Waterway," publi.shed in 
tlie sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): 
"Through that portion of the channel between 
t'hicago and Summit, which is being constructed 
to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, 
which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- 
age for alxiut the present population (of Chicago), 
the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- 
tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion 
of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the 
capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The 
bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.4-48 
feet below Chicago datum. The width of the 
channel from Summit down to the neighborhood 
of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with 
the same side slope. The cut through the rock, 
which extends from the neighborlux)d of Willow 
Springs to the point where the channel runs out 
of ground near Lockixirt, is 100 feet wide at the 
bottom. The entire depth of the channel is 
subst^mtially the same as at Rol)ey Street, with 
the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock 



portion of the channel is constructed to the full 
capacit}' of 600.1KX) cubic feet i>er minute. From 
tile point where the channel runs out of ground 
to Joliet Lake, t.'iere is a rapid fall; over this 
slope works are to L>e constructed to let the water 
down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. ' 

Ground was broken on the rock-cut near 
Lemont. on Sept. 3. 1S92. and work has been in 
progre-ss almost constantlv ever since. The prog- 
ress of the work was greatly obstructed during 
the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- 
ing the right of way for the discharge of the 
waters of the canal through the citj- of Joliet, 
but the.se were compromised near the close of the 
year, and it was anticipated that the work would 
be prosecuted to completion during the year 
1899. From Feb. 1, 1S90, to Dec. 31, 1898," the 
net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of 
the work aggregated 828,2.57,707, while the net 
expenditures had amounted to §28,221 864.57. Of 
the latter, 820,099.2,84.07 was charged to construc- 
tion account, 83.150.903.12 to "land account" 
(including right of way), and 81,222,092.82 to the 
cost of maintaining the engineering depiartment. 
AVhen finislied, the cost will reach not less than 
835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- 
dous character of tlie work, which bids fair to 
stand without a rival of its kind in modern 
engineering and in the results it is expected to 
achieve. 

CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. 
The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 
1,008 miles, of which 152. .52 miles are operated 
and owned in Illinois. The line in this State 
extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, tlie 
extreme terminal ixjints being Chicago and 
Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kans;is City 
in the Southwest. It has several branches in lUi 
nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- 
ments with several lines, the most imix)rtant 
being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 
miles), completing the connection between St. 
Paul and Minneapolis: with the Illinois Central 
from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and 
with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest 
Home to tlie Grand Central Station in Chicago. 
The company's own track is single, of standard 
gauge, laid with sixty and seventy -five-pound 
steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and 
the equipment well maintained. Tlie outstand- 
ing capital stock (1898) wiis 852,019,054: total 
capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- 
laneous indebtedness, 857,144,245. (History). The 
road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws 
of Illinois, for the pur|iose of reorganization of 




VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 




VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



97 



the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway 
Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the 
De Kalb & Great Western Railroad (.j.81 miles) 
was built from De Kalb to S3-camore as a feeder 
of this line. 

CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & No>ihe7-n Pacific Rail- 
road. ) 

CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, orgahized, 
April 2-1, IS.'JO, for the jjurposes of (1) establishing 
a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; 
(2) the collection and preservation of historical 
manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) 
the encouragement of the discovery and investi- 
gation of aboriginal remains, i^articularly in Illi- 
nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating 
the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 
the Society had accumulated much valuable 
material, but the entire collection was destroyed 
in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the 
manuscripts consumed being the original draft 
of the emancipation proclamation b}' Abraliam 
Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was 
consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second 
conflagration included many valuable manu- 
scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was 
erected, wliich was torn down in 1892 to make 
room for the erection, on the same lot, of a 
thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, 
planned after the most approved modern systems. 
The new building was erected and dedicated 
under the direction of its late President, Ed- 
ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 13, 1896. The Society's 
third collection now embraces about twenty-five 
thousand volimies and nearly fifty tliousand 
pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with 
other works of art; a valuable collection of 
mauuscript documents, and a large museum of 
local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles 
Evans is Secretary and Librarian. 

CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- 
LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty 
of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its fii'st 
term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased 
building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its 
first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed 
structure was erected by the trustees, in a more 
desirable location. The institution was among 
the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- 
tion, extending over a period of eigliteen vears. 
- In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200. 

CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND 
'CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in 



1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. ^ declared 
objects are: "To afford a home for women and 
children among the respectable poor in need of 
medical and surgical aid; to treat the same 
classes at home by an assistant physician; to 
afford a free dispensary for the same, and to 
train competent nurses." At the outset the 
hospital was fairly well sustained through jiri- 
vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through 
Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized 
for the medical education of women exclusively. 
(See Northicestern University Wonuni's Medical 
School.) The hospital building was totally 
destroyed in tlie great fire of 1871, but temporary 
accommodations were provided in another section 
of the city. Tlie following 3'ear, with the aid of 
.$25,000 appropriated by the Cliicago Relief and 
Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- 
chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well 
planned building was erected on the same site, at 
a cost of about §75.000. 

CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL- 
ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 
miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated 
by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is 
known as its "Freeport Division." The par value 
of tlie capital stock outstanding is .550,000 and of 
bonds .$2, .500, 000, while the floating debt is 
5>3,620,698, making a total capitalization of 
§6,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois 
Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from 
Chicago to Freeport in 1888. 

CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- 
irestern Univer.^ity Medical College.) 

CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- 
WAT, one of the great trunk lines of tlie North- 
west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 
miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main 
line extends from Chicago to Minneajiolis, 420 
miles, although it has connections with Kansas 
City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in 
Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys 
the distinction of being the owner of all the lines 
operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of 
second tracks owned jointlj' with other lines. 
The greater part of its track is laid with 
60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total cajiital 
invested (1898; is §220,005,901, distributed as 
follows: capital stock, §77,843,000; bonded debt, 
§135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, 
§5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 
1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi- 
tures, §3,320,248. The total number of em- 
ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 



98 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS- 



81,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes 
paid for the same year amounted to Sl.jl.is.^.— 
(History). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railway was organized in ISC:! under the name 
of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- 
nois portion of the main line was built under a 
cliarter granted to the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- 
tion under cliarter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- 
road Company; the whole built and opened in 
1873 and imrchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railway Company. It sub.sequently acipiired by 
purchase .several lines in Wisconsin, the whole 
receiving the present name of the line by act of 
the Wisconsin Legislature. pas.sed, Feb. 14, 1874. 
The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, 
Feb. 16, 18G1, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 
miles), and oiiened. May 1, 188.5; was consolidated 
with the Chicago & Lake Superior R;iilroad, 
under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake 
Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, ISS."), opened 
to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in 
June, 1887, by the Chicago, ililwaukee & St. 
Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now 
organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions 
located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 
North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. 
CHICAGO, r.VDUCAH i MEMPHIS RAIL- 
ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 
isn;?. to run between Altamont and Metropolis, 
111., 1,J2 miles, with a branch from Johnston City 
to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles. 
The gauge is standard, and the track laid with 
sixty-pound .steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road 
from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com- 
pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has 
been in progress. It is intended to connect with 
the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. 
Capital stock authorized and subscrilied. S2,.')00,- 
000; bonds issued, $1,. 57."), 000. Funded debt, 
•authorized, SI.'). 000 per mile in five per cent first 
mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1. 
1895, §20,000 per mile; estimated cost of the entire 
line, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road 
pa-ssed into the hands of tlie Chicago & Eastern 
Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to 
Marion, in Williamson County. (See Ch iciigo it 
Eiistcni Illinuis liuilroad.) 

CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOITHWESTERX RAIL- 
ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Riiil- 
road, chartered jus the Chicago & Plainfield 
Railroad, in 18.i9 ; opened from Pekin to Streator 
in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under 
foreclosure in 1879. and now constitutes a part of 
the Chicago & Alton system. 



CHICA(;0, PEORIA A. ST. LOUIS RAILROAD 
COMPANY (of Illinois J, a corporation oi)erating 
two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria 
to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to 
Springfield, with a connection from the latter 
place (in 1895), over a leased line, witli St. Loviis. 
The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, 
was 208.00 miles, of which 166 were owned by 
the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- 
ville Division of this line was the Illinois River 
Railroad, ojjened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. 
In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, 
and, early in 1864, wiis transferred by the pur- 
cha.sers to a new corporation called the Peoria, 
Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by 
whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, 
and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore- 
closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the 
creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, 
with the Wabash. .St. Louis & Pacific Railway. 
(2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 
1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern liiiihvay; 
constiiiction was begun in 1872, and road opened 
from Springfield to Havana (4.5.20 miles) in 
December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and 
Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & 
Jacksonville line. The s;ime year the road was 
leased to the Indianajxjlis, Bloomington & West- 
ern Railroad Company, liut the lease was for- 
feited, in 187,5, and the road placed in the hands 
of a receiver. In 1881, together with the 
Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the 
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Rivilway, and by 
that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- 
field Puiilroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific 
having defaulted and gone into the liands of a 
receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spiing- 
field Divisions were reorganized in Februarj-, 
1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & 
St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of 
the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A 
reorgiinization of the latter took place, in 1890, 
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & 
St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the 
hands of receivers, and was severed from its 
allied lines. The Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
Railroad remained uniler the management of a 
separate receiver until January, 1896, when a 
reorganization was effected xinder its present 
name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- 
road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield 
& St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- 
ber, 1895. it has also been reorganized as an 
independent corporation under the name of the 
St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



99 



CHICAGO KIVER, a sluggish stream, draining 
a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan 
and tlie Des Plaines River, the entire watershed 
drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It 
is formed by the union of the "North" and 
the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile 
and a half from the mouth of the main stream. 
At an early day the foiTiier was known as the 
"Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The 
total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles, 
only a small fraction of which is navigable. The 
South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities 
for navigation, being lined along its lower por- 
tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and 
manufactories. 'The Illinois Indians in early days 
found an easy portage between it and the Des 
Plaines River. Tlie Chicago River, with its 
branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, 
known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" 
and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have 
been erected at the principal street crossings 
over the river and both brandies, and four 
tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the 
citv, have been constructed under the river bed. 

CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAJfD & PACIFIC RAIL- 
WAT, formed by the consolidation of various 
lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The 
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered 
in Illinois in 18.51, and the road opened from Chi- 
cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 
miles), Jul)' 10, 1854. In 1852 a company was 
chartered under the name of the Mississippi & 
Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road 
from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The 
two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- 
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the 
extension to the Missouri River and a junction 
with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The 
Peoria & Bureau Valle}- Railroad (an important 
feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7 
miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed 
and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock 
Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa 
Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas 
City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company 
has financial and traffic agreements with the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending 
from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort 
Worth, Texas. Tiie road also has connections 
from Chicago with Peoria ; St. Paul and Minne- 
apolis; tirnaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver. Colo- 
rado "Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various 
points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern 
Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and 
operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898) , 



is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in 
Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the corpo- 
ration. All of the Company's owned and 
leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total 
capitalization reported for the same year was 
§116.748,211, of which §50,000,000 was in stock 
and 858,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and 
income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending 
June 30, 1898, was §5,851,875, and the total 
expenses §3,401,165, of which §233,129 was in the 
form of taxes. The Company has received under 
Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu- 
sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, 
up to March 31, 1894, ,548,609 acres. 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC R.UL- 
RO.VD. (See Chicago & Nortlucestcrn Railway.) 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) 

CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- 
WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with 
steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 
111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered. Feb. 7, 1887, 
and opened for traflSc, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. 
Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is 
the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- 
est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock 
is §1,000,000, and its bonded debt §2,000,000, 
making the total capitalization about §56,000 per 
mile. The cost of the road was §2,950,000; total 
incumbrance (1895), §3,016,715. 

CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- 
RO.AD, the .successor to the Cliicago & Northern 
Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in 
November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to 
other roads and transact a local business. The 
Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 
1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property 
of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after 
acquiring the property of the Cliicago & Calumet 
Terminal Railway also. Tlie combination gives 
it the control of 84. 53 miles of road, of which 
70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for 
both passenger and freight terminal purposes, 
and also a belt line just outside the city limits. 
Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- 
ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central 
Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western 
Railroad. The Company also has control of the 
ground on which the Grand Central Depot is 
located. Its total capitalization (1898) was §44,- 
553,044, of which §30.000,000 was capital stock 
and §13,394,000 in the form of bonds. 

CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- 
ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- 
gational ministers and laymen representing seven 



100 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Western States, among wliich was Illinois. A 
special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 1~>, 
IH')'). The Seminary has always been under 
Congregational control and supervision, its 
twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial 
Conventions, at which are represented all tlie 
churches of that denomination west of tlie Ohio 
and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu- 
tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 
1858, with two professors and twenty-nine 
matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown 
in lioth numbers and influence. Preparatory and 
linguistic schools have been added and the 
faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine 
minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally 
endowed, its productive assets being nearly 
$1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- 
ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $.'500,000 
more. No charge is made for tuition or room 
rent, and there are forty two endowed scholar- 
ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid 
of needy students. The buildings, including the 
library and dormitories, are four in number, and 
are well constructed and arranged. 

CinCAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor- 
tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- 
tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous 
branches, extending into Slissouri, Kansas and 
Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper 
was constructed under two charters — the first 
granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- 
pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & 
Mis.si.s.sippi Railroad Company, in 18.52. Con- 
struction of the former w;is begun in 18.j2, and 
the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 
1853. Under the second corporation, the line was 
opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854. 
and to Joliet in 18,56. In 1855 a line was con- 
structed from Chicago to Joliet imder the name 
of the Joliet & Chicago Rjiilroad, and leased in 
perpetuity to the present Company, which was 
reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. 
Louis, Alton & Chicago Rivilroad Companj-. For 
some time connection was liad between Alton 
and St. Louis V)}' steam-packet boats running in 
connection with the railroad ; but later over the 
line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad — 
the first railway line connecting the two cities — 
and, finally, by the Company's own line, which 
was constructed in 1864. and formally 0|)ened 
Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the 
present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- 
panj') was organized, which, in 1862, purcha.sed 
the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- 
closure sale. Several branch lines have since 



been acquired by purchase or lease, the most 
important in the State being the line from 
Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. 
This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the 
St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was 
o[)ened for business in January, 1868, and having 
been diverted from the route upon which it was 
originally projected, was completed to Blooming- 
ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. 
In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main 
line. Other important branches are the Kansas 
City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the ilis- 
sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the W;ishington 
Branch from Dwight to Wasliington and l^icon, 
and tlie Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is 
obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks 
of the Toledo, Peoria & "Western. The whole 
number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of 
which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double 
tracks and sidings, the Company has a total 
trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, 
in 1898, was §32,793,972, of which §22.230,600 was 
in stock, and .?6. 694. 8.50 in tends. The total 
earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were 
$5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, 
$4,272,207. This road, under its management as 
it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- 
formly successful in the country. Dividends 
have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, 
and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number 
of years previous to 1897, the dividends had 
amounted to eight per cent per annum on both 
preferred and common stock, but later had been 
reduced to seven per cent on account of short 
crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 
were $341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, 
exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. 
The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the 
world to put into service sleeping and dining cars 
of the Pullman model, which liave since been so 
widely adopted, as well as the first to run free 
reclining chair-cars for the convenience and 
comfort of its passengers. At the time the 
matter embraced in this volume is undergoing 
final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress 
for the purchase of this historic line bj- a syndi- 
cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the 
Mi.ssouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the 
Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose 
interest it will hereafter be operated. 

CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago. Burlington tS: Quincy JRnilrodil.) 

CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- 
RO.VI). Tills company operates a line 516.3 miles 
in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. 



HISTOaiCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



101 



The main line in this State extends soutlierly 
from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago) 
to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot 
in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the 
Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns 
sevei-al important branch lines, as follows : From 
Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; 
from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan- 
ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to 
Eossville. The system in Illinois is of standard 
gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The 
right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. 
The grades are light, and the construction 
(including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is 
generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- 
ing (1895) is §13, .594, 400; funded debt, §18,018,000; 
floating debt, §916,381; total capital invested, 
§32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, §2,592,072; 
expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com- 
pany paid the same year a dividend of six per 
cent on its common stock (§286,914), and reported 
a surplus of §1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern 
Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the 
Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main 
line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted 
on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, 
and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but 
later in same year took its present name. In 
1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & 
Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in 
length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 
1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, 
Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now 
operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See 
Chicago, Paducah <£- Memphis Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & GRAND TEUNK RAILWAY. Of 
the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk 
Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the 
latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That 
portion of the line within the State extends from 
Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The 
Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction 
Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is 
capitalized at §6,600,000, has a bonded debt of 
§12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of §2.271,425, 
making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. 
The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted 
to §660,393; disbursements within the State for 
the same period, §345,233. The Chicago & Grand 
Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- 
dation of various lines between Port Huron, 
Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of 
the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- 
nois section was built under a charter granted in 
1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- 



pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. 
This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- 
ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the 
Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all 
being consolidated under the name of the North- 
western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final 
consolidation of these lines with the eastward 
connections took place under the present name — 
the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. 

CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. 
(See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Pailway. ) 

CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. 
(See Peoria, Decatur & Evansvillc Railway.) 

CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansvillc Rail- 
way. ) 

CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) 

CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- 
road. ) 

CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, 
one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- 
trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- 
gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South 
Dakota. The total length of its main line, 
branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 
1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are 
operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. 
Second and side tracks increase the mileage 
to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago & 
Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in 
nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- 
consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, 
Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and 
Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines 
of the "Northwestern System," in its entirety, 
are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul 
and Minneapolis for their termini, though their 
branches reach numerous important points 
within the States already named, from the shore 
of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the 
west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake 
Superior on the north. — (History.) The Chi- 
cago & Northwestern Railway Company was 
organized in 1859 under charters granted by the 
Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin dm'ing 
that year, under which the new company came 
into possession of the rights and franchises of the 
Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- 
pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of 
various railway enterprises which had been pro- 



102 



HISTORICAL EN'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



jected. chartered and partly constructed in Wis- 
consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, 
including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the 
Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- 
nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com- 
pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature 
in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from 
Chicago to the Wisconsin line. Tlie Wisconsin 
Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation 
of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the 
Illinois enterprise, and, in Marcli, 1855, the con- 
solidation of these lines was perfected under the 
name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- 
ence this company built 170 miles of the road, of 
which sevontj' miles were between Chicago and 
the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- 
structed in Wisconsin completing the connection 
between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result 
of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation 
became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its 
property and franchises under the foreclosure of 
1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked 
the beginning of the present corporation, and, in 
the next few years, by the construction of new 
lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and 
Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent 
of its lines, both constructed and projected. The 
most important of these was the union effected 
with the (ialena & Chicago Union Railroad, 
which was formally consolidated with the Chi- 
cago & Northwestern in 18(i4. The history of 
the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in 
view of the fact that it was one of the earliest 
railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been 
chartered by special act of the Legislature during 
the "internal improvement" excitement of 1830. 
Besides, its charter was the only one of that 
period under which an organization was effected, 
and although construction was not begun under 
it until 1847 (eleven j-ears afterward), it was the 
second railroad constructed in the State and the 
first leading from the city of Chicago. In the 
forty j-ears of its history the growth of the Chi- 
cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its 
success almost phenomenal. In that time it has 
not only added largely to its mileage by the con- 
struction of new lines, but has absorbed more 
lines than almost any other road in the country, 
until it now reaches almost every imjjortant city 
in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern 
Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several 
which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago 
Union liefore the consoliilation. These included 
a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox 



River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & 
Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter- 
prises, and more or less closely connected with 
the development of the State. The total capi- 
talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was 
§200,968,108, of which §66,408,821 was capi- 
tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of 
bonds. Tlie earnings in the State of Illinois, 
for the same period, aggregated §4,374,923, 
and the expenditures .§3, 7 12. .593. At the present 
time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- 
ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, 
Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern 
System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of 
road not included in the preceding statements of 
mileage and financial condition. 'Although owned 
by the Chicago & Northwestern Companj-, they 
are managed by different officers and under other 
names. The mileage of the whole system covers 
nearly 8,000 miles of main line. 

CHICAGO & SPRIXiiFIELD RAILROAD. 
{See Illinoi.i Central JiuilriKid.) 

CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line 
seventy-three miles in length, extending from 
Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to 
the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- 
deau. The line was originally operated by two 
companies, rmder the names of the Grand Tower 
& Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- 
deau Railroa<l Companies. The former was 
chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885; the 
latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the 
same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and 
operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas 
Railroad Companj-. In October, 1897, the last 
named line was transferred, under a twenty-five 
year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis & 
Cape (tirardeau division. 

CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL- 
ROAD. The main line of this road extends from 
Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter- 
minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St. 
Depot at Chicago. It has branchas to Hammond, 
Ind. (10.28 miles); to Cragin (15.9 milesi, and to 
Soutli Chicago (5.41 miles) ; making the direct 
mileage of its branches 48. .59 miles. In addition, 
its second, thinl and fourth tracks and sidings 
increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com- 
pany was organized June 9, 1879; the road ojiened 
in 1880, and. on Jan. 20. 1882. con.solidated with 
the South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad 
Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana 
Belt Rjiilway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee 
in Chicago, including wharf property on the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



103 



Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer 
yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc. 
The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to 
the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the 
rest of the property is leased conjointly by the 
Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand 
Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New 
Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways 
(each of which owns §1,000,000 of the capital 
stock), and bj' the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. 
These companies pay the expense of operation 
and maintenance on a mileage basis. 

CHICAGO & WISCONSIN RAILRO.iD. (See 
Wisconsin Central Lines.) 

CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone, 
Franklin County, N. Y., March 23, 1845, the son 
of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled 
near Belvidere, Boone County, 111., in 18,52. His 
home having been broken up by the death of his 
mother, in 185-4, he went to live upon a farm. In 
April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in 
the company of Captain (afterwards General) 
Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to 
the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being 
mustered out at the close of the war, he entered 
school, and graduated from the Illinois State 
Normal Universitj in 1870. For the following three 
years he was Principal and Superintendent of 
public schools at Amboy, Lee County, meanwhile 
studying law, and being admitted to tlie bar. In 
1873, he began the practice of his profession at 
Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After 
filling various local offices, in 1884 he was 
chosen Presidential Elector on tlie Republican 
ticket, and, in 1892, was elected by tlie narrow 
majority of thirty -seven votes to represent the 
Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con- 
gress, as a Republican. 

CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ- 
ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria 
Lake; is 19 miles nortliwest of Peoria, on the 
Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad, and the freight division of the 
Atkinson. Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an 
important shipping-point for grain; has a can- 
ning factory, a button factory, two banks, five 
churches, a high school, and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (1890), 1.633; (1900), 1,699. 

CHINIQUT, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and 
reformer, was born in Canada, July 30, 1809, of 
mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated 
for the Romish priesthooil at the Seminary of St. 
Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a 
reputation among his fellow students for extraor- 
dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained 



to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various 
churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted 
an invitation to Illinois with a view to building 
up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat- 
ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois 
Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means 
of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some 
5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists 
from France, Belgium and other European 
countries. It has been estimated that over 
50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in 
Illinois within a few years. Tlie colony em- 
braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with 
the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here 
Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting 
churches and schools for the colonists. He soon 
became dissatisfied with what he believed to be 
the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling 
Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question 
of papal infallibility, the final result being a 
determination to separate himself from the 
Mother Church. In this step he appears to have 
been followed by a large proportion of the colo- 
nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but 
the result was a feeling of intense bitterness 
between the opposing factions, leading to much 
litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of 
which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though 
never convicted. In one of these suits, in which 
the Father was accused of an infamous crime, 
Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense, 
the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of 
a conspiracy. Having finally determined to 
espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father 
Chiniqu3' allied himself with the Canadian Pres- 
bytery, and for many years of his active clerical 
life, divided his time between Canada and the 
United States, having supervision of churches in 
Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country. 
He also more than once visited Europe by special 
invitation to address important religious bodies 
in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada, 
Jan. 16, 1899, in the 90th year of his age. 

CHOUART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des 
Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed 
to have been born at Touraine, France, about 
1631. Coming to New France in early youth, he 
made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in- 
law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about 
1654-56, these two being believed to have been 
the first wliite men to reach Lake Superior. 
After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La 
Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, 
they are believed by some to have discovered tlie 
Upper Mississippi and to have descended that 



104 



IIISTOItlL'AL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLI.NUlS. 



stream a long distance towards its mouth, iis 
they claimed to have reached a much milder 
climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt 
water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians 
credit them, about this time (1659), with having 
visited the present site of the city of Chicago. 
They were the first explorers of Xorthwestern 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited 
with having been the first to discover an inlaml 
route to Hudson's Bay, and with being tlie 
founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company. 
Groseillier's later history is unknown, but lie 
ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the 
"New World" about the middle of the seventh 
centurj". 

CHRISMAX, a city of Edgar County, at the 
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & 
Dayton Railroads, 24 miles south of Danville; has 
a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and 
storage cribs. Population (1(^90), 8'>0; (1900), 905. 

CHRISTIAN COUNTY, a rich agricultural 
county, lying in the "central belt," and organized 
in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, 
Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first 
given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, 
one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but 
a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- 
ponderance of early settlers having come from 
Christian County, Ky., this name was finally 
adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, 
the northern lialf of the county being best 
adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its 
area is about 710 square miles, and its population 
(1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers 
was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- 
dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for 
sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires 
were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) 
could not grind more than ten bushels of grain 
per day, by horsepower. The people hauled their 
corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. Tlie 
first store was opened at Robert.son's Point, but 
the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A 
gre;it change was wrought in local conditions by 
the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which 
passes through the eastern part of the county. 
Two otlier railroads iu)w pass centrally through 
the county— the •'Wabasli " and the Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are 
Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town 
of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- 
burg. and Assumption. 

CnriK'H, Lawrence S., lawj-er and legislator, 
was born at Nunda, N. Y. , in 1820; passed his 



youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, 
at an early age began teaching in winter with a 
view to earning means to prosecute his studies in 
law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the 
county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having 
walked a part of the way from New 'Vork, paj-ing 
a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- 
tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and 
having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, 
was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the 
county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he 
removed to the latter place, where he continued 
to reside to the end of his life. A member of the 
Whig party up to 1850, he was that year elected 
as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth 
General Assembly, serving by re-election in the 
Twenty-first and Twenty -second ; in 1860, was 
supported for the nomination for Congress in tlie 
Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. 
E. B. Washburne; in 18G2, aided in the organiza- 
tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and 
was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled 
to resign before reaching the field on account of 
failing health. In 1806 he was elected County 
Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, 
in 1809 to the Constitutional Convention of 1809-70. 
Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of 
high principle and a speaker of decided ability. 

CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was Ixjrn 
at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by 
his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood, 
and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 
21, went to Cincinnati, Oliio, where he engaged 
in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in 
the public schools of that city. Then, having 
spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- 
ter, N. Y., in 1833 he removed to Illinois, first 
locating at Geneva, but the following year 
removed to Rockford, where he continued to 
reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he 
was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- 
ford by the first President Harrison, remaining 
in office three years. Other oflices held by him 
were those of Countj- Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to 
the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), 
Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in 
the Twenty-third General Assembly (1803-65), 
and member of the first Board of Public Charities 
by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, 
being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 
1873, and, for a part of the time, seri'ing as Presi- 
dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- 
ment of the Secretary of AVar, as one of the 
Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- 
ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



105 



the Governraent bridge between Rock Island and 
Davenport. During tlie latter years of his life he 
was President for some time of the Rockford 
Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- 
tors, and, for many years, Managing Director of 
the Rockford Water Power Company, which has 
done so much to promote the prosperity of that 
city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the 
Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died 
at Rockford. June 23. 1802. 

CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- 
lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland 
County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- 
cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for 
literature which led to his learning the printer's 
trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the 
office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, 
after serving his time, worked as a journeyman 
printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase 
a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling 
this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to 
New York, and, after working at the case some 
five months, started for the West, stopping en 
route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. 
In the latter place he worked for a time in the 
office of "The Courier," and still later in that of 
"The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah 
C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and 
served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 
he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- 
tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- 
cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some 
six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison 
County, where he continued to reside the re- 
mainder of his life. In order to raise means to 
improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he 
worked as a compositor in the office of "The 
Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of '"The St. 
Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series 
of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. 
Charles County," advocating the admission of 
the State of Missouri into the Union without 
slavery, which caused considerable excitement 
among the friends of that institution. During 
the same year he aided Hooper Warren in 
establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at 
Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent 
contributor to its columns, especially during the 
campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter 
year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery 
in Illinois. In 1832 he was elected Represent- 
ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in 
that body by successive re-elections until 1832. 
His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- 
strated that his vote at the preceding session, in 



opposition to the scheme for a State Convention 
to revise the State Constitution in the interest of 
slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 
1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving 
four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the 
House — in all serving a period in both Houses of 
sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. 
He was an indastrious and systematic collector of 
historical records, and, at the time of his death in 
the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and 
other historical material of great value. (See 
Slavery and Slave Laivs; Warren, Hooper, and 
Coles, Edward.) 

CLARK (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was 
born near Monticello; Albemarle County, Va., 
Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a 
farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His 
first experience in Indian fighting was under 
Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). 
In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and 
the British having incited the Indians against 
the Americans in the following year, he was 
commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose 
to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. 
Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, 
and planned an expedition against the British 
fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In 
the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. 
Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- 
dition against Illinois, which was carried out 
the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured 
Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other 
French villages surrendered at discretion. The 
following February he set out from Kaskaskia to 
cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of 
recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and 
was garrisoned bj' the British under Hamilton. 
After a forced march characterized by incredible 
suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- 
ture of the post. His last important military 
service was against the savages on the Big^ 
Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. 
His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- 
parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., 
Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a 
private cemeterj' near that city for half a cen- 
tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill 
Cemetery in 1869. Tlie fullest history of General 
Clark's expedition and his life will be found in 
the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the 
Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George 
Rogers Clark" (3 volumes, 1896), by the late 
William H. English, of Indianapolis. 

CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was 
born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 13, 1840. At 



106 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found 
employment in a livery stable ; later, worked oc 
a farm in Kane County, attending school in tlie 
winter. After a j-ear spent in Iowa City attend- 
ing the Iowa State University, he returned to 
Kane County and engaged in the dairj' business, 
later occupying himself with various occupations 
in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to 
his Ohio home, where he began tlie study of law 
at Circleville. In 1801 he enlisted in an Ohio 
regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, 
but was finally compelled to leave the service in 
consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. 
In ISCi he settled at Slattoon, 111., where he was 
admitted to the bar in 18G8. In 1870 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for tlie Legislature on the 
Republican ticket, but was electeil State Senator 
in ISfiO, serving four years and proving himself 
one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 
he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National 
Republican Convention, and lias long been a con- 
spicuous ligure in State politics. In 1896 lie was 
a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- 
nation for (iovernor. 

CLARK, John 31., civil engineer and merchant, 
was born at White Pigeon. Mich., August 1, 1830; 
came to Chicago with liis widowed mother in 
1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, 
served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad. After a course in the 
Rensselaer Polytechnic In.stitute at Troy, N. Y., 
where he graduated in \S'>G, lie returned to the 
service of the Illinois Central. In ISilOhe went to 
Colorado, wliere he was one of tlie original 
founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- 
neer of its first water supply company. In 1803 
he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, 
but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured 
by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also 
present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, 
when the Confederates, being defeated, were 
driven out of the Territory. Returning to C'lii- 
cago in lS(i4. he became a member of the whole- 
sale leatlier firm of Gray, Clark & Co. Tlie 
ofiicial positions held by Mr. Clark include tliose 
of Alderman (1879-81), Memlier of the Board of 
Education, Collector of Customs, to which he 
was appointed by President Harrison, in 18S9, 
and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board 
by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act 
l)a.ssed by the Legislature of 1S9.'), retiring in 1897. 
In 1881 he was the Republican c;indidate for Mayor 
of Chicago, but was defeateil by Carter 11. Harri- 
son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directoi-s of the Crerar 
Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. 



CLARK COUXTY, one of the eastern counties 
of the State, south of the middle line and front- 
ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square 
miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for 
Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was 
effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers 
were John Bartlett, Abraham W;isliburn, James 
AVhitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer 
and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Jlarshall, the 
site of wliich was purchased from the Govern- 
ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and CoL 
William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- 
prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin 
was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, 
and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made 
only after a hard struggle. The soil of the 
county is rich, and its agricultural products 
varied, embracing corn (the chief stivple), oats, 
potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, 
maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring 
and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing 
interests are not extensive. Among the promi- 
nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are 
Casej- (poi)ulation 844), ilartinsville (779), West- 
field (510). and York (294). 

CL.VY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the 
celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, 
March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, 
studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of 
Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con- 
verted and gave himself to the Bajitist ministry, 
locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent 
most of his life. Died, in 18.50. 

CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12 
miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, 
and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. 
Population (1890), 612; (1900), 907; (1903), 1,020. 

CL.\Y COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
ipiarter of the State; has an area of 470 square 
miles and a jxjpulation ^lyoO) of 19. .553. It was 
named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the 
county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and 
smin after settlers begiin to locate liomes in the 
county, although it was not organized until 1824. 
During the same year the pioneer .settlement of 
Maysville was made the county -seat, but immi- 
gration continued inactive until 1837, when 
many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- 
son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, 
who were soon followed by the families of Coch- 
ran, McCuUom and Tender. The Little Wabash 
River and a number of small tributaries drain 
the county. A light-colored sandy loam con.sti- 
tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



107 



prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad 
facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- 
date the county's requirements. Fruits, 
especially apples, are successfully cultivated. 
Educational advantages are fair, although largely 
confined to district schools and academies in 
larger towns. Louisville was made the county- 
seat in 1843, and, in 1890, had a population of 
637. Xenia and Flora are the most important 
towns. 

CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the 
Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of 
Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- 
tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111., 
and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to 
Quincy, 111. The industries include Hour and feed 
mills, machine and raih-oad repair sliops, grain 
elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a 
bank, four churches, a high school, and a weekly 
newspaper. Population (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996. 

CLE.iVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- 
don, England, in 1813; came to Canada with his 
parents in 1831, and to Cliicago in 1834; engaged 
in business as a chandler, later going into the 
grocery trade ; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in 
California, and, six years afterwards, established 
himself in the southern jiart of tlie present city 
of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he 
served as Postmaster and managed a general 
store. He was the owner of considerable real 
estate at one time in what is now a densely 
populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in 
Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. 

CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- 
ernor of Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Danville, 
III., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 1837; 
graduated from Asbury University, at Green- 
castle, in 18.59, having supported himself during 
his college course by teaching. After reading 
law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, 
he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again 
found it necessary to resort to teaching in order 
to [lurchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted 
in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis-. 
sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He 
was in the service for three years, was three 
times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- 
torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- 
pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 
to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the 
Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth 
District. He was also a member of the Repub- 
lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he 
became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, 
by appointment of President Harrison, serving 



imtil 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was 
appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' 
Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a 
few months, when he accepted the position of 
Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 
at Danville. 

CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. 
LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of tliis sys- 
tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles 
are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main 
line lying within the State extends from East St. 
Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 
miles. The Company is also the lessee of the 
Peoria & Eastern Railroad (133 miles), and oper- 
ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The 
Cairo Division, extending from Tiltbn, on the 
line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- 
ville, to Cairo (3.59 miles) • tlie Chicago Division, 
extending from Kankakee southeast to the 
Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, 
from Wann Junction, on the main Une, to Alton 
(4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- 
ship of tlie Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which 
it operates. Tlie system is uniformlj- of standard 
gauge, and about 380 miles are of double track. 
It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- 
seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, 
and is amply ballasted with broken stone and 
gravel. Extensive rejiair shops are located at 
Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system 
on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and 
bonded and floating debt — was 897,149,361. The 
total earnings in Illinois for tlie year were 
$3,773,19.3, and the total expenditures in the State 
§3,611,437. The taxes iiaid the same year were 
§134,190. The history of this syntem, so far as 
Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- 
tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. 
Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- 
cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & 
St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain 
leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) 
were merged into the system. (For history of 
the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, 
Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo 
& Vlnecnnes, and Kankakee <& Seiieca Railroads.) 

CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through 
six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great 
diversity of climate, as regards not only the 
range of temperature, but also the amount of 
rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several 
points of contrast to States lying between the 
same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- 
tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 



108 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the North Central and the Western States. 
Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up 
the ilis.sissippi VuUey. and impart to vegetation 
in the .southern portion of the State, a stimulat- 
ing influence whicli is not felt upon the seaboard. 
On tlie other hand, there is no great barrier to 
the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in 
winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing 
the tem]>erature to a point lower than is custom- 
ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. 
Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the 
climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, 
mitigating both summer lieat and winter cohl. 
If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa 
and Boston — the latter being one degree farther 
north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the 
springs and summers are found to be about five 
degrees warmer, and the winters tliree degrees 
colder, at the former point. In comparing tlie 
East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen 
that, in the former section, the same is pretty 
equally distributed over the four seasons, wliile 
in the latter, spring and summer may be called 
the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. 
In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the 
yearly precipitation occurs during the growing 
season. This is a climatic condition higlily 
favorable to the gro%vth of grasses, etc., but 
detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we 
find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in 
the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a 
geographical position where these great climatic 
■changes begin to manifest tliemselves, and wliere 
'the distinctive features of the prairie first become 
fully ai)i)arent. The annual precipitation of 
rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, 
but, owing to the higher temperature of that 
section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The 
distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons 
is also more unequal toward the south, a fact 
whicli may account, in part at least, for the 
increased area of woodlands in that region. 
While Illinois lies witliin the zone of southwest 
winds, their flow is affected In' conditions some- 
what abnormal. The northeast trades, after 
entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains 
of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, 
southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 
and southwesterly as they enter the Upper 
Vallej'. It is to this aerial current that the liot, 
moist summers are attributable. Tlie north and 
northwest winds, which set in with the change 
of the season, depress the temperature to a point 
below that of the Atlantic slope, and are 
attended with a diminished precipitation. 



CLIXTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, 
situated i'i miles south of Bloomington, at inter- 
section of the Springfield and the Champaign- 
Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois 
Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricidtural 
region; has machine shops, flour and planing 
mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric 
lighting plant, piano-ca.se factory, banks, three 
new.spapers, six churches, and two public schools. 
Population (1890). 2,rj98; (1900), 4,4.52. 

CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824. from 
portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- 
ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It 
is situated directly e;ist of .St. Louis, has an area 
of 494 s<iuare miles, and a population (1900) of 
19,824. It is drained by the K;vskaskia River and 
by .Shoal. Crooke<l. Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its 
geological formation is similar to tliat of other 
counties in the same section. Thick layers of 
limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams 
underlying the same at varying depths. The 
soil is varied, being at some points black and 
loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly 
clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel 
l>ecause of the inherent difficulties attending 
coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county 
from east to west, but its trade is not important. 
Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat 
and oats being the staple products. 

CLOUD, Newton, clergj-man and legislator, 
was Ijorn in North Carolina, in 180.';, and, in 1827, 
settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan 
County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a 
farmer, as well ius a preacher of the Methodist 
Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- 
cratic politician, and seri-ed in no less than nine 
sessions of the General Assembly, besides the 
Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he 
was chosen President. He was first elected 
Repre.sentative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), 
and afterwards served in the House during the 
se.ssions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- 
teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as 
Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He 
was also Clerk of the Hou.se in 1844-45, and, 
having been elected Representative two years 
later, was chosen Sjjeaker at the succeeding ses- 
sion. Although not noted for any specially 
aggressive qualities, his consistency of character 
won for him general respect, while his frequent 
elections to the Legislature prove him to liave 
been a man of large influence. 

CLOWRY, Roliprt C. Telegraph Manager, was 
born ill 1S:).S; entered the service of the Illinois & 
Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



109 



boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the 
office at Lockport six months later, at Springfield 
in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. 
Between 1859 and '03, he held higlilj- responsible 
positions on various Western lines, but the latter 
year was commissioned by President Lincoln 
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed 
in charge of United States military lines with 
headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered 
out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed 
District Superintendent of Western Union lines 
in the Soutliwest. From that time his promotion 
was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became 
Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- 
ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- 
sion at Cliicago; in 1880, succeeded General 
Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, 
was elected Director, member of the Execu- 
tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- 
tory extending from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. 

COAL AND COAL-MIXING. Illinois contains 
much the larger portion of what is kno\vii as the 
central coal field, covering an area of about 
37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- 
ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- 
tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The 
Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. 
Those available for commercial mining generally 
lie at considerable depth and are reached by 
shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish 
an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- 
factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some 
of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the 
State the coal does not jdeld a good marketable 
coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas 
coal, although used in some localities for that 
purpose, rather because of its abundance than on 
accoimt of its adaptability. It is thought that, 
with the increase of cheap transportation facili- 
ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State 
in such quantities as eventually to exclude local 
coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report 
of the Eleventh United States Census, the total 
product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 
12,10-1,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported 
by the Tenth Census. The value of the output 
was estimated at §11,735,203, or S0.97 per ton at 
the mines. Tlie total number of mines was 
stated to be 1,073, and the number of tons mined 
was nearlj- equal to the combined yield of the 
mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are 
divided into two classes, technically known as 
"regular"' and "local." Of the former, there 
were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 858 regular 



mines employed 33,934 men and boys, of whom 
21,350 worked below ground, besides an office 
force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The 
total capital invested in these 358 mines was 
§17,630,351. According to the report of the State 
Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines 
were operated during the year, eniijloying 35,026 
men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, wliich 
was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — 
the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. 
Five counties of the State produced more than 
1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following 
order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,752; 
Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,926; La 
Salle, 1,165,490. 

COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles 
by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal 
mines are operated here, and the town is an im- 
portant shipping point^for their product. It has a 
bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. 
Pop. (1890), 1.672; (1900), 2,607; (1903), about 3,000. 

COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, 
Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, 
began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later 
acted as operator on Western New York lines, 
but, in 1852, became manager of the office at 
Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- 
panies having meanwhile been consolidated into 
the Western Union. He then made an extensive 
tour of the world, and, although he had intro- 
duced the system of transmitting money by 
telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to 
the key-board. Having made large investments 
in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, 
he has devoted much of his time to agriculture 
and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a 
member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- 
dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, 
and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the 
Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. 
He has done much to improve the city of his 
adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- 
struction of electric street-car lines and the 
promotion of manufactures. 

COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- 
tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; 
came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- 
falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being 
without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a 
building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, 
was erecting; later he erected a building of his 
own in which he started a harness-shop, wiiich 
he conducted successfully for a number of years. 
He has since been connected with a nvunber 



110 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of business enterprises of a public cliaracter, 
including banks, street and steam railways, but 
his largest successes have been achieved in the line 
of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- 
sive owner. He is al.so one of the liberal bene- 
factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb 
Lecture Hall," on the campus of that in.stitution, 
being the result of a contribution of his amount- 
ing to Sl.TO.OOO. Died in Chicago, AprU 5, 1900. 

CORDEX, a village in Union County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo 
and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and 
vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped 
to northern markets. This region is well tim- 
bered, and Cobden has two bo.\ factories employ- 
ing a considerable number of men; also has 
several churches, schools and two weekly papers. 
Population (1890), 994; (1900.) 1,034. 

COCHRAN, William (iranville, legislator and 
jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 
1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, 
and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred 
and. Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
serving in the War of the Rebellion three years 
as a private. Returning home from the war, he 
resumed life as a farmer, but earlj- in 1873 began 
merchandising at Lovington, continuing this 
business three years, when he began the study of 
law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has 
since been in active practice. In 1888 he was 
elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly, was an imsuccessful candidate for the 
Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House 
in 1894, and again in 1890. At the special session 
of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly 
honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- 
tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and 
an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected 
for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is 
also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home at Normal. 

CODDIXO, Ichabod, clergj-man and anti- 
slaverj' lecturer, was born at Bristol, X. Y., in 
1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- 
ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, 
Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slaverj'; 
after leaving college served five years as agent 
and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was 
often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- 
ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping 
serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- 
tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, 
Lockport. Joliet and elsewhere; between 18.54 
and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on 
the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in 



the organization of the Republican party. Died 
at Baraboo. Wis.. .June 17, 18l)(i. 

CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; 
born in Oneida County, X. Y., June 11, 1824; was 
partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 
1843, came with his father to Kendall County. 
III. In 1847, he removed to Xaperville, where 
for six years he served as Clerk of the County 
Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted 
to the bar; in 18G1, was elected County Judge 
with practical unanimity , served as a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, 
in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- 
cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- 
dena. Cal. 

COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, 
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 
midway between Galesburg and Quincy; is the 
center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- 
mining region, producing more than 1110,000 tons 
of coal annually. A superior (juality of potter's 
clay is also iiiinea and shipped extensively to 
other points. The city has brick and drain-tile 
works, a bank, four churches, two public schools 
and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 
1,643; (1900), 1.635. 

COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the 
State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va., 
Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who 
had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; 
was educated at Haini>den-Sidney and William 
and Mary Colleges, but com|)elled to leave before 
graduation by an accident which interrupted his 
studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of 
President Madison, re:nainiag six years, after 
which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- 
senger by apix)intment of the President. He 
early manifested an interest in the emancipation 
of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his 
first tour through the Northwest Territory, going 
as far west as St. Louis, returning three years 
later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Con.stitu- 
tional Convention of li^lH was in session. In 
April of the following year he set out from his 
Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for 
Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville. Pa., 
where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river 
with his goods and servants to a jwint below 
Louisville, where they disembjvrked, journej-ing 
overland to Edwardsville. While descending 
thp Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were 
free, and, after arriving at their destination, 
gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. 
This generous act was. in after years, made the 
ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Ill 



Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of 
Register of the Land Office, to wliicli he had 
been appointed by President Monroe. In 1823 
he became the candidate for Governor of those 
opposed to removing the restriction in the State 
Constitution against the introduction of slavery, 
and, although a majority of the voters then 
favored the measure, he was elected by a small 
plurality over his higliest competitor in conse- 
quence of a division of the ojiposition vote 
between three candidates. The Legislature 
chosen at the same time submitted to the people 
a proposition for a State Convention to revise the 
Constitution, which was rejected at the election 
of 1824 by a majority of 1,G68 in a total vote of 
11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient 
aid in opposition to the measure of such men as 
Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel 
P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, 
Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he 
was himself a most influential factor in protecting 
Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing 
his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. 
In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- 
ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he 
continued to reside some years on his farm near 
Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for 
Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- 
eral Jackson, was defeated by Josepli Duncan. 
Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelpliia, 
where he married during the following year, and 
continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 
1868, having lived to see the total extinction of 
slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and 
Slave Laws.) 

COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford 
County, but organized in 1831, and named in 
honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the 
eastern portion of the State, and embraces .520 
square miles, with a population (1900) of 34.146. 
The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the 
Okaw) runs through the nortliwestern part of the 
county, but the principal stream is the Embarras 
(Enibraw). The chief resource of the people is 
agriculture, although the county lies within the 
limits of the Illinois coal belt. To the north and 
west are prairies, while timber abounds in the 
southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although 
wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, 
sorghum, wool, etc. , are also important products. 
Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- 
turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output 
embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, 
agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots 
and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is 



centrally located, and has a number of handsome 
public buildings, private residences and business 
blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated 
in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488. 
Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 
miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 
9.622, and is an important shipping point for 
grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are 
Ashmore. Oakland and Lerna. 

COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the 
Kankakee and Blooraington branch of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- 
ton. Farming and stock-grovf ingare the leading 
industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three 
elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1900), 1,153. 

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, 
located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its 
first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- 
ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, 
with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, 
with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- 
ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. 
The institution ranks among the leading medical 
colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- 
tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is 
equal to those of other first-class medical schools 
throughout the countrj^. The teaching faculty, 
of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five 
professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of 
assistants, demonstrators, etc. 

COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of 
Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward 
colleges. The first charters for in.stitutions of 
this character were granted in 1833, and were for 
the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- 
nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- 
lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first 
named vfas to be under the care of the Scotch 
Covenanters, but was never founded. The 
second was in the interest of the Baptists, but 
the charter was not accepted. Both these acts 
contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, 
notably one to the effect that no theological 
department should be established and no pro- 
fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor 
should any religious test be applied in the selec- 
tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The 
friends of higher education, however, made com- 
mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of 
an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private 
colleges — the Alton ; the Illinois, at Jacksonville ; 
the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. 
Similar restrictive provisions as to theological 
teaching were incorporated in these charters, and 
a limitation was placed upon the amount of 



112 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



propertj' to be owned bj- any institution, but in 
many resjiects the law was more liberal than its 
predecessors of two years previous Owing to 
the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these 
institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- 
tory departments under the tuition of the college 
professors. The college last named above (Jones- 
boro) was to have been founded by the Christian 
denomination, but was never organized. Tlie 
three remaining ones stand, in the order of their 
formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward 
Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial 
classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- 
paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois 
College in 1829, and a class was organized in the 
collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature 
of 1833 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female 
Academy, the first school for girls chartered in 
the State. From thi.s time forward colleges and 
academies were incorporated in rapid succe-ssion, 
many of them at places wliose names have long 
since dis;ippeared from the map of the State. It 
was at thi.s time that there developed a strong 
party in favor of founding what were termed, 
rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- 
leges." It was believed that the time which a 
student might be able to "redeem" from study, 
could be so profitably employed at farm or shop- 
work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. 
Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of XS'i') 
granted charters to tlie "Franklin Manual Labor 
College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle 
County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor 
Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham 
Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- 
mon County. University powers were conferred 
upon the institution la.st named, and its charter 
.also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- 
vision that any sect might establish a professor- 
ship of theologj- therein. In 1837 si.x more 
colleges were incorporated, only one of which 
(Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, 
better and broader views of education had 
developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed 
all prohibition of the establishing of theological 
departments, as well as tlie re.strictions previously 
imposed upon the amount and value of property 
to be owned by private educational institutions. 
The whole number of colleges and seminaries 
incorporated under the State law (1896) is forty- 
three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, 
Lake Forest University, McKendree College, Mon- 
mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary, 
Montieello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni- 
versity, Shurtleff College.) 



COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom 
in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at 
Boston University, 18.')8; soon after became an 
itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 18C6, united 
with the L'nitarian Church and officiated as 
pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- 
.sas Citj-, Ijesides supplying pulpits in various 
cities in England (1880-8.)). In 1885, he was 
apix)inted United States Consul at Leipsic, but 
later served as a special commissioner of the 
Johns Hopkins L'niversity in the collection of 
labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a 
wide reputation as a lecturer and mag-azine 
writer. His published works include: "E^very- 
Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (18G9) and 
"Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" 
(1876). Died near his birthplace, July 27, 1890. 

COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was bom 
in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- 
est of five brothers who came with their parents 
from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and 
settled in the town of Unionville — now CoUins- 
ville — in the southwestern part of Madison 
Count}". They were enterprising and public- 
spirited business men, who engaged, quite 
extensively for the time, in various branches of 
manufacture, including flour and whisky. This 
was an era of progress and development, and 
becoming convinced of the injurious character 
of the latter branch of their business, it was 
jiromptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch 
was later a.ssociated with his brother Michael in 
the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, 
the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon 
& Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally 
located at Quincy in 18.")1, where he was engaged 
in manufacturing business for many years. He 
was a man of high business probity and religious 
principle, as well as a determined opixjnent of the 
institution of slavery, as shown by the fart that 
he was once subjected by liis neighbors to the 
intended indignity of lieiug hung in effigy for the 
crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the 
road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in 
commemoration of the act of emancipation in the 
West Indies, he gave utterance to the following 
prediction: "Methinks the time is not far distant 
when our own country will celebrate a day of 
emancipation witliin her own borders, and con- 
sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring 
tliroughout the length and breailth of the land." 
He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at 
Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of 
the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Oov- 
ernor in 1842. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



112 



COLLI\S, James H., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., 
but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, 
where he grew to manhood. After spending a 
couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 
he began the study of law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 
1837, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- 
ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach 
from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. 
After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in 
exploration of the surrounding coiuitry, but 
returning to Chicago in 1834. he entered into 
partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had 
been his preceptor in New York, still later being 
a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm 
name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- 
sidered an eminent authoritj' in law and gained 
an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- 
cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able 
pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising 
anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway 
slaves in securing their liberty or defended others 
who did so. He was also one of the original 
promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union 
Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. 
Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court 
at Ottawa, in 1854. 

COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- 
sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 
accompanied his family to Illinois, and was 
educated at the Northwestern University. He 
read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon 
built up a remunerative practice. He was 
elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through 
his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, 
soon became one of the leaders of his party on 
the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected 
in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker 
of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In 
December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the 
Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy 
created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was 
elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected 
in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time 
devoting his attention to regular practice in the 
city of Chicago. 

COLLIXS, William H., retired manufacturer, 
born at Collinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was 
educated in the common schools and at Illinois 
College, later taking a course in literature, 
philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served 
as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle 
several years; in 18.58, became editor and propri- 
etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he 



conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- 
ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of 
the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but 
resigning in 18G3, organized a company of the 
One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which 
he was chosen Captain, participating in the 
battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and 
Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff 
of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army 
Corps headquarters, until after the fall of 
Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he 
was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- 
Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- 
tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, 
when he engaged in the manufacturing business 
as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. 
This business he conducted successfully some 
twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins 
has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim, 
of the city of Quincy; Representative in the 
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver 
the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- 
nent candidfCte for the nomination for Lieutenant 
Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican 
candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; 
in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State 
Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- 
lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a 
strongly Democratic city. 

COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border 
of Madison County, 13 mUes (by rail) east-north- 
east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. 
& I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. 
The place was originally settled in 1817 by four 
brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., 
who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill 
for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber 
The town was platted by surviving members of 
this family in 1836. Coal-mining is the principal 
industry, and one or two mines are operated 
within the corporate limits. The city has zinc 
works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile 
factories, two building and loan associations, a 
lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street 
railways, seven churches, two banks, a high 
school, and a newspaper oflice. Population 
(1890), 3,498; (1900), 4,021; (1903, est), 7,500. 

COLLTER, Robert, clergyman, was born at 
Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left 
school at eight years of age to earn his living in 
a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- 
smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. 
His only opportunity of acquiring an education 
during this period, apart from private study, was 



114 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in a night-school, which he attended two winters. 
In 1S49 lie became a local Methodist preacher, 
came to the United States the next year, settling 
in Pennsylvania, wliere he pursued his trade, 
preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- 
ment having gradually been changed towards 
Unitarianisiu, his licen.se to preach was revoked 
by the conference, and, in 18,)9, he united with 
the Unitarian Church, having already won a 
wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. 
Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- 
ary, and, in 18G0, organized the Unity Church, 
beginning with seven members, though it has 
since become one of the strongest and most influ- 
ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted 
a call to a church in New York City, where he 
still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and 
a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the 
Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary 
Commission. Since the war he lias repeatedly 
visited England, and has exerted a wide influence 
as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of 
the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of 
volumes, including "Xature and Life" (18GC); 
"A Man in Earnest: Lifeof A. H. Conant" (1868); 
"A Hi-story of the Town and Parish of likely" 
(188G). and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" 
(188G). 

COLTOX, Chaunecy Sill, pioneer, was born at 
Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- 
setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that 
State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- 
ing his manhood, at Mon.son, Maine. He came to 
Illinois in 1H3G, locating on the site of the present 
city of Galesburg, where he built the first store 
and dwelling house; continued in general mer- 
chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- 
while associating his sons with him in business 
under tlie firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. 
Colton was sissociated with the construction of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from 
the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of 
the Conijiany; was also a Director of the First 
National Bank of Calesburg, the first organizer 
and first President of the Farmers" and Meclian- 
ics' Bank of tliat city, and one of the Trustees of 
Knox College. Died in Galesburg. July 27, 1885. 
— Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born 
at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- 
burg with his father's family in 1836, and -.t-as 
educated at Knox College, graduating in 18.5.5, 
and receiving the degree of A.M in 18.58. After 
graduation, he was in partnership with his father 
.some seven years, also served as Vice-President 
of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 



1866, was appointed by President Johnson United 
States Consul at Venice, remaining there until 
1869. The latter year he became the General 
Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
continuing in that position until 1871, meantime 
visiting China, Japan and India, and e.stablisliing 
agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- 
ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he 
succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' 
and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 
1884. and the same year removed to Washington, 
D. C, where he has .since resided. Mr. Colton is 
a large land owner in some of the Western States, 
especially Kansas and Nebraska. 

COLUMBI.i, ,1 town of Monroe County, on 
Mobile it Ohio Railroad, 1.5 miles south of St. 
Louis; has a machine shop, large Hour mill, 
brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, 
telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, 
and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1903), 1,205. 

COMP.VXY OF THE WEST, THE, a company 
formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop 
the resources of "New France," in which the 
"Illinois Country" was at that time included. 
At the head of the companj- was the celebrated 
John Law, and to him and his asscjciates the 
French monarch granted extraordinary powers, 
Ixjtli governmental and commercial. They were 
given the exclusive right to refine the precious 
metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in 
tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became 
known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company, 
owing to the king having granted them conces- 
sions to trade with the East Indies and China. 
On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France 
declared that the Illinois Country should form a 
part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the 
shrewd management of Law and his associates, 
immigration soon increased, as many as 800 
settlers arriving in a single year. Tlie directors 
of the company, in the exercise of their govern- 
mental powers, ajipointed Pierre Duque de Bois- 
briant Governor of the Illinois District. He 
proceeded to Kaska.skia. and, witliin a few miles 
of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See 
Furt Churtren. ) Tlie policy of the Indies Company 
was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of 
commons were made to various French villages, 
and Cahokia and K;isk;iskia steadily grew in size 
and population. Permanent settlers were given 
grants of land and agriculture w;is encouraged. 
These grants (which were allodial in their char- 
acter) covered nearly all the '.ands in that part of 
tlie American Bottom. lying between the Missis- 
sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



115 



held their lands in one great common field, each 
proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte- 
nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies 
Company divided the Province of Louisiana into 
nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois 
was numerically the Seventh, and included not 
only the southern half of the existing State, but 
also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, 
extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- 
ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa 
and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and 
Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary 
and the Company's Commissary, formed the 
District Council, the civil law being in force. In 
1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were 
appointed directly by the French crown. 

CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- 
cated at Springfield, founded in 1879 ; the succes- 
sor of an earlier institution under the name of 
Illinois University. Theological, scientific and 
preparatory departments are maintained, al- 
though there is no classical cour.se. The insti- 
tution is under control of the German Lutherans. 
The institution reports $125,000 worth of real 
property. The members of the Faculty (1898) 
are five in number, and there were about 171 
students in attendance. 

CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in 
Athens Covmty, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1.S47; brought 
by his parents to Coles County, 111. . at the age of 
seven years, and received his education in the 
common schools and at St. Paul's Academy. Kan- 
kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State 
University and graduating from the law depart- 
ment of the latter in 1SG8. He then began prac- 
tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., wliere he 
served three years as Citj' Attorney, but, in 1873, 
returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now 
a part of Chicago), where he served as City 
Attorney for four consecutive terms before its 
annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected 
as a Republican to the State Senate for the 
Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- 
second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. 
In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge 
of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was 
defeated with the National and the State tickets 
of that year, since when he has given his atten- 
tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank 
in his profession. 

COXGER, Edwin Hurd, lawyer and diploma- 
tist, was born in Knox County. III., March?, 1843; 
graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg. in 
1862, and immediately thereafter enlisted as a 



private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois 
Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- 
ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted 
Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated 
from the Albany Law School and practiced for a 
time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, 
where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and 
banking; was twice elected County Treasurer of 
Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, 
being re-elected in 1882 ; in 1886, was elected to 
Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice 
re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of 
his last term was appointed by President Harri- 
son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 
1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the 
State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed 
Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred 
to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- 
ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of 
Illinois. 

CONWREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- 
gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. 
Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent 
some time at Kaskaskia and Sha-mieetown, but 
left for New Orleans without organizing any 
churches. The first church was organized at 
Mendon, Adams County, in 1838, followed by 
others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- 
sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had 
increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers 
were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at 
Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, 
who became pastor of the first Quincy church, 
followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant 
(afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- 
man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foot. 
Other Congregational ministers who came to t'^e 
State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, 
who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. 
Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- 
mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- 
sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. 
Thomas Lippincott, Cjtus L. Watson, Theron 
Baldwin, Elisha Jenney. William Kirlw, the two 
Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.). and many more 
of whom, either temporarily or permanently, 
became associated with Presbyterian churches. 
Although Illinois College was under the united 
patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational- 
ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- 
ment were Congregationalists, and the same was 
true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835. at 
Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was 
convened the first Congregational Council, known 
in the denominational history of tlie State as 



IIG 



HISTOltlfAL EXrVfLOPHDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



that of Fox River. Since tlien some twelve to 
fifteen separate Associations have been organized. 
By 1890, the development of the denomination 
had been such that it had 280 churches, support- 
ing 312 ministers, with 33, 126 members. During 
that year the disbursements on account of chari- 
ties and liome extension, by the Illinois churclie-S, 
were nearly .$1,000,000. The Chicago Theological 
Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school 
of divinity, its projMjrty holdings being worth 
nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at 
Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. 
(See also Religious Dci)on>i7iiilioiis ) 

CONGRESSIONAL APPOHTIO.N.^IENT. (See 
Ax)portionment, Congressional; also Re^iresent- 
atives in Congress.) 

CONKLI.XtJ, James Cook, lawyer, wa,'- born in 
New York City, Oct. 13, ISIG; graduated at Prince- 
ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and 
being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J. , in 
1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first 
business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent 
and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a 
later period he was associate<l with Gen. James 
Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War 
and a United States Senator, at different times, 
from three different States. As an original 
Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated 
with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and 
trusted friend he was through life. It was to 
him tliat Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
letter, whicli, by his special request, Mr. Conk- 
ling read before the great Union ma.ss-meeting at 
Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 18G3, now known as the 
"Lincoln-C'onkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was 
chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, 
and served in the lower branch of the Seven- 
teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies 
(ISril and 1807). It was largely due to his tactful 
management in the latter, that the first approjtri- 
ation was made for the new State House, which 
established tlie capital permanently in that city. 
At the Blooniington Convention of ISoG, where 
the Republican party in Illinois may be said to 
have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln 
and three others, he represented Sangamon 
County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, 
and was apixjinted a member of the State Central 
Committee which conducted the campaign of 
that year. In 18G0, and again in 18G4, his name 
was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- 
tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his 
duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's 
own District for him for President. The intimacy 
of personal friendship existing between him and 



Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- 
tion for over thirty years as an original member 
of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other 
public positions held by him included those of 
State -Agent during the Civil War by appointment 
of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University 
at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at 
Carlinville. as also that of Postmaster of the city 
of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, 
continuing in oflice four years. High-minded 
and honorable, of pure personal character and 
strong religious convictions, public-spirited and 
liberal, probably no man did more to promote 
the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- 
field, during the sixty years of his residence there, 
than he. His death, as a result of old age, 
occurred in that city, March 1, 1899.— Clinton L. 
(Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in 
Springfield, Oct. IG, 1843; graduated at Y'ale 
College in 18G4, studied law with his father, and 
was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 
18GG, and in the United States courts in 1867. 
After practicing a few years, he turned his atten- 
tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed 
practice and has proved successful. He has 
devoted much attention of late years to real 
estate business, and has represented large land 
interests in this and other States. For many 
yeiirs he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument 
Association, and has served on the Board of 
Count}- Supervisors, which is the only political 
office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub- 
lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- 
cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the 
highest probity and ability, was defeated in a 
district overwlielmingly Democratic. 

CO>'NOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 
1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, 
where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of 
tlie State Senate; studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after 
removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he 
enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred 
and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was 
successively commissioned as Captain and Major, 
retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- 
Colonel. ' In 1872 he was elected Representative 
in the State Legislature from Coles County and 
re-elected in 1874; was United States District 
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois 
from 1876 to 188.-), and again from 1889 to 1893; 
in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of 
the Treasury, but declined the office; the same 
year ran as the Republican canili late for Con- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



117 



gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) 
District in opposition to Wm. M. Springer, and 
was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district 
usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He 
declined a second nomination in 1888, but, in 1894, 
was nominated for a third time (this time for the 
Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was 
for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- 
tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro- 
fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth 
Congress. 

CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at 
Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle 
Air Academy and the University of Virginia, 
graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having 
studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to 
Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, 
Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the 
State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, 
Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. 
He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional 
Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the 
dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a 
Democrat; in 18.56, served as Presidential 
Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, 
during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- 
nent of the policy of the Government in dealing 
with secession. Having removed to Marshall, 
Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice 
of his profession there, but was elected Judge of 
the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, 
which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding 
court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- 
stable was arrested because of his release of four 
deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, 
on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers 
who had arrested them. He was subsequently 
released by Judge Treat of the United States 
District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- 
minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 32, in 
which four soldiers and three citizens were killed 
outright, and eight persons were wounded. 

CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois 
has had four State Conventions called for the 
purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of 
these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— 
adopted Constitutions which went into effect, 
while the instrument framed by the Convention 
of 1863 was rejected by the people. A synoptical 
history of each will be found below: 

Convention op 1818. — In January, 1818, the 
Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution 
instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. 
Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress 
requesting the passage of an act authorizing the 



people of Illinois Territory to organize a State 
Government. A bill to this effect was intro- 
duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- 
ing. It authorized the people to frame a 
Constitution and organize a State Government — 
apportioning the Delegates to be elected from 
each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- 
ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday 
of July, following, as the day of election, and the 
first Monday of August as the time for the meet- 
ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned 
upon a census of the people of the Territory (to 
be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu- 
lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as 
taken, showed the required population, but, as 
finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,630 — 
being the smallest with which any State was ever 
admitted into the Union. The election took 
place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- 
bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of 
thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were 
farmers of limited education, but with a fair 
portion of hard common-sense. Five of the 
Delegates were lawyers, and these xmdoubtedly 
wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. 
Thomas (afterwards one of the first United 
States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, 
also a later Senator, was among the dominating 
spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter 
should be ascribed whatever new matter was 
incorporated in the instrument, it being copied 
in most of its essential provisions from the Con- 
stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The 
Convention completed its labors and adjourned, 
August 26, the Constitution was submitted to 
Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the 
formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- 
nois was admitted into the Union as a State by 
resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. 

Convention of 1847. — An attempt was made in 
1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 
1818, the object of the chief promoters of the 
movement being to secure the incorporation of a 
provision authorizing the admission of slavery 
into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, bj' the 
necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the 
General Assembly, submitting the proposition to 
a vote of the people, was secured by the most 
questionable methods, at the session of 1823, but 
after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it 
was rejected at the election of 1824. (See 
Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles, Edivard.) 
At tlie session of 1840-41, another resolution on 
the subject was submitted to the people, but it 
was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 



118 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- 
ted, and, at the election of lii-tO, was approved. 
The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, 
and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, 
following. It was composed of 102 members, 
ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list 
of Delegates embraced the names of many who 
afterwards attained high distinction in public 
affairs, and the bodj-, as a whole, was represent- 
ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached 
to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed 
in its successor, except by a few additions, 
among which was a section disqualifying any 
person who had been concerned in a duel from 
holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- 
ever, was carefully revised and several important 
changes made. Among these may be mentioned 
the following: Limiting the elective franclii.se 
for foreign-born citizens to those who had 
become naturalized; making the jiidiciarj- elect- 
ive; reiiuiring that all State officers be elected 
by the people; changing tlio time of the election 
of the Executive, and making liim ineligilile for 
immediate re-election; various curtailments of 
the power of the Legislature: imposing a two- 
mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- 
viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. 
The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- 
tion, August ;31. 184T; ratilied by popular vote, 
March (i, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848. 
CosvEXTlo.N OF ISG'v. — The proposition for 
holding a third Constitutional Convention was 
submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature 
of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the 
election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In 
the excitement attendant upon the early events 
of the war, jieople i)aid comparatively little 
attention to the choice of its members. It was 
composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one 
Rei>ublicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed 
as doubtful. The Convention assembled at 
Springlield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses- 
sion until March 24, following. It was in many 
respects a remarkable body. The law providing 
for its existence prescribed that the members, 
before proceeding to b\isine.ss, should take an 
oath to support the State Constitution. This tlie 
majority refused to do. Their conception of 
their powers was such that they seriously deliber- 
ated upon electing a L^nited States Senator, 
as-sumed to make ap|)roi)riations from the State 
treasury, claimed the right to interfere with 
military affairs, and called upon the Governor 
for information concerning claims of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to 



lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- 
posed numerous impi)rtant changes in the organic 
law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. 
It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1863, 
by a majority of over 16,000 votes. 

Convention of 1869-70. — The second attempt 
to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in 
submission to the people, by the Legislature of 
1867, of a proposition for a Convention, whicli was 
approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- 
ity of 704 votes. Tlie election of Delegates was 
provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- 
tion held in Noveml)er and the Convention 
assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles 
Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- 
mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. 
.Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were 
eighty-five memters, of whom forty-four were 
Republicans and forty -one Democrats, although 
fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- 
ents." It was an a.s.semblage of some of the 
ablest men of the State, including repre.sentatives 
of all the learned professions except the clerical, 
besides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal- 
ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and 
in the main good. Some of tlie principal clianges 
made in the fundamental law, as projiosed by the 
Convention, were tlie following: Tlie prohibi- 
tion of special legislation where a general law 
may be made to cover the necessities of the case, 
and the absolute proliibition of such legislation 
in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of 
other matters; prohibition of the pas.sage of any 
law releasing any civil division (district, county, 
city, township or town) from the payment of its 
just proportion of any State tax; recommenda- 
tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon 
certain specified subjects, such as liberal Imme- 
stead and exeiiipticm rights, tlie construction of 
drains, the regulation of charges on railways 
(whicli were declared to be public highways), 
etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses 
public warehouses, and proviiling for their legis- 
lative inspection and supervision. The mainte- 
nance of an "efficient system of public schools" 
was made obligatory uikiii the Legislature, and 
the appropriation of any funds — .State, municipal, 
town or district — to the support of sectarian 
scliools was prohibited. The principle of cumu 
lative voting, or "minority representation." in 
the choice of members of the House of Represent- 
atives was provided for, and additional safe- 
guards thrown around the pa.ssage of bills. The 
ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a 
second consecutive term was set aside, and a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



119 



two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary 
to override an executive veto. The list of State 
officers was increased by the creation of the 
offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, these having been previ- 
ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme 
Court bench was increased by the addition of 
four members, making the whole number of 
Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts 
authorized after 1874, and County Courts were 
made courts of record. The compensation of all 
State officers — executive, judicial and legislative 
— was left discretionary with the Legislature, 
and no limit was placed upon the length of the 
.sessions of the General Assembl}-. The instru- 
ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at 
an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, 
August 8, following. Occasional amendments 
have been submitted and ratified from time to 
time. (See Constitutions. Elections and Repre- 
sentation: also Minoritii Representation.) 

CONSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- 
stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. 
The earliest instrument was that approved by 
Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made 
in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at 
an election held, March .5, 1848, and going into 
force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State 
officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, 
except that of Treasurer, which is two years. 
Biennial elections and sessions of the General 
Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their 
seats for four years, and Representatives two 
years. The State is required to be apportioned 
after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- 
tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three 
Representatives. The principle of minority rep- 
resentation has been incorporated into the 
organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as 
many votes for one legislative candidate as there 
are Representatives to be chosen in his district ; 
or ho may divide his vote equall}' among all the 
three candidates or between two of tl'em, as he 
may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- 
tution of 1870 is the inhibition of tlie General 
Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- 
palities are classified, and legislation is for all 
cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- 
tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- 
ance must secure payment of their claims under 
the terms of some general appropriation. The 
sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to 
time, nor is there any restriction upon the power 
■of the Executive to summon extra sessions. 
'(See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections: 



Governors and other State Officers; Judicial 
System; Suffrage, Etc. ) 

COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, 
was born in Monroe Count}', N. Y. , May 11, 1819; 
completed his academic education at the Collegi- 
ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying 
law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at 
Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began 
the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was 
elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for 
the Ninth Judicial District, serving two j'ears, 
when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people 
under the Constitution of that year, for four 
years. From 1852 to 1800. he was State Senator, 
taking part in the election which resulted in 
making Lj-man Trumbull United States Senator 
in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace 
Commissioners from'lllinois in the Conference 
wliich met at Washington. He ma}' be called 
one of the founders of the Republican party in 
this State, having been a member of tlie State 
Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 
1856, and Cliairman of the State Central Com- 
mittee in 1862. In 1864, lie was elected to Con- 
gress, and re-elected in 1866, "68 and '70, but 
resigned in 1871 to accept tlie solioitorship of the 
Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 
1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham 
Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National 
Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- 
dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 
1864. His death occurred at Evanston. August 
18, 1894. 

COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was 
born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to 
Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- 
kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner 
and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer, ' • and at 
the same time served as Auditor of Public 
Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards ; 
the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- 
roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, 
then minister to London, and, on his return, was 
appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of 
the State he was elected the first Attorney- 
General, but almost immediately resigned and, 
in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- 
ing as Representative until 1837. Having married 
a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a 
resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous 
opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a 
slave State in 1823-34, and did much to prevent 
the success of that scheme. He also bore a 
prominent part while in Congress in securing the 
donation of lands for the construction of the 



120 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished 
for his eloquence, and it was during his tirst 
Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was 
introduced into the State. Suffering from 
consumption, he visited Cuba, and, after return- 
ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to 
improve, he went to Kentucky, wliere he died, 
Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at 
Edwardsville, III. June 12, 182.5, the son of 
Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from 
Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Xinian Edwards, 
was educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield 
and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon 
County, later serving as Quartermaster of the 
State. Raising a company promptly after the 
firing on Fort Sumter in IHOl, he was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers 
— the first regiment organized in Illinois under 
the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was 
promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort 
Donelson in March, 18G2; in 1864 commanded the 
District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- 
field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the 
brevet rank of Major-Oeneral. General Cook was 
elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During 
recent years )iis home lias been in Michigan. 

COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern 
section of the State, bordering on Lake Micliigan, 
and being the most easterly of the second tier of 
counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It 
has an area of 890 square miles; population (1890), 
1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago. 
The county was organized in 1831, having origi- 
nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will, 
Lake, McHenry and Irotiuois, in addition to its 
present territorial limits. It was named in 
honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- 
sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, 
Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were 
Samuel Bliller, Gholson Kercheval and James 
Walker, who took tlie oath of office before Justice 
John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. William 
Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne 
Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County 
Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, 
Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A 
scow ferry was established across the South 
Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only 
non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- 
gists are of the opinion that, previous to the 
glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay 
under the waters of Lake Michigan, whicli was 
connected with the Mississippi by the Des Pkines 



River. This theory is borne out by the finding 
of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern 
and southern jxirtions of the county, either under- 
lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. 
The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- 
ence of an ancient kej-, and they conclude that, 
at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty 
feet higher than at present. Glacial action is 
believed to have been very effective in establish- 
ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- 
stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable 
abundance. Athens marble (white wlien taken 
out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) 
is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat 
have also been found. The general surface is 
level, although undulating in some portions. The 
.soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior 
becomes a black mold from one to four feet in 
depth. Drainage is afforded by tlie Des Plaines, 
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being 
improved by the construction of the Drainage 
Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the 
principal industries outside of the city of Chi- 
cago. (See also Chicago.) 

COOK COUXTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- 
cago and under control of the Commissioners of 
Cook County. It was originally erected by the 
City of Chicago, at a cost of §80,000, and was 
intended to be used as a hospital for patients 
suffering from infectious diseases. For .several 
3ears the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, 
it was leased by an association of physicians, who 
opened a hospital, with the further purpose of 
affording facilities for clinical instruction to the 
students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 tlie 
building was taken by the General Government 
for military purposes, lieing used as an eye and 
ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it 
reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1806, was 
purchased by Cook Countj'. In 1874 the County 
Commissioners purcha.sed a new and more spa- 
cious site at a cost of $145,000, and began the erec- 
tion of buildings tliereon. The two principal 
pavilions were completed and occupied tefore the 
close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and 
connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an 
administrative building and two additional 
pavilions were addeil in 1882-84. L^p to that date 
the total cost of the buildings had been .'?719,574, 
and later additions and improvements liave 
swelled the outlay to more than §1,000,000. It 
accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes 
a part of the county machinery for t)ie care of 
the iX)or. A certain number of beds are placed 
under the care of homeopathic physicians. The 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



121 



present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of 
fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist 
and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic 
staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. 
In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or 
house physicians and surgeons, composed of 
recent graduates from the several medical col- 
leges, who gain their positions through competi- 
tive examination and hold them for eighteen 
months. 

COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- 
man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 
1849; was educated in the common schools and 
the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that 
city and at Columbian University, Washington, 
D. C, graduating from that institution with the 
degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to 
the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- 
cago the same year, he entered upon the practice 
of his profession, which lie pursued for the 
remainder of his life. In 1882 he was elected a 
Representative in the State Legislature from 
Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a 
Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the 
Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 
1896. His death occurred suddenly while in 
attendance on the extra session of Congress in 
Washington, June 24, 1897. 

COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was 
born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1831; at the 
age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in 
Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch 
establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, 
Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- 
ing business, also serving in the Iowa State 
Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate 
of his party for United States Senator, being 
defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 
18G2 he came to Chicago and opened tlie banking 
house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co. , which, in 1865, 
became the Union National Bank of Chicago. 
Later he became the first President of the Chi- 
cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' 
Association of the West and South, a Director of 
the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator 
of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a 
member of the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of 
Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to 
the whole city of Chicago. 

COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was 
born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- 
cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban- 
gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 
1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville 



and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1842 took a 
prominent part in the campaign which resulted 
in tlie election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also 
received from Governor Carlin an appointment as 
Quartermaster-General of the State. On the 
accession of Governor French in December, 1846, 
he was appointed Secretary of State and elected 
to the same oflice under the Constitution of 1848, 
dying before the expiration of his term, April 2, 
1850. 

CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C., physician, was born in 
Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri- 
mary education in the public schools, followed 
by an academic course, and began the study of 
medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from 
the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- 
land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, 
but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon 
thereafter removing to Lee County, where he 
remained until 1862. Tlie latter year he was 
appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- 
moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- 
pelled to resign the following year on account of 
ill health. Returning from the army, he located 
at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a 
member of the State Board of Public Charities 
from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld 
to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. 
He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical 
Examiners for his District under the Pension 
Bureau, and has served as a member of the 
Republican State Central Committee for the 
Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented 
by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the 
State Board of Charities, and was made President 
of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed 
Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the 
Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William 
G. Stearns. 

CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi- 
talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in 
Washington County, N. Y.,_ August 5, 1822; at 9 
years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. 
Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams 
County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of 
a farmer, working part of the year to earn money 
to send himself to school the remainder; also 
taught for a time, then entered tlie office of W. A. 
Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a 
law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but 
soon after became a student in the law office of 
Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted 
to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 
1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 



122 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and 
Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne; finally entered into a 
contract with Judge Skinner to perfect tlie title to 
320 acres of land held under tax-title within the 
present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded 
in doing by visiting tlie original owners, thereby 
securing one-half of the proijerty in his own 
name. He thus became the founder of the village 
of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- 
sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. 
He also established a watch factory at Cornell 
(no%v a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- 
ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell 
was a memljer of the first Park Board, and there- 
fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi- 
cago's extensive park system. 

COR WIN, Franklin, Congre.ssman, was born at 
Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the 
bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he 
served in both Houses of the Legislature, and 
settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at 
Peru. He was a member of the lower house of 
the Twentj^-fourth, Tuenty-lifth and Twenty- 
sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, 
and again in 18ii!). In 1872 he was elected to 
Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was 
defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the 
race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 
15, 1879. 

COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born 
at Fort Edward, N. Y.. August 31, 1800; removed 
to Chautauqua County, in the same State, wliere 
he remained until Ids twentieth year, receiving a 
fair English education. After engaging succes- 
sively, but witli indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, 
stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- 
tilling business, in 1836, in comi)any with his 
younger brother, Ira, he visited Clucago. They 
both decided to go into business there, first ojien- 
ing a small store, and later entering upon their 
hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- 
cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago 
so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch 
superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at 
various times, of many large business blocks in 
the city. Upon the death of his brotlier, in 1857, 
he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, 
with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House 
after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April. 1892, 
while boarding a street car in the central part of 
the city of Chicago, he was run over bj- a truck, 
receiving injuries which resulted in his death 
the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d 
year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of 
the preceding, was born in Saratoga Coimty, 



N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he 
was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up 
in business on his own account. In 1836, while 
visiting Chicago with his brother James, he 
determined to go into business there. With a 
stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, 
newly bought in New York, a small store was 
opened. This business soon disposed of, 5Ir. 
Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the 
old Tremont House, then a low frame building 
kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and 
refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was 
destroyed by fire in 1839, as was al.so the larger 
rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, 
and on a mucli larger and grander scale at a cost 
of §75,000, surpassing any thing the AVest had ever 
known before, the Tremont House this time stood 
until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again 
destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an 
immense patronage, and was able to accumulate 
(for that time) a large fortune. He jmrchased 
and improved a large number of business blocks, 
then within the business center of the city. In 
1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- 
sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of 
his life to seek recreation in travel. In the 
winter of 1857, while with his family in 
Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which 
soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a 
mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- 
cago. 

COULTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, 
at tlie crossing of the Centralia it Chester and 
the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central 
Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- 
ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. 
The town has two banks, two creameries, and a 
newspaper Population (1890). 598; (1900), 6.50. 
COrXTIES, UXORGAXIZEl). (See Unorgmi- 
ized Counties.) 

COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the 
intersection of the Baltimore & Oliio .Southwest- 
ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- 
ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- 
siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a 
bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751. 

COWLES, .\lfre(i, newsi)aper manager, was 
born in Portage County. Ohio, May 13. 1832, grew 
up on a farm and, after spending some time at 
Michigan L'niversity. entered the office of "The 
Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 18,55 accepted a 
similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," wliich 
had just been bought by Joseph Jledill and 
others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



123 



ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his 
death in ChicaKC Dec. 20, 1889. 

COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in tlie First 
General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union 
County, and a conspicuous figure in early State 
histor}' ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of 
making Illinois a slave State : became one of the 
original proprietors and founders of the city of 
Springfield, and was appointed tiie first Register 
of the Land Office there, but was removed under 
charges of misconduct ; after liis retirement from 
the Land OflSce, kejit a hotel at Springfield. In 
1886 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- 
sin Territory), became a member of the first 
Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected 
and once SjDeaker of the House, being prominent 
in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators"' who 
drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes 
who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, 
at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. 

COT, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango 
County, N. Y., July 2.5, 1832; educated in the 
common schools and at Central College, Cortland 
County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 
1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he 
located in Kendall County and began practice ; in 
1868 was elected to the lower house of the General 
A.ssembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential 
Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to 
Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the 
Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, 
in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. 

CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, 
born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 
1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- 
ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, 
coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in 
seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- 
bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from 
Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic 
majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. 

CRAIG, AKred M., jurist, was born in Edgar 
County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox 
College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in 
the following year, commencing practice at 
Knoxville. He held the offices of State's 
Attorney and County Judge, and represented 
Knox County in the Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench 
of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice 
C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and 
'91 ; his present term expiring with the century. 
He is a Democrat in politics, but has been 
three times elected in a Republican judicial 
district. 



CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- 
tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in 
Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced 
law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three 
times elected to the State Senate — 1884, "88 and 
'94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- 
tion Law, enacted in 1885. 

CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due 
south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- 
ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452 
square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The 
first settlers were the French, but later came 
emigrants from New England. The soil is rich 
and well adapted to the production of corn and 
wlieat, which are the principal crops. The 
count}' was organized in 1817, Darwin being 
the first county-seat. The present county-seat 
is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; 
centrally located and the point of intersection of 
two railroads. Other towns of importance are 
Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- 
lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is 
a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River 
crosses the southwest portion of the county, and 
receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and 
Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral 
resources, but contains some valuable woodland 
and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, 
potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- 
ing products. 

CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson 
County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- 
lation (1800), 539; (1900). 940. 

CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in 
Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. 
When he was but 7 j-ears old his parents removed 
to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the 
age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, 
was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in 
W^hite County. In 1863 he enlisted in the 
Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a 
commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, jxirticipating 
in all the important movements in the Mississippi 
Valle}-, including the capture of Vicksburg, and 
in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time 
commanding a brigade. Returning home, he 
resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866 
he was an unsuccessful candidate for State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction on the 
Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress 
in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and. in 1880, was a 
delegate to the Democratic State Convention, 
Died, June 26, 1890. 



124 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CREKwHTOX, James A., jurist, was bom in 
Wliite County, 111., March 7, 184fi; in childhood 
removed with his parents to Wayne County, and 
was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at 
the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating 
from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a 
time while studying law, he was admitted to the 
bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, 
in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was 
elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- 
cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897. 

CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- 
pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York 
City, in 1827; at 18 years of age was an employe 
of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- 
quently accepting a position with Morris K. 
Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to 
Chicago in 1863, in partnership with J. McGregor 
Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & 
Co., in that city, also becoming a partner in the 
Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- 
ers. He also became interested and an official in 
various other business organizations, including 
the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago 
& Alton Kailroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings 
Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- 
cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified 
with various benevolent institutions and associ- 
ations. After the fire of 1871. he was intrusted 
by the New York Chamber of Commerce with 
the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- 
ers bj' that calamity. His integrity and business 
sagacity were universally recognized. After his 
deiith, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 
1889, it was found that, after making munificent 
bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent 
associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly 
a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to 
relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, 
amounting to some S2. 000.000, for the purpose of 
founding a public library in the city of Chicago, 
n&ming thirteen of his most intimate friends as 
the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and 
livsting monument of so noble and public-spirited 
a man could have been devised. 

CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- 
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south 
of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900), 760. 

CROOK, (ieorfire, soldier, was born near Day- 
ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828; graduated at the United 
.States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and 
was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the 
Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- 
ant in l.s.");{. In 1861 he entered the volunteer 
service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- 



try; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1802 and 
JIajor-Geueral in 1864, being mustered out of the 
service, January, 1806. During the war he 
participated in some of the most important 
battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at 
Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded 
the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the 
spring of 1805. On being mustered out of the 
volunteer service lie returned to the regular 
army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
Twenty-third Infantrj-, and, for several years, was 
engaged in campaigns again.st the hostile Indians 
in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he 
was appointed Major-General and, from that time 
to his death, was in command of the Militarj- 
Division of the Missouri, with headcjuarters at 
Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. 

CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near 
Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last 
century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois 
in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French 
village on the Mississippi just above the mouth 
of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; 
later lived at Peoria (1824). at Ottawa (1826), at 
Shippingport near the present city of La Salle 
(1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- 
while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in 
La Salle County, kept a storage and commission 
house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a 
steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. 

CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry 
County, at the intersection of two divisions of 
the Chic^igo & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles 
northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), ,546; 
(1890), 781; (1900), 950. 

CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 
miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles 
north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ 
ing the town) is underlaid with a good ((uality of 
bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist 
Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of 
Fulton County, there are 9.000.000 tons to the 
square mile, within 1.50 feet of the surface. Brick 
and cigars are made here, and the town has two 
banks, a newspaper, three churches and good 
schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; 
(1903, school census). 1,400. 

CULLEX, William, editor and Congressman, 
born in the nortli of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while 
yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- 
burg, Pa., where he wsis eduavted in the public 
schools. At the age of 20 he removed to 
La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. 
Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He 
lias served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



125 



other local offices, and was for many years a part 
owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- 
lican." From 1881 to 1883, as a Republican, he 
represented the Eighth Illinoi.s District in Con- 
gress. 

CULLOM, Richard Nortlicraft, farmer and 
legislator, was born in tlie State of Maryland, 
October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne 
Count}-, Ky., where he was married to Miss 
Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 
1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- 
ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to 
reside during the remainder of his life. Although 
a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of 
prominence and a recognized leader in public 
affairs. In 183G he was elected as a Whig Repre- 
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving 
in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of 
whom he was an intimate personal and political 
friend. In 18^0 he was chosen a member of the 
State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- 
teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was 
again elected to the House. Mr. Cullom's death 
occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 18T3, his 
wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. 
Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. 
Cullom. 

CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- 
tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 23, 
1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 
111., in 1830, where his father became a member 
of the Legislature and attained prominence as a 
public man. After two years spent in Rock 
River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some 
experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of 
this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the 
study of law in tiie office of Stuart & Edwards. 
Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, 
he was almost immediately elected City Attor- 
ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- 
more ticket for Presidential ElectOT-, at the same 
time being elected to the Twentieth General 
Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, 
as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by 
the Fillmore men and tlie Free-Soilers. At the 
session following the latter election, he was 
chosen Speaker of the House, wliich was his first 
Important political recognition. In 1863 he was 
appointed by President Lincoln a member of the 
War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this 
capacit}^ with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- 
setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was 
also a candidate for the State Senate the same 
year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two 
years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con- 



gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John 
T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 
1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He 
was a delegate to the National Republican Con- 
vention of 1873. and. as Chairman of the Illinois 
delegation, placed General Grant in nomination 
for the Presidency, holding the same position 
again in 1884 and in 1893; was elected to the Illi- 
nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874, 
being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he 
was the unanimous choice of his party for 
Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 %vas elected Gov- 
ernor, was re-eiccted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected 
to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. 
David Davis. Having had two re-elections since 
(1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, 
which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special 
appointment of President McKinley, Senator 
Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate 
the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and 
report a plan of government for this new division 
of the American Republic. Other important 
measures with which his name has been promi- 
nently identified have been the laws for the sup- 
pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation 
of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At 
present he is Cliairman of the Senate Committee 
on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those 
on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His 
career has been conspicuous for his long public 
service, the large number of important offices 
whicli he has held, the almost unbroken uniform-, 
ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- 
plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No 
man in tlie history of the State has been more 
frequently elected to the United States Senate, 
and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and 
Logan — for an equal number of terms; though 
only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to 
serve out the full period for which he was 
elected. 

CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the 
southeast quarter of the State, directly south of 
Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1843. 
Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 
16.134. The county-seat was at Greenup until 
1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, 
which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a 
town in 1866. The present county-seat is at 
Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras 
River crosses the county, as do also three lines of 
railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- 
tion of 839. The county received its name from 
the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- 
jected, passed through it. 



126 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CUMMIXS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- 
formed Protestant Episcojjal Church, was 
born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1832; gradu- 
ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and 
became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, 
but. in 1846, took orders in the Epi.scopal 
Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- 
more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity 
Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- 
secrated Assistant Bishop of the Dioce.se of 
Kentucky. As a recognized leader of tlie Low- 
Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue 
with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church 
party, and, liaving withdrawn from the Episcopal 
Church in 18T3, became the first Bishop of the 
Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- 
ous. elo(iueiitan<l conscientious, but overtaxed his 
strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- 
erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop 
Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. 

CUMILATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre- 
sent(iti(ni.) 

Cl'KTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was 
bf)rn in Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30, 
18U6; graduated at Jliddlebury College, Vt., in 
1831, with the highest honors of his class; after 
three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
church at Brandon, Vt., in 1830. In 1841 he 
accepted an appointment as agent of the Home 
Mi.ssionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 
1843 and iH.'iS holding pastorates at Madison, 
Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was 
chosen President of Kno.x College, at Galesburg, 
dying there, Sept. IS, 1862. 

CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born 
at Akron, Ohio, Nov. 5, 18.')0; graduated at 
Western Reserve College in 1851, meanwhile 
learning the art of typesetting; later served as a 
reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, 
took a subordinate position on "The Chicago 
Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- 
editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- 
panied General Custer in his campaign against 
the Sioux, spent several months investigating 
the "Ku-Klux" and "White Leiigue" organiza- 
tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The 
Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. 
Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he 
became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- 
gress" in Washington, and afterwards made tlie 
tour of the United States with the South and 
Central .-Vmerican representatives in that Con- 
gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition 
in Chicago he had general supervision of tlie 



Latin-.Vmerican historical and arclia;ological 
exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every 
Central and South American country and has 
written elaborately on these subjects for the 
magazines and for publication in book form; has 
also published a "Life of Zacluiriah Chandler'' 
and a "Diplomatic History of the United States 
and Foreign Powers." For some time he was 
managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is 
now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of 
"The Chicago Record." 

CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier 
and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass., 
May 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary. 
Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ; 
at 18 begiin a mercantile career at Middlebury, 
and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., 
where he opened a country store, also built a mill 
at Vermilionville; later was identified with many 
large financial enterprises which generally 
proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- 
tune at one time estimated at §3,000,000. He was 
elected as a Democrat to the Thirteentli and 
Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) 
and, for several years, held a commission as 
Cai)tain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The 
Civil War coming on, he a.ssisted in organizing 
the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- 
missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. 
He organized and was principal owner of th© 
Bank of Ottawa, which, in 186.'), became the First 
National Bank of that city; was the leading 
spirit in the Hydraulic Company and tlie Gas 
Company at Ottawa, built and oi^erated the 
Ott.awa Machine Shojis and Foundry, si)eculated 
largely in lands in Lii Salle ami CiHik Counties — 
his ojierations in the latter l)eing esi)ecially large 
about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a 
principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- 
man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in 
the lumber trade in Michigjui, and was one of 
the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- 
western Rxilroail. The Chicago fire of 1871, 
however, brought financial disiister upon him, 
which finally dissipated his fortune and de- 
stroyed his mental and physical hejilth. His 
death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. '28, 1878. 

DALE, Michael («., lawyer, was born in Lan- 
caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the 
public schools of his native city, except one year 
in West Chester Academy, when he entered 
Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating 
there in 1835. He then began the study of law 
and was admitted to the bar in 1837; coming to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



nr 



Illinois the following year, he was retained in a 
suit at Greenville. Bond County, which led to his 
employment in others, and finally to opening an 
office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate 
Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- 
teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major 
of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- 
ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also 
the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- 
signed tlie office of County Judge in Bond County 
to accept that of Register of the Land office at 
Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- 
ing the office of County Judge in Madison Countj' 
five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- 
nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter 
of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- 
ville, April 1, 189.x 

DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at 
the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has man- 
ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and 
wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula- 
tion (1880), 839; (1890), 747; 1900), 970. 

DANENHOWER, John Wil.son, Arctic explorer, 
was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of 
W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing 
through the schools of Chicago and Washington, 
he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- 
emy at Annapolis in 1870. was successively com- 
missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and 
served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in 
the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic 
steamer Jeannette at Havre. France, as second in 
command xmder Lieut. George W. De Long ; pro- 
ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the 
steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of 
Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an 
ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty -two months, 
Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- 
abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, 
as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged 
their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until 
they were able to launch them in open water, 
but were soon separated by a gale. The boat 
conimanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached 
the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, 
where the crew were rescued bj' natives, landing 
Sept. 17., 1881. After an ineffectual search on 
the delta for the crews of the other two boats. 
Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made 
the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally 
arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He 
has told the story of the expedition in "The 



Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1883. 
Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887. 

DANVERS, a village of McLean County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway. The section is agricultural. The town 
has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 
460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607. 

DAXVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion 
County, on Vermilion River and on five impor- 
tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining 
district and near large deposits of shale and 
soapsfcone, which are utilized in manufacture of 
sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city 
has car-shops and numerous factories, water- 
works, electric lights, paved streets, several 
banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools 
and one high school, and six newspapers, three 
daily. A Soldiers" Home is located three miles 
east of the city. Pop. (1890), 11,491 ; (1900), 16,354. 

DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) 

DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINGTON & 
PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern 
Railroad.) 

D'ARTAIGUIETTE, Pierre, a French com- 
mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having 
been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of 
Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry 
and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, 
but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the 
Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned 
at the stake. 

DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer and 
trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, 
came to this country in 1804, and soon aftei 
enlisted in the United States army, with the ranli 
of sergeant. He served gallantly on various 
expeditions in the West, where he obtained a 
knowledge of the Indians which was afterward 
of great value to him. During the War of 1813 
his regiment was sent East, where he partici- 
pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other 
enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- 
ing expired and the war ended, he entered the 
service of the contract commissary. He selected 
the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning 
and supervising its construction. He cultivated 
friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, 
and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, 
and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the 
site of the present city of Rock Island. He had 
the confidence and respect of the savages, was 
successful and his trading posts were soon scat- 
tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 
1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 



128 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



upper Mississippi, and, in 1835, was appointed the 
first postmaster at Rook Island, being tlie only 
white civilian resident there. In 1»26 he united 
liis business with that of the American Fur Com- 
pany, in whose service he remained. Although 
lie employed every effort to induce President 
Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and 
his followers to induce them to emigrate across 
the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief 
commenced hostilities, Mr. Daven|X)rt tendered 
his services to Governor Reynolds, by whom he 
was commissioned Quartermaster-General with 
the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased 
rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War 
In Wi!) a company, of which he was a member, 
founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock 
Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 
and '42 lie was largely instrumental in negoti- 
ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their 
lands in Iowa to the United States. In the 
latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, 
having accumulated a fortune through liaril 
labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often 
of griive perils. He had large business interests in 
nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which 
he gave more or less personal attention. On the 
night of July 4, 1843, he was as.sassinated at his 
home by robbers. For a long time the crime was 
shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were 
ultimately detected and brought to punishment. 

DAVIS, David, jurist and United States 
Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 
9, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon 
College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He .settled 
at Bloomington, III, in 1830, and, after practicing 
law there until 1844, was elected to the lower bouse 
of the Fourteenth General Assemblj-. After 
serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial 
Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being 
re-elected in 1855 and '61. He wiis a warm, \>eT- 
sonal friend of Abraliam Lincoln, who, in 1863, 
placed him \i\K)n the bench of the United States 
Supreme Court. He resigned liis high judicial 
lionors to become United States Senator in 1877 
as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 
1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the 
Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his 
term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- 
ton. June 26, 1886. 

DAVIS, (jeor^e R., lawyer and Congressman, 
was iKirn at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3. 1840; 
received a common sclux)! education, and a 
classical course at Williston Seminary, Bjisthamp- 
ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the 



Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth 
Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the 
Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he 
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By 
profession he is a kiwyer. He took a prominent 
jiart in the orgjinization of the Chicago militia, 
was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, 
I. X. G.. and was for a time the .senior Colonel in 
the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful 
Republican candidate for Congress, but was 
elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. 
From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook 
County. He took an active and influential part 
in securing the location of the World's Columbian 
Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General 
of the Exposition from its inception to its close, 
by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- 
dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25. 1899. 

DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was 
born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827. being 
the son of John Davis. United States Senator and 
Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime 
as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- 
cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of 
law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- 
tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of 
Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. 
In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, remaining in active service until August, 
1865. when he resigned. After the war he was, 
for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 
1867 to '69, but later removed to il.-issachusetts 
Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. 
by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a 
voyage to Europe. 

DAVIS, James M., earlj- lawyer, was born in 
Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois 
in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to 
have taught the first school in that county. He 
became a lawj-er and a prominent leader of the 
Whig party, was elected to the Tliirteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to 
the Twenty-first from Jlontgomery in 1858, hav- 
ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of 
Hillsboro; was also a member of the State Consti- 
tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a 
man of striking jjersonal appearance, being over 
six feet in height, and of .strong individuality. 
After the dissolution of the Wliig party he identi- 
fied himself with the Democracy and was an 
intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of 
the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 
1866. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



129 



DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- 
ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Stephen- 
son County, 111., in boyhood and served as 
Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 
and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, 
was elected Captain and, on the organization of 
the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He 
participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, 
and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately 
wounded by a shot through the lungs, but 
recovered in time to join his regiment before the 
battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1862, he fell 
mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On 
receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- 
zens, a few days before his death, to accept a 
nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, 
Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve 
my country better in following the torn banner 
of my regiment in the battlefield." 

DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was 
born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- 
ated at JefEerson College, Pa., in 1828, and was 
admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The 
following year he removed to Illinois, settling at 
Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor 
Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public 
Accoimts, to which office he was elected by the 
Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 
1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He 
attained prominence at the bar and was, for 
several years, attorney for the Cliicago & Alton 
. and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
Companies, in which he was also a Director. 
Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. 

DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi- 
cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango 
County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and 
scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary; in 1837 
graduated from the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, winning several prizes during his 
course; the same year began practice at Bing- 
hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York 
City, when he removed to Chicago to accept tlie 
chair of Physiology and General Pathology in 
Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a 
similar position in the Chicago Medical College 
(now the medical department of Northwestern 
University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis 
has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- 
minous writer on general and special topics con- 
nected with his profession, having been editor at 
different times of several medical periodicals, 
including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The 
Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The 



Journal of the American Medical Association." 
He has also been prominent in State, National 
and International IMedical Congresses, and is one 
of the founders of the Northwestern University, 
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago 
Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- 
cal Society and the Union College of Law, liesides 
other scientific and benevolent associations. 

DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New 
York City, Dee. 20, 1S19; after being in the 
employ of the American Fur Company some 
seven years, came to Danville, III., in 1841 and 
commenced studying law the next year; was 
elected to the lower brancli of the Seventeenth 
and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a 
Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; 
served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again 
in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Api^ellate 
bench. Died. Jan. 12, 1892. 

DAWSOX, John, early legislator, was born in 
Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- 
tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in 
the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, 
'34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time 
being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He 
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- 
sented Sangamon County at the time of the 
removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was 
also a member of the Constitutional Convention 
of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 18.50. 

DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- 
TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- 
sonville, established by act of the Legislature, 
Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State 
charitable institutions. Work was not begun 
imtil 1842, but one building was ready for 
partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed 
in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known 
as the south wing, was declared luisafe, and 
was razed and rebuilt.) The center building 
was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 
1857. Other additions and new buildings have 
been added from time to time, such as new dining 
halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator 
house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- 
tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the 
institution is probaljly the largest, as it is un- 
questionably one of the best conducted, of its class 
in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 
716. Among its employes are men and women of 
ripe culture and experience, who have been con- 
nected with it for more than a quarter of a 
century. 

DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, 
was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 



loO 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



and educated in Plymouth schools and at New 
Hampton Academy; in youth removed to Dear- 
born County, Ind., where he taught school and 
served tis deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to 
Msison County, 111., and, in 1844. to Elgin. Here 
he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of 
his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the 
banking business, which proving disastrous in 
laru, he returned to Mason County and began the 
practice of bw. He then spent some years in 
Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second 
time, resumed i)ractice at Havana, ser%-ed one 
term in the State Senate (l«7G-80); in 1.SH4 
became member of a Liw firm in Chicago, but 
retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of tlie 
Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position 
until his death, which occurred suddenly at 
Springfield, April .'5, 1889. For the Last two years 
of his life Jlr. Dearborn's residence was at 
Aurora. 

DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 
3!) miles east of Springfield and one mile nortli 
of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- 
way center. Three coal sliafts are operated out- 
side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, 
having five elevators. Extensive car and repair 
shops are located there, and several important 
manufacturing industries flourish, among them 
three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, 
water-works, electric street railways, and excel- 
lent i)ul)lic schools, including one of the best and 
most noted high scliools in the State. Four 
newspapers are published tliere, each issuing a 
dailv edition. Poy., (1H90). l(i,841; (1900), 20,7,'54. 

1)E(ATIR EIUTORIALIOXVEXTION. (See 
Aiitiyrhraskn Kditmial ('mi niitioii.) 

HECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See 
liidiuiut, DcCiiturd- Western Uiiilinui.) 

DECATIR, MATTOON A. SOITIIERX RAIL- 
KOAD. (See Peoria, Dcaitiir <!.'■ Evatiscille 
Jidilirnt/.) 

I»E(.\TrR, SULLIVAX A. MATT(H)> RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur ct Evansvillc 
Railway.) 

DEEP S>'OW, THE, an event occurring in the 
winter ot 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers 
of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- 
tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant. Presi- 
dent of Illinois College, in an addre.ss to the "OKI 
Settlers" of Morgjin County, a few j-ears before 
his death, gave the following account of it: "In 
the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- 
ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a 
depth of fully three feet on a level. Then c«nie 
a rain with weather so cold tliat it froze as it 



fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of 
snow, nearly, if not iiuite, strong enough to bear 
a man, and finally over this crust there were a 
few inches of snow. The clouds passed away 
and the wind came down u]X)n us from the north- 
west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — 
certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury 
in the thermometer tube was not, on any one 
morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. 
This snow-fall i)roduced constant sleighing for 
nine weeks." Other contemiwraneous accounts 
say that this storm caused great suffering among 
both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- 
able to reach the mills or produce stores, were 
driven, in some cases, to great extremity for 
supplies; mills were stopped bj- the freezing up 
of streams, while deer and other game, sinking 
through the cru.st of snow, were easilj' cajitured 
or jjerished for lack of food. Birds and domestic 
fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- 
tena.ice or from the severity of the cold. 

DEERE. John, manufacturer, was born at 
Mi.l.llrliuiy. \t.. Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- 
smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when 
became west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle 
County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and 
there founded the plow-works which bear his 
name and of which he was President from 1868 
until his death in 1886.— Cliarlos H. (Deere), son 
of the ])receding. was iKirn in Hancock, Addison 
County Vt., March 28. 1837; educateil in the 
conunon schools and at Iowa an<l Knox Acad- 
emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; 
became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- 
ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow 
Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- 
dent and General Manager, until his father's 
death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He 
is also the founder of the Deere & Jlansur Corn 
Planter Works, President of the Moline Water 
Power Company, besides being a Director in 
various other concerns and in the branch liouses 
of Deere & Co., in Kans;is Cit}% Des Moines, 
Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- 
standing his immense business interests, Mr. 
Deere has found time for the discharge of public 
and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he 
was for years a member and Cliairman of the 
State Bureau of Labor Stati-stics; a Commissioner 
from Illinois to tlie Vienna International Exposi- 
tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of 
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893: a 
Presidential Elector fortheState-at-large in 1888, 
and a delegate from his District to the National 
Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



131 



DEERING, William, manufacturer, was born 
at Pari:, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826. 
completed his education at the Readfleld high 
school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur- 
ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- 
ing several large, successful business enterprises, 
including wholesale and commission dry-goods 
houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York. 
His greatest work has been the building up of the 
Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature 
of which, for thirty years, has been the manu- 
facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural 
implements and appliances. This concern began 
operation in Cliicago about 1870, at the present 
time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north 
part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. 
It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater 
variet}' of articles for the use of the agriculturist 
than any other establishment in the countrj', 
receiving its raw material from many foreign 
countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- 
uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- 
ing continues to be President of the Company 
and a principal factor in the management of its 
immense business. He is hberal. public-spirited 
and benevolent, and his business career has been 
notable for the absence of controversies with his 
employes. He has been, for a number of years, 
one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- 
sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is 
President of the Board. 

DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles 
west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown 
rapidly, largely because of the introduction of 
new industrial enterj^rises. It contains a large 
wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun- 
dry, agricultural implement works, machine 
shop, shoe factor}' and several minor manufac- 
turing establishments. It has banks, four news- 
papers, electric street railway, eight miles of 
paved streets, nine churches and three graded 
schools. It is the site of the Nortliern State Nor- 
mal School, located in 189.5. Population (1880), 
1,598; (1890), 2.579; (1900). 5,904; (1903, est.), 8,000. 
DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of 
La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized 
in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the 
Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square 
miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land 
is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox 
and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged 
to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained 
several villages and their own tribal government. 
No sooner had the aborigines been removed than 
white settlers appeared in large numbers, and, 



in September, 1835, a convocation was held on 
the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- 
rary form of government. The public lands in the 
county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. 
Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the 
county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 
2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at 
Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers 
Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the 
first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." 
Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 
2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- 
face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with 
numerous groves and wooded tracts along the 
principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- 
erse the count)', which embraces one of the 
wealthiest rural districts in the State. 

DE KALB & (iREAT WESTERN RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago Great Western Raihvay.) 

DELAVAN, a thriving city in Tazewell County, 
on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at 
the point of its intersection with the Peoria and 
Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 
miles west- southwest of Bloomington and 24 
miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively 
grown in the adjacent territory, and much 
shipped from Delavan. The place supports two 
banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two 
weekly papers. It also has five churches and a 
graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,176, (1900), 1,304. 

DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State, 
was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of 
Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent 
citizen of the State, who held the office of State 
Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- 
tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel 
Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the 
subject of this sketch was educated there and at 
Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1801. he was elected 
a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First 
Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a 
complimentary commission as Captain for gal- 
lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw 
Bayou, where the commander of his regiment. 
Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served 
with General Curtis in Mi.ssissippi and in the 
Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. 
After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- 
facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- 
tain Dement entered the State Legislature by 
election as Representative from Lee County in 
1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876. was pro- 
moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and 
Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 



132 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, 
serving eight years. The last public position held 
by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the 
State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was 
apiwinted in 1891, serving two years. His 
present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. 

OEMEXT, John, was born in Sumner County, 
Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he 
accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in 
Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff 
in 1826, and wliich he representeiJ in the General 
Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with 
distinction during the Black Hawk War, having 
previously had experience in two Indian cam- 
paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer 
by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this 
office to represent Fayette County in the General 
Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal 
of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing 
of success, he removed to the northern part of the 
State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became 
extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 
President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of 
Public Monej's, but he was removed by President 
Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 
1845, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 
and reapijointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the 
office from that date until it was abolished. He 
was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; 
served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, 
'62, and '70), being Temporary President of the 
two bodies last named. He was the father of 
Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- 
nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at 
Dixon, Jan. If), 1883. 

DE>"T, Thomas, lawj-er. was bom in Putnam 
County, 111.. Nov. 14. 1831; in his youth was 
employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, 
meanwhile .studying law; was admitted to the 
bar in 1854. and, in 1850, oixjned an office in Chi- 
cago; is still in practice and has served as 
President, Ixjth of the Chicago Law Institute and 
the State Bar Association. 

I)ES PLAIXES, a village of Cook County, at tlie 
intersection of the Chicago & Nortliwestern and 
the Wisconsin Central IJailroads, 17 miles north- 
west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu- 
lation (1880). >S1H; (1890). 986; (190(1). l.«t;6. 

DES PLAIXES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois 
River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, 
after passing through Kenosha County, in that 
State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly 
parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan 
through Cook County, finallj- unites with the 
Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet. by 



its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois 
River. Its length is alxjut 150 miles. The 
Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the 
valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- 
tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. 

DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, 
was born at Forestville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after 
receiving his primary education took a two years' 
course in the literary and a three years" course in 
the medical department of the Michigan Univer- 
sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
1869. He then began practice as House Physician 
and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, 
N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he 
visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary 
methods, meanwhile spending six months in the 
Pru.ssian military service as Surgeon during the 
Franco-Pru.ssian War. After the clo.se of the 
war he took a brief course in the University of 
Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he 
was employed for seven years as -Vssistant Physi- 
cian in the Northern Ilosjntal for the Insane at 
Elgin. In 1879 he was apjiointed Medical Super- 
intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 
at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of 
John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. 
Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the 
treatment of the insane has stood among the 
highest of his cliv.ss. 

UE WITT COrXTY, situated in the central 
portion of the State; has an area of 405 square 
miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land 
was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta- 
watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- 
nent white settlers occupy this region. The first 
to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel, 
William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families 
of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- 
ever, the finst cabin had been built on the site of 
the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. 
Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and 
Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. 
Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- 
migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from 
Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be 
made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian 
church were built at Waynesville. Tlie county 
was organized in 1839, and — with its capital 
(Clinton) — was named after one of New York's 
most distinguished Governors. It lies within the 
great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt 
Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is 
rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. 
.Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois 
Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



133 



lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367. 
Both are railroad centers and have considerable 
trade. 

DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, 
was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 181.5; 
taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of 
age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that 
State; spent one year at a manual labor school 
in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1$37, came to 
Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will 
County, still later engaging in the same vocation 
in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of 
law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 18-43, 
was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was 
elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining tlie 
position for a quarter of a century, winning for 
himself the reputation of a sagacio"us and incor- 
ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an 
original abolitionist and his home is said to have 
been one of the stations on the "underground 
railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. 

DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., 
Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his 
native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. 
He was descended from a family of lawyers, his 
grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- 
tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the 
Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. 
Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- 
sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable 
attention at first to his father's extensive lumber 
trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter 
of the Government during the Civil War, and 
was an active member of the Relief and Aid 
Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- 
sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years 
before his death being in the service of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Qviincy Railroad Company as 
its general solicitor and member of the executive 
committee of the Board of Directors. Died in 
Chicago, May 20, 1890. 

DICKEY, Hu^h Tliompson, jurist, was born in 
New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from 
Columbia College, read law and was admitted to 
the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four 
years later settled there, becoming one of its 
most influential citizens. Upon the organization 
of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, 
Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- 
ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh 
Judicial Circuit, practicall}- without partisan 
opposition, serving until the expiration of his 
term in 1853. He was prominently identified 
with several important commercial enterprises, 
was one of the founders of the Chicago Library 



Association, and one of the first Trustees of the 
Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy 
Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his 
residence in his native city. New York, where he 
died, June 2, 1892. 

DICKEY, Tiieopliilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Bourbon Countj% Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, 
the grand.son of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- 
ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- 
moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, 
McDonough County, where he was admitted to 
the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, 
where he resided three years, a part of the time 
editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a 
resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the 
Mexican War, organized a company of volun- 
teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 
he raised a regiment of cavalry which was 
mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois 
Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned 
Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- 
paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his 
commission and resumed the practice of his 
profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the 
State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan, 
and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- 
tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United 
States, resigning after eighteen months' service. 
In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was 
made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, 
he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. 
McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and 
died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885. 

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as 
the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," 
having been founded by Alexander Campbell. 
Many members settled in Illinois in the early 
30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the 
denomination soon began to flovirish greatly 
Any one was admitted to membership who made 
what is termed a scriptural confession of faith 
and was baptized by immersion. Alexander 
Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of 
much native ability, as well as a born conver- 
sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in 
numjjers and influence in the State. The United 
States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the 
State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- 
bership of 61,587, having 550 Sundaj' schools, with 
50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the 
real propertj', wliich included 553 church edifices 
(with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- 
ages, was 81,167,675. The denomination supports 
Em-eka College, with an attendance of between 



134 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued 
at §150,000. Total membership in the United 
States, estimated at 750,000. 

DIXON', an incorporated city, the county-seat 
of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock 
River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- 
nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock 
River furnishes abundant water power and the 
manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- 
tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth 
factory, wagon factory; also has electric light 
and jK)«-(;n- plant, three shoe factories, planing 
mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are 
two National and one State bank, eleven 
churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In 
schools tlie city particularly excels, having sev- 
eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. 
The Chautauqua Assembly liolds its meeting here 
annually. Population (189U), 5.1G1; (1900), 7,917. 

1)1 XOX, John, ]iioneer — the first white settler 
in Leo County, 111., was born at Rye, West- 
chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed 
to New York City, where he was in business some 
fifteen years. In 1820 lie set out with his family 
for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, 
and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having 
disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed 
out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity 
of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy 
Creek, some nine miles north of the ])resent site 
of that city. Here he remained .some five years, 
in that time serving as foreman of the fir.st Sanga- 
mon County Grand Jury. The new county of 
Peoria having been established in 1825. he was 
offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit 
Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was 
then calleil. Later he became contractor for 
carrying the mail on the newly established route 
between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- 
vide means of crossing Kock River, he induced a 
Frencli and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to 
take charce of a ferry at a point afterwards 
known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the 
lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and 
the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- 
breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. 
Dixon was forced to buy him out. removing his 
family to this point in April. 1830. Here he 
e.stablished friendly relations with tlie Indians, 
and, duringthe Black Hawk War ,two years later, 
was enabled to render valuable service to the 
State. His station was for many years one of 
the most imjxirtant points in Northern Illinois, 
and among the men of national reputation who 



were entertained at different times at his home 
may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid 
ney Johnston, Gen. W infield Scott. Jefferson 
Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, 
Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He Ixjuglit the 
land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off 
the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature 
a member of the Board of Public Works, and. in 
1840, secured the removal of the land office from 
Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate 
from Lee County to the Republican State Con- 
vention at Bloomiugton, in May, 18.56, and, 
although then considerably over 70 years of age, 
spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- 
coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. 
His death occurred, July 6, 1870. 

DO.VNE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, 
was Iwrn at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., 
March 23, 1833; was educated in the common 
schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago 
and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870, 
had become one of the most extensive concerns 
of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out 
of existence by the fire of 1871. but was re-estab- 
lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, 
although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an 
importing business in many lines of goods used in 
the grocery trade. Having become interested in 
the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was 
elected its President and has continued to act in 
that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a 
Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
the Allen Paper Car AVheel Company and the 
Illinois Central liivilroad, and was a leading 
promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 
1893 — being one of those who guaranteed the 
$5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago 
to assure the success of the enterprise. 

DOLTOX STATION, a village of Cook County, 
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & 
Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg. Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. 10 miles south of 
Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weeklj- paper, 
churches and a graded school. Population ( 1880) 
448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229. 

DOXUOLA, a village in Union County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. 
Population (1880). .599; (1890). 733; (1900). 081. 

DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States 
Senator, was born in Hampton, W;ishington 
County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- 
bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted 
to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and 
Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of 
Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845. and. in 185L 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



135 



removed to Wisconsin; two years later was 
elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and 
the following year was elected as a Democratic- 
Republican to the United States Senate, being 
re-elected as a Republican in 1863. Retiring 
from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided 
chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the 
courts of Cliicago. He was President of the 
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
1866, and of the National Democratic Convention 
of 1873 in Baltimore, wliich endorsed Horace 
Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., 
July 27, 1897. 

DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of 
Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H., 
March 23, 1823; began teacliing at 17 years of age 
and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; 
then taught several years and, in 1854, was 
offered and accepted the position of Superintend- 
ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two 
years later. Afterwards engaging in business, 
he served as Vice-President and President of 
the Board of Trade, President of the Com- 
mercial Insurance Company and of the State 
Savings Institution ; was a member of the State 
Senate, 1868-73, and has been identified with 
various benevolent organizations of the city of 
Chicago. Died in Boston. Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. 

DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6, 
1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape 
Girardeau, Mo. , where they remained imtil after 
the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 
1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother 
removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read 
law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary 
of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and 
early attaining prominence as a successful 
criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized 
political leader, was elected as a member of the 
House to the Eighth General Assembly (1833) 
and re-elected in 1834, '36 and "40, and again in 
1856, and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the 
latter body until the adoption of the Constitution 
of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, 
the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for 
State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing 
of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- 
porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- 
dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 
and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- 
large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor 
and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, 
serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, 
Sept. 7, 1879. 



DOUGLAS, • John M., lawyer and Railway 
President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton 
County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three 
years in his native city, then came west and 
settled at Galena, 111. , where he was admitted to 
the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he 
removed to Chicago, and, the following year, 
became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central 
Railroad, with which he had been associated as 
an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 
he was a Director of the Company over twelve 
years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again 
for eigliteen months in 1875-76, when he retired 
permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak 
of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well 
as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, 
March 35, 1891. 

DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was 
born at Brandon, Vt., April 33, 1813. In conse- 
quence of the death of his father in infancy, 
his early educational advantages were limited. 
When fifteen lie applied himself to the cabinet- 
maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his 
mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. 
In 1833 he began the study of law, but started for 
the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- 
chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing 
before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He 
was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep 
interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- 
cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few 
months later resigned this office to enter the 
lower house of the Legislature, to which he was 
elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for 
Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his 
Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of 
State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, 
elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was 
elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in 
the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- 
tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being 
re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was 
rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 
1858, before the people of the State with Abraham 
Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- 
ture. He was a candidate for the presidential 
nomination before the Democratic National 
Conventions of 1.S52 and '56. In 1860, after having 
failed of a nomination for the Presidency at 
Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the 
"two thirds rule," he received the nomination 
from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore 
six weeks later — though not until the delegates 
from nearly all the Southern States had with- 
drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 



136 



UISTOKICAL KNCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



nating John C. Breckenridge. Altliough defeated 
for tlie Presidency by Lincoln, liis oldtinie 
antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial supiwrt to 
the incoming administration in its attitude 
toward the seceded States, occupying a place of 
honor beside 5Ir. Lincoln on the portico of the 
oapitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As 
politi<;ian, orator and statesman, Douglas had 
few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in 
expedients, ready in resources, earnest and 
fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of 
men." His shortness of stature, considered in 
relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, 
gained for him tlie sobriquet of the "Little 
Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. 

DOrCJLAS COUXTY, lying a little east of the 
center of the State, embracing an area of 410 
square miles and liaving a population (1900) of 
19,097. The earliest land entry was made by 
Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was 
signed by Andrew Jackson. Anotlier early 
settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian, 
who erected one of the first frame houses in 
the county in 1839. The Embarras and Kas- 
kaskia Rivers (low tlirough the county, which is 
also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central 
Railways. Douglas County was organized in 
1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in 
honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States 
Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tu.s- 
cola was made the county -seat. It has l)een 
visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but 
is a thriving town, credited, ia 1800, with a 
population of 1,897. Other important towns are 
Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which 
was originally known as New Salem. 

DOWNERS tillOVE, village, Du Page County, 
on C, B. &Q. R. R., '21 miles south- south west from 
Chicago, incorporated 1873; has water- works, elec- 
tric lights, telephone sy.stem. good schools, bank 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 900; (1900), 2,103. 

DOWM.\<i, Finis Ewing, e.x-Congressman and 
lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 2t. 
1846; reared on a farm and educated in the public 
and private schools of his native town ; from 180.5 
was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, 
when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court 
of Cass County, serving three successive terms; 
read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- 
ber, 1.887. In August, 1891, he became interested 
in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic 
paper), which he has since conducted; Wiis 
elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, 
and. in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- 
fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a 



plurality of forty votes over Cten. John I. Rinaker, 
tlie Republican nominee. A contest and recount 
of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the 
seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing 
was the nominee of his party for Secretary of 
State, but w;is defeated with the rest of his ticket. 

DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor, 
was born at Rusliville, Schuyler County, 111., 
Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, 
which his father founded; entered mercantile 
life at 10 years of age; crossed the plains to Cali- 
forni;i in 1852, had experience in Indian warfare 
and, in 1859, established himself in business at 
Unionville, Iowa; served through the Civil War, 
becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 
1865 with the rank of Brig-.idier-General by 
brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the 
war, was admitted to the bar in 18G6, subsequently 
engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contril)- 
buted the bulk of the funds for foumling Drake 
University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 
189.5, serving until January, 1898. 

DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and 
educator, was l)orn in Otsego County, N. Y., 
June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth 
generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, 
who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. 
Drajjer's parents settled in Albjiny, N. Y., where 
he attended school, winning a scholarship in the 
AUwny A<'ademy in 1803. and graduating from 
that institution in 18(16. During the next four 
years he was employed in te;iching. p;irt of the 
time as an instructor at his alma mater; but, in 
1871, graduated from the Union College Law 
Deixirtment, when he liegan practice. Tlie rank 
he attained in the profession was indicated by 
his apjwiintment by President Arthur, in 1884, 
one of the Judges of the Ahvlxima Claims Com- 
mission, upon which he served until the conclu- 
sion of its hilK)rs in 1886. He had previously 
served in the New York State Senate (1880) and. 
in 1884, was a delegate to the RepubUcau National 
Convention, also serving as Chairman of the 
Republiciin State Centnil Committee the .same 
year. After his return from Europe in 1886, he 
served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889, and 
ag-.iin in 1890, was President of the National 
As.sociation of School Suix^rintendents. Soon 
after retiring from the State Sui>erintendency in 
New York, he was chosen Superintendent of 
Public Schools for the city of Cleveland. Ohio, 
remaining in that position imtil 1894. when he 
was elected President of the University of Illinois 
at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



137 



tration has been characterized by enterprise and 
sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- 
ity and prosperity of the institution. 

DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at 
Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; graduated from 
Brown University in 182.3, went to Virginia, 
where he studied theology and was ordained a 
minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 
1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector 
of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 
18.58. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the 
ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary 
Todd in marriage. He died, March 2.5, 186.5. 

DRUMMOXD, Thomas, jurist, was born at 
Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 
1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 
1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at 
Galena, 111., in 183.5, and was a member of the 
General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was 
appointed United States District Judge for the 
District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel 
Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. 
Upon the division of the State into two judicial 
districts, in 185.5, he was assigned to the North- 
ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the 
United States Circuit Court, and presided over 
the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included 
the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 
1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in 
retirement until his death, which occurred at 
Wheaton, 111., May 15, 1890. 

DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was 
born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence Countj', 111., 
near Viucennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. 
Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The 
latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, 
and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, 
had been a personal friend of General Harrison, 
under whom he served in the Indian wars, 
including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son 
received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- 
ington. Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was 
elected to the General Assembly, serving in the 
same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being 
re-elected in 1836, '38, and "42. In 1841 he was 
appointed by President Harrison Register of the 
Land Office at Palestine, 111., but .soon resigned, 
giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 
1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce 
in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- 
lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, 
and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was 
nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, 



renominated in 1860 and elected both times. In 
1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of 
his party for Governor, but was defeated by 
General Oglesby, serving, however, on the 
National Executive Committee of that year, and 
as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. 
Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876. 
— Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was 
born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851; 
received a common-school and classical educa- 
tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was 
Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse 
Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory 
and engaged Ln business in 1880, was appointed 
United States Marshal there in 1883, serving until 
1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the 
Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the 
admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became 
one of the first United States Senators, his term 
extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the 
Idaho delegation in the National Republican 
Convention at Minneapolis in 1893, and was a 
member of the National Republican Convention 
at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body 
with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since 
cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver 
Democrats. 

DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil 
engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24, 
1830, received a liberal education and became a 
civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, 
and six years later was made Secretary and Chief 
Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that 
city. Wliile acting in this capacity, he virtually 
revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. 
In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, 
sappers and miners, but neither the State nor 
Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon 
he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois 
Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid 
promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- 
tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of 
Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in 
February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the^ 
army. General Ducat returned to Chicago, 
re-entering the insurance field and finally, after 
holding various responsible positions, engaging 
in general business in that line. In 1875 he was 
entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State 
militia, which he ijerformed ^vith signal success. 
Died, at Downer's Grove. 111.. Jan. 29, 1896. 

DUELS Xyj) AXTI-DUELIXG LAWS. Al- 
though a majority of the population of Illinois, 
in Territorial days, came from Southern States 
where the duel was widely regarded as the proper 



138 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



mode for settling "diflBculties" of a personal 
character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs 
of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on 
Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of 
which either historj' or tradition has handed 
down any account, is said to have occurred 
between an Englisli and a French officer at the 
time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the 
Britisli in 176.5, and in connection witli that 
event. The officers are said to have fought with 
small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, 
when one of them was killed, but the name of 
neither the victor nor the vanquished has come 
down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, 
who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer 
Ilistorj' of Illinois," claimed to have received it 
in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who 
represented that he had seen the combat. 

An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come 
down to us in the history of tlie Territorial 
period, and. although it was at first bloodless, it 
finally ended in a tragedj'. This was the Jones- 
Bond affair, whidi originated at Kaskaskia in 
1808. Rice Jones was the sou of John Rice Jones, 
the first English-si)eaking liiwyer in the "Illinois 
Country." The younger Jones is described as an 
e.xceptionally brilliant young man who, having 
studied Law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two 
years later ho became a candidate for Represent- 
ative from Riindolph County in the Legislature 
of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. 
In the course of the canva.ss wliich resulted in 
Jones' election, he became involved in a (juarrel 
with Shadrjich Bond, who was then a member of 
the Territorial Council from the same county, 
and afterwards became Delegate in Congress 
from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. 
Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took 
place on an island in the Mi^si.^sippi between 
Kivskaskia and St. (ienevieve. Bond's second 
wiis a Dr. James Duulap of Kiuskaskia, who 
appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. 
Tlie tiischarge of a pistol in the hand of Jones 
after the combatants had taken their phvces 
preliminary to tlie order to "fire," raised the 
ipiestion whether it was accidental or to be 
regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlaj) maintained tlie 
latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of liis 
adversivry that the discharge wius accidental, and 
the generosity wliich he displayed led to e.xi)la- 
natioiLs that averted a final e.xchange of shots. 
The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap 
grew until it involved a large part of the com- 
munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down 
Jones in cold blood and without warning in 



the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. 
The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard 
of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident 
furnishes the basis of the most grapliic chapter 
in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." 
Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the 
Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a 
stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in 
which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- 
nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, 
were held to be guilty of murder. 

Governor Reynolds fiirnislies the record of a 
duel Ijetween Thoraa-s Rector, the meinlter of a 
noted family of that name at Kaskaskia. and one 
Joshua Barton, .supjxjsed to have occurred some- 
time during the War of 181'2, though no exact 
dates are given. This affair took place on the 
favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody 
Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to 
at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- 
souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the 
conflict." 

The next affair of whicli liistory makes men- 
tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, 
in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between 
two men named Alonzo Stuart and TVilliam 
Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. 
The managers of the affair for the princi]xils are 
said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded 
with blank cartridges, and Stuart wa.s let into the 
secret but Bennett was not. When the order to 
fire came. Bennett's gun proved to have been 
loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, 
e.xpiriiig almost immediately. One report says 
that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so 
understood by Bennett, who wsis horrified bj" the 
result. He and his two seconds were arrested for 
muriler, but Bennett broke jail and fled to 
Arkans;i.s. Tlie .seconds were tried, Daniel P. 
Cook conducting the prosecution and Tliomas H. 
Benton defending, the trial resulting in their 
acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- 
hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, 
convicted and e.xecuted — Judge John Reynolds 
(afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing 
sentence. 

In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," 
edited Ity the late E. B. Washburne, and jirinted 
under the auspices of the Chicago Historical 
Society, a few yeiirs ago. Mr. Washburne relates 
an inciilent occurring in Galena about 18:58, while 
"The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- 
tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. 
Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders 
of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



139 



Mr. Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates 
(a Galena business man and captain of a packet 
plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a 
short communication for the paper reflecting on 
the character of John Turney, a prominent law- 
yer who had been a member of the House of 
Eepresentatives in 1828-30, from the District 
composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, 
Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- 
manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave 
up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take 
any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett 
to a duel, which was prompth' accepted by Bart- 
lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph 
P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from 
the Galena District. Bartletfs second was 
William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." 
(Warren was a prominent Union officer during 
the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the 
ground selected for the duel, in what was then 
Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, 
and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was 
compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed 
to Quincy, and was for a long time connected 
with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" 

During the session of the Twelfth General 
Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic 
Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- 
self aggrieved bj- some reflections indulged by Gen. 
John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative 
from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party 
in connection with the partisan reorganization 
of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" 
Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. 
Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and 
J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with 
the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- 
ably to both parties." 

It was dm'ing the same session that John A. 
McClernand, then a young and fiery member 
from Gallatin County — who had, two years 
before, been appointed Secretary of State by 
Governor CarUn, but had been debarred from 
taking the office by an adverse decision of the 
Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack 
upon the Whig members of the Court based upon 
allegations afterwards shown to have been fur- 
nished by Theophilus 'W. Smith, a Democratic 
member of the same coirrt. Smith having joined 
his associates in a card denying the truth of the 
charges, McClernand responded with the publi- 
cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- 
tions directly to Smith himself. This brought a 
note from Smith which McClernand construed into 
a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- 



ance. Attornej'-General Lamborn, having got 
wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a 
Springfield Justice of the Peace, which resulted 
in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to 
keep the peace, wlien he took his departure tor 
Chicago, and the "affair" ended. 

An incident of greater historical interest than 
all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in 
wliich James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the 
former the State Auditor and the latter at that 
time a young attorney at Springfield — were con- 
cerned. A communication in doggerel verse had 
appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing 
the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the 
editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the 
author, and, in accordance with previous under- 
standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- 
dence, later coming to light, showed that the real 
authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months 
later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne, 
afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) 
Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former 
State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the 
offensive matter — the demand being presented to 
Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where 
Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- 
ing to follow the affair through all its complicated 
details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was 
the author without further investigation, and 
Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless 
the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named 
Dr. E. H. Slerriman as his second and accepted 
Shield's challenge, naming cavah-y broadswords 
as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within 
three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. 
The principals, with their "friends." met at the 
appointed time and place (Sept. 23, 1843, opposite 
the city of Alton) ; but, in the meantime, mutual 
friends, having been apprised of what was going 
on, also appeared on the ground and brought 
about explanations which averted au actual con- 
flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing 
about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of 
Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene 
County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. 
Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- 
atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, 
Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln. 

Out of tliis affair, within the next few days, 
followed challenges from Shields to Butler and 
Whiteside to Merriman ; but, although these were 
accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part 
of the challenging party to the conditions named 
by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- 
lay, no meeting actually took place. 



140 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Another affair which bore important results 
without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the 
session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. 
Tlie parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson 
Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess 
County, and both Democrats. Some sparring 
between them over the question of suffrage for 
naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation 
from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the 
Planters' House in St. Loviis, with an intimation 
that tliis was for the purpose of arranging the 
preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on 
hand before the appointed time, but their arrest 
by the St. Louis authorities and putting them 
under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them 
an excuse for returning to their convention 
duties without coming to actual hostilities — if 
they had such intention. This was promptly 
followed by the adoption in Convention of the 
provision of the Constitution of 184S, disqualifj-- 
ing anj' person engaged in a dueling affair, either 
as principal or second, from holding any office of 
honor or profit in the State. 

The last and principal affair of this kind of 
historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois 
was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that 
in which Congressman 'William H. Bissell, after- 
wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis 
were concerned in February, IS.'iO. During the 
debate on the "Compromise Mea.sures'" of that 
year, Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out 
of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon 
the courage of Northern soUliers as displayed on 
the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for 
the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis 
the credit of .saving the day. Replying to these 
claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the 
Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- 
ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and 
Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared tliat, 
at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon, 
when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's 
regiment was not within a mile and a half of the 
scene of action. This was construed by Davis as 
a reflection uixm his troops, and led to a challenge 
which was promptlj' accepted by Bissell, who 
named the soldier's weapon (the common army 
muskef), loaded with liall and buckshot, with 
forty paces as the distance, with liberty to 
advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre- 
liminaries to be .settled by his friends. The evi- 
dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be 
intimidated, but was prepared to face death 
itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his 
comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- 



ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis 
to withdraw his cliallenge on condition that 
Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a 
clause awarding credit to the Jlississippi regi- 
ment for what they actually did. but without dis- 
avowing or retracting a single word he had 
uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said 
that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law 
of Davis, having been apprised of what was on 
foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting 
by instituting legal proceedings the night before 
it was to take place, tlH)Ugh this was rendered 
unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, 
Colonel Bi.ssell's position was virtually (though 
indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, 
he was violently a.s,sailed by his political opponents 
for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State 
Constitution against dueling, especially when he 
came to take the oath of office as Governor of 
Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- 
ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents 
aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his 
friends maintained that the act having been 
performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, 
he was technically not guilty of any violation of 
the laws. 

While the provision in the Constitution of 1848, 
against dueling, was not re-incor]x>rated in that 
of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- 
gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than 
one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a 
fine not exceeiling .$3,000, uyion any one who, as 
principal or second, participates in a duel with a 
deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal 
or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal- 
lenge: the law also provides that any one con- 
victed of such offense shall be disqualified for 
liolding "anj- office of profit, trust or emolument, 
either civil or military, under the Constitution or 
laws of this State." Any person leaving the 
State to send or receive a challenge is subject to 
the same penalties as if the offense had lieen 
committed within the State; and any person who 
may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as 
the result of an engagement made in this State to 
fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the 
person so woimded dies within this State — is held 
to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment 
for the same. The iniblishing of any i>erson as a 
coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or 
abusive language, for refusing to accejit a chal- 
lenge, is declared to be a crime punisliable by 
fine iir imprisonment. 

Dl'FF, Andrew D., lawyer ami Judge, was 
born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



141 



County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the 
country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his 
time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter 
year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, 
where he began reading law, but suspended his 
studies to enlist in the Slexican "War, serving as a 
private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of 
Franklin County, and, in the following year, was 
admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected 
Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- 
elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also 
served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional 
Convention of 1862 from the district composed of 
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a 
zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in 
calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in 
August, 1864, to protest against the policy of the 
Government in the prosecution of the war. 
About the close of his last term upon the bench 
(1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- 
tinued to reside. In his later years he be- 
came an Independent in politics, acting for 
a time in cooperation with the friends of 
temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint 
resolution of the Legislature on a commission to 
revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at 
Tucson, Ariz., June 2.i, 1889. 

DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- 
ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 23, 1794; 
emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously 
served with distinction in the War of 1812, and 
been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, 
for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- 
son. He was commissioned Jlajor-Geperal of 
Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator 
from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the 
lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when 
he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial 
chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He 
was the author of the first free-school law, 
adopted in 182.5. His executive policy was con- 
servative and consistent, and his administration 
successful. He erected the first frame building 
at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend 
of Illinois College at that place. In his personal 
character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, 
although fearless in the expression of his convic- 
tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor 
in 1842, when he met with his first political 
defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, 
mourned by men of all parties. 

DUXCAX, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- 
kaskia, 111., April 14. 1809; served as a private in 
the Illinois mounted volunteers during the PJack 
Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of 



cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War 
(1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel 
dm-ing the War of the Rebellion, still later doing 
duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in 
check. He was retired from active service in 
1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. 

DUNDEE, a town on Fox Ri%-er, in Kane 
County. 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 
miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two 
distinct corporations — East and West Dundee — 
but is progressive and united in action. Dairy 
farming is the principal industry of the adjacent 
region, and the town has two large milk-oon- 
deusing plants, a clieese factory, etc. It has good 
water power and there are flour and saw-mills, 
besides brick and tile-works, au.extensive nursery, 
two banks, six churches, a handsome high school 
building, a public library and one weekly paper. 
Population (1890), 2,023; (190U), 2,765. 

DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of 
Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, 
N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in 
the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years 
later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- 
tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to 
the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the 
next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' 
Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the 
first President, retiring five years later and re- 
engaging in the mercantile business. While 
Hon. Hugh McCuUough was Secretary of the 
Treasury, he was appointed National Bank 
Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He 
was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, 
the Academy of Sciences, and an early member 
of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1893, 
leaving a large estate. 

DUNHAM, Bansom W., merchant and Con- 
gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21, 
1838 ; after graduating from the High School at 
Springfield, Mass., in 18.55, was connected with 
the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed 
from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- 
tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- 
pany, embarked in the grain and provision 
commission business in that city, and, in 1882, 
was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. 
From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois 
District in Congress, after the expiration of his 
last term devoting his attention to his large 
private business. His death took place suddenly 
at Springfield, Mass., August 19, 1896. 

DUNLAP, (Jeorge Lincoln, civil engineer and 
Railway Superintendent, was born at Brunswick, 



U2 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Maine, in 1828 ; studied mathematics and engineer- 
ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several 
years' experience on tlie Boston & Maine and ti>e 
New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 
and accepted a position as assistant engineer on 
what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
road, finallj- becoming its General Superintend- 
ent, and, in fourteen j-ears of his connection with 
that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 
1872 and '79 he was connected witli the Montreal 
& Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned 
to Illinois and was actively connected with the 
extension of the Wabash system until his retire- 
ment a few years ago. 

DUXLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- 
lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14, 
IH'ui — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known 
"Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist 
In Cliani|)aign County and was one of the found- 
ers of tlie State Agricultural Society. The family 
having located at Savoy, Champaign County, 
about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in 
the University of Illinois, graduating in the 
.scientific department in 1875. Following in the 
footsteps of his fatlier. he engaged extensively 
in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of 
both President and .Secretary of the State Horti 
cultural Society, besides local oflTices. In 1892 he 
was elected as a Rei)ublican to the State Senate 
for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, 
and hius been prominent in State legislation. 

DU>'LAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was 
born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14. 1814; 
coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he 
taught school the following winter; then secured 
a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- 
keeper for a firm of contractors on tlie Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having 
entered a body of Government land in the western 
part of Cook County, he turned his attention to 
farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- 
ing. In 1845 he became intere.sted in horticulture 
and, in a few years, built up one of the most 
extensive nurseries in the West. In 18.54 he was 
chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the 
following session, presided over the caucus which 
resulted in tlie nomination and final election of 
Lyman TrxunbuU to the United .States Senate for 
the first time. Politically <in anti-.slavery Demo- 
crat, he espotised the cause of freedom in the 
Territories, while his house was one of the depots 
of tlie "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur- 
chased a half-section of land near Champaign, 
whither he removed, two vears later, for the 



prosecution of his nursery business. He was an 
active member, for many years, of the State Agri- 
cultural Society and an earnest supporter of the 
scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial 
University," which finally took form in the Uni- 
versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to 
his death he was the agricultural correspondent, 
first of "The Chicago Democr.itic Press," and 
later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de 
plum,- of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 187.5. 

Dl PAGE COUNTY, organized in 1839, named 
for a river which flows through it. It adjoins 
Cook County on the west and contains 340 square 
miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The 
county seat was originally at Naperville, which 
was jdatted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. 
Joseph Najier, who settled ujwn the site in 1831. 
In I8G9 the county government was removed to 
Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, 
where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, 
earl}' settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson 
(the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce 
Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns 
are AVheaton (population. 1,622), Naperville 
(2.216), Hinsdale (I. .584), Downer's Grove (960), 
and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are 
largely populated bj- persons doing business in 
Chicago. 

DV (JUOIX, a city and railway jimction in 
Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a 
foundrj', machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, 
salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, 
creamery, coal mines, graded school, public 
library and four newspapers. Population (l.'^90), 
4,0.52; (liMiO), 4.;!.5:f; (1903, school ci-nsas), 5,207, 

DUItBOROW, Allan Cathcarl, ex-Congress- 
man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. 
When five }"ears old he accompanied liis parents 
to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his 
early education. He entered the preparatory 
department of Wabash College in 1872, and 
graduated from the University of Indiana, at 
Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence 
in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he 
engaged in business. .-Vlways active in local 
politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, 
and again in 1892, Representative in Congress 
from the Second District, retiring with the close 
of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is 
Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Com- 
pany. 

DUSTIN, (tten.) Daniel, soldier, was lx)rn in 
Topsham. Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5. 1820; 
received a common-school and academic educa- 
tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



143 



lege in 1846. After practicing three years at 
Corinth, Vt. , be went to California in 1850 and 
engaged in mining, but three years later resumed 
the practice of his profession while conducting a 
mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen 
to the California Legislature from Nevada 
County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he 
engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De 
Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. 
On the breaking out of the war in 18G1, he sold 
out his drug business and assisted in raising the 
Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com- 
missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment 
was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, 
in Januarj', 1862, he was promoted to the position 
of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of 
Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" 
before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One 
Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major 
Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after 
joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the 
Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com- 
mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the 
Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position 
to the close of the war, meanwhile having been 
brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed 
on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was 
mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1863, and 
took part in the grand review of the armies in 
that city which marked the close of the war. 
Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he 
was elected County Clerk in the following 
November, remaining in office four years. Sub- 
sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- 
officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter 
re-elected — in 1884 and 1888. On the organization 
of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 
1885, he was appointed b^- Governor Oglesby one 
of the Trustees, retaining the position until his 
death. In Maj', 1890, he was appointed by 
President Harrison Assistant United States 
Treasm-er at Chicago, but died in office while on 
a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo. , March 
30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high 
degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent 
Commander of the Grand Commandery of the 
State. 

DWKiHT, a prosperous city in Livingston 
County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- 
cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 23 
miles east of Streator; has two banks, two weekly 
papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two 
electric light plants, complete water-works sys- 
tem, and four hotels. The city is the center of a 



rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight 
has attained celebrity as the location of the first 
of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of 
the drink and inorphine habit. Population 
(1890), 1,354: (1900), 3,015. These figures do not 
include the floating population, which is 
augmented by patients who receive treatment 
at the "Keeley In.stitute. " 

DYER, Charles Yolney, M.D., pioneer physi- 
cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., Jmie 12, 1808; 
graduated in medicine at Jliddlebury College, in 
1830: began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, 
and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- 
ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- 
porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 
1848, received the .support of the Free-Soil party 
of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one 
of the original incorporators of the North Chicago 
Street Railway Company, and his name was 
prominently identified with many local benevo- 
lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a 
suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. 

EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction In 
La Salle County, 53 miles northeast of Princeton, 
at the intersecting point of tlie Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural 
and stock-raising district, and is an important 
shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded 
school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and 
manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. 
Population (18S0), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,133. 

EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish 
ancestry in Essex County', Canada West, March 
17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale- 
donia. Boone Comity, 111., in 1846. His boyhood 
was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth 
he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter 
and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, 
Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State 
Agent of the New England Mutual lafe Insur- 
ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held 
sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was appointed 
by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State 
Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State 
Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the 
Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth 
and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he 
was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and, 
Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive 
chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. 
In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for 
the Presidency of the Senate, but was defeated 



144 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. 
He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 2, 
1877. 

EARTHQl AKE OF Isll, A .series of the 
most ii'inark;ible earthquake.s in the historj- of 
the Mississippi Valley began on the night of 
November 10. 1811. continuing for several months 
and finally ending with tlie destruction of Carac- 
cas, Venezuela, in JIarch following. While the 
center of tlie earlier disturbance appears to have 
been in tlie \icinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- 
em Missouri, its minor effects were felt through 
a wide extent of country, especially in the 
settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous 
hi.story stales tliat, in the American Bottom, then 
the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the 
results were very perceptible. The walls of a 
brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Jud}', a 
pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, 
nearEdwardsville. Madison County, were cracked 
by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more 
than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then 
a young man of 23, living with his father's 
family in wliat was called the "Goshen Settle- 
ment," near E<lwardsville, in his history of "My 
Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all 
sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father le;iped out 
of bed. crying out, 'The Indians are on the liouse. 
The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently 
fought, and it was supposed the Indians would 
attack the settlements. Not one in the family 
knew at that time it was an eartluiuake. The 
next morning another shock made us acquainted 
with it. . . . The cattle came running home 
bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly 
alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we 
were fearful it would fall to the groiind. In the 
American Bottom many chimneys were thrown 
down, and the church bell at Cahokia was 
sounded by the agitation of the buililing. It is 
said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- 
kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to 
the sparsen&ssof the population in Illinois at that 
time, but little is known of the effect of the con- 
vuLsion of 1811 elsewliere, but there are numerous 
"sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, 
lietween the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers, which (jrobably owe their origin to this or 
some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia 
River below Athens." says Governor Reynolds in 
his "Pioneer Hi.story." "the water and whitesand 
were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." 

E.VST nrnUQUE, an incorporate.1 city of Jo 
Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It 



is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad 
and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has 
a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill 
and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. 
It ha.s also a bank, two churches, good iiublic 
schools and a weekly newspaper. Pojiulation 
(ISHO). 1.037; (1890), l.OfiO; (1900), 1,146. 

EASTO>', (Col.) Riifiis, pioneer, founder of the 
city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., 
May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two 
years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. 
Louis in 1804. and wius commissioned by President 
Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, 
and also became the first Postmaster of .St. Louis, 
in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate 
in Congress from Mis.souri Territory, and, on the 
organization of the State of Mis.souri (1821), was 
appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving 
vmtil 1826. His desith occurred at St. Charles, 
Mo.. July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection 
with Illinois history is biised chieflj- ujx)n the 
fact that he was the founder of the present city 
of .Alton, which he laid out. in 1817, on a tract of 
land of whicli he had obtained pos-se.ssion at the 
mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the 
town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lipjiincott, 
prominentl}' identified with the early history of 
that jK)rtion of the State, kept a store for Easton 
at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from 
.\lton, in the early " '20's. " 

EAST ST. LOris. a flourishing city in St. Clair 
County, on tlie east bank of the Mississippi di- 
rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of 
twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, 
and the leading commercial and manufacturing 
point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include 
rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and 
glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, 
breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The 
city has eleven public and five parochial schools, 
one high scluxjl, and two colleges; is well sup- 
plied with banks and lias one daily and four 
weekly papers. Population (18'.)0), l.j.169; (1900), 
29,6.5."); (1903. est). 40,000. 

EASTERX HOSPITAL FOR THE INSAXE. 
The act for the estabUshment of this institution 
passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many 
cities offered inducements, by way of donations, 
for the location of the new hospital, but the site 
finally selected w:vs a farm of i.jO acres near Kan- 
kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the 
jiurcluise of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work 
was Ix'gun in 1878 and the first patients received 
in December, 1879. The plan of the institution 
is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



145 



general building, three stories high, capable of 
accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number 
of detached buildings, technically termed cot- 
tages, where various classes of insane patients may 
be grouped and receive the particular treatment 
best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans 
were mainly worked out from suggestions by 
Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary 
of the Board of Public Charities, and have 
attracted generally favorable comment both in 
this country and abroad. Tlie seventy-five build- 
ings occupied for the various purposes of the 
institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off 
in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants 
and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of 
a flourishing village with numerous small parks 
adorned with walks and drives. The counties 
from which patients are received include Cook, 
Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- 
las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, 
La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie 
Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole 
number of patients in 1898 was 3,200, while the 
employes of all classes numbered .500. 

EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
institution designed to qualify teachers for giving 
instruction in the public schools, located at 
Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the 
Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The 
act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build- 
ings, to which additional appropriations were 
added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, 
respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the 
city of Cliarleston, making a total of §181,216.72. 
The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone 
being laid on May 27 of that year. There was 
delay in the jirogress of the work in consequence 
of the failure of the contractors in December, 
1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and 
practically completed early .in 1899, with the 
expectation that the institution would be opened 
for the reception of students in September fol- 
lowing. 

EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, 
was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8. 1815; 
became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later 
spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. 
Then, after a brief experience as an employe in 
the ofBce of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 
18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in 
the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- 
ville, Vt. This venture proving misuccessful, in 
1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at 
Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he vi.sited Peoria liy 
way of Chicago, working for a time on "The 



Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin 
Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, 
"The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at 
Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was 
partially defeated bj' Lundy's early death, but, 
after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- 
tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication 
of "The Genius of Liberty" as the succe.s.sor of 
Lundy's paper, using the printing press which 
Warren had used in the office of "The Commer- 
cial Advertiser, "in Chicago, a year or so before. In 
1843, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, 
the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was 
issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," 
in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, 
in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." 
After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. 
Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago 
Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, 
but it reached only its fifth number, when it was 
discontinued for want of financial oupport. In 
1861 he was appointed bj- President Lincoln 
United States Consul at Bristol, England, where 
he remained eight years. On his return from 
Europe, he took up liis residence at Elgin, later 
removing to May wood, a suburb of Chicago, 
where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter 
years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many 
articles of great historical interest to the Chi- 
cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, 
Hooper. ) 

EBERHART, John .Frederick, educator and 
real-estate operator, was born in Mercer Count}', 
Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 
years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- 
glieny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming 
Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the 
same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, 
locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; 
a year later established "The Northwestern 
Home and School Journal, " which he published 
three years, in the meantime establishing and 
conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa 
and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School 
Commissioner of Cook County — a position which 
was afterwards changed to County Superintend- 
ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. 
Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- 
lishment of the Cook County Normal School. 
Since retiring from office he has been engaged in 
the real-estate business in Chicago. 

ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and 
President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was 
born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought 
to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 



146 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Vernon County, Wis. ; was eJucateil at Milwau- 
kee, and, in 1868, tecanie clerk in tlie oflice of the 
Eagle Milling Company of tliat city, afterwards 
serving ;is its Eastern agent in various seaboard 
cities. He finally established an extensive mill- 
ing business in Chicago, in which he is now 
engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the 
National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, 
in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving 
four years and taking a prominent part in draft- 
ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the 
Thirty-sixth General A.ssembly. lie lias also been 
prominent in connection with various financial 
institutions, and. in 1891, was elected one of the 
Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was 
re-elected in 189.'5 and chosen President of the 
Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- 
ident in December, 1898. 

EDItROOKE, Willoughby J., Supervising 
Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 
111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought uj) to the architectural 
profession by his father and under the instruc- 
tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor 
Roche's administration he held the position of 
Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 
1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the 
Treasury Department at Washington, in that 
capacity sujjervising the construction of Govern- 
ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion. Died, in Cliicago, Marcli 20, 1896. 

EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, 
was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New 
York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, 
served in tlie War of 1812, and was wounded in 
the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to 
Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where lie edited "The 
Illinois Emigrant," the earliest jiaper in tliat 
part of tlie .State; was a Presidential Elector in 
1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- 
teenth General As.semblies, and elected a Circuit 
Judge in 183.5, but resigned a few weeks later. 
He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in 
his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bur 
of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he 
addressed the court, he elicited the most profound 
attention. He was a sort of walking law library. 
He never forgot anything that he ever knew, 
whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, 
June 29. 1S49. 

EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergj man and author, 
was l)orn in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 
1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 
1842 to 18,')3, was a Methodist circuit preacher 
in that State, becoming Agent of the American 
Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding 



Elderof the Indianajxilis district until 18.56, when 
he was apixiinted editor of "The Northwestern 
Christian Advocate," in Cliicago, retiring from 
that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorales 
in Baltimore and Washington; and was chosen 
one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- 
sionary Society by the General Conference of 
1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the 
press, and, besides occasional sermons. puliUsheil 
two volumes of reminiscences and personal 
sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of 
the Rebellion iinder the title of "Patriotism of 
Illinois" (186,';). Died, in New York City, Oct. 
7, 1S74. 

EDGAK, John, early .settler at Kaskaskia, was 
bom in Ireland and, during the .Vmerican Revo- 
lution, served as an officer in the Britisli navy, 
but married an American woman of great force 
of character who s\-nipathized strongly with the 
patriot cau.se. Having become involved in the 
desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife 
had promised to assist in reaching the -Vmerican 
camp, he was compelled to flee. A fter remaining 
for a wliile in the American army, during which 
he became the friend of General l^ Faj-ette, he 
sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- 
kaskia in 1784. His jiroperty was confiscated, but 
his wife succeeded in sjiving some .?12,0()0 from 
the wreck, with which she joined him two years 
later. He engaged in business and became an 
extensive land-owner, being credited, during 
Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 
50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. 
Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and 
Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar 
lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill 
near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- 
man named Paget, and became a large shipper of 
flour at an early day to the Soutliern markets. 
When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he 
was apiKiinted one of the Judges of the Common 
Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued 
for more than a quarter of a century. On the 
establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the 
Northwest Territory, he was cho.sen, in 1799, one 
of tlie memliers for St. Clair County — the Legis- 
lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the 
present State of Oliio, under the administration 
of Governor St. Clair. He was also apjiointed a 
Major-General of militia, retaining the oflice foi 
many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were 
leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, 
and, on the visit of La Fayette to K.-vskaskia in 
IH^'). a reception was given at their house to the 
distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



147 



they had made more than forty years before. He 
died at Kaskaskia, in 1833. Edgar Count}', in the 
eastern part of the State, was named in honor of 
General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of 
tlie first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted 
Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 
1806. 

EDOAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
counties from north to south, lying on the east- 
ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, 
and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of 
Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with 
a population (1900) of 28,273. Tlie county is 
nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most 
of the acreage is imder cultivation, grain-growing 
and stock-raising being the principal industries. 
Generally, the soil is black to a considerable 
depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- 
ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown 
clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of 
the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found 
in the northern portion, and some twenty-five 
years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon 
was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty -five 
feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs 
along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the 
county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- 
lation of over 6,000. VermiUon and Dudley are 
prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, 
which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was 
credited with a population of 900 in 1900. 

EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
miles southeast of Springfield ; has two banks 
and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, 
though some coal is mined here. Population 
(1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071. 

EDSALL, James Eirtland, former Attorney 
General, was born at Windham, Greene County, 
N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the 
common-schools, he attended an academy at 
Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile, 
by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- 
ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at 
Albany in 1852. The ne.xt two years he spent in 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 18.54, removed 
to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the 
Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member 
of the Topeka (free-soil) tody when it was broken 
up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 
1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once 
engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected 
Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State 
Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- 
ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh 



General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected 
Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and 
re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his 
second term he took up his residence in Chicago, 
where lie afterwards devoted himself to the prac- 
tice of his profession, until his death, which 
occiu'red, Jime 20, 1892. 

EDUCATIOIS'. 

The first step in the direction of the establish- 
ment of a system of free schools for the region 
now comprised within the State of Illinois was 
taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 
1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the 
mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- 
tory." This applied specifically to the region 
northwest of the Ohio River, which had been 
acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois 
Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting 
under the auspices of the State of Virginia and 
by authority received from its Governor, the 
patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first 
time established the present system of township 
(or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, 
devised by Capt. Tliomas Hutchins, who became 
the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as 
the office was styled) of the United States under 
the same act. Its important feature, in this con- 
nection, was the provision "that there shall be 
reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the 
maintenance of public schools within the toviTi- 
ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" 
being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 
1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale 
of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and 
June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in 
each township, or fractional part of a township," 
shall be "given, perjietually for the purpose con- 
tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). 
The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 
(Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, 
morality and knowledge being necessary for the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall forever be encouraged." The 
reservation referi'ed to in the act of 1785 (and 
sub.sequent acts) was reiterated in tlie "enabling 
act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- 
ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a 
State Government, and was formally accepted by 
the Convention which formed the first State 
Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one 
entire township (in addition to one previously 
donated for the same purpose by act of Congress 
in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning. 



148 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



together with three per cent of the net proceeds 
of tlie sales of public lands within the State, "to 
be appropriated by the Le^slature of tlie State 
for tlie encouragement of learning, of which one- 
sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall 
be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- 
sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a 
system of free public education in Illinois had its 
inception in the first steps for the organization of 
the Northwest Territory, was recoj^nized in the 
Ordinance of 1T87 which re.served that Territory 
forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in 
the preliminary steps for the organization of the 
State (lovernment. These several acts liecame 
the basis of that permanent provision for the 
encouragement of education known as the "town- 
ship." "seminary" and "college or university" 
funds. 

E.\RLY Schools. — Previous to this, however, a 
beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- 
lish schools for the benefit of the children of tlie 
pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught 
the first American school within the territory of 
Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe (.V)unty. in 1783. 
followed by others in the next twenty years in 
Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- 
ties. Seeley 's earliest successor was Francis 
Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man 
named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill 
near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe 
County. Among the teachers of a still later period 
were John Hoyle. a soldier in Col. George Rogers 
Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County 
between 1790 and 1800; John At water, near 
Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- 
veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House 
of Representatives. The latter t;iuglit in the 
viciiiit3" of Sliiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards 
the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Sjjring 
Seminary. The schools which existed during 
this period, and for many years after the organi- 
zation of the State (lovernmeut, were necessarily 
few, witlely scattered and of a veiy primitive 
character, receiving their supjMrt entirely by 
subscription from their ]iatrons. 

FiKST Fkk.e School Law and Sales of 
School Lands. — It has been stated that the first 
free school in the State was established at Upper 
Alton, in 1821, but there is good rea.son for believ- 
ing this claim was based upon the ])ower granted 
bj' the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to 
establish such schools there, which jxjwer was 
never carried into effect. The firet attempt to 
establish a free-school system for the whole State 



was made in Januarj-, 1825, in the passage of a 
bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a 
Congressman and Governor of the State. It 
nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one 
hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, 
to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or 
subscriptions for the support of schools. So 
small was the aggregate revenue of the State at 
that time (only a little over §60,000), that the 
sum realized from this law would have been but 
little more than $1,000 per year. It remained 
practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, 
when the State inaugurated the policy of selling 
the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds 
for the payment of current exjwnses. In this 
way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- 
tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, 
realizing less than §60,000. The first sale of 
township school lands took place in Greene 
County in 1S31, and, two years later, the greater 
part of the school section in the heart of the 
pre.sent city of Chicago was sold, producing 
about §39,000. The average rate at which these 
sales were made, up to 1883, was $3.78 per acre, 
and the minimiun, 70 cents per acre. That 
these lands have, in very few instances, produced 
the results expected of them, was not so much 
the fault of the system as of those selected to 
administer it — whose bad judgment in premature 
sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of 
speculators, were the means, in many cases, of 
squandering what might otherwise have furnished 
a liberal jjrovision for the support of public 
schools in many sections of the State. Mr. AV. L. 
Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University 
of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
1885-80 — to which the wTiter is indebted for many 
of the facts presented in this article — gives to 
Chicago the credit of establishing the first free 
schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed 
in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. 
Early Higher I.nstitutions.— A movement 
looking to the establishment of a higher institu- 
tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which 
Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by 
the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at 
Vinceunes, in November. 1800. of an act incorjK)- 
rating the University of Indiana Territory to be 
located at Vincennes. One provision of the act 
authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institu- 
tion bj- means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees 
was promptl}' organized, with Gen. 'William 
Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, 
at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



149 



little progress was made. Twenty -one j'ears 
later (1837) the first successful attempt to found 
an advanced school was made by the indomitable 
Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- 
ment of his Theological Seminary and High 
School at Rock Springs, St. Clair Count)', which, 
in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at 
Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- 
nar)-, establisheil in 1828, two years later 
expanded into McKendree College, while instruc- 
tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- 
sonville, in December, 1839, as the outcome of a 
movement started by a band of young men at 
Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions 
being formally incorporated by the same act of 
the Legislature, passed in 183.5. (See sketches of 
the.se Institutions. ) 

Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there 
was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the 
first of a series of educational conventions, whicli 
were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty 
years, and whose history is remarkable for the 
number of those participating in them who after- 
wards gained distinction in State and National 
history. At first these conventions were held at 
the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them 
were members of that body and State officers, 
with a few other friends of education from the 
ranks of professional or business men. At the 
convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- 
pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a 
United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme 
Court ; Judge S. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme 
Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- 
ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, 
afterwards United States Senator and Secretary 
of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, 
the most notable writers in the State in their day, 
besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, 
Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy 
and others, all prominent in their several depart- 
ments. In a second convention at the same 
place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, 
Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin 
were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- 
fessional and literary men began to take a more 
prominent part, although the members of the 
Legislature were present in considerable force. 
A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made 
up largely of professional teachers and school 
oflBcers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; 
and the same may be said of those held at Jack- 
sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other 
points. Various attempts were made to form 



permanent educational societies, finally result- 
ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the 
"State Teachers' Institute," which, three years 
later, took the name of the "State Teachers' 
Association" — though an association of the same 
name was organized in 1836 and continued in 
existence several years. 

State Superintendent and School Jour- 
N.ALS. — The appointment of a State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as 
early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in 
memorials and resolutions by educational conven- 
tions, by the educational press, and in the State 
Legislature ; but it was not until February, 1854, 
that an act was passed creating the office, when 
the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by 
Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until 
his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common 
School Advocate" was published for a year at 
Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 
1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" 
began publication at Springfield, but was discon- 
tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 
was established "The Illinois Teacher." This 
was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- 
master," which became the organ of the State 
Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. 
The State Teachers' Association has no official 
organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is 
the chief educational publication of the State. 

Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- 
tuted a movement which, although obstructed for 
some time by partisan opposition, has been 
followed by more far-reaching results, for the 
country at large, than any single measure in the 
history of education since the act of 1785 setting 
apai-t one section in each township for the support 
of public schools. This was the scheme formu- 
lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of 
Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific 
education for the agricultural, mechanical and 
other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention 
held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an 
Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam 
County, Nov. -18, 1851. While proposing a plan 
for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- 
cated, from the outset, a "University for the 
industrial classes in each of the States," by way 
of supplementing the work which a "National 
Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian 
Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- 
plish. The proposition attracted the attention 
of persons interested in the cause of industrial 
education in other States, especially in New 
York and some of the New England States, and 



150 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



received their hearty endorssement and cooper- 
ation. The Granville meeting wa,s followed by a 
series of similar conventions held at Springfield, 
June 8, 18.'52 ; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1852 ; Springfield, 
Jan. 4, 18.'53, and Springfield, Jan. 1, IS.'iS, at 
which the scheme was still further elaborated. 
At the Springfield meeting of January. IS.Vi, an 
organization was formed under the title of the 
"Industrial League of the State of Illinois." with 
a view to disseminating information, securing 
more thorough organization on tlie part of friends 
of the measure, and the employment of lecturers 
to address the people of the State on the subject. 
At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- 
vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of 
obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and 
endow industrial institutions in each and every 
State in the Union." It is worthy of note that 
this resolution contains the central idea of the 
act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- 
ward, making a|ipropriations of public lands for 
the establishment and support of industrial 
colleges in the several States, which act received 
the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — 
a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- 
dent Buchanan in February, 18.59. The State 
was extensi\ely canvas.sed by Professor Turner, 
Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late 
Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in belialf of the 
objects of the League, and tlie Legislature, at its 
session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, 
adopted the resolutions commending the ine;isure 
and instructing the United States Senators from 
Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to 
give it their support. Though not specifically 
contemplated at the outset of the movement, the 
Convention at Springfield, in January, 18.55. pro- 
posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment 
of a "Teachers" Seminary or Normal School 
Department," which took form in the act passed 
at the session of 1857, for the establishment of 
the State Normal School at Normal. Although 
delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- 
trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other 
States, finally triumplied in 186?. The lands 
received by the State as the result of this act 
amounted to 480.000 acres, besides subsequent do- 
nations. (.See University uf Illinois; also Turner, 
JoiKitliati Bahlirin.) On the foundation thus 
furnished was established, bj- act of the Legisla- 
ture in 1867, the "Illinois Indu.strial University" 
— now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, 
to say nothing of more tlian forty similar insti- 
tutions in as many States and Territories, based 
upon the same general act of 'Congress. 



Free-School System. — While there may be 
said to have been a sort of free-school .system in 
existence in Illinois previous to 18.55, it was 
limited to a few fortunate districts possessing 
funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- 
ated within their respective limits. The system 
of free scliools, as it now exists, ba.sed upon 
general taxation for the creation of a permanent 
school fund, had its origin in the act of that 
year. As alreadj' shown, the office of State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction had been 
created bj- act of the Legislature in February, 
18.54, and tlie act of 1855 was but a natural corol- 
lary of the previous measure, giving to the people 
a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided 
an official for its administration. Since then 
there have been many .-imendments of the school 
law, but tliese have been generally in the direc- 
tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- 
out departure from the principle of securing 
to all the children of the State the equal 
privileges of a common-.school education. The 
development of the system began practically 
about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a 
century, the laws on the subject had grown 
into a considerable volume, while the number- 
less decisions, emanating from the office of the 
State Superintendent in construction of the.se 
laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. 

The follon-ing comparative table of school 
statistics, for 1800 and 1806. compiled from the 
Reports of the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the 
system in some of its more imiwrtant features: 

IMO. 1898. 

PopulMlon 1,711,951 («8t.) 4,250,000 

No. of Persons of School Age { be- 

twperifi «nil 211 •M9.604 1.3W.367 

No. of Pupils enrolled »4;2.il7 898.619 

School DKslrlcts. 8.956 11.SIS 

" PubllcSchoola 9.162 12.tP23 

Graded " 294 1,8S7 

•■ Public HiRh Schools 272 

** School Houses built during 

the ye»r 657 267 

Whole No of Si-hool Houses 8.221 12,6-'H 

No. of .Male Tmi.-hiTS 8.-.'-.!3 7.i«7 

F»miile T.iu-hers 6,485 18,359 

Whole No. of Teachers In Public 

s,li,...ls 14,708 25.416 

Ilr^hi Ht Monthly Wages paid Mal« 

Twiohers 1180.00 1300.00 

HiKhest Monthly Wages paid 

Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 

Lowest Montlilv Wages paid Male 

Teachers 8.00 14.00 

L<i\vest Monthlf Wages paid 

Kenialc Teacllers 4.00 10 00 

Average Motithly Wages paid Male 

Teuchors 23.82 67.76 

Aveniite Monthly Wages paid 

Female Teachers 18.80 60 6.1 

No of Private S.linolS 500 2.619 

No of Pupils m Private Schools... 29,2fi4 139,969 
Interest oi\ state and County Funds 

received 173.450.38 165.583.63 

Amount of Income from Township 

Funds 322.852.00 8S9.6I4.20 

•Only white children were Included In these statistics for 

I3S0. 




o 
z 



> 



X 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



151 



I860. 1896. 

Amount received from Slate Tax.. $ 690,000.00 } 1,000,000.00 
" " *' Special Dis- 

trlctTaxes 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61 

Amount received from Bonds dur- 
ing the year 617,960.93 

Total Amount received during the 

year Ijy Scliool Districts 2,193,455.00 15,607,172.50 

Amount paid Male Teachers 2.772,829.32 

" Female " 7.196,105.67 

Wholeamount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,958,934.99 
Amount paid for new School 

Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25 

Amount paid for repairs and im- 
provements 1,070,755.09 

Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 

Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 

" " " Books for Dis- 
trict Libraries 30.12400 13,664.97 

Total E.xpenditures 2.269,868,01) 14,614.627.31 

Estimated valueotSchool Property 13,304,892.00 42,780,2(17.00 

•• Libraries.. 377..S19.O0 

" Apparatus 607,389.00 

The sums annually disbursed for incidental 
expenses on account of superintendence and the 
cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- 
lished, and partiall)' or wholly supported by the 
State, increase the total expenditures by some 
.$600,000 per annum. These higher institutions 
include the Illinois State Normal University at 
Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- 
dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to 
which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- 
sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, 
afterwards established at Charleston, and the 
Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These 
institutions, although under supervision of the 
State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See 
description of these institutions under their 
several titles.) The normal schools — as their 
names indicate — are primarily designed for the 
training of teachers, although other classes of 
pupils are admitted under certain conditions, 
including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- 
versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- 
sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic 
arts. In addition to these the State supports four 
other institutions of an educational rather than a 
custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the 
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- 
tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum 
for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- 
diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated 
value of the property connected with these 
several institutions, in addition to the value of 
school property given in the preceding table, will 
increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) 
to 847,15.5,374.9.5, of which !j;4,375.107.95 repre- 
sents propert}' belonging to the institutions above 
mentioned. 

Powers and Duties of Superintendents 
AND Other School Officers. — Each county 
elects a Countj' Superintendent of Schools, whose 
duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- 
tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and 



instruct them in their respective duties, conduct 
examinations of persons desiring to become 
teachers, and exercise general supervision over 
school affairs within his county. The subordi- 
nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township 
Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — 
in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards 
of Education. The two last named Boards have 
power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- 
vise the management of schools in districts. The 
State Superintendent is entrusted with general 
supervision of the common-school system of the 
State, and it is his duty to advise and assist 
County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable 
institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, 
school officers and others in regard to their rights 
and duties under the general school code; to 
decide controverted questions of school law, com- 
ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- 
ents and others, and to make full and detailed 
reports of the operations of his office to the 
Governor, bienniall}-. He is also made ex-officio 
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- 
sity of Illinois and of tlie several Normal Schools, 
and is empowered to grant certificates of two 
different grades to teachers — the higher grade to 
be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and 
the lower for two years. Certificates granted by 
County Superintendents are also of two grades 
and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- 
tively, in the county where given. The conditions 
for securing a certificate of the first (or two- 
years') grade, require that the candidate shall be 
of good moral character and qualified to teach 
orthography, reading in English, penmanship, 
arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, 
the elements of the natural sciences, the history 
of the United States, physiology and the laws of 
health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- 
cate calls for examination in the branches just 
enumerated, except the natural sciences, phj'si- 
ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed 
exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- 
ing, penmanship or other special branches, may 
take examinations in these branches alone, but 
are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they 
have been examined. — Count.v Boards are 
empowered to establish County Normal Schools 
for the education of teachers for the common 
schools, and the management of such normal 
schools is placed in the hands of a County Board 
of Education, to consist of not less than five nor 
more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman 
of the County Board and the County Superin- 
tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members. 



153 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Boards of Education and Directors may establish 
kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote 
of a majority of the voters of tlieir districts), for 
cliildren between the ages of four and six years, 
but the cost of supporting the same must be 
defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- 
vision of the School Law requires tliat each child, 
between the ages of seven and fourteen years, 
shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of 
each year, unless otherwise instructed in the 
elementary branches, or disqualified by physical 
or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an 
act, passed in 18511, women are made eligible to 
any office created by the general or special school 
laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age 
or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same 
qualifications for the office as are pre.scribed for 
men. (For list of incumbents in the office of 
State Superintendent, see Superintendents of 
Public Iiisfrnction. ) 

EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier 
and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 
1834; educated at Albion, Midi., and the Wes- 
leyan University of Oliio, graduating from the 
latter in iy.")8; entered the Detroit Conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church the ssime year, 
was ordained in 1860 and, from 1801 until after 
the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of 
the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to 
accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 
18G4, he was elected assistant editor of "The 
Northwestern Cliristian Advocate" at Chicago, 
and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, 
became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every 
four years thereafter to the present time. He 
has also been a member of each General Confer- 
ence since 1872, was a memlier of the Ecumenical 
Conference at London in 1881, and h;vs held other 
positions of prominence within the church. 

EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born 
in Montgomery County. Md., Jan. 17. 17!)3; at the 
age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- 
tucky, where he received his primary education, 
and studied law; was admitted to the bar at Kas- 
kaskia. 111., in 181.5, Ninian Edwards (of whom he 
was the youngest brother) lieing then Territorial 
Governor. During the next fourteen years he 
resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, 
and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- 
ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to 
abandon his profession and engage in general 
business, later becoming a resident of Upper 
Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower hou.se 
of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 
and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State 



Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig 
candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to 
Thomas C'arlin (Democrat), who waselected. He 
served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- 
cially interested in education and in public chari- 
ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of 
Shurtleff College, to which he was a most 
munificent benefactor, and which conferred on 
him the degree of LL.D. in 18.52. Died at Upper 
Alton, .September, 1877. 

EDWARDS, Mnian, Territorial Governor and 
United States Senator, was born in Montgomery 
County, Md.. March 17, 1775; for a time had the 
celebrated AVilliam AVirt as a tutor, completing 
his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 
he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- 
ing considerable money, he studied law and, step 
by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of 
Appeals. In 1809 President Madison api)ointed 
him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. 
This office he held until the admission of Illinois 
as a .State in 1818, when he was elected United 
Sates ,Senator and re-elected on the completion of 
liis first (the short) term. In 1820 he was elected 
Governor of the State, his successful administra- 
tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a 
candidate for Congress, but was defeated by 
Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and 
incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic 
tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, 
at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of 
cholera, the disease having been contracted 
through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers 
from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom 
over the entire State. Two valuable volumes 
bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- 
respondence with many public men of his time, 
have been published; the first under the title of 
"History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," 
by his son. the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and 
the other "Tlie EJw.irds Papers," edited by the 
late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the 
auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — 
Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian 
Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 
1809, the j'ear his father became Territorial 
Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- 
kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was 
educated at Transylvani.i L^niversity, graduating 
in 1838. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister 
of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- 
ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when 
he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was 
elected to the Legislature from Sangamon 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



153 



County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, 
being one of the celebrated "Long Nine,'' and 
was influential in securing the removal of the 
State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected 
to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, 
and again to the Hovise in 1S4S ; was also a mem- 
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. 
Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but 
resigned on account of his change of politics 
from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to 
fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- 
ling. He served as Superintendent of Public 
Instruction by appointment of. Governor Matte- 
son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by 
President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- 
sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, 
since which time he remained in private life. He 
is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian 
Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the 
request of the State Historical Society. Died, at 
Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889.— Benjamin Stevenson 
(Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. 
Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., 
June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 
1838, and was admitted to the bar the following 
year. Originally a Whig, lie subsequently 
became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1863, and, in 1868, was 
an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- 
tion to Shelb}' M. CuUom. In 1869 he was elected 
Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but 
within eighteen months resigned the position, 
preferring the excitement antl emoluments of 
private practice to the diguit\' and scant}' salary 
attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a 
citizen he was universally respected. Died, at 
his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time 
of his decease being President of the Illinois 
State Bar Association. 

EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- 
ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with 
his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began 
life on a farm; later graduated at the State 
Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from 
the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- 
ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil 
Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer 
on the Boston water works, then beginning a 
career as a teacher which continued almost unin- 
terruptedly for thirtj'-five years. During this 
period he was connected with the Normal School 
at Bridgewater; a Boys" High School at Salem, 
and the State Normal at the same place, coming 
west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. 



Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the 
St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the 
Presidency of the State Normal University, at 
Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, 
remaining fourteen years, accomplished his 
greatest work and left his deepest impress upon 
the educational system of the State by personal 
contact with its teachers. The next nine j'ears 
were spent as pastor of the First Congregational 
church at Princeton, when, after eighteen 
months in the service of Knox College as Finan- 
cial Agent, he was again railed, in 1886, to a 
closer connection with the educational field by 
his election to the office of State Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, 
having failed of a re-election, he soon after 
assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University 
at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- 
pelled his retirement a year later, when he 
removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) 
his place of residence. 

EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- 
eastern part of the State, between Richland and 
White on the north and south, and Wabash and 
Wayne on the east and west, and touching the 
Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was 
separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during 
the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- 
ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash 
County. The surface is diversified by prairie 
and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to 
the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- 
pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, 
on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the 
west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) 
was the seat for holding the first county court, 
in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William 
Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present 
county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by 
Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants 
from England), in 1819, and settled largely by 
their countrymen, but not incorporated until 
1860. The area of the county is 220 square 
miles, and population, in 1900, 10.845. Grayville, 
with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in 
this county, though mostly in White. Ethvards 
County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards. 
the Territorial Governor of Illinois. 

EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison 
County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of 
Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four 
lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 
miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was 
the home of some of the most prominent men in 
the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 



154 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



■wards, Coles, and otliers. It has pressed and 
shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine 
shops, banks, electric street railway, water- works, 
schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city 
(LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- 
tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large 
business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, 
one is.sued semi-weekly. Population (1890). 3, .561 ; 
(1900), 4.1.")7: with suburb (estimated), ,5,000. 

EFFINdiH.AM, an incorporated city, tlie county- 
seat of Ertingliam County, miles northeast from 
St. Louis and 199 southwest of Cliicago; has four 
papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- 
tory. Population (1890), 3,200; (1900), 3,774. 

EFFI.\(;H.\.M county, cut off from Fayette 
(and separately organized) in 1831 — named for 
Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the 
central portion of the State, 02 miles northeast of 
St. Louis; has an area of 490 square miles and a 
population (191)0) of 20,405. T. JI. Short, I. Fanclion 
and William I. Hawkins were the first County 
Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was 
platted by Me-ssrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. 
Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were 
among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- 
way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- 
raising are leading industries, wool being one of 
the principal products. 

EfiiA>', William Bradsliaw, M.D., pioneer jihy- 
sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1>*0S; spent 
some time during his youth in the study of sur- 
gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- 
lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for 
a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal 
and, in 1830, was licensed by the Sledical Board 
of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in 
that State, later practicing in New York. In 
1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- 
nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1830, 
delivered the address at the breaking of ground 
for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the 
early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan 
was owner of the block on which the Tremont 
House stands, and erected a number of houses 
there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate 
to the first Convention of that party, held at 
Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 
1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly (18.53-54). Died. Oct. 27, 1800. 

ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on tlie 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west 
of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- 
paper Population (1890), .584; (1900). 606. 

ELDOR.VDO, a town in Saline County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the 



Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton 
& Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one 
newspaper; district argicultural. Population, 
(1900), 1,445. 

ELDRIUGE, Hamilton >'., lawyer and soldier, 
was born at Soutli Williamstown. Mass., August, 
1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class 
with President Garfield, in 18.56. and at Albany 
Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to 
Chicago and began practice; in 1862 assisted in 
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty -seventh 
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year 
being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- 
tinguished liimself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- 
mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg. 
winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, 
but, after two years' service, was comi>elled to 
retire on account of disability, being carried east 
on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- 
ciently to resume his profession, but died in 
Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large 
circle of friends, with whom he was exceedinglv 
popular. 

ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers 
in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) tho.se 
conducted in accordance with United States 
laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under 
State laws. 

I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of 
United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- 
ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. 
(United St.\tes Se.vators). The election of 
United States Senators, while an act of the .State 
Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- 
scribed by tlie laws of the United States. These 
make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second 
Tuesdaj- after convening at the se.ssion next pre- 
ceding the expiration of the term for which anj- 
Senator maj- liave been chosen, to proceed to' 
elect his successor in the following manner: 
Each House is required, on the daj' designated, in 
open session and by the viva voce ^vote of each 
member present, to name some person for United 
States Senator, the result of the balloting to be 
entered on the journals of the respective Houses. 
At twelve o'clock (M.) on the d,\v following the 
day of election, the members of the two Houses 
meet in joint as-semblj-, when the journals of both 
Houses are read. If it appeai-s that the same 
person has received a majority of all the votes in 
each Hou.se. he is declared elected Senator. If, 
however, no one has received such majority, or 
if either House has failed to take proceedings as 
required on the preceding day, then the members 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



155 



of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to 
ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members 
present. The person receiving a majority of all 
the votes cast— a majority of the members of 
both Houses being present and voting — is declared 
elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed 
at noon each legislative day of the session, and at 
least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. 
When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time 
of the assembling of the Legislature, the same 
rule prevails as to the time of holding an election 
to fill it; and, if a vacancj' occurs during the 
session, the Legislature is required to proceed to 
an election on the second Tuesday after having 
received official notice of such vacancy. The 
tenure of a United States Senator for a full term 
is six years — the regular term beginning with a 
new Congress — the two Senators from each State 
belonging to different "classes," so that their 
terms expire alternately at periods of two and 
four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential 
Electors). The choice of Electors of President 
and Vice-President is made by popular vote 
taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the 
first Monday in November. The date of such 
election is fixed by act of Congress, being the 
same as that for Congressman, although the State 
Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting 
it and making returns of the same. The number 
of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators 
and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it 
was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- 
eral tick.et, a plurality of votes being sufficient to 
elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the 
second Monday of January after their election 
(Act of Congi-ess, 188"), to cast the vote of the 
State. — 3. (Members op Congress). The elec- 
tion of Representatives in Congress is also held 
under United States law, occurring biennially 
(on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- 
eral State election in November. Should Congi'ess 
select a different date for such election, it would 
be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by 
a corresponding change in the State law relating 
to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a 
Congi'essman is two years, the election being by 
Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the 
case of Presidential Electors — the term of each 
Representative for a full term beginning with a 
new Congress, on the 4th of Slarch of the odd 
years following a general election. (See Con- 
gressional Apportionment. ) 

n. All officers under the State Government — 
except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal 
institutions or the heads of certain departments, 



which are made appointive by the Governor — are 
elected by popular vote. Apart from county 
officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- 
tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are 
chosen at different times and for different periods. 
1. (Legisl.\ture). Legislative officers consist of 
Senators and Representatives, clio.sen at elections 
lield on the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
November, biennially. The regular term of a 
Senator (of whom there are fifty one under the 
present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five 
(tliose in Districts bearing even numbers) being 
chosen on the years in which a President and 
Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at 
the intermediate period two years later. Thus, 
one-Iialf of each State Senate is composed of what 
are called "liold-over" Senators. Representatives 
are elected biennially at the November election, 
and liold office two years. The qualifications as 
to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require 
tliat the incumbent shall be 35 years of age, 
while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in 
the House — tlie Constitution requiring that each 
shall have been a resident of the State for five 
years, and of the District for which he is chosen, 
two years next preceding his election. (See 
Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- 
sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The 
officers constituting the Executive Department 
include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 
Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, 
Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
and Attorney General. Each of these, except the 
State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with 
the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the 
general election at whicli Presidential Electors 
are chosen. The election of State Superintendent 
occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that 
of State Treasurer every two years coincidently 
witli the election of Governor and Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- 
tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers 
already named, three Trustees of the University 
of Illinois are elected biennially at the general 
election in November, each holding office for 
six years. These trustees (nine in number), 
with the Governor, President of the State Board 
of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of 
the University of Illinois. — 3. (JUDICIARY). The 
Judicial Department embraces Judges of the 
Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such 
other subordinate officials as may be connected 
with the administration of justice. For the 



156 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



election of members of the Suprsme Court the 
State is divided into seven Districts, each of 
which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for 
a term of nine years. Tlie elections in five of 
these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and 
Seventh^occur on the first Jlonday in June every 
ninth year from 1879, the last election having 
occurred in June, 1897. Tlie elections in the 
other t .vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine 
years from 18T6 and 1HT3, respectively — tlie hust 
election in the Fourth District liaviuK occurred 
in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— 
Circuit Judges are chosen on tlie first Monday in 
June even,- six years, counting from 1873. Judges 
of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected 
every six years at the November election. — Clerks 
of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected 
at the November election for six years, the last 
election liaving occurred in 189G. Under the act 
of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme 
Court into one Grand Division, the number of 
Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one. although 
the Clerks elected in 189(i remain in oflice and have 
charge of the records of their several Divisions 
until tlie expiration of their terms in 1902. The 
Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- 
field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday 
of October, Decemlier, February, April and June. 

(Other Ofkickks). (a) Members of the State 
Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- 
sional District) are elective every four years at 
the siime time as Congressmen, (b) County 
oflHcers (except County Commissioners not under 
township organization) hold office for four j'ears 
and are chosen at the November election as 
follows: (1) At the general election at which 
the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit 
Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in 
counties having a population of GO. 000 or over). 
Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- 
mediate years — Slieriff, County Judge, Probate 
Judge (in counties having a ]iopulatioii of 70,000 
and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, ,Superintend- 
ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of 
Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- 
ship organization a Board of County Commission- 
ers is elected, one being chosen in November of 
each year, and eiich holding office three years, 
(d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 
a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an 
Act of the Legislature pa.s,sed in 188."i, the hour of 
opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. 
(See also Aii.-<tr(ilinii Ballot.) 

ELECTORS, qiALIFICATIO'S OF. (See 
Suffrage.) 



ELCiIX, an important city of Northern Illinois, 
in Kane County, on Fox Kiver and tlie Chicago, 
Milwaukee & .St. Paul and Chicago it Northwest- 
ern Kaihoads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 
miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- 
power and over fiftj' manufacturing establish- 
ments, including the National Watch Factory and 
the Cook Publisliing Company, both among the 
most extensive of their kind in the world; is also 
a great dairy center with extensive creameries 
and milk-condensing works. The quotations of 
its Butter and Cheese E.xcliange are telegraphed 
to all the great commercial centers and regulate 
the prices of these commodities throughout the 
country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- 
nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome 
Government (postoffice) building, fine public 
library and many handsome residences. It has 
had a rapid growth in the pa,st twenty years. 
Population (INliil), 17,S23; (1900), 22.433. 

V.Uiiy, JOLIET \- E.VSTERN RAIUV.iT. The 
main line of this road extends west from Dyer on 
the Indiana .State line to Joliet, thence northea.st 
to Waukegan. The total length of the line ( 1S9.S) 
is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi- 
nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- 
ing .stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to 
§13,709.030— more than .$71,000 per mile. Its total 
earnings in Illinois for the siime year were .SI, 212.- 
02G, and its entire expenditure in the State, 
§1.1.56,146. The company liaid in taxes, the s;iine 
year, $48,876. Branch lines extend .southerly 
from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- 
tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterlj- 
from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. 
—(History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R<iil- 
way was chartered in l.'^87 and absorbed the 
Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to 
Aurora (21 miles), wliich had been commenced in 
1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions 
from Joliet to Spaulding. 111., and from Joliet to 
McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company 
purchased all the properties and franchises of the 
Gardner, Coal Citj- & Normantown and the 
Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies 
(formerly operated under lease). The former of 
these two roads was chartered in 1889 and ojwned 
in 1890. The system forms a belt line around 
Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that 
city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly 
in the transportation of freight. 

ELIZABETHTOWX, the county -seat of Hardin 
County. It sta,nds on the north bank of the Ohio 
River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



157 



125 miles southeast of Belleville ; lias a brick and 
tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two 
flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- 
ulation (1890), 052; (1900), 668. 

ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Raih'oad, 18 miles northeast of 
Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal 
shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. 

ELKIN, William F., pioneer and early legisla- 
tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 
1792 ; after spending several years in Ohio and 
Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; 
was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh 
General Assemblies, being one of the "Long 
Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was 
appointed by his former colleague (Abraham 
Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- 
field, resigning in 18T2. Died, in 1878. 

ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at 
Wilton. Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and 
■was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years 
(1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature 
of that State in 1851, and proving himself an 
earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the 
next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., 
where he embarked in the banking business. 
Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- 
ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached 
to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at 
the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed 
while bravely leading on his men. 

ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- 
sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793; 
came to Illinois as a home missionary of the 
Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served 
for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and 
Jacksonville, and was one of the influential 
factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- 
lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, 
for some years, a private school for young ladies 
at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- 
sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still 
maintained after a history of over sixty years. 
Mr. Ellis was later associated with the estahlisli- 
ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., 
finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 
1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. 
In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- 
ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological 
Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. 

ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first 
victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics 
ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He 
came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, 



and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised 
a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became 
famous for the perfection of its discipline and 
drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. 
In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to 
Washington, going from there to New York, 
where he recruited and organized a Zouave 
regiment composed of firemen. He became its 
Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- 
dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- 
worth observed that a Confederate flag w-as 
flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. 
Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before 
he reached the street was shot and killed by 
Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. 
Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the 
first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 
24, 1861. 

ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village 
of Du Page County, on the Cliicago Great Western 
and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; 
is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- 
tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, 
electric light, water and sewei-age systems, high 
school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1.728. 

ELM W 001), a town of Peoria County, on the 
Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville 
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 36 miles west-northwest of Peoria ; the 
principal industries are coal-mining and corn and 
tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. 
Population (1890), 1..548; (1900), 1,582. 

EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles 
north of Bloomington, 33 miles ea.st of Peoria, at 
the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & 
Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has 
two national banks, three grain elevators, two 
high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. 
Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. 

EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign 
Coimty and runs southward through the counties 
of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in 
Jasper County, where it turns to tlie southeast, 
passing through Lawrence County, and entering 
the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- 
cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. 

EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North 
Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811; 
came to Illinois in 183^1, first settling at Jackson- 
ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, 
then studied law at Springfield, and, having been 
admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, 
where he spent the remainder of his life except 
three years (1847-50) during which he resided at 
Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 



158 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, 
serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The 
latter year lie was a candidate for Justice of the 
Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late 
Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was 
elected to the State Constitutional Convention, 
but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was 
still in session. 

EXFIELD, a town of White County, at the 
intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with 
the Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Railway. 10 
miles west of Carmi: is the seat of Southern Illi- 
nois College. The town also has a bank and one 
newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; 
(1900), 971 ; (190;i, est.), 1,000. 

ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at 
Rising Sun. Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time 
at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally 
engaging in merchandising in the former; in 
lSr>?, removed to Danville, 111., where he formed 
a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile 
business; Later conducted a private banking busi- 
ness and, in 1803, established the First National 
Bank, of which he has been President over twenty 
years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- 
ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State 
Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty 
years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago 
& Eastern Rjiilroad. At the present time Mr. 
English, having practically retired from busi- 
ness, is spending most of his time in the West. 

EXOS, I'ascal I'aoli, |)ioneer, was born at 
Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth 
College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending 
some years in Vermont, where he served as High 
Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 181.5, 
removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A 
year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to 
Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, 
finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at 
St. Louis. Then, having purcha.sedatract of land 
in Madison County, 111. , he remained there about 
two years, when, in lW2;i, having received from 
President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of 
the newly established Land Office at Springfield, 
he removed thither, making it his permanent 
home. He was one of the original purchasers of 
tlie land on which the city of Springfield now 
stands, and joined with 5Iaj. Elijah lies, John 
Taylor and Thomas Co.v. the other patentees, in 
laying out the town, to which they first gave the 
name of Calhoun. Jlr. Enos remained in ofiice 
through the administration of Pre.';ident John 
yuincy Adams, but Wiis removed by President 
Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at 



Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., 
eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, 
Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in 
the General Assembly from Sangamon Countj- in 
18.52, and served by appointment of Justice 
McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the 
United States Circuit Court, being reappointed 
by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 
1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born 
Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has 
served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the 
city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring- 
field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M. 
Hatch, Secretary of State (18.57-65). 

EI'IiER. Tyrus. lawyer and jurist, was born 
at C'barlestoii, Clark County. Ind., Nov. 12, 
1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- 
ville, studied law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney 
the same year; also served as a member 
of the General Assemblj' two terms (1857-61) 
and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 
1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge 
for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected 
successively in 1879, "85 and '91, serving four 
terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire 
professional and official career his home lias been 
in .lacksdiiville. 

EC^l'ALITY, a village of Gallatin Countj', on 
the .Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad. 11 miles west-northwest of 
.Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the 
county -seat of (iallatin Coimty and market for 
the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some 
coal is mined in the neighliorhood. One weekly 
paper is i)ublislied here. Population (1880), 500; 
(lcS9()), 622; (1900). 898. 

ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the 
Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- 
east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; 
(1890), .535; (1900), 708. 

EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County, 
incorporated in 18.56, situateii 19 miles east of 
Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and 
agricultural district. The principal mechanical 
industry is a large csmning factor}-. Besides 
having good grammar and high schools, it is also 
the seat of Eureka College, under the' control of 
the Christian denomination, in connection with 
which are a Normal ScIkxiI and a Biblical Insti- 
tute. The town has a hands<.)me courthouse and 
a jail, two weekly and one monthly pajier. 
Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford 
County in 1896, the change from Metamora being 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



159 



due to the central location and more convenient 
accessibility of the former from all parts of the 
county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; 
(1900), 1,661. 

EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- 
ford County, and chartered in 18.").), distinctively 
under the care and supervision of the "Christian" 
or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary 
aim of its founders was to prepare youn™ men for 
the ministry, while at the same time affording 
facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 
1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been 
steady. Besides a preparatory department and a 
business school, the college maintains a collegiate 
department (with classical and scientific courses) 
and a tlieological school, the latter being designed 
to tit young men for the ministry of the denomi- 
nation. Both male and female matriculates are 
received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen 
professors and assistants, and an attendance of 
some 325 students, nearl}' one-third of whom 
were females. The total value of the institution's 
property is §144,000, which includes an endow- 
ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. 
EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was 
born in Philadelpliia. Sept. 9, 1821; graduated 
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, 
in 1842, at the age of 31, was admitted to the bar, 
removing the same year to Dixon. 111., where he 
resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected 
to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became 
Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen 
Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, 
was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice 
Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the 
same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but 
died in 1888, three years before the expiration of 
his term. 

EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution 
under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- 
tion, incorjiorated in 1865 and located at Elm- 
hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in 
the classics, theologj', oratory and preparatory 
studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The 
number of pupils during the school year (1895-96) 
was 133 — all young men. It has property valued 
at 859,305, 

EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in 
Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his 
father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to 
Aurora, 111. , where the latter finally became fore- 
man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- 
cliine shops at that place. In 1862 V'oung Evans 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Twent3--fourth 
Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the 



war. Since the war he has become most widely 
known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- 
ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and 
subsequently to the Senate every four years from 
1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty 
years of almost continuous service. He is a large 
owner of real estate and has been prominently 
connected with financial and other business 
enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas 
and Street Railway Companies ; also served with 
the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors 
Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. 

EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- 
former, was born in JIarshall County, 111., Dec. 
19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist 
Episcopal Cliurch in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted 
the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, 
which he filled for six years. He then became 
President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the 
following year returned to pastoral work. In 
1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- 
lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is 
a member of the Central Illinois (M. E. ) Confer- 
ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; 
has also produced a number of volumes on reli- 
gious and moral questions. 

EVANS, John, M.D,, physician and Governor, 
was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- 
try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at 
Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., 
but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at 
Attica, Ind. Here lie became prominent in the 
establishment of the first insane hospital in In- 
diana, at Indianapolis, abovit 1841-43, becoming a 
resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, 
having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, 
in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for 
a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical 
and Surgical Journal." He served as a member 
of the Chicago City Council, became a successful 
ojjerator in real estate and in the promotion of 
various railroad enterprises, and was one of the 
founders of the Northwestern University, at 
Evanston, serving as President of the Board of 
Trustees over forty _years. Dr. Evans was one of 
the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, 
and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, 
from whom, in 1863, he received the appointment 
of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- 
tinuing in office until displaced b}^ Andrew John- 
son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading 
factor in the construction of some of the most 
important railroad lines in that section, including 
the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was 
for many years the President. He was also 



160 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



prominent in connection with educational and 
church enterprises at Denver, wliich was liis home 
after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. 
EVAXSTOX, a city of Cook County, situated 13 
miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- 
kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroads. The original town was incorjiorated 
Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act 
was passed by tlie Legislature incorporating it as 
a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On 
Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town 
adopted village organizations under the General 
Village and City Incorporation Act of tlie same 
year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- 
tory to the village of Evanstoii liave taken place 
as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts 
by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North 
Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the 
electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, 
there was another annexation of a small out-lying 
di.strift by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- 
tion of the annexation of South Evanston was 
submitted to the voters of botli coriwrations and 
adopted. On Slarch 29, 1892, the question of 
organization under a city government w;vs sub- 
mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corj)©- 
ration and decided in the affirmative, the first 
city election taking place April 19, following. 
The population of the original corporation of 
Evanston. according to the census of 1890, was 
12,072, and of South Evanston. 3.20.J, making the 
total population of tlie new city l.'j,9()7. Judged 
by the census returns of 19(10, the consolidated 
city has had a healthy growth in tlie past 
ten years, giving it, at the end of the 
century, a population of 19.259. Evanston is 
one of the most attractive residence cities in 
Northern Illinois and famed for its educational 
advantages. Besides having an admirable system 
of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the 
academic and theological departments of the 
Northwestern University, the latter being known 
as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has 
well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and 
electricity, and maintains its own system of 
water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced 
within the corporate limits under stringent 
municipal ordinances, and the charter of the 
Northwestern University forbidding the sale of 
intoxicants within four miles of that institution. 
As a consequence, it is certain to attract the 
most desirable class of people, whether consisting 
of those seeking permanent homes or simply 
contemplating temporary residence for the sake 
of educational advantages. 



EWIXG, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer 
and ix)litician, was born in Kentucky in 179.J, and 
came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at 
Shawneetown. As eiirly as 1820 he apjiears from 
a letter of Governor Edwards to President ilon- 
roe. to have been holding stjnie Federal appoint- 
ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public 
Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- 
temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a 
deposit of §1.000 by the robliery of the bank there. 
He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia 
at an early day. Colonel of the "Sjty Battalion" 
during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian 
Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs 
and Foxes west of the 5Iississippi. Other posi- 
tions held by him included Clerk of the House of 
Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; 
Representative from the counties composing the 
Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- 
bly (1830-31), when lie also became Sjieakerof the 
House; Senator from the s;vme District in the 
Eighth and Ninth General A.ssemblies. of which 
he was chosen President pro tempore. While 
serving in this capacity lie became ex-officio 
Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- 
nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to acoept a 
seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- 
ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor 
to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to 
Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen 
days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. 
Jo.sepli Duncan, who had been elected in due 
course at the previous election. A year later 
(December, 1835) he was chosen United States 
Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had 
died in office. Failing of a re-election to the 
Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to tlie House 
of Representatives from his old district in 1838, 
as he was again in 1840, at each session being 
chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was 
the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- 
lature at the close of his term, we find him at the 
beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in 
his old place as Clerk of the Hou.se, but. before 
the close of the session (in March. 1843), appointed 
Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James 
Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the 
office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died. March 25. 1846. 
His public career was as unique as it was remark- 
able, in the numljer and character of the official 
positions held by him within a period of twenty- 
five years. 

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers 
under lieads of "Oitrtrnnr," "Lieutenniit Gov- 
ernor," etc.) 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



161 



EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS 
CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth 
of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, 
by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- 
cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- 
tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, 
tlie title was changed by the substitution of the 
word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary 
became a State institution. The fire of 1871 
destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State 
erected another of brick, four stories in height, 
at tlie corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, 
Cliicago. The institution receives patients from 
all the counties of the State, the same receiving 
board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- 
sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The 
number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 
1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened 
under legislative authority, which is under charge 
of some eminent Chicago specialists. 

FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- 
ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- 
tiac, in a fertile and tliiclily -settled region. Coal, 
sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous 
quartz are found in the neighborhood. The 
town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills 
and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 
2,140; (1890), 2,324; (1900). 2,187. 

FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 
108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has 
an extensive woolen factory and large flouring 
and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers 
and is an important fruit and grain-shipping 
point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; 
(1900), 2,338. 

FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, 
on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest 
from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- 
cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, 
stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one 
weekly paper. Population (1890), 649; (1900), 928. 

FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- 
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at 
Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 
1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 
1848, and graduated from the State University 
there in 1859, during a part of his vmiversity 
course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal 
church at Madison; was next Vice-President of 
Gainesville University till 1861, when he was 
ordained to the Methodist ministry and became 
pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following 
year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- 



second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted 
in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which 
he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- 
dier-General. On liis return to civil life he 
became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice 
re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of 
the Illinois Wesle3'an University at Bloomiugton, 
111., remaining two years; in 1875 united witli the 
Reformed Episcopal Chiu'ch, soon after became 
Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was 
elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming tlie 
editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the 
church. He served as Regent of the University 
of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has 
been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State 
Reform School at Pontiac. He is tlie author of 
two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- 
plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. 
Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed 
Episcopal Church work in the West and North- 
west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain 
of the Grand Army of the Republic for the 
Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, 
and was Chairman of the General Committee of 
the Educational Congress during the World's 
Columbian Exposition of 1893. 

FARINA, a town of Faj'ette County, on the 
Chicago Division of tiie Illinois Central Railroad, 
29 miles nortlieast of Centralia. Agriculture and 
fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the 
section ; the town has one newspaper. Popula- 
tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est.), 800. 

FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 
miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction 
of the Spring-field division of the Illinois Central 
and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- 
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a 
trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- 
raising district, especially noted for rearing finely 
bred horses. The city has banks, two news- 
papers, churches of four denominations and good 
schools, including a high school. Population 
(1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664. 

FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization 
created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- 
signed to encourage practical education among 
farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- 
tural resources of the State. Its membership 
consists of three delegates from each county in 
the State, elected annually by the Farmers' 
Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed 
by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: 
The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 



162 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- 
nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of 
Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- 
cultural So<'iety, ex-oflRcio. with one member from 
eacli Congressional District, chosen by the dele- 
gates from the district at the annual meeting of 
the organiziition. Annual meetings (between 
Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be lield, 
wliich shall continue in session for not less than 
three days. The topics for discussion are the 
cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of 
domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, 
farm drainage, improrement of highways and 
general farm management. The reports of the 
annual meetings are printed by the State to tlie 
number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being 
placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable 
quarters for the officers of the organization are 
provided in the State capitol. 

FARMI\(«T()N, a city and railroad center in 
Fulton County. Vi miles nortli of Canton and 22 
miles we.st of Peoria. Coal is extensivelj' mined 
liere; tliere are also brick and tile factories, a 
foundry, one steam flour mill, and two cigar 
manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for 
grain and live-stock. The town has two banks 
and two newspapers, five churches and a graded 
school. Population (18'.I0). 1.375 ; (190.3, est.). 2.103. 

FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born 
at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. 
After completing a course in the public schools, 
he entered the University of Michigan, but left 
college at the end of his freshman year (18.M) to 
serve in the Quartermaster's department of the 
arm}' in the Utah expedition. At the expiration 
of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter 
and a carrier of mails between the haunts of 
civilization and the then newly-discovered mines 
at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was 
commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of 
the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle 
was Colonel. (See Farnswortk, John Franklin.) 
He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- 
self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 
1863. he was appointed aid-de-camp to General 
Pleasanton, and, on June 29. 1863. was made a 
Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, 
wliile gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. 

F.\RXSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and 
former Congressman, was born at Eaton. Canada 
Eiist, March 27, 1820; removed to Michig;in in 
1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane 
County, where he practiced law for many years, 
making his home at St. Charles. He was elected 
to Congress in 1856. and re-elected in 1858. In 



September of 1861. he was commissioned Colonel 
of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and 
was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 
1862, but resigned, JIarch 4, 1863, to take his seat 
in Congress to which he had been elected the 
November previous, by successive re-elections 
serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of 
his life were spent in Washington, wliere he died, 
July 14, 1897. 

FARfl'ELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and 
United .States Senator, wiis born at Painted Post, 
N. Y.. July 1. 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838. 
and, for six years. w;is employed in surveying 
and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real 
estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He 
was elected County Clerk in 18.53, and re-elected 
in 18.57. Later lie entered into commerce, becom- 
ing a partner with his brother, John VilUers. in 
the firm of J. V. FarweU & Co. He was a mem- 
ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; 
Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook 
County in 1868; and National Bank Examiner in 
1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a 
Republican, was re-elected in 1872. but was 
defeated in 1874. after a contest for the seat which 
was carried into the House at Washington. 
Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, 
making three full terms in that body. He also 
served for several years as Chairman of the 
Republican State Central Committee. After the 
death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) 
elected United States Senator, his term expiring 
March 3, 1891. Mr. FarweU has since devoted 
his attention to the immense mercantile busi- 
ness of J. V. FarweU & Co. 

FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born 
at Campbelltown, Steuben County. N. Y., July 
29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- 
school education and, in 1838, removed with his 
father's family to Ogle Coimty, 111. Here he 
attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time. but. 
in 1845. came to Chicago without capital and 
secured employment in the City Clerk's office, 
then became a book-keei^er in the drygooils 
establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still 
later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus 
received his lient towards a mercantile career, he 
soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & 
Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of $600 a year, but 
wius admitted to a partnership in 1^50, the title of 
the firm becoming Cooley, FarweU & Co., in 1860. 
About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter 
became :issociated with the coucern and received 
their mercantile training under the supervision 
of Mr. FarweU. In 1865 the title of the tirm 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



163 



became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm 
was incorporated under the name of The J. V. 
Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- 
well, being a member. The subject of this sketch 
has long been a prominent factor in religious 
circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's 
Christian Association, and served as President of 
the Chicago Branch of the United States 
Christian Commission during the Civil War. 
Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- 
dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's 
second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- 
ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of 
Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the 
syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, 
at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number 
of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the 
J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the 
Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. 
He was also prominent in the organization of the 
Chicago Public Library, and a member of the 
Union League, the Chicago Historical Society 
and the Art Institute. 

FARWELL, William Wasliing'ton, jurist, was 
born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 
5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from 
Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to 
the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he 
removed to Chicago, but the following j'ear went 
to California, returning to his birthplace in 18.50. 
In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon 
secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 
he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook 
County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six 
years. During this period he sat chiefly upon 
the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, 
presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his 
second term he was a candidate for re-election as 
a Republican, but was defeated with the re- 
mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen 
Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union 
College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- 
sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when 
he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. 

FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles 
south of the geographical center of the State; 
was organized in 1821, and named for the French 
General La Faj-ette. It has an area of 720 square 
miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- 
tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies 
the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and 
mining are the chief industries. The old, historic 
"Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound 
emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. 
Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town 



is now extinct. 'V'andalia, the present seat of 
county government (population, 2,144), stands 
upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of 
the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the 
State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns 
are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- 
ber, and St. Elmo. 

FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM 
FOR. This institution, originally established as 
a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for 
the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, 
in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the 
instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." 
Its success having been assured, the school was 
placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, 
in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering 
forty acres, was donated, and the erection of 
buildings begim. The original plan provided for 
a center building, %vith wings and a rear exten- 
sion, to cost Sl'24.775. Besides a main or adminis- 
tration building, the institution embraces a 
school building and custodial hall, a hospital and 
industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a 
chapel has been added. It has control of 890 
acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- 
poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- 
tution. The remainder is used for the purposes 
of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- 
ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the 
institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- 
tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- 
tions constantly on file for the admission of 
others for whom there is no room. 

FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of 
the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and 
Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, 
Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth 
College. He emigrated to the United States in 
1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once 
appointed President of tiie Seminary of Caronde- 
let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of 
the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where 
he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was 
consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the 
aS'airs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 
Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with 
Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and 
Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- 
bishop. His administration has been conserva- 
tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly 
prospered under his rule. 

FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- 
tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; 
started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending 
some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 



IG-i 



IIISTOItlCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at 
Blooiniujjton, being the first lawj-er in that new 
town. Later he became agent for scliool lands 
and the State Bank, but failed financially in 
1837, and returned to practice; resided several 
years at Pay.son, Adams County, but returning 
to Bloomington in IS'm, was instrumental in 
securing the location of the Chicago & Alton 
Railroad through that town, and was one of the 
founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- 
ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal 
and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it 
was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
personal biography ; in the campaign of 1800 he 
served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- 
tral Committee, and, in \8&i, was appointed by 
Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, 
serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- 
ous friend of the cause of industrial education, 
and bore an important i)art in securing the 
location of the State Normal L^niversitj- at Nor- 
mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at 
Bloomington, Jan. So, 1887. 

FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was Iwrn in 
Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the 
printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his 
youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's 
productions and other works which now rank 
among English classics. In 1834 he came to 
America, finally locating in Chicago, where, 
with various partners, he pursued the business of 
a job printer continuously some fifty years — 
being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was 
killed by being run over by a railroad train at 
Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of 
which he was so long the head is continued by 
his sons. 

FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- 
cago & Eastern Illinois Kjiilroad, 12 south of ter- 
minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. 

FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in 
Monroe, Mich., Augu.st 9, 1825; was educated in 
his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort 
Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to WaukegHn, 
111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, 
in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket 
for Presidential Elector; was elected Slaj-or of 
Waukegan in 1859, a memter of the State Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1802, State Bank Com- 
missioner in 1801-03, Assistant Adjutant-General 
on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, 
and a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention of 1864. After the war he served as 
direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 
was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington 



Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial GrOT- 
ernor. On the admission of Wasliington as a 
State, in lss9, he was elected the first Governor. 
Died, at Seattle. Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. 

FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in 
Southern Wisconsin and enters tlie Mississippi in 
Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which 
stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- 
boats between Galena and its mouth. The name 
originally given to it by early French explorers 
was "Feve'' (the French name for "Bean"), 
which has since been corrupted into its present 
form. 

FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, 
was born in Kentucky, Dec. 10, 1808, and 
admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash 
County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was 
elected to the lower liouse of the Ninth General 
Assembly. After serving a term as State's 
Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed 
to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and 
again in "42, he was elected to the Legislature, as 
he was for the last time in 1878. He was four 
times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to 
'49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector 
in 1856, and candidate for the same position on 
the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in 
1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic 
National Conventions of 1850 and '60. He was 
a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. 

FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and 
Secretary of State, came to IlUnois about the 
time of its admis.sion into the Union, locating in 
Union County, which he represented in the Third, 
Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the 
first of these he was a prominent factor in the 
ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County 
and tlie seating of Sliaw in his place, which 
enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the 
passage of a resolution submitting to the people 
the question of calling a State Constitutional 
Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary 
of State by Governor Eilwards, remaining in 
oftice under Governors Reynolds and Dun- 
can and through half the term of Governor 
Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure 
his removal in 1838 by the appointment of 
John A. McClernand — the courts, however, 
declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, 
the Governor's act was made effective by the 
confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- 
las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas 
held the office only to the following February, 
when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



165 



bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to 
succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) 
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, 
Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed 
to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he 
was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- 
ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of 
the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but 
was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- 
quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in 
New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew 
of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on 
the bench of the United States District Court. 

FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, 
was born in St. Louis, Mo. , Sept. 2, 18.50. Left an 
orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- 
tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of 
his literary training at Monson and W^illiamstown 
in that State, completing his course at the State 
University of Missouri. After an extended tour 
through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- 
istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on 
"The Evening Journal," later becoming its city 
editor. During the next ten years he was succes- 
sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, 
Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., 
at the last named city being managing editor of 
"The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, 
becoming a special writer for "The Chicago 
News," his particular department for several 
years being a pungent, witty column with the 
caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- 
siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among 
the latter being successful translations of several 
of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was 
best known through his short poems relating to 
childhood and home, which strongly appealed to 
the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply 
mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 
1895. 

FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was 
born in Conway, Mass., in 183.5, and grew up on 
a farm, receiving a common school and academic 
education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a 
mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at 
Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago 
and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, 
Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into 
partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell 
& Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The 
last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, 
Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer 
having retired in 1867, the firm was continued 
under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, 
when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since 



known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of 
the business of this great establishment is shown 
by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted 
before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in 
1895 they aggregated §40,000,000. Mr. Field's 
business career has been remarkable for its suc- 
cess in a city famous for its successful business 
men and the vastness of their commercial oper- 
ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- 
nating patron of important public enterprises, 
some of his more conspicuous donations being the 
gift of a tract of land valued at 8300,000 and 
8100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and 
81,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- 
bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the 
munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one 
of the leading institutions of its kind in the 
United States. Besides his mercantile interests, 
Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- 
cial and manufacturing enterprises, including 
the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock 
Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is 
a Director. 

FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, "Va., Oct. 
28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who 
was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and 
worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. 
At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a 
private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and 
was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- 
son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, 
disregarding the advice of family and friends, he 
rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, 
when about 85 years of age, he entered the Wes- 
leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint 
of hard work and frugality, while supporting 
himself in part by manual labor, he secured a 
diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of 
law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a 
practice which subsequently proved both success- 
ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation 
Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- 
ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter 
office, through re-election, until 1880. when he 
was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- 
second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 
1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on 
the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated 
by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, 
though running in advance of the national and 
the rest of the State ticket. 

FINERTT, John F., ex-Congressman and 
journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 
10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 



166 



niSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered 
the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming 
to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 
days during the Civil War, in the Xinety-nintli 
New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having 
removed to Cliicago, lie was connected with "The 
Cliicago Times" as a special correspondent from 
1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi- 
zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- 
American interest, which he continues to pub- 
lish. In 1882 he wa.s elected, as an Independ- 
ent Democrat, to represent the Second Ilhnois 
District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- 
ning as an Independent Republican for re-election 
in 1884. was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. 
In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- 
cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, 
giving his attention to editorial work on his 
paper. 

FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and 
legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, 
from which State he appears to have come to 
Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very 
prominent during the Territorial period; was 
appointed by William Henry Harrison, then 
Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of 
Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; 
was elected from that county to the Indiana 
Territorial House of Representatives in 180.5, and 
afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; 
was also Representative in the First and Third 
Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and "16), 
serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- 
gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but 
died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. 
Fisher participated in the organization of the 
first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- 
nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one 
of its officers. 

FISHERIES. The fisheries of lUinois center 
chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from 
Lake Jlichigan, and including salmon trout, 
white fish (the latter species including a lake 
herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, 
three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The 
"fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so 
called, (according to the census of 1890) con- 
sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, 
of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons 
burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same 
report showed a capital of S36,105 invested in 
land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and 
apiKiratus. In addition to the "fi.shing fleet" 
mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- 
eties of craft are employed in the industry, 



sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki- 
nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or 
about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are 
used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound 
nets, and seines. The total value of these minor 
Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890. was 
nearly S18,000. the catch aggregating 722.830 
pounds, valued at between .^24,000 and S2.'i,0()0 
Of this draught, the entire quantity was either 
sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or 
shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi 
and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike 
perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and 
other species available for food. 

FITHIAX, tJeorge W., ex-Congressman, was 
born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. 
His early education was obtained in the common 
schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at 
Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he 
found time to study law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's 
Attorney for Jasper County, and reelected in 
1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, 
and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that 
party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District 
in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and 
again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his 
Republican opponent. 

FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, 
wa.s born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the 
first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that 
State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at 
Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- 
burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of 
his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at 
Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a 
large landowner; in 1832 served with the Ver- 
milion County militia in the Black Hawk War. 
and, in 1834. w;is elected Representative in the 
Ninth General Assembly, the first of which 
Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards 
served two terms in the State Senate from tlie 
Danville Di.strict (1838-40). Dr. Fithian was 
active in promoting the railroad interests of 
Danville, giving the right of way for railroad 
purposes through a large body of land telonging 
to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a 
member of various medical associations, and, 
during his later years, was the oldest practicing 
phj-sician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., 
April 5, 1890. 

FL.\Gl«, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- 
mond. Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in 
Madison County, 111., in 1818. where he was 
known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



167 



and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he 
became a zealous Republican on the organization 
of that party, dying in 18o7. — Willard Cutting 
(Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- 
son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his earlj' life 
on his father's farm and in the common schools; 
from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated 
high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, 
finally graduating with honors at Yale College, 
in 1854. During his college course he took a 
number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, 
served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary 
Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- 
ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged 
extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, 
being the first to introduce the Devon breed of 
cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a 
member of tlie Republican State Central Com- 
mittee in 1860 ; in 1862, by ajipoiutment of Gov. 
Yates, becamfe Enrolling Officer for Madison 
County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue 
for the Twelfth District, 1864 69, and, in 1868, 
■was elected to the State Senate for a term of four 
years, and, during the last session of his term 
(1872), took a prominent part in the revision of 
the school law ; was appointed a member of the 
first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- 
sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- 
paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was 
also prominent in agricultural and horticultural 
organizations, serving as Secretary of the State 
Horticultural Society from 1861 to '09, when he 
became its President. He was one of tlie origi- 
nators of the "farmers' movement," served for 
some time as President of "The State Farmers' 
Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered 
addresses in various States on agricultural and 
horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected 
President of the National Agricultural Congress. 
In his later years he was a recognized leader in 
the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison 
County, 111., April 5, 1878. 

FLEMING, Robert K., pioneer printer, was 
born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' 
trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite 
young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally 
removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in 
control of the office of "The Republican Advo- 
cate," which had been established in 1823, by 
Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The 
Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it 
in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia 
Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then 
the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- 
cation of "Tlie Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- 



ville. Two years later lie returned to Kaskaskia 
and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," 
but, in 1833, %vas induced to remove his office to 
Belleville, where he commenced the publication 
of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. 
Clair Jlercury, " both of which had a brief exist- 
ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper 
business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- 
cate," which he continued for a number of j'ears. 
He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons 
who have been prominently identified with the 
histor}' of journalism in Southern Illinois, at 
Belleville and elsewhere. 

FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, 
was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- 
mon County, 111. , in 1819 ; was elected Represent- 
ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, 
serving in the latter body six years. He was one 
of the famous "Long Nine" which represented 
Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- 
bl}'. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the 
House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, 
in 1872. 

FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay 
County, on tlie Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles 
south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, 
flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three 
fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches 
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 
1,695; (1900). 2 :S11 ; (1903, est.), 3.000. 

FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was 
born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; 
came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- 
ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the 
"English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards 
County. 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he 
built an elegant mansion and stocked ai) exten- 
sive farm witli blooded animals from England 
and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses 
which dissipated his wealth. In common with 
Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined 
opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in 
Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that 
measure. He and his wife died on the same day 
(.Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daugliter at 
Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History 
of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 
lU." — and pulilished in 1882, is a valuable contri- 
bution to the early history of that portion of the 
State. — Edward Fordliams (Flower), son of the 
preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, 
but came with liis father to Illinois in early life; 
later he returned to England and spent nearly 
half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 



168 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was four times chosen Mayor of tliat borough 
and entertained many visitors from the United 
States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 
26, 18s;j. 

FUBES, Phllena, educator, born in Onondaga 
County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at 
Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, 
N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello 
Female Seminary, then newly established at 
Godfrey. 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- 
cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, 
Miiw Fobes succeeded to the principalsliip, 
remaining until 18G0. when she retired. For 
some }-ears she resided at Rochester, N. Y'., and 
New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to 
Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her 
home, notwitlistanding her advanced age, main- 
taining a lively interest in educational and 
benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- 
delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New 
Haven, Conn. 

FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
in Baltimore, Md.. in 1823; was ordained a priest 
in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- 
cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General 
in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of 
the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bisliop Duggan hav- 
ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated 
Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was 
prudent^ and eminently successful. As a man 
and citizen he won tlie respect of all creeds and 
classes alike, the State Legislature adopting 
resolutions of respect and regret upon learning 
of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 
1879. 

FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer 
teaclier, was born at Windham, Vt.. July 26. 1797; 
in his youth aci|uired a knowledge of surveying, 
and. liaving removed to Xewburg (now South 
Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he 
came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- 
veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in 
the following year to Chicago, which then con- 
tained only three white families outside of Fort 
Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he 
took up his abode in what was called the "sut- 
ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was 
appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, 
and o])ened the first school ever taught in Chi- 
cago, all but three of his pupils being either 
half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as 
a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later 
preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside 
now stands, subsequently becoming owner of 
some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 



18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In 
1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," 
Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to 
California, but, not being successful, returned 
two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- 
ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up 
his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his 
occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 lie again 
returned to Cliicago, but survived onlj' a short 
time, dying Feb. 17. 1879. 

FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- 
ernor, was bom in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- 
hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to 
Missouri, in 1804. The familj- soon after located 
in Monroe County, III. Largely through the 
efforts and aid of his half-brother, George 
Forquer, he obtained a professional education, 
became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, 
entered the field of politics. He served as a 
Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part 
of the State from 183.5 to 1837, and was again 
commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena 
circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench 
of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the 
following j'ear to accept the nomination of his 
party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was 
regarded as upriglit in Iiis general policy, but he 
liad a number of embarra.ssing questions to deal 
with during his admini.stratiou, one of tliese 
being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to 
receive the support of his own party. He was 
author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub- 
lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in 
greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The 
State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a 
monument over his grave. 

FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, 
was organizeil in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- 
ion. It is shafjed like an inverted "T," and has 
an area of 490 siiuare miles; population (1900), 
18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- 
ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United 
States Supreme Court) presided over the first 
Circuit Court. The surface of tlie county is level 
and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one 
to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor 
is there any outcroiiping of stone. The covinty 
is named in honor of CJovernor Ford. The county- 
seat is Paxton, which lia<i a population, in 1^90, of 
2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a 
population of 1,800. 

FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and .soldier, 
was bom in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25, 
1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in New York ia 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



169 



1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 
1836; the latter year came west and settled at 
Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 
was elected to tlie State Senate for the district 
composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- 
land Counties, serving two years; before the 
expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the 
Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of 
the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, 
after participating in a number of the most 
important engagements of the campaign, was 
mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- 
turning from the Me.^ican War, he brought %vith 
him and presented to the State of Illinois a 
six-pound cannon, which had been captured by 
Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, 
and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. 
In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential 
Elector for the Stateat-large on the Democratic 
ticket; in 1849 went to California, where lie prac- 
ticed his profession until 18.53, meanwhile serving 
as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment 
of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of 
State during the administration of Gov. John B. 
Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- 
nient of the California Legislature, as Commis- 
sioner on the part of the State in fixing the 
boundary between- California and the Territory 
of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he 
was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California 
Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving 
about twenty months, when he resigned. In 
1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and 
served as a Delegate for Faj-ette and Effingham 
Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 
1869-TO, also for several years thereafter held the 
office of State's Attorney for Fayette Coimty. 
Later he returned to California, and, at the 
latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that 
State. 

FORMAJf, WilUam S., ex-Congressman, was 
born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. AVhen he 
was four years old, his father's family removed to 
Illinois, settling in Washington County, where 
he has lived ever since. By profession he is a 
lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, 
local, State and National. He represented his 
Senatorial District in the State Senate in the 
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to 
represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the 
Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and 
again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- 
nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at 
the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- 



phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the 
"Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, 
receiving 8, 100 votes. 

FORQUER, George, early State officer, was 
born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son 
of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother 
of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his 
mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 
1804. After learning, and, for several years, 
following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he 
returned to Illinois and purchased the tract 
whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he 
projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis- 
sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of 
Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, 
he took up the study of law, in which he attained 
marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- 
. sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- 
atives, but resigned in January of the following 
year to accept the position of Secretary of State, 
to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, 
as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the 
Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for 
the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, 
was the fact that they had been united in their 
opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave 
State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, 
but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards 
Governor. At the close of the year he resigned 
the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks 
later (January, 1829), he was elected by the 
Legislature Attorney-General. This position he 
held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- 
ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been 
chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, 
serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- 
blies. Before the close of his term as Senator 
(1835), he received the appointment of Register 
of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears 
to have been the last office held by him, as he 
died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a 
man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- 
quent orator and capable writer, but, in common 
with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, 
seems to have been much embarrassed by the 
smallness of his income, in spite of his ability 
and the fact that he was almost continually in 
office. 

FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at 
the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria 
and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable 
grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago 
market. The village has several clmrches and a 
graded school. Population (1880;, 375; (1900), 952. 



170 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOl'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born 
in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 2(). IWiO; came to Chicago 
in 1840, soon after .securing employment as a 
writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, 
"The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of 
"The Tribune," being associated with the latter 
at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. 
During the early years of his residence in Chi- 
cago, Jlr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. 
On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the 
associate of John Weutworth in the management 
of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which 
was broken up by the consolidation of the latter 
with "The Tribune," in 1801. He then became 
the Springfield corresijondent of "The Tribune," 
also holding a position on tlie staff of Governor 
Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis 
Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington 
correspondent ; assisted in founding "The Chicago 
Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, 
some years later, became a leading writer upon 
the same. He served one term as Clerk of tlie 
city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to 
the period of his death, was a leading contributor 
to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" 
over the signatures of ".Vn Old Timer" and "Now 
or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. 

FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the 
terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and 
point of intersection of the Illinois Central and 
the Chicago, Milwaukee ct .St. Paul Railways; 107 
ni'Ies west by nortli from Chicago, and 12 miles 
south of Freeport ; founded in 18")4. incorporated 
by special charter in 1868, and, under llie general 
law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the 
principal industries. The village has a bank, 
water- works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- 
lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a 
newspaper. Population (1800), 1.118; (1900), 1,047. 

FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex Congressman, was 
born at New Ricliiiiond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; 
received his early education in the common 
schools, and at Asbury University. He was 
reared upon a farm and folU)wed farming as his 
life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he 
served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In 
politics he early tecame an ardent Nationalist, 
and was chosen President of the Illinois State 
Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in Deceml)er, 
187.5. and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was 
elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, 
though receiving the nominations of the com- 
bined Republican and Greenback parties, was 
defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. 



FORT, Greenbiiry L., soldier and Congress- 
man, wa.s born in Ohio. Oct. 17, 182.1, and, in 1834, 
removed with his parents to IllinoLs. In 18.50 he 
was elected Sheriff of Putnam County; in 18.52, 
Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- 
wliile been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became 
County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In 
April of the latter j-ear he enlisted under the first 
call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till 
March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of 
his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster ol 
the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the 
Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol 
Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his 
return from the field, he was elected to tlie State 
Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, 
as Representative in Congress. He died, at 
Lacon, June 13, 1883. 

FORT CH.VRTRES, a strong fortification 
erected by the French in 1718, on the American 
Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskiiskia. 
The soil on wliich it stood was alluvial, and the 
limestone of wliich its walls were built was 
quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was 
an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three 
sides by a wall two feet two inclies thick, and on 
the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- 
time, was full of water. During tlie period of 
French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was 
the seat of government. About four miles east 
soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher 
(or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) ,\t 
the outbreak of the French and Indian War 
(1756), the original fortification was repaired an<i 
virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- 
mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French 
crowns. After tfie occupation of Illinois by the 
British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of 
government until 1772, when one side of the 
fortification was washed away by a freshet, and 
headquarters were transferred to K:isk;iskia. 
The first common law court ever held in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by 
the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English 
army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the 
northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- 
stituted an object of no little interest to anti- 
quarians, but the site h.-vs disappeared during the 
past generation bj- the encroachments of the 
Mis.sissippi. 

FORT DE.VRBORX, the name of a United 
States military post, established at the mouth of 
the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of 
land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in 




EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. 










n 



R<j>ubluaT\ Wij*An\ 



EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



171 



the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General 
Wayne in 1T95. It originally consisted of two 
block houses located at opposite angles (north- 
west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, 
with the Commandant's quarters on the east side 
of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, 
officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, 
conti-actor's (sutler's) store and general store- 
house on the north — all the liuildings being con- 
structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, 
being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- 
ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. 
Its builder and first commander was Capt. John 
Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered 
with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who 
subsequently became an American citizen, and 
served with distinction throughout the War of 
1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. 
Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians 
around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, 
Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open 
armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- 
niies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. 
Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to 
join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. 
In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack 
upon the United States troops under Gen. 
William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In 
April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared 
in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the 
settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites 
sought refuge within the stockade. Within two 
months after the declaration of war against 
England, in 1812, orders were issued for the 
evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of 
the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that 
time numbered about 70, including officers, a 
large number of the troops being ill. Almost 
simultaneously with the order for evacuation 
appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- 
tribution of the goods, to which they claimed 
they were entitled under treaty stipulations. 
Knowing that he had but about forty men able 
to fight and that his march would be sadly 
hindered by the care of about a dozen women and 
twenty children, the commandant liesitated. 
The Pottawatomies, through whose country he 
would have to pass, had always been friendly, and 
he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 
savage warriors had assembled around the fort. 
. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, 
Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of 
these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who 
had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, 
and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous. 



he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous 
departure before the Indians had time to agree 
upon a line of action. But Captain Heald 
decided to distribute the stores among the sav- 
ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly 
escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines 
readily assented, believing that thereby all the 
whisky and ammunition wliich they knew to be 
within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. 
Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at 
Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with 
a friendly force of Mianiis to act as an escort. 
He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the 
height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- 
powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied 
the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. 
This was the signal for war. Black Partridge 
claimed he could no longer restrain his young 
braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was 
resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. 
On the fifteenth of August tlie gates of the fort 
were opened and the evacuation began. A band 
of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under 
the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted 
and, within a mile and a half from the fort, 
began the sickening scene of carnage known as 
the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 
Indians participated, their loss being less than 
twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first 
exchange of shots. With but four exceptions 
the wounded white prisoners were dispatched 
with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those 
not wounded were scattered among various tribes. 
The next day the fort with its stockade was 
burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) 
the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. 
The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- 
racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and 
provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- 
ade, and protected by bastions at two of its 
angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and 
re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once 
more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following 
year during the Black Hawk War. The final 
evacuation occurred in 1836. 

FORT tJAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of 
the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- 
kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the 
British in 1772. It was built of heavj', square 
timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 
290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was 
captured by a detachment of American troops 
commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who 
held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, 
with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 



172 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who 
happened to be within, and the commandant, 
Roclieblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping 
with liis wife by his side. 

FOKT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. 
George Rogers Clark, under instructions from 
the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on 
the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth 
of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all 
adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- 
grate thither and settle, either with or without 
their families. Manj' accepted the offer, and 
a considerable colony was established there. 
Toward the close of the Revolutionary "War, Vir- 
ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, 
the colony was scattered, many families going to 
Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, 
erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, 
in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the 
post St. Clair's army, which had been badly 
weakened tlirougli de.sertions, was cut to pieces 
by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- 
doned. 

FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, 
erected about ITU on the Ohio River, 40 miles 
from its mouth, in what is now Massac Countj*. 
It was the first fortification (except Fort St. 
Louis) in the "Illinois Countrj-," antedating 
Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of 
the name is uncertain. The best authorities are 
of the opinion that it was so called in lionor of 
the engineer who superintended its construction; 
by others it has been traced to the name of the 
French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it 
is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name 
given to the locality because of the massacre 
there of a large number of French soldiers by the 
Indians. Tlie Virginians sometimes spoke of it 
as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by 
the French until after tlie evacuation of the 
country under the terms of the Treat}- of Paris. 
It later became a sort of depot for American 
settlers, a few families constantly residing within 
and around the fortification. At a very early 
day a military road was laid out from the fort to 
K.i.skaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as 
milestones, the number of miles being cut with 
irons and painted red. After the close of the 
Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- 
ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by 
way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. 
With the cession of Louisiana to the United 
States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never 
re-garrisoned. According to the "American 
State Papers," during the period of the French 



occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary 
station and a trading po.st. 

FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, 
erected in 1709, on the Wabash River a short 
distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, 
with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 
1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and 
was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, 
with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois 
French. In December, 1778, Helm and one 
private alone occupied the fort and surrendered 
to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who 
led a force into the country around Vincennes. 

FORT SHERIDAN, United States Military 
Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division 
of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles 
north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent 
on the south.) Pojiulation (1890), 4.")1 ; (1900). 1,,J75. 

FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a 
rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which 
consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of 
the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La 
Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 
feet, and its nearly round summit contains an 
area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side 
facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in 
natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. 
Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty 
began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- 
works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, 
which also served as a dwelling and trading p^)st. 
A windlass drew water from the river, and two 
small brass cannon, mounted on. a parapet, com- 
prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated 
by Father Jlembre, and soon became a giithering 
place for the surrounding tribes, esi>ecially the 
Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded 
as Governt)r of New I'ranee by De la Barre, who 
was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- 
placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while 
plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting 
off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack 
him. La Salle left the fort in lfi8.3, to return to 
France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a 
military post, though it continued to lie a trad- 
ing post until 171H, when it was raided by the 
Inilians and l)iirne<l. (See Ln Salle.) 

FORT WAYNE & CHIC.UJO RAILROAD. 
(See Pittuburg. Fort M'aync ct Chicago Railwdy.) 

FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
Xew York. Chicago <t St. Louis Railiray.) 

FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely 
related in interest to the works of the mound- 
builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their 
origin to another era and an entirely different 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



173 



Tace — are those works which bear evidence of 
liaviug been constructed for purposes of defense 
at some period anterior to tlie arrivjil of white 
men in the country. While there are no works 
in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to 
which have been given the names of "Fort 
Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" 
on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" 
on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are 
a number whose form of construction shows that 
they must have been intended for warlike pur- 
poses, and that they were formidable of their 
kind and for the period in which they were con- 
structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, 
while La Salle County is the seat of the first 
fortification constructed b3' the French in Illinois 
that can be said to have had a sort of permanent 
character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), 
it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric 
fortifications, wliose remains are in such a state 
of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than 
any other section of the State of equal area. One 
of the most formidable of these fortifications is 
on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth 
of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of 
Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided 
natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines 
of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider- 
able engineering skill. From the size of the trees 
within this work and other evidences, its age has 
been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On 
the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the 
rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, 
another work of considerable strength existed. 
It is also said that the American Fur Company 
had an earthwork here for the protection of its 
trading station, erected about 1816 or '18, and 
consequently belonging to the present century. 
Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- 
line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has 
not been positively determined, about half a mile 
south of the former, has been traced in recent 
times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of 
Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said 
to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the 
opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, 
which belonged practically to the same era as the 
latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois 
where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- 
tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been 
given. One of these is a hill overlooking the 
Saline River in the southern part of Saline 
County, where there is a wall or breastwork five 
feet in height enclosing an area of less than an 
acre in extent. The other is on the west side of 



Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- 
work has been constructed by loosely piling up 
the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with 
vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the 
creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek 
below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old 
Indian fortification were found by early settlers 
of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town 
Timber," about 1823 to 182.5. It was believed 
then that it had been occupied by the Indians 
during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians 
was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 
1812; though this is improbable in view of the 
ab.sence of any historical mention of the fact. 
Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 
1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back 
as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the 
Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- 
kaskia. There was also a tradition that there 
had been a French mission at this point. — One of 
tlie most interesting stories of early fortifications 
in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old 
citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the 
Chicago Historical Society. Although the work 
alluded to by him was evidently constructed after 
the arrival of the French in the country, the 
exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. 
According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated 
ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the 
western part of Cook Count}'. He says: "I first 
saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in 
company with other persons, some of whom are 
still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- 
ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It 
seems probable that it was the work of French 
traders or explorers, as there were trees a century 
old growing in its environs. It was evidently 
the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the 
science of warfare. ... As a strategic point It 
most completely commanded the surrounding 
country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'." 
Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied 
by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a 
small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- 
ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of 
Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan 
stands, giving to that place its first name of 
"Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1835 
by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander 
Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who 
had served in the session of the General Assembly 
of that year as a Representative from Sangamon 
County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, 
and the remains of the pickets or palisades were 
visible as late as 1885. While the date of its 



174 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the 
latter part of the eiKliteenth century. There is 
also a tradition tliat a fort or trading (lOst. erected 
by a Frenclinian named Garay (or Guarie) stood 
on the North Brancli of the Chicago River prior 
to the erection of the first Fort Uearhorn in 1803. 

FOSS, (ieorjre Edmund, lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 2, 
1803; graduiited from Harvard University, in 
1885; attended the Columbia Law Scliool and 
School of Political Science in New York City, 
finally graduating from the Union College of Law 
in Chicago, in 18S9, when he was admitted to tlie 
bar and began practice. He never held any 
political office until elected as a Republican to 
the Fifty fourth Congress (1894), from the 
Seventh HUnois District, receiving a majority of 
more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and 
Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the 
candidate of his party, and was re-elected bj- a 
majority of over 20,000, as lie was a third time, 
in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the 
Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the 
Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in 
the Department of Agriculture. 

FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and 
educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- 
borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years 
were spent on his father's farm, but at the age 
of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., 
and. three years later, began teaching with an 
older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent 
some sixteen years teaching and practicing 
medicine at various places in his native State, in 
1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan 
County. 111. While tliere he took part in the 
Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before 
the close of the j-ear he was compelled to come to 
Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who 
was an officer in the army and had been killed by 
an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having 
thus fallen heir to a considerable amoimt of real 
estate, which, in subsequent years, largely 
appreciated in value, lie became identified with 
early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest 
real-estate owners of his time in the city. He 
wiis an active promoter of education during this 
period, serving on both Cit}' and State Boards. 
His death occurred. May 18. 1874, in consequence 
of injuries sustained by being tlirov.-n from a 
vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous. 

FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, 
was Iwrn at Brimlield. Mass., in 1815, and edu- 
cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but 



soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, 
being employed for .several years in the geological 
survey of Oliio, during which he investigated the 
coal-beds of the State. Having incidentallj- 
devoted considerable attention to the study of 
metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by 
mining capitalists to make the first systematic 
survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon 
which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he 
made a report which was published in two vol- 
umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he 
participated in the organization of the "American 
Party" there, though we find him soon after 
breaking with it on the slavery questiim. In 
1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the 
Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a 
small majority. In 1858 he removed to Cliicago 
and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of 
the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of 
his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological 
researches and writings, also serving for some 
years as Profes.sor of Natural History in the (old) 
University of Chicago. His works include "The 
Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geographj-, Min- 
eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); "Mineral 
Wealth and Riiilroad Development," (New York, 
1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the L'nited States," 
(Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- 
ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of 
several scientific a.ssociations and. in 1809, Presi- 
dent of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, 
now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873. 

FOTKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born at Kaskaskia. Ill, Jan. 23, 1818; was 
cliiefly self-educated and began his career as a 
clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer; about 
1841-42 was associated with the publication of 
"The Belleville Advocate," later .studied law, 
and, after being admitted to the bar, served as 
Pro.secuting Attorney, being re-elected to that 
office in 1856. Previous to this, liowever. he had 
been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- 
teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, 
was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth 
Congress and re-elected two years later. While 
still in Congre.ss he assisted in organizing the 
Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Vohmteers, of wliich 
he was comniissioneii Colonel, but resigned on 
account of ill- healtli soon after the battle of Shiloh. 
After leaving tlie army he removed to New 
Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- 
trator anil practiced law for some time. He then 
took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims 
against the Mexican Grovemment, in which he 



HISTO.EICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



175 



■was engaged some seven years, finally removing 
to Washington City and making several trips to 
Europe in the interest of these suits. He won 
his cases, but died soon after a decision in his 
favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his 
brain in their prosecution. His death occurred 
iu Washington, Oct. 3, IblTG. vv'hen he was buried 
in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant 
and a niimber of Senators and Congressmen acting 
as pall-bearers at his funeral. 

FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837; 
was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, 
Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee 
College, N. Y., in IS.iO. He then began the study 
of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, 
entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, 
graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to 
the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference 
he was appointed successively to Chicago churches 
till 1872; then became President of the North- 
western University, holding this office four years, 
when he was elected to tlie editorship of "The 
Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he 
was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence 
is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being 
devoted largely to the Pacific States. 

FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by 
the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis., 
and, after running southward through Kenosha 
and Racine Counties in that State, passes into 
Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun- 
ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, 
below whicli point it flows southwestward, until 
it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its 
length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief 
towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. 
It affords abundant water power. 

FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and 
Fo.ves. ) 

FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was 
born at Wethersfield, Conn., May U, 1796, 
learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in 
connection with a partner, published a paper at 
Buffalo, N. Y. In con.sequence of the excitement 
growing out of the abduction of Morgan iu 1828, 
(being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, 
and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com- 
menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now 
"The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, 
continuing his connection therewitli until 1855, 
when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. 
Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often 
wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was 
active in the organization of the State Agricul- 



tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording 
Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to 
Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon 
Farmer," and sewed as President of the Oregon 
State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- 
pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the 
regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired 
on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 
1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, 
was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; 
in 1831, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and 
became a partner in the publication of "The 
Journal" until its sale, in 18.55. In 1861 he was 
appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C. , 
serving until 1871, when he engaged iu the fur 
trade. Later he was United States Consul at 
Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. — 
Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born 
at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early 
connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 
1836 engaged in merchandi.siug at Athens, Menard 
County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to 
the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as 
Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. 

FRAXKLIX, a village of Morgan County, on 
the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles 
southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- 
paper and two banks; the surrounding country 
is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 
578; (1900). 687. 

FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- 
central part of the State ; was organized in 1818, 
and has an area of 430 square miles. Population 
(1900), 19,675. The county is well timbered and 
is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is 
fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, 
sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county -seat 
is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The 
county contains no large towns, although large, 
well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- 
est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- 
nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, 
southwestern hospitality are preserved among 
the residents of to-day. 

FRANKLIN (liROVE, a town of Lee County, on 
Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- 
western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. 
Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from 
here. It has banks, water-works, high school, 
and a weekly paper, Population (1890), 736; 
(1900). OSI. 

FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who 
came to Southern Illinois at an early day and 
served as State Senator from Edwards County, in 
the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 



176 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



latter being an opponent of the scheme to make 
Illinois a slave State. He wa.s a farmer by occu- 
pation and, at the time he was a member of the 
Legislature, resiileil in what afterwards became 
Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to 
Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. 
"Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was 
named for him. 

FREEBl'RG, a village of St. Clair County, on 
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 
miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 
1,038: (18!)()). 848; (lyuU), i,-214. 

FREE.MAX, >'ormau L., lawyer and Supreme 
Court Iteporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- 
ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- 
panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., 
removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- 
cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught 
school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to 
Shawneetown, 111, in IS.JI. was admitted to tlie 
Illinois l)ar and jiracticed some eight years. He 
then began farming in Marion County, Mo., but, 
in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, 
was appointed Reporter of Decisions bj' the 
Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his 
death, which occurred at Springfield near the 
beginning of his sixtli term in office, Augast 23, 
1894. 

FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in 
the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free 
and Accepted Masons'" — the first Lodge being 
instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. 
John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, 
Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- 
den; AVUliam Arundel, Secretary; Robert Robin- 
son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons 
who were, without exception, prominent in the 
early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was 
organized at VanJalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- 
rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- 
zation of the CJrand Lodge, as it now exists, took 
place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of 
Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois 
in 1840 was six, with l.'JT members; the numl>er 
of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 
was 713, with a membership of 50.727, of which 
47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 
were §37, 834.. 50; the contributions to members, 
their widows and orphans. §25,038.41; to non- 
Hiembers, §6.300.38, and to the Illinois Ma.sonic 
Orphans' Home, §1,31,5.80. — Apollo Commandery 
No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi- 
zation of its kind in this or any neighboring 
State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, 



and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- 
nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney. Grand 
Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- 
five subordinate cominanderies, with a total 
membership of 9.3.55. and dues amounting to 
§7.7.54.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were 
Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; 
John Henry Witbeck. Graml Treasurer, and Gil- 
bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder.— The Spring- 
field Chapter of Royal .Vrch-Masons was organized 
in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841. and tlie Royal Arch 
Chapter of tlie State at Jacksonville, April 9, 
1850, tlie nine existing Cliapters being formally 
chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number 
of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a 
total membership of 16.414.— The Grand Council 
of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894. embraced 32 
subordinate Councils, with a membership of 
2,318. 

FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the 
county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west 
of Chicago; lias good water-power from the Peca- 
tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- 
lishments, the output including carriages, 
wagon -wlieels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, 
piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- 
ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- 
nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city 
has a Government postoffice building. Popula- 
tion (1.890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258. 

FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- 
port. 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; 
had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 
pupils. 

FREER, Lemuel Corell Paine, early lawyer, 
was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 
1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous 
anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the 
Government during the War of the Reliellion; 
for many years was President of the Board of 
Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in 
Cliicago, April 14. 1892. 

FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of 
Illinois (1846-.52), was born in New Hampshire, 
August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he 
became a resident of Crawford County, and a 
lawyer by profession. He was a member of the 
Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and 
Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- 
tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, 
was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- 
crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over 
two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of 
his i>arty for a second term in 1848. His adminis- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



177 



tration was free from scandals. He was appointed 
Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and 
later accepted the chair of Law in McKeudree 
College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee 
of the Douglas wing of the Democratic part}' for 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of 
the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were 
defeated. His last public service was as a mem- 
ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. -t, 
1864. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, The first 
premonition of this struggle in the West was 
given in 1698, wlien two English vessels entered 
the moutli of the Mississippi, to take possession 
•of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then 
included what afterward became the State of 
Illinois. This expedition, however, returned 
without result. Great Britain was anxious to 
have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict 
the French, and began negotiation of treaties 
with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting 
thereby to fortify her original claim, which was 
based on tlie right of jjrior discovery. Tlie 
numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in 
Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- 
tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when 
the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant 
of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- 
sive trading privileges. Tlie Company proceeded 
to explore and survey and, about 1752, establislied 
a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north 
of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities 
were probable, and advanced tlieir posts as far 
east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the 
Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- 
strance on the part of Virginia. Among the 
ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor 
of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, 
in early manhood, became identified witli Illinois 
history. His report was of such a nature as to 
induce the erection of counter fortifications by 
the British, one of wliich (at the junction of the 
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized 
and occupied by the French before its completion. 
Then ensued a series of engagements which, 
while not involving large forces of men, were 
fraught with grave consequences, and in which 
the French were generally successful. In 1755 
occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to 
recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now 
stands), which had been captured by the French 
the previous year, and the Government of Great 
Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The 



final result was the termination of French domi- 
nation in the Ohio Vallej-. Later came the down- 
fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result 
of the battle of Quebec; but the vanquished yet 
hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. 
But France was forced to indemnify Sjjain for the 
loss of Florida, whicli it did by the cession of all 
of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- 
ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually 
ended French hopes in Illinois. Tlie last military 
post in Xorth America to be garrisoned by French 
troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, 
where St. Ange remained in command until its 
evacuation was demanded liy the English. 

FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French 
Governors began to be appointed by the Company 
of the Indies (which see) in 1723, the "Illinois 
Country" having previously been treated as a 
dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or 
"commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant, 
who was commandant for onI_v three years, when 
he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- 
ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. 
du Tisne was in command for a short time after 
his departure, but was succeeded by another 
Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- 
ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and 
Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange 
(the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 
1742. In 1733 the Company of the Indies surren- 
dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors 
of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed 
directly by royal authority. Under the earlier 
Governors justice had been administered under 
the civil law ; with the change in the method of 
appointment the code known as the "Common 
Law of Paris" came into effect, although not 
rigidly enforced because found in many particu- 
lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. 
The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre 
d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was 
captured while engaged in an expedition against 
the Chickasaws, in 1730, and burned at the stake. 
(See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by 
Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, 
in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 
he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Bertliet, 
but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the 
French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was 
Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. 
Louis, after turning over the command to Caji- 
tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede 
him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 
27, 1774.) The administration of the French 
commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 



178 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tive and benevolent. Local self-government was 
encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the 
Governors' power over commerce was virtually 
unrestricted, they interfered but little with the 
ordinary life of the people. 

FREW, Calvin Haniill, lawyer and State Sena- 
tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at 
Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy 
and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 
1862 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, 
Ohio, where he began the study of law. which he 
continued the next two years with Jlessrs. Strain 
& Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting 
as Principal of a liigh school at Young America; 
in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which 
has since been his home, and the same year was 
admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- 
nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- 
ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 
was elected Representative in the Twenty -sixth 
General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again 
in "78. Wliile practicing law he has been con- 
nected with some of the most important cases 
before the courts in that section of tlie State, and 
his fidelity and skill in their management are 
testified by members of the bar, as well as 
Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has 
devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, 
with a view to the improvement of his health 
but not with the intention of permanently 
abandoning his i)rofession. 

FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in 
Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799: learned the 
trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, 
working first at Alton, but, in 1820. took up his 
residence near tlie present town of Carrolltou. in 
which he built the first house. Greene County 
was not organized until two years later, and this 
border .settlement was, at that time, the extreme 
nortliern white settlement in Ilhuois. He served 
as Constable and Deputy SherilT (simultaneously) 
for six years, and was then elected SherilT. being 
five times re-elected. He served through the 
Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and 
afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment 
Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood 
(afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of 
Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed 
Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
and re appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming 
Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up 
the business of the former commission, which 
was that year legislated out of office. He was 
afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor 
Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with 



canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- 
fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade 
for three years, meanwhile .serving one term in 
the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- 
lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- 
anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his 
friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he 
returned to Greene County ; in 1861. in spite of his 
advanced age. was commissioned Colonel of the 
Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- 
pated in numerous engagements (among them the 
battle of Sliiloli), was captured by Forrest, and 
ultimately com|)elled to resign because of im- 
paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- 
ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and 
was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- 
field. Two of Colonel Fry"s sons achieved dis- 
tinction during the Civil War.— James Barnet 
(Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- 
rollton. III.. Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West 
Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was 
a.ssigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- 
ence as Assistant Instructor, joinetl his regiment, 
the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, 
remaining there througli 1847-48. Ljiter, be was 
employed on frontier and garrison duty, and 
again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of 
the Academy during 18.54-.59; became Assistant 
Adjutant General. March 16, 1861, tlien .served as 
Chief of StalT to General McDowell and General 
Buell (1801-62), taking part in the battles of Bull 
Run. .Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in 
Kentucky ; was made Provost-Marshal-Oeneral 
of the L'nited States, in March, 1SG3, and con- 
ducted the di-afts of that year, receiving the rank 
of Brigadier-General, AprU 21, 1864. He con- 
tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during 
wliich time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, 
arrested 76..562 deserters, collected $26,366,316.78 
and made an exact enrollment of the National 
forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- 
General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 
1881, wlien he was retired at his own request. 
Besides his various official reports, he published a 
".Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, 
United .States Armj-. from 1775 to 1875," and "His- 
tor)- and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of 
Great Britain and the United States, from their 
origin in 1692 to the Present Time, " (1877). Died, 
in Newport. R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M. 
(Fry), another son. was Provost Marshal of the 
Nortli Illinois District during the Civil War, and 
rendered valuable .service to the Government. 

FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawj-er, jurist and 
Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



179 



Conn., Sept. 24, 1832; studied law at Warsaw, 
N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to 
Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- 
ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge 
in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced 
to accept the office of Adjutant-General by 
appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon 
the duties of tlie office in November, 1861. At 
first it was understood that his acceptance was 
only temporary, so that he did not formally 
resign his place upon the bench until July. 1862. 
He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- 
General until January, 1865, when, having been 
elected Representative in the General Assembly, 
he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office 
by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as 
Speaker of the House during the following ses- 
sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — 
in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected 
a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and 
again in 1876. Since retiring from office. General 
Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of 
his profession and looking after a large private 
business at Belvidere. 

FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, 
was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 
1849 ; attended the district school until 12 years 
of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk 
in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He 
then spent a couple of j-ears in the book business 
in Iowa, when (,1869) he began the study of law 
with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then 
Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- 
dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 
1875-76, the latter year being elected State's 
Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 
he served continuously in the Legislature, first 
as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty- 
second General Assemblies, then as a member of 
the House for three sessions, in 1888 being 
returned to the Senate, where he served the 
next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high 
reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and 
was the candidate of his party (the Republican) 
for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a 
delegate to the Republican National Convention 
of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the 
Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the 
judicial election of June, 1897. 

FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- 
tice of the United States Supreme Court, was 
born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11. 1833, graduated 
from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to 



the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his 
native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago 
the following year. Through his mother's 
famih' he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims 
of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- 
ments are of a high order. In politics he has 
always been a strong Democrat. He served as a 
Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 
1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, 
after that time devoting his attention to the 
practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 
President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice 
of the Supreme Court, since which time he has 
resided at Washington, although still claiming a 
residence in Chicago, where he has considerable 
property interests. 

FULLERTON, Alexander N., pioneer settler 
and lawyer, born in Chester, 'Vt., in 1804, was 
educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield 
Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, 
finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile 
business, in which he was very successful. His 
name has been given to one of the avenues of 
Chicago, as well as associated with one of the 
prominent business blocks. He was one of the 
original members of the Second Presbyterian 
Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. 

FULTON, a city and railway center in White- 
side County, 133 miles west of Chicago, located 
on the Mississippi River and the Cliicago & 
Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a 
line of steamers which annually brought millions 
of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from 
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning 
with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., 
but this river trade gradually 'died out, having 
been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton 
has extensive factories for the making of stoves, 
besides some important lumber industries. The 
Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- 
lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685 

FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor- 
dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part 
of Pike Count}', but separately organized in 1823 
— named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 
square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201. 
The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- 
age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers 
(the former constituting its eastern boundary) 
and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the 
county-seat immediately after county organi- 
zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). 
The surface of the county at a distance from the 



180 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



river is generally flat, although along the Illinois 
tliere are Muffs rising t<j the height of 125 feet. 
The soil is rich, and untlerlying it are rich, work- 
ahle seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal 
ha-s been mined near 4^''>o, with a contiguous 
vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were 
Mes.srs. Craig and .Savage, who, in 1818. built a 
saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ro.ss and 
Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his 
own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire 
military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- 
man Phelps, in 1827. A flat boat ferry across the 
Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The 
principal towns are Lewistown (population, 2.1(56), 
Farmington (l,3T.i), and Vermont (1,158). 

FULTON COUNTY NARROW-UAUliE RAIL- 
W.VV, a line extending from the west bank of the 
Illinois River, opjwsite Havana, to Galesburg, 
61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge 
(3-foot) road, although the e.xcavations and 
embankments are being widened to accommodate 
a track of standard gauge The grades are few, 
and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, 
the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. 
There are more than 19 miles of curves, the ma.xi- 
nium being sixteen degrees. The rails are of 
iron, thirty-five pounds to the j-ard, road not 
ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), 
S(i;i(i.T94; iKinded debt, 8484,000; miscellaneous 
obligations, $462,.302; total capitalization. SI, .583.- 
150. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) 
was chartered in 1 878 and ojjened in 1880 and the 
extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered 
in 1H,S1 and opened in 1882. 

FUXK, Isaac, jiioneer. was born in Clark 
County. Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager 
educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- 
nois, finally settling at what afterwards became 
known aa Funk's Grove in McLean County. 
Here, with no other cajiital than industry, per- 
severance, and integrity. Mr Funk began laying 
the fouMiIation of one of i the most ample fortunes 
ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of 
trade or speculation. By agriculture and deiiling 
in live stock, he l>eciime the pos.sessor of a large 
area of the finest farming lands in the State, 
which he brought to a high state of cultivation, 
leaving an estate valued at his death at not le.ss 
than S2.00fl.000. Mr. Funk served three sessions 
in the General Assembly, first as Representative 
in the Twelfth (1840-42). and as Senator in the 
Twenty third and Twenty fourth (1862-06), dying 
before the clo.se of his last term.. Jan. 29. 1805. 
Originally a Whig in politics, he ttecame a Re]>ub- 
lican on the organization of that party, and gave 



a liberal and patriotic support to the Government 

during the war for the preservation of the Union. 
During the session of the Twenty-third General 
As-senibly, in February, 1863, he delivered a 
speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation 
of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, 
although couched in homely language, arou-sed 
the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government 
throughout the State and won for its author a 
prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. 
(Funk), son of the preceding, was liorn in Funk's 
Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 
1838. After leaving the district schools, he 
entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army 
in 1802, enlisting as a private in the Sixty eighth 
Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service 
he was honorably di.scharged, and reentered the 
University, completing a three-j'ears' course. 
For three years after graduation he followed 
farming as an avocation, and, in 18()9, took up 
his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was 
chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive 
terms. He was a delegate to the National 
Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- 
cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- 
sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois 
District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac 
Funk, was a Repre.sentative from SIcLean County 
in the Thirty third General Assembly and Sena- 
tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other 
sons who have occupied .seats in the same body 
include (Jeorge \V.. Representative in the Twenty- 
seventh, and Duncan M.. Representative in the 
Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk 
family have been conspicuous in the affairs of 
McLean County for a generation, and its mem- 
bers have occupied many other positions of im- 
portance and influence, besides those named, under 
the State, County and municipal governments. 

GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, 
was born in De Ruyter. Madison County. N. Y., 
June 28. 1830; received a common school educa- 
tion in his native county, and, on the removal of 
his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoj-ed the 
advantages of instruction in an academy. At 
the age of 17 he entered the employment of the 
Oneida t'entral Bank as oHice-boy and general 
utilit}' clerk, but. two years afterwards, came to 
Chicago, first securing employment in a planing 
mill. and. in 18.58. obtaining a position as b<x>k- 
keejier of the Merchants' Loan an<l Trust Com- 
pany, at a salary of S500 a year. By 1861 he had 
been advanced to the position of cashier of the 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



181 



concern, but. in 18C8, he accepted the cashiership 
of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which 
he became tlie Vice-President in 1881 and, in 
1891, the President. Sir. Gage was also one of the 
prominent factors in securing the location of the 
World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the 
guarantors of the 810,00(1,000 promised to be raised 
bj' the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen 
the first President of the E.xposition Company. 
He also presided over the bankers' .section of the 
World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a 
number of years, was President of the Civic Feder- 
ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the 
Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 
1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of 
Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- 
tinued to occupy up to the present time ( 1899). 

(JALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 4() miles southeast of 
Duquoin; has a bank; leading industry is coal- 
mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 642. 

GALE, (jieorge Washington, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess 
County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at 
eight years of age, he fell to the care of older 
sisters who inherited the vigorous character of 
their father, which they instilled into the son. 
He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav- 
ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary 
at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson 
Presbytery and assumed the charge of building 
up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., 
serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- 
terian church at Adams. Here his labors were 
attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- 
ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent 
men were converts. Having resigned his charge 
at Adams on account of illness, he spent the 
winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views 
were enlarged by contact with a new class of 
people. Later, removing to Oneida Count}', 
N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he 
acquired a considerable projierty, insuring an 
income which enabled him to extend the field of 
his labors. Tlie result was the establishment of 
the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at 
Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 
to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary 
and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 188.5 he con- 
ceived tlie idea of establishing a colony and an 
institution of learning in the West, and a com- 
mittee representing a party of proposed colonists 
was appointed to make a selection of a site, which 
resulted, in the following year, in the choice of 
a location in Knox County, 111., including the 



site of the present city of Galesburg, which was 
named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the 
enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first 
practical steps in carrying out plans which had 
been previously matured in New York, for the 
establishment of an institution whicli first 
received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- 
lege. The manual labor feature having been 
finally discarded, the institution took the name 
of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- 
ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- 
tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, 
and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being 
intimately identified with its history. From 
1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting 
Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen 
years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy 
and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. 
— William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- 
ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 
15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., 
in 1836, and was educated there. Having read 
law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted 
to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few j'ears, 
as he began to turn his attention to measures for 
the development of the country. One of these 
was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was 
the most active promoter and a Director. He 
was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of 
Knox County, from the adoption of township 
organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception 
of four years, and, during the long controversy 
which resulted in the location of the county -seat 
at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg 
party, and subsequently took a prominent part 
in the erection of public buildings there. Other 
Ix)sitions held by him include the office of Post- 
master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member 
of the State Con.stitutional Convention of 1862, 
and Representative in tlie Twenty-sixtli General 
Assembly (1870-72) ; Presidential Elector in 1872; 
Delegate to the National Republican Convention 
of 1880; City Alderman, 1873-83 and 1891-95; 
member of tlie Commission appointed by Gov- 
ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue 
Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, 
Superintendent of the Galesburg Government 
Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois 
Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by 
appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also 
been a frequent representative of his party 
(the Republican) in State and District Conven- 
tions, and, since 1861, has been an active and 
leading member of the Board of Trustees of 



182 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6, 
184.1, to Jliss Caroline Ferris, granddaugliter of 
the financial reprcrsentative of the Gale.sburg 
Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of 
whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900. 

GALEX.\.,the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, 
a city and port of entrj-, 1.50 miles in a direct line 
west by northwest of Chicago; is located on 
Galena River, about 4^2 miles above its junction 
with the Mis.sis,sippi, and is an inleisecting point 
. for the Cliicago. Burlington A i^uincy, the North- 
western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with 
connections by stub with the Chicago Great 
Western. It is built partially in a valley and 
partially on the blulTs which overlook the river, 
the (ialena River being made navigable for ves- 
sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. Tiie 
vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead 
(galena), from wliich the city takes its name. 
Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- 
ate buililings and a beautiful park, in which 
8tan<ls a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and 
a symmetrical monument dedicateil to the sol- 
diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost 
their lives during the Civil War. Its indu-stries 
include a furniture factory, a table factory, two 
foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. 
Zinc ore is now being pro<luced in and near the 
city in large (luantities, anil its mining interests 
will become vast at no distant day. It owns an 
electric light plant, and water is furnished from 
an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one 
of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be 
settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- 
ter p.irt of the seventeenth century. Many men 
of distinction in State and National affairs came 
from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. 
Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. 
Smith, (ien. John C. Smith. Gen. .\. I.. Chetlain, 
Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley. Gen. E. 
D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washhurne, Secretary of 
State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, 
Secretary of State of Illinois, and .Judge Drum- 
mond. Population (181MI). .5.G;W; (IDdO). ,5.00.5. 

GALEXA & CHICAGO TXIOX RAILROAD. 
(See Ctiicngn A- yurthirc'itcrn Hdilwai/.) 

(w.VLESI$rR(i,the county-seat of Kno.x County 
and an impiirtant educational center. The first 
settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- 
portion of them being members of a colony organ- 
ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, 
N. Y., in whose honor the original village was 
named. It is situated in the heart of a rich 
agricultural district .53 miles northwest of Peoria, 
99 miles uortheiist of Quincy and 163 miles south- 



west of Chicago; is an important railway center, 
being at the junction of the main line with two 
branch lines of the Chicago. Burlington A (Quincy, 
and the Atchison. Topeka A Santa Fe Railroads. 
It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a 
city by .sjjecial charter in 18.57. There are beauti- 
ful pnrks and the residence streets are well 
shaded, while 2.5 miles of street are paved with 
vitrified brick. Tiie city owns a system of water- 
works receiving its supply from artesian wells 
and artificial lakes, has an efiicient ami well- 
equipped i)aid fire-department, an electric street 
car system with three suburban lines, gas and 
electric lighting systems, steam-lieating jjlant, 
etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- 
ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- 
cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage 
and wagon works and a broom factory, besides 
other inilustrial enterprises of minor importance. 
The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite 
e.xtensively carried on at plants near the city 
limits, the city itself being the shipping-point 
as well as the point of administrative control. 
The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad 
Company has shops and stockyards here, while 
considerable coal is mined in the vicinitj'. The 
public buildings include a courthouse. Govern- 
ment postofli(« building, an opera house, nine- 
teen churches, ten public schools with a high 
school and free kindergarten, and a handsome 
public library building erected at a cost of SlOO,- 
000, of which one-half w;is contributed by Mr. 
Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction 
as the seat of a large number of high class liter- 
ary institutions, including Knox College (non- 
sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), 
and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and 
St.. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic). 
Three interurban electric railroad lines connect 
Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890), 
15.264: (ISHHi), lS.f)i)7. 

(iALLATIX COr>TY, one of three counties 
organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others 
being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that 
date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- 
ties, St. Clair and Rjuulolph. The new county 
was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then 
Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the 
Ohio ancl Waba.sh Rivers, in the extreme south- 
eastern part of the .State, and ha-s an area of 349 
square miles; population (1000). 1.5.836. The first 
cabin erected by .an .\merican settler was the 
home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- 
neetown in 1800. The place early liecame an 
important trading post and distributing point. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



183 



A ferry across the Wabash was established in 
1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants 
conducted it for more than seventy-five years. 
Although Stephen Rector made a Government 
survey as early as 180T, the public lands were not 
placed on the market un*il 1818. Shawneetown, 
the county-seat, is the most important town, 
having a population of some 2.200. Bituminous 
coal is found in large quantities, and mining is 
an important industry. The prosperity of the 
county has been much retarded by floods, particu- 
larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the 
former point the difference between high and 
low water mark in the Ohio River has been as 
much as fifty-two feet. 

(JALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, 
was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, 
Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- 
don, Ind. , in 1820, took a course in Hanover Col- 
lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then 
came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111., with 
a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- 
roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having 
among his pupils a number who have since been 
prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained 
emploj'ment as an assistant engineer, serving for 
a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant 
Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State 
Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in 
the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the 
meantime having located a farm in La Salle 
County, where the present city of Streator stands. 
In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal 
Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer 
on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin- 
tending its construction, and finally being trans- 
ferred to the land department, but retiring in 
1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, 
dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway 
was elected a County Commissioner for Cook 
County, and has since been connected with many 
measures of local importance. 

GALYA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles 
southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- 
northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of 
the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quiney Railways. It stands at the 
summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- 
sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- 
turing and coal-mining town. It has eight 
churches, three banks, good schools, and two 
weekly newspapers. The surrounding country 
is agricultural and wealtliy. ami is rich in coal. 
Population (1891)), 2.409; (1900), 2,682. 



GARDXER, a village in Garfield Township, 
Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road, 65 miles south-south we.st of Chicago and 26 
miles north-northeast of Pontiac; on the Kanka- 
kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," and 
the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining 
is tlie principal industry. Gardner lias two 
banks, four cliurches, a high school, and a weekly 
paper. Population (1890). 1.094; (1900). 1,036. 

(iAROXER, COAL CITY & NORMAXTOWX 
RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet <& Eastern Rail- 
leay. ) 

GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was 
born of Puritan ancestrj', at Potsdam, St. Law- 
rence County. N. Y., July 9, 1821. His early 
educational advantages were such as were fur- 
nished by district schools and a village academy, 
and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the 
carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. 
Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- 
sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in 
Southwest Missom-i, thence going to Las Vegas, 
N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal, in 
1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he 
has since resided. After seven years of active 
practice he was elected to the bench of the 
Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat 
for thirty years, being four times nominated by 
both political parties, and his last re-election — for 
a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- 
sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 
1886 — one of the causes oelebres of Illinois. Some 
of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but 
he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- 
tion, and his connection with the case has given 
him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the 
Supreme Court of IlUnois transferred him to the 
bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal 
he has been three times Chief Justice. 

GASSETTE, Xorman Theodore, real-estate 
operator, wasbornatTownsend,Vt., April 21, 1839, 
came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after 
spending a year at Sliurtleff College, took a prepar- 
atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, 
Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as 
a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank 
of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- 
mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as 
an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation 
for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war 
over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit 
Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- 
estate and loan business as the head of the exten- 
sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was t. 



184 



HISTORICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Republican in politics, active in Grand Army 
circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the 
jmsition of Eminent Grand Commander of 
Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the 
Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He 
also had charge, as President of the Masonic 
Fraternit}' Temple Association of Chicago, for 
some time prior to his decease, of the erection of 
the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- 
cago, March 20, 1891. 

GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, earlj- lawyer, 
was born in Warren County, Ky., came to 
Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to 
Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school 
two or three years while studying law; was 
admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five 
General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-33, 
and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man 
of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, 
Jan. 8, 1842. 

GAULT, John C, railwaj- manager, was born 
at Hook.sett, N. II., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered 
the local freight office of the Iilanchester & Law- 
rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight 
Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- 
cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions 
of Superintendent of Transportation on the 
Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- 
dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- 
western), that of Division Superintendent, 
General Freight Agent and Assistant General 
Manager; Assistant General Manager of the 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- 
ger of the Wabasli (1879-83); Arbitrator for the 
trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of 
the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific 
(lS)S5-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, 
Aiigu.st 29. 1891. 

GENERAL ASSEMBLIES, The following is a 
list of tlie tJeneral As.semblies wliich have met 
since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 
1898— from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — 
with the more imi>ortant acts pas.sed by each and 
the duration of their respective sessions: 

First General Assembly held two sessions, 
the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- 
tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The 
second met. Jan. 4, 1819. continuing to March 31. 
Lieut-Gov. Pierre Slenard jjresidod over the Sen- 
ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John 
Jlessinger was chosen Sjieaker of tlie House, 
containing twenty-seven members. Tlie most 
important business transacted at the first session 
was the election of two United States Senators — 
Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and 



the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At 
the second session a code of laws was eii.ioted, 
copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky- 
statutes, including tlie law concerning "negroes 
and mulattoes,"' which long remained on the 
statute book. An act was aLso passed appointing 
Commissioners to select a site for a new State 
Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- 
dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building 
with gambrel-roof pierced bj- dormer-windows, 
tlie Senate occupying tlie lower floor and the 
House the upper. The length of the first session 
was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven — 
total, ninety -six days. 

Second General Assembly convened at Van- 
dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen 
Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John 
McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker 
of the House. A leading topic of discussion was 
the incorporation of a State Bank. Monej' was 
scarce and there was a strong jx)i)ular demand 
for an increase of circulating medium. To 
appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders 
and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab- 
lished a State Bank (see State Dank), despite 
the earnest protest of McLean and the executive 
veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session 
for the benefit of the debtor class. The number 
of members of the next Legislature was fixed at 
eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives 
— this provision remaining in force until 1831. 
The session ended Feb. 15. having lasted seventy- 
four days. 

Third General Assembly convened. Dec. 2, 

1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in 
the Senate, while in the organization of the 
lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen 
Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, 
called attention to the existence of slavery in 
Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged 
the adoption of repressive measures. Both 
branches of the Legislature being jiro-slavery in 
S3'mpatliy, the Governor's address provoked 
bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 

1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United 
States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard 
White and Samuel D. Lock wood. After electing 
Mr. Thomas and choosing State ofiicers, the 
General Assembly proceeded to tiiscu.ss the major- 
itj' and minority reports of the committee to 
which had been referred the Governor's aildress. 
The minority report recommended the abolition 
of slavery, while that of the majority favored 
the adoption of a resolution calling a convention 
to amend the Constitution, the avowed object 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



185 



being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter 
report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in 
the House lacked one vote of the number neces- 
sary to carry the resolution bj' the constitutional 
two-thirds majority. What followed has alwa3's 
been regarded as a blot upon the record of the 
Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who 
had been awarded the seat from Pike County 
at the beginning of the session after a contest 
brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- 
seated after the adoption of a i-esolutiou to 
reconsider the vote by which he had been several 
■weeks before declared elected. Shaw having 
thus been seated, the resolution was carried by 
the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, 
although previously regarded as a pro-slavery 
man, had voted with the minority when the 
resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence 
followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph 
of the friends of the convention was celebrated 
by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- 
tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous 
procession by torchlight and liquor." (See 
Slavery and Slave' Lau-s.) The session adjourned 
Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. 

Fourth General Assembly. This body held 
two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 
1834, by proclamation of the Executive, some 
three weeks before the date for the regular 
session, in order to correct a defect in the law 
relative to counting the returns for Presidential 
Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker 
of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- 
bard presided in the Senate. Having amended 
the law concerning the election returns for Presi- 
dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the 
election of two United States Senators — one to 
fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards 
(resigned) and the other for the full term begin- 
ning March 4, 183.5. John McLean was chosen 
for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. 
Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was 
provided that the bench of the Supreme Court 
should consist of four Judges, and that semi- 
annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at 
the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) 
The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1835, 
but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor 
and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the 
body in special session on Jan. 3, 1836, to enact a 
new apportionment law under the census of 1835. 
A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1836. 
One of the important acts of the regular session 
of 1835 was the adoption of the first free-school 
law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- 



duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of 
the State. This Legislature was in session a total 
of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were 
during the first session and twenty-seven during 
the second. 

Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 
1836, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in 
the Senate and John McLean in the House. At 
the request of the Governor an investigation into 
the management of the bank at Edwardsville was 
had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its 
officers. The circuit judgeships created by the 
pi-eceding Legislature were abrogated and their 
incumbents legislated out of office. The State 
was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the 
Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See 
Judicial Department.) This General Assembly 
also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner 
Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth 
ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed 
by the preceding Legislature, presented a well 
digested report on the revision of the laws, which 
was adopted without material alteration. One of 
the important measures enacted at this session 
was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the 
funds for its erection being obtained by the 
sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See 
Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) 
The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued 
seventy-eight days. 

Sixth General Assembly convened, Deo. 1. 
1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- 
ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the 
third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, 
later in the session, was elected United States 
Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of 
State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also 
appointed or elected. The most important legis- 
lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing 
the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the 
proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary 
governmental expenses; providing for a return 
to the viva voce method of voting; creating a 
fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge 
therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- 
missioners to determine upon the route of the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lauds and com- 
mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, 
Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four daj's. 

Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. 
The newlj'-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc 
Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided 
over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- 
nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the 
Senate being made up of his political adversaries. 



186 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



experienced no little difficulty in securing the 
confirmation of his nominees. Two United 
States Senators were elected; Elias K. Kane 
being chosen to succeed himself and John M. 
Robinson to serve tlie unexpired term of John 
McLean, deceased. The United States census of 
1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- 
gress instead of one. and this General Assembly 
passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. Tlie 
number of State Senators was increased to 
twenty-six, and of members of the lower house 
to tifty-tive. The criminal code was amended by 
the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- 
tentiary as a penaltj' in lieu of the stocks and 
public flogging. This Legislature also authorized 
the borrowing of $100,000 to redeem the notes of 
the State Bank wliich were to mature the follow- 
ing j'ear. The A.ssembly adjourned, Feb. 16. 1831, 
the session having lasted sevent5'-three days. 

Eighth Gener.\l Assembly. The session 
began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. 
William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro 
tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc 
Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having 
been elected a Representative in Congress. 
Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as 
Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- 
eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions 
being applicable to towns and public libraries. 
It also incorporated several railroad companies, 
— one line from Lake Micliigan to the Illinois 
River (projected as a substitute for the canal), 
one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the 
State, running through Springfield. Other char- 
ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- 
porators generally failed to organize under them. 
A notable incident in connection with this session 
was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, 
a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first 
and last trial of this character in the State's his- 
tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a 
conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood 
twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with 
four Senators excused from voting), the House 
attempted to remove him by address, but in this 
the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- 
ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, 
as also a law relating to the "right of way" foi- 
"public roads, canals, or other public works.'' 
The length of the session was ninety days. 

Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature 
held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1. 1831. 
and lasted to Feb. 13, 183.5. Lieutenant-Governor 
Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple 
was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- 



sition. On Dec. 20. John M. Robinson was re- 
elected L'nited States Senator Abraham Lincoln 
was among the new members, but took no con- 
spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The 
principal public laws passed at this session were: 
Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be 
used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- 
gan Canal and the apix)intraent of a Board of 
Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; 
incorporating tlie Bank of the State of Illinois; 
and authorizing a loan of .§12,000 by Cook County, 
at 10 per cent interest per annum from the 
county school fund, for the erection of a court 
house in that county. The second session of this 
Assembly convened. Dec. 7, 1855, adjourning. Jan. 
18, 1830. A new canal act was passed, enlarging 
the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith 
of the State for the repayment of monej- bor- 
rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- 
tionuient law was also passed providing for the 
election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one 
Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected 
United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, 
deceased. The length of the first session was 
seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three 
days— total, 118. 

Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- 
sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 
1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs 
controlled the Senate by a large majority, and 
elected William H. Davidson, of White County, 
President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who 
had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See 
Jenkins. Alejrander M.) James Semple was 
re-elected Speaker of the House, which was 
fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature 
was remarkable for the number of its members 
who afterwards attained National prominence. 
Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both 
voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- 
ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides 
these, the rolls of this Assembly included the 
names of a future Governor, six future United 
States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois 
Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and 
a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for 
legislative discussion and action were the system 
of internal improvements and the removal of the 
State capital. (See Internal Improvement Polici/ 
and State Capitals.) The friends of Springfield 
finally etlected such a combination that that city 
was selected as the seat of the State government, 
while the Internal Improvement Act was passed 
over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second 
session of tliis Legislature met on the call of the 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



187 



Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 23. 
An act legalizing the suspension of State banks 
was adopted, but the recommendation of tlie Gov- 
ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement 
legislation was ignored. The length of the first 
session was ninetj'-two da3-s and of the second 
thirteen — total 105. 

Eleventh General Assembly. Tliis body 
held both a regular and a special session. The 
former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4, 
1839. The Wliigs were in a majority in both 
houses, and controlled the organization of the 
Senate. In the House, however, tlieir candidate 
for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure 
his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. 
Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- 
priated for the "improvement of water-ways and 
the construction of railroads, ' ' all efforts to put an 
end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on 
account of internal improvements meeting with 
defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made 
for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois 
Institution for the Education of the Deaf and 
Dumb was established, and the further issuance 
of bank notes of a smaller denomination than 85 
was prohibited. By this time the State debt had 
increased to over §13,000,000, and both the people 
and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as 
to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A 
crisis appeared imminent, and tlie Governor, on 
Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special 
session to consider the situation. (This was the 
first session ever held at Sprmgfield; and, the new 
State House not being completed, the Senate, the 
House and the Supreme Court found accommo- 
dation in tliree of the principal church edifices.) 
The struggle for a change of State policy at this 
session was long and hard fought, no heed being 
given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- 
tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- 
ment system. Provision was made for the calling 
in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the 
speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of 
the old Board of Public Works, which vi-as legis- 
lated out of office. The special session adjourned 
Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety- 
two days, of the special, fifty -seven — total, 149. 

Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- 
ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. 
It first convened, by executive proclamation, 
Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- 
ment of interest on the public debt. In reference 
to this matter the following enactments were 
made: Authorizing the liypothecation of §300,000 
internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest 



due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to 
be sold in tlie open market and the proceeds 
applied toward discharging all amounts due on 
interest account for whicli no other provision was 
made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the 
§100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned 
class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- 
tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- 
field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of 
6100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, 
sine die. on Dec. 5, and tlie regular session began 
two days later. The Senate was presided over by 
the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), 
and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of 
tlie House. The most vital issue was the propri- 
ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of 
the State Bank, with its branches, and here 
party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally 
succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- 
tions which had suspended specie payments, and 
in securing for those institutions the privilege of 
issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- 
ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- 
tive veto, and in face of tlie defection of some of 
its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit 
Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- 
tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. 
The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- 
journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in 
session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the 
special session and eighty-five during the regular. 
Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of 
forty -one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- 
vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were 
Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. 
Lieut.-Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of 
the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the 
House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been 
acting Governor and United States Senator, as 
Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. 
Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, 
were among the new members. The existing 
situation seemed fraught with peril. The State 
debt was nearly §14,000,000; immigration had 
been checked : the State and Shawneetown banks 
had gone down and their currency was not worth 
fifty cents on the dollar ; Auditor's warrants were 
worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were 
quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge 
Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, 
having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the 
Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth 
ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State 
Bank (in which the State had been a large share- 
holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 



188 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tlie surrender of State bonds in exchange for a 
like amount of bank stock owned by tbe State. 
Tlie same conditional release was granted to tlie 
bank at Shawneetowu. The net result was a 
reduction of the State debt by about §3,000,000. 
The Governor was authorized to negotiate a 
loan of §1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for 
the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal 
and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. 
The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- 
missioner" and, in that capacity, was emiiowered 
(in connection with the Auditor) to sell the 
railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public 
auction. Provision was also made for the re<iemp- 
tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister 
and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stcbbhts 
Bonds.) The Coiigressional distribution of the 
moneys arising from the sale of public lands was 
acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of 
the State were pledged to the redemption "of 
every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a 
good and valuable consideration." To establish 
a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of 
twenty cents on every $100, payable in coin, was 
levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- 
tionment of the State into Seven Congressional 
Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March G, 
1843, after a session of ninety-two days. 

Fourteenth (;ener.\l Assembly convened 
Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses- 
sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was 
composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen 
Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and 
thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the 
new members. William A. Richardson defeated 
Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James 
Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- 
ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal 
law was amended by the passage of a supple- 
mental act, transferring the propertj- to Trustees 
and empowering the Governor to complete the 
negotiations for the borrowing of $1,600,000 for 
its construction. The State revenue being in- 
sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the 
governmont. to say nothing of the arrears of 
interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on 
each dollar's worth of property was inijiosed for 
1S4."> and of three and one-half mills thereafter. 
Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was 
set apart to pay the interest on the State debt 
and one and one-half mills for the same purpose 
from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever 
thereafter." 

Fifteenth Gener.\l Assembly convened Dec. 
7, 1846. The farewell message of (Jovernor Ford 



and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- 
ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds 
majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. 
Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud 
was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- 
mentary vote of the AVhigs being given to Stephen 
T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected 
United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus 
Edwards. State officers were elected as follows: 
Auditor. Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, 
Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and 
Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed 
Secretary of State. A new school law was 
enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines 
was authorized; the University of Chicago was 
incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at 
Jacksonville established ; the sale of the North- 
ern Cross Railroad was authorized ; District 
Courts were established ; and provision was made 
for refunding the State debt. The A.s.sembly 
adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of 
eighty-five days. 

Sixteenth General Assembly. Tliis was the 
first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- 
tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members 
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. 
The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- 
ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being 
limited by the Constitution to si.\ weeks. Zadoc 
Ca.sey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard 
Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After 
endorsing the policy of the administration in 
reference to the Mexican War and thanking the 
soldiers, the Assemblj- proceeded to the election 
of United States Senator to succeed Sidney 
Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, 
the other caucus candidates being Breese and 
McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led 
the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of 
the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor 
convened the Legislature in special se.ssion on 
Oct. 32. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. 
Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity 
and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- 
ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was 
re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside 
of the p;»ss;ige of a general law authorizing the 
incorporation of railroads, little general legishi- 
tion was enacted. The s|>ecial session adjourned 
Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three 
days; special, seventeen — total sixty. 

Seventeenth Gener.\l Assembly convened 
Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of 
session forty -three days. Sidney Breese (ex- 
Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



189 



characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not 
all of which was well considered. By joint reso- 
lution of both houses the endorsement of the 
Wilmot proviso at the previous session was 
rescinded. The first homestead exemption act 
was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, 
the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart 
being prohibited. Township organization was 
authorized and what was virtually free-banking 
was .sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by 
popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo- 
rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also 
passed at this session, the measure being drafted 
by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of 
this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by 
the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d — 
seventeen days. The most important general 
legislation of the special session was the reappor- 
tionment of the State into nine Congressional 
Districts. This Legislature was in session a total 
of sixty days. 

Eighteenth General Assembly. The first 
(or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and 
adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of 
twenty Democrats and five Whigs; the House, of 
fifty-nine Democrats, si.xteen Whigs and one 
"Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner 
presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds 
in the lower house. Governor Matteson was 
inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was 
re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the 
Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph 
Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, tlie 
majority being "private acts. " The prohibitory 
temperance legislation of the preceding General 
Assembly was repealed and the license system 
re enacted. This body also passed the famous 
"black laws" designed to prevent the immigration 
of free negroes into the State. The sum of 
818,000 was appropriated for the erection and 
furnishing of an executive mansion; the State 
Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- 
mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and 
any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated 
toward reducing the State debt. A special session 
was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned 
March 4. The most important measures adopted 
were : a legislative re-apportiohuient. an act pro- 
viding for the election of a Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- 
sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session 
lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four 
— total, sixty-seven. 

Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1, 
18.55, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting 



forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected 
Speaker of the House. The political complexion 
of the Legislature was much mixed, among the 
members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, 
Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- 
crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The 
Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in 
reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen 
Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the 
House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while 
the entire strength of the opposition was forty- 
one. A United States Senator was to be chosen 
to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of 
free-.soil had a clear majority of four on joint 
ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- 
nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- 
crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. 
The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty- 
five ; Shields, forty -one ; scattering, thirteen ; 
present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's 
strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on 
the sixtli and seventh ballots, but again declined. 
Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot 
to forty-two, but having dropped on the next 
ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and 
that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- 
teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, 
which was the limit of his .strength. On the 
ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to 
fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own 
request, his support going, on the next ballot, to 
Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, 
who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for 
Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one 
member not voting. Trumbull, having received 
a majority, was elected. Five members had 
voted for him from the start. These were Sena- 
tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton 
C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and 
George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they 
would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- 
coln, but they explained that they had been 
instructed by their constituents to vote only for 
an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- 
sequently prominent leaders in the Republican 
party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- 
plishing a political revolution, this Legislature 
proceeded to adopt several measures more or less 
radical in their tendency. One of these was the 
Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be 
submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- 
tion by vote of the people at an election held in 
the following June. A new common school law 
was enacted, and railroads were required to fence 
their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 



190 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- 
stitution, but tliis was defeated at the polls. 

Twentieth Gener.\l Assembly convened Jan. 
5, 18.57, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A 
Republican State administration, with Governor 
Bissell at its head, had ju.st been elected, but the 
Lefiislature was Democratic in both branches. 
Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate. 
and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated 
Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of 
the House. Among the prominent members were 
Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of 
Johnson; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon; John 
A. Logan, of Jackson ; William R. Morrison, of 
Jlonroe; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook; Joseph Gilles- 
pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelbj-. 
Among tlie important measures enacted by this 
General Assembly were the following: Acts 
establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- 
lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending 
the banking law ; providing for the general incor- 
poration of railroads; providing for the building 
of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued 
arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of 
session, forty-six days. 

Twenty-first General Assembly convened 
Jan. 3, IS.'iO, and was in se.<sion for fifty-three 
days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted 
of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five 
members. Tlie presiding oflScers were: — of the 
Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the Hou.se, W. R. 
Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his 
Republican opponent, Vital Jarxot, of St. Clair, 
on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message 
showed a reduction of Sl.KiO.HTT in the State del)t 
during two years preceding, leaving a balance of 
principal and arrears of interest amounting to 
Sn. 138,454. On Jan. 6, 18.-.9, the Assembly, in 
joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- 
ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote 
of fifty four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. 
The Legislature was thrown into great disorder 
in consequence of an attemiit to prevent the 
receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- 
tive apportionment bill wliich had been passed bj' 
the Democratic majority in the face of bitter 
opposition on the part of the Republicans, who 
denounced it as partisan and unjust. 

Twenty-second General Assembly convened 
in regular session on Jan. 7,- 1861, consisting of 
twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent- 
atives. For tlie first time in the State's history, 
the Democrats failed to control the organization 
of either house. Lieut.-Gov. Francis A. Hoffman 
presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of 



Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the 
Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. 
Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected 
President pro tern, of the Senate over A. J. Kuv; 
kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring 
Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of 
the State debt, during four years of Republican 
administration, of S'2. 860.402, and showed tlie 
number of banks to be 1 10, wliose aggregate cir- 
culation was 812.320,964. Lyman Trumbull was 
re-elected United States Senator on January 10, 
receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for 
Samuel S. JlarsluiU. Governor Yates was inau- 
gurated. Jan. 14. Tlie most important legislation 
of this session related to tlie following subjects: 
the separate property rights of married women; 
the encouragement of mining and the support of 
public schools; the payment of certain evidences 
of State indebtedness; protection of the purity of 
the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the 
people the question of the calling of a Convention 
to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were 
passed relative to tlie death of Governor Bissell; 
to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a 
Peace Conference in Washington, and referring 
to federal relations. Tlie latter deprecated 
amendments to the United States Constitution, but 
expressed a willingness to unite with any States 
which might consider themselves aggrieved, 
in petitioning Congress to call a convention 
for the consideration of such amendments, at the 
same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- 
nois to the National Government for the preser- 
vation of the Union and the enforcement of the 
laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having 
lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following 
President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to 
suppress the reliellion. Governor 'i'ates recon- 
vened the General Assemblj- in special session to 
consider and adopt methods to aid and supjiort 
the Federal autliority in preserving the L'nionand 
protecting the rights and property of the people. 
The two houses assembled on Ajiril 23. On Ajiril 
2.j Senator Douglas addressed the members on the 
issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- 
veyed in a joint re.solution. The special session 
closed May 3, 1861, anil not a few of the legislatoi-s 
promptly volunteered in the Union army. 
Length of the regular ses.sion. forty-seven days; 
of the sjiecial. eleven — total fifty-eight. 

TWENTYTIIIKD GENERAL ASSEMBLY was COnl- 

p<ised of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight 
Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863. and 
was Democratic in both branches. The presiding 
officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



191 



Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected 
Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to 
twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson 
was elected United States Senator to succeed 
S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee 
being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eiglit 
votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time 
of the session was devoted to angry discussion of 
the policy of the National Government in the 
prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- 
ing parties were expressed in majority and minor- 
ity reports from the Committee on Federal 
Relations — the former condemning and the latter 
upholding the Federal administration. The 
majority report was adopted in the House on 
Feb. 13, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, 
and the resolutions which it embodied were at 
once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before 
they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- 
cratic Senator — J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton County 
— died. This left the Senate politically tied, a 
Republican presiding oflicer having the deciding 
vote. Consequently no action was taken at the 
time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned 
till June 3. Immediately upon re-assembling, 
joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- 
ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- 
ment regarding the date of such adjournment 
ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the 
power conferred upon him by the Constitution in 
such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) 
proroguing the General Assembly until "the 
Saturday next preceding the first Monday in 
January, 186.5." The members of the Republican 
minority at once left the hall. The members of 
the majority convened and adjourned from day 
to day until June 24, when, having adopted an 
address to the people setting forth their grievance 
and denouncing the State executive, they took a 
recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
Januarj', 1864. The action of the Governor, hav- 
ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was 
sustained, and no further session of this General 
Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence 
of political issues, no important legislation was 
effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- 
priations for the State institutions failing. This 
caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- 
ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and 
capitalists came to its aid, and no important 
interest was permitted to suffer. The total 
length of the session was fifty days — forty-one 
days before the recess and nine days after. 

Twenty- FOURTH General Assembly convened 
Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six 



days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and 
eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans 
had a majority in botli liouses. Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen 
C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker 
of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, 
tlie vote standing 48 to 33. Governor Yates, in 
his valedictory message, reported that, notwith- 
standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon 
the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., 
the State debt had been reduced §987,786 in four 
years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was 
elected to the United States Senate, receiving 
sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. 
Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United 
States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- 
ture, and sundry special appropriations made. 
Among the latter was one of §3,000 toward the 
State's proportion for tlie establishment of a 
National Cemetery at Gettysburg; §35,000 for 
the purchase of the land on which is the tomb 
of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums 
for establisliing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and 
an experimental school for the training of idiots 
and feeble-minded children. The first act for 
the registry of legal voters was passed at this 
session. 

Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This 
body held one regular and two special sessions. 
It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. 
Lieutenant Governor Bross presided over the 
upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, 
over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), 
in his message, reported a reduction of §2,607,9.58 
in the State debt during the two years preceding, 
and recommended various appropriations for pub- 
lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- 
vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, 
Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena- 
tor, the complimentarj' Democratic vote being 
given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty- 
three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted 
fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- 
teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- 
tion was ratified and important legislation enacted 
relative to State taxation and the regulation of 
public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization 
of Assessments was established, and the office of 
Attorney-General created. (Under this law 
Robert G. Ingersoll was the first appointee.) 
Provision was made for the erection of a new 
State House, to establish a Reform School for 
Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other 
State institutions. The first special session con- 



192 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA (U- ILLINOIS. 



vened on June 11, lS(i7, having been summoned 
to consider questions relating to internal revenue. 
The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered 
his lease without notice, the Governor found it 
necessary to make immediate provision for the 
management of that institution. Not having 
included tliis matter in his original call, no ne- 
cessity then existing, he at once summoned a 
second special session, before the adjournment 
of the first. This convened on June 14, remained 
in session until June 28, and adopted ivluvt is 
substantially the present penitentiary law of the 
State. This General Assembly was in session 
seventy-one days — fifty-three at the regular, 
three at the first special session and fifteen at the 
second. 

Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 4, 1869. The Republicans had a majority in 
each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, 
and Franklin Corwin of Peru, was again chosen 
Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub- 
mitted his final message at the oi>ening of the 
session, showing a total reduction in the State 
debt during his term of §4,743,821. Governor 
John 51. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The 
most important acts passed by this Legislature 
were the following: Calling the Constitutional 
Convention of 1809; ratifying the Fifteenth 
Amendment to the United States Constitution ; 
granting well behaved convicts a reduction in 
their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention 
of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula- 
tion of freiglits and fares on railroads; estab- 
lishing the Southern Normal University; pro- 
viding for the erection of the Nortliern Insane 
Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- 
missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated 
"Lake Front Bill," especially arfecting the 
interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a 
great deal of time during this session, and 
though finally passed over the Governor's veto, 
was repealed in 1873. Tliis session was inter- 
rnpted by a recess which extended from March 
12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem- 
bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, 
having lieen in actual session .seventy-four days. 

Twenty-seventh General Assembly had 
four sessions, one regular, two special and one 
adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1H71, and 
adjourned on April 17. having lasted 104 days, 
when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. 
The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 
Representatives. The Republicans again con- 
trolled both houses, electing WiUiam M. Smith, 



Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), 
while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presitied in 
the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- 
resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the 
House held its sessions in a new church edifice 
erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. 
John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- 
tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner ( Democrat ) by a 
vote, on joint VxiUot. of 131 to 89. This was the 
first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption 
of the Con.stitution of 1870, and its time was 
mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- 
ing laws required by the changes in the organic 
law of the .State. The first special session opened 
on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- 
ing thirty days. It was convene<l by Governor 
Palmer to make additional appropriations for the 
necessary expenses of the State Government and 
for the continuance of work on the new State 
House. The purpose of the Governor in sum- 
moning the second special session was to provide 
financial relief for the city of Chicago after the 
great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum- 
moned by special telegrams and were in their 
seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 
— twelve days. Governor Palmer had already 
suggested a plan by wliich the State might 
aid tlie stricken city without doing violence 
to either the spirit or letter of tlie new Con- 
stitution, which expressly proliibited special 
legislation. Chicago had advanced §2. .500,000 
toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal, imder the pledge of the State that tliis 
outlay should l)e made good. The Legislature 
voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both 
principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in 
round numljers, to about S3,0{H).()00. The ad- 
journed session opened on Nov. \'>, 1871. and came 
to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147 
days. It was entirely devoted to considering and 
adopting legislation germane to the new Consti- 
tution. The total length of all sessions of this 
General Assembly was 293 days. 

Twesty-eiohth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty -one Sena- 
tors and 1.53 Representatives; the upper house 
standing thirty-tliree Republicans to eighteen 
Democrats, ami the lower, eighty-six Republicans 
to sixty seven Democrats. Tlie Senate chose 
John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, 
and Shelby M. CuUoni was elected Speaker of the 
House. Governor Oglesbj^ was inaugurated Jan. 
13, but. eight days later, was elected to the United 
States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- 
ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



193 



: appropriation of §1,000, 000 was made for carrying 
on the work on the new capitol and various otlier 
acts of a public character passed, the most impor- 
tant being an amendment of the railroad law of 
the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature 
adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the 
recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision 
of the Laws to complete a report. The work was 
duly completed and nearly all the titles reported 
by the Commissioners were adopted at the 
adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, 
was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions 
having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days — 
total 203. 

Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened 
Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- 
rality in both houses, they were defeated in an 
effort to secure their organization through a 
fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. 
Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- 
pore of tlie Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- 
Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen 
presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders 
on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, 
and the session, as a whole, was one of the most 
turbulent and disorderly in the history of the 
State. Little legislation of vital importance 
(outside of regular appropriation bills) was 

• enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 15, 
having been in session 100 days. 

Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 
3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The 
Democrats and Independents in the Senate united 
in securing control of that body, although the 
House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La 

• Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore 
of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of tlie 
lower, house. The inauguration of State officers 
took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. CuUom becoming 

■ Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieuteuant-Gov- 

■ ernor. This was one of the most exciting years 
in American political history Both of the domi- 
nant parties claimed to have elected the President, 

i and the respective votes in the Electoral College 
were so close as to excite grave apprehension in 
many minds. It was also the year for the choice 
of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the 
attention of the entire country was directed 
toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was 
the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John 
A, Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- 
fourth ballot the name of General Logan was 
withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going 
to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going 

sover to David Davis, who, although an original 



Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of 
the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On 
the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis 
received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenx 
(Republican) and five scattering, thus securing 
Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- 
tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate 
Courts were establislied and new judicial districts 
created; the original jurisdiction of county 
courts was enlarged; better safeguards were 
thrown about miners ; measures looking at once 
to tlie supervision and protection of railroads were 
passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to 
the police administration of the State and of 
municipalities. The length of the session was 
143 days. 

Thirty-first General Assembly convened 
Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each 
house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and 
William A. James of Lake County was chosen 
Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of 
McLean County (afterwards Governor), was 
cliosen President pro tempore of the Senate. 
John A. Logan was elected United States Senator 
on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote 
being given to Gen. Jolm C. Black. Varioua 
laws of public importance were enacted by this 
Legislature, among them being one creating the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- 
ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the 
reorganization of the militia; an act for the 
regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the 
pardoning power, and various laws looking 
toward the supervision and control of railways. 
The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly 
adjourned, sine die. May 31, 1879./ 

Thirty second General Assembly convened 
Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority 
in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- 
ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell 
of Cook County being elected President pro tem- 
pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was 
chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- 
tine legislation, the most important measures 
enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent 
the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle; 
regulating the sale of firearms; providing more 
stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, 
drink or medicine; regulating the practice of 
pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue 
and school laws ; and requiring annual statements 
from official custodians of public moneys. The 
Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been 



]ri4 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in session 146 days, but was called together again 
in special session by the Governor on March 23, 
1882, to pass new Legislative and Congressional 
Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration 
of other subjects. The special session lasted 
forty-four days, adjourning May 5 — both sessions 
occupj-ing a total of 190 days. 

Thirty-third General Assejlbly convened 
Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the 
majority in both houses. William J. Campbell 
was re-elected President pro tempore of the 
Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six 
Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- 
tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at 
Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was 
elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- 
ary Democratic vote was given to Tliomas M. Shaw 
in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the 
House. Governor Cullom, the Repviblican caucus 
nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 
16, receiving a majority in each branch of the 
General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper 
High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory 
School Law" were passed at this session, the 
other acts being of ordinary character. The 
Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in 
session 168 days. 

Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a 
majority of one, there being twenty-six members 
of that party, twenty-four Demociats and one 
greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of 
Cook County, was for the third time chosen 
President pro tempore. The House stood .seventy- 
six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with 
one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — 
calling himself an "Independent." Tlie contest 
for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, 
when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- 
nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate 
and placed him in the chair, with Haines" a.ssist- 
ance, filling the minor offices with their own 
men. After the inauguration of Governor 
Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was tlie elec- 
tion of a United States Senator. The balloting 
proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- 
ceived 103 votes to ninety -six for Lambert Tree and 
five scattering. Three members— one Republican 
and two Democrats — had died since the opening 
of the session ; and it was through the election of 
a Republican in place of one of the deceased 
Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in 
electing their candidate. Tlie session w;vs a 
stormy one tliroughout. the SjK^aker being, much 
of the time, at odds with the House, and an 



unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. 
Charges of bribery against certain members were 
preferred and investigated, but no definite result 
was reached. Among the important measures 
passed by this Legislature were the following : A 
joint resolution providing for submission of an 
amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- 
tract hibor in penal institutions; providing by 
resolution for the ap]x>intment of a non-jiartisan 
Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue 
code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act 
amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- 
lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- 
quently located at Quincy : creating a Live-Stock 
Commission and appropriating $531,712 for the 
completion of the State House. The Assembly 
adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session 
of 171 days. 

Thirty'-fifth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majoritj- of 
twelve in the Senate and three in the House. 
For President pro tempore of the Senate, August 
W. Berggren was chosen; for Sjjeaker of the 
House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt 
County. The death of General Logan, which 
had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an- 
nounced by Governor Oglesby and. on Jan. 18, 
Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as 
United States Senator. William R. Morrison and 
Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of 
the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. 
Some of the most important laws passed bj- this 
General Assembly were the following: Amend 
ing the law relating to the spread of contagious 
diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to 
prohibit book-making and pool-selling: regulat- 
ing trust companies; making the Trustees of 
the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting 
aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding 
the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually 
creating a new State banking system was also 
passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. 
Other acts, having more particular reference to 
Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making 
cities and counties responsible for three- fourths 
of the damage resulting from mobs and riots; the 
Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- 
sion law, and an act for the suppression of 
bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 
15, 1887. having continued 162 days. 

Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 7. 1889, in its first (or regrular) ses.>iion. the 
Republicans being largely in the majority. The 
Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey 
County, President pro tempore, and the House 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



195 



Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. 
Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the 
Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see 
Matthews, Asa C), and resigned the Speakership 
on the following day. He was succeeded by 
James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. 
CuUom was re-elected to the United States Senate 
on January 22, the Democrats again voting for 
ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- 
age District Law," designed for the benefit of the 
city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an 
asylum for insane criminals was established at 
Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, 
etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; 
more stringent legislation was enacted relative to 
the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- 
pulsory education law was passed, and the em- 
ployment on public works of aliens who had not 
declared their intention of becoming citizens was 
prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A 
special session was convened by Governor Fifer 
on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation 
rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- 
ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 
Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. 
Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker 
of the House. The special session concluded 
Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas- 
ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, 
(submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to 
the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to 
extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- 
tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park 
Commissioners to grant the use of the public 
parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects 
of such Exposition; a joint resolution providing 
for the submission to the people of a Constitu- 
tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago 
the power (provided a majority of the C]Ualified 
voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not 
exceeding §5,000,000, the same to bear interest 
and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over 
to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the 
use and for the betiefit of the Exposition. (See 
also World's Columbian Exposition. ) The total 
length of the two sessions was 150 days. 

Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened 
Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. 
Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton 
W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being 
elected President pro tem. The Democrats had 
control in the House and elected Clayton E. 
Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most 
exciting feature of the session was the election of 
a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. 



Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had 
a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power 
being held by three "Independent" members of 
the House, who had been elected as represent- 
atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- 
ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus 
nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer 
of the Democrats. For a time the Independents 
stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of 
the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally, 
on March 11, securing his election on the 154th 
ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- 
hcans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. 
Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- 
ing the Independents to their support, but without 
effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 
103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- 
duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 
became laws, the most important being: The 
Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- 
ing and loan associations; prohibiting the employ- 
ment of children under thirteen at manual labor; 
fixing the legal rate of intere.st at seven per cent ; 
proliibiting the "truck system" of paying em- 
ployes, and granting the right of suff'rage to 
women in the election of school officers. An 
amendment of the State Constitution permitting 
the submission of two Constitutional Amend- 
ments to the people at the same time; was sub- 
mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the 
election of 1893. The session covered a period of 
157 days. 

Thirty-eighth General Assembly*. This 
body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were 
in the ascendency in both houses, having a 
majority of seven in the Senate and of three in 
the lower house. Josepli R. Gill, the Lieutenant- 
Governor, was ex-ofticio President of the Senate, 
and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen 
President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook 
County was again chosen Speaker of the House. 
The inauguration of the new State officers took 
place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This 
Legislature was in session 104 days, adjourning 
June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a 
general character was enacted. New Congres- 
sional and Legislative apportionments were 
passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- 
two districts; an Insurance Department was 
created; a naval militia was established; the 
scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged 
and the compulsory education law was amended. 

Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This 
Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a 
special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 



196 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



closed June 14, following. The political com- 
plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- 
three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, 
ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. 
John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker 
of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt 
County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Acts 
were passed making appropriations for improve- 
ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; 
authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- 
pital for the Insane (SlOO.OOU); appropriating 
1100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; 
$65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; §50,- 
000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one 
in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; 
$25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home — all being 
new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State 
exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §05, 000 to 
mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois 
troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- 
out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts 
passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- 
eral Assembly at $1,000 eacli for each regular 
session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln 
monument at Springfield, authorized provision 
for the retirement and pensioning of teaoliers in 
public schools, and authorized tlie adoption of 
civil service rules for cities. The special session 
convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on 
June '^5, 1895, took a recess. June 28 to July 9, 
re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, 
sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- 
tion, no laws were passed except one providing 
additional necessary revenue for State purposes 
and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. 
The regular session continued 157 days and the 
special twenty-nine — total 186. 

Fortieth Geser.a.l Assembly met in regular 
session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, 
sine die, June 4. The Republicans liad a major- 
ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- 
eight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and 
two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- 
licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, 
giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot 
of fifty votes. Botli liouses were promptly organ- 
ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward 
C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen 
Speiiker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, 
of Henry County. P*resideut pro tem. of the Sen- 
ate. Governor Tanner and the otiier Republican 
State officers were formally inaugurated on 
Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason 
(Repul)lican) was chosen United States Senator 
to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint 



session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. 
Altgeld (Democrat). Among tlie principal laws 
enacted at this se.ssion were the following: An 
act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to 
hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and 
conditions for the conveyance of the same; 
empowering the Commissioners who were ap- 
pointed at the previous session to ascertain and 
mark the ix>sit ions occupied by Ilhnois Volunteers 
in the battles of Chickamaug-a, Lookout Moun- 
tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain- 
ing appropriations in their hands for the erection 
of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing 
tlie appointment of a similar Commission to 
ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois 
troops in the battle of Shiloh; to reimburse the 
University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- 
ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming 
tlie liability of the State for "the endowment 
fund of the University, amounting to §4.J6,712.91. 
and for so much in addition as may be received 
in future from tlie s;ile of lands"; authorizing 
the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in 
the conveyance and registration of land titles by 
vote of the people in any county ; tlie consolida- 
tion of the three Sujireme Court Districts of the 
State into one and locating the Court at Spring- 
field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and 
prescribing the manner of applying for pardons 
and comniutatious. An act of this session, which 
produced much agitation and led to a great deal 
of discussion in the pre.ss and elsewhere, was the 
street railroad law empowering the City Council, 
or other corporate authority of any city, to grant 
franchises to street railway companies extending 
to fifty years. This act was repealed by the 
General As.senibly of 1899 before anj- street rail- 
way corporation had secured a franchise under it. 
A special session was called by Governor Tanner 
to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming 
five topics for legislative action. The session 
continued to Feb. '24, 1898, only two of the meas- 
ures named by the Governor in his call being 
affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an 
elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- 
ing primary elections of delegates to nominating 
conventions, and (2) a new revenue laxv regulat- 
ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. 
One provision of the latter law limits the valuation 
of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth 
its cash value. The length of the regular session 
was 1,50 days, and that of the special session 
eighty days — total, 230 days. 

(iEXESEO, a city in Henry County, about two 
miles soutli of the Green River. It is on the Chi- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



197 



cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles 
east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. 
It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and 
has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is 
also carried on to a considerable extent here, 
furniture, wagons and farming implements con- 
stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven 
churches, a graded and a higli school, a col- 
legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, 
one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), 
3,182; (1900), 3,356. 

GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox 
River, and the county -seat of Kane County ; 35 
miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, 
completed in 1893 at a cost of $250,000, and 
numerous handsome churches and school build- 
ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female 
offenders has been located here. There is an ex- 
cellent water-power, operating six manufac- 
tories, including extensive glucose works. The 
town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas 
and electric light plant, and two weekly news- 
papers. The surrounding country is devoted to 
agriculture and dairy farming. Population 
(1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446. 

GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 
111. Cent, and Chi. & N.W. Railroads, 59 miles west 
of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry; has 
two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two 
newspapers. Population (1890), 634; (1900), 1,140. 

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological 
structure of Illinois embraces a representation, 
more or less complete, of the whole paleonic 
series of formations, from the calciferous group 
of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- 
ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a 
limited area in the extreme southern end of the 
State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- 
spreading these formations are beds of more 
recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, 
varying in thickness from ten to more than two 
hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be 
divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- 
stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- 
gists. 

Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading 
may be noted three distinct groups ; the Calcifer- 
ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first 
mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- 
stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The 
former outcrops only at a single locality, in La 
Salle County, extending about two miles along 
the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of 
Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing 



above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of 
Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of 
Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- 
tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the 
manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of 
the rock below the surface has not been ascer- 
tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The 
St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of 
the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the 
bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and 
forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern 
townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops 
on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, 
and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi 
in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in 
the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It 
is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as 
a building stone, though some of the upper strata 
in Lee County have been utilized for caps and 
sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand 
for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton 
group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's 
Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- 
est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, 
usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying 
from four inches to two feet in thickness. The 
aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in 
the northern portion of the State, to sixty or 
seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At 
the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in 
fossils, including a large Lituites and several 
specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The 
middle division of the Trenton group consists of 
light gray, compact limestones in the southern 
and western parts of the State, and of light blue, 
thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- 
tions. The upper division is the well-known 
Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the 
Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, 
sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, 
giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when 
decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, 
caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were 
probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from 
crystallization or by some disturbing force from 
beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- 
tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to 
a lower order of marine animal than the coral are 
found in this rock, as are also marine shells, 
corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone 
crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- 
tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, 
the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to 
Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the 
divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 



198 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing material, some of the roi-k being susceptible 
of a high polish and making a hands<jme, durable 
marble. About seventy feet are exposed near 
Thebes, in Alexander County. All through tlio 
Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau 
marble, from its being extensively quarried at 
Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group 
immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend- 
ing scale, iind forms the uppermost member of 
the Lower Silurian system. It usually con.sists of 
argillaceous and sandy sliales, although, in the 
northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- 
stone is found with the shales. The prevailing 
colors of the beds are light blue and drab, 
weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is 
found well exp<ised in the vicinity of Thebes, 
Alexander County, furnishing a durable building 
stone extensively used for fountlation walls. 
Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, 
many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- 
vation, having lieen exhumed. 

Upper Siluri.\n' System.— The Niagara group 
in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and 
buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly 
bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes 
concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgejxjrt and 
Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets 
of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has 
been ascertaineil that only the thirty ujiper feet 
of the rock contain bituminous matter. The 
quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine 
building and flagging stone. The rock is of a 
light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. 
In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- 
croppings of this rock and (piarries are numerous. 
It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varyiiig in 
thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- 
ing evenly. Its aggregate thickne.ss in Western 
and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 1.50 
feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the 
southern part of the State, the U[)iier Silurian 
series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or 
buflf-colored limestone, silicious and chertj-, flinty 
material largely preponderating over the lime- 
stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, 
although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook 
County, have afforded casts of nearlj' 100 species 
of marine organisms, the calcareous iK)rti<>n hav- 
ing been washed away. 

Devomax System. — This system is represented 
in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- 
responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- 
daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous 
beds of New York. To these the late Professor 
Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, 



although with some hesitancy, the black shale 
formation of Illinois. Although these comprise 
an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their 
exposure is limited to a few i.solated outcroppings 
along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and 
Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear 
Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is 
only found in the extreme southern end of the 
State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and 
thin-tedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather 
compact in texture, and of buff or light gray 
to nearly white colors. When decomposed by 
atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, 
resembling common chalk in appearance. Some 
of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros- 
ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in 
Union County. Some of the stone is l)luish-gray, 
or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving 
a high polish, and making an elegant and durable 
building stone. The Onondaga group comprises 
some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and 
strijied silicious shales. The structure of the 
rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's 
Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in 
Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, 
also variegated in color. The rock strata are 
about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a 
coarse, granular structure, which renders the 
stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group 
has not been found north of Jackson County. 
Large quantities of characteristic fossils alK>und. 
The rocks coin|x5sing the Hamilton group are the 
most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian 
.sy.stem, and the outcrops can be identified only by 
their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is 
found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two 
beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone l>eing sepa- 
rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. 
The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey 
ami Calhoun Counties the group is only six to 
ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious 
limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose 
sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, 
as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in 
Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- 
ary in stnu'ture and is utilized for building pur- 
poses and in tlie manufacture of quicklime. 
Fossils are nimierous, among them being a few 
fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains 
of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. 
The black shale probably attains its maximum 
development in Union County, where it ranges 
from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its 
lower portion is a fine, bla<'k. laminated slate, 
sometimes closely resembling the bituminous 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



199 



shales associated with the coal seams, which cir- 
cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of 
much time and money. The bituminous portion 
of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely 
resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites 
are abundant in the argillaceous portion of tlie 
group, whicli does not extend north of tlie coun- 
ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. 

Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- 
visible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder- 
hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the 
Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its 
greatest development is in the soutliern portion 
of the State, where it lias a tliickness of 1,400 or 
1,.500 feet. It thins out to the nortliward so rapidly 
that, in tlie vicinit}' of tlie Lower Rapids on the 
Mississippi, it is only 300 feet tliick, while it 
wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- 
hook group is variable in its lithological charac- 
ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, 
with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, 
passing locally into calcareous shales or impure 
limestone. The entire formation is mainly a 
mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- 
tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- 
stone, on the other hand, is composed almost 
entirely of the fossilized remains of organic 
beings, with barely enough sedimentary material 
to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness 
scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- 
crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, 
Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. 
The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown 
limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline 
in structure. The Keokuk group immediately 
succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, 
with no well defined line of demarcation, the 
chief points of difference between tlie two being 
in color and in tlie character of fossils found. At 
the upper part of this group is found a bed of 
calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great 
variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet 
specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, 
dolomite and iron pj-rites. In Jersey and Monroe 
Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to 
the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of 
this formation. The St. Louis group is partly 
a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray 
limestone, and partly concretionary, as around 
Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State 
the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of 
receiving a high polish, being used as a black 
marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found 
here and there, wliich furnish a good stone for 
foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock 



is ti'aversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying 
galena and zinc blonde. The Cliester group is 
only found in tlie southern part of the State, 
tliinning out from a tliickness of eight hundred 
feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about 
twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, 
crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating 
with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, 
wliich locally replace each other. A few species 
of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- 
naceous shales and sandstones of tliis group, tlie 
earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in 
the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt 
from the southern part of Hardin County to the 
southern line of St. Clair County, passing around 
the southwest border of the coal field. 

Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes 
the Conglomerate, or "'Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- 
pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the 
southern portion of the State its greatest thick- 
ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner 
toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 
feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- 
glomerate"' designates a thick bed of sandstone 
that lies at the base of the coal measures, and 
appears to have resulted from the culmination of 
the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It 
consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- 
times nearly white, but more frequently stained 
red or brown by the ferruginous matter which 
it contains, and is frequently composed in 
part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size 
of a pea to several inches in diameter. When 
highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements 
the sand into a hard crust on the surface 
of the rock, which successfully resists the de- 
nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the 
rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the 
stream along which are its outcrops. Its thicloiess 
varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the 
State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has 
afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no 
animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois 
are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly 
three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are 
horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten 
feet to the mile. The formation is made up of 
sandstone, shales, tliin beds of limestone, coal, 
and its associated fire clays. The thickness of 
the workable beds is from six to twenty-four 
inches in the upper measures, and from two to 
five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, 
on %vhich the coal seams usuallj' rest, probably 
represent the ancient soil on which grew the 
trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 



200 



HISTORICAL EA'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



When pure, these clays are vahiable for the 
manufacture of fire brick, tile and common 
pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- 
nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which 
resulted in the production of anthracite coal in 
Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. 
Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in 
the coal measures. 

Terti.\ry System. — This system is represented 
only in the southern end of the State, where cer- 
tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- 
glomerate are found, which appear to mark the 
northern boundary of the great Tertiarj- forma- 
tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and 
silicious woods are found in the formation. 

Quaternary System.— This system embraces 
all the superficial material, including sands, clay, 
gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- 
mations in all portions of the State. It gives 
origin to the soil from which the agricultural 
wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly 
separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary 
sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- 
named occupies the lowest position in the series, 
and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and 
blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a 
black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are 
found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a 
good state of preservation. Next above lie the 
drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and 
brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of 
various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- 
ments of rocks, manj- of which have been washed 
down from the northern shores of the great 
lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness 
from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations 
are probablj- due to the combined influence of 
water currents and moving ice. The suljsoil 
over a large part of the northern and central 
portions of the State is composed of fine brown 
clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- 
vey, Vol. I.) accounts for the origin of this clay 
and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- 
ing it to the growth and decomposition of a 
peculiar vegetation The Loess is a fine mechan- 
ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in 
some body of fresh water. It consists of inarlj- 
sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to 
sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the 
bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found 
in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and 
teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- 
moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of 
primeval man are also discovered. The term 
alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits 



forming the bottom lands of the rivers and 
smaller streams. They consist of irregularly 
stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- 
(luently found in alternate layers, and contain 
more or less organic matter from decomposed 
animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- 
ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and 
most productive farming lands in the State. 

GEOKUETOWN,a village of Vermilion County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Riiilway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a 
bank, telegnipli and express office and a news- 
paper. Population (1890). 602; (1900), 988. 

GERMAN EV.AXJELICAL SCHOOL, located at 
Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1852 ; 
has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187 
pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of 
Sll.fiOO. 

<;ERMANTOWN,a village of Vermilion County, 
and suburb of Danville; is the center of a coal- 
mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890), 
1,178; (1900), 1,782. 

(jEST, ^Villlain H., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. 
When but four years old his parents removed to 
Rock Island, where he has since resided. He 
graduated from Williams College in 1800, was 
admitted to the bar in 1802. and has always been 
actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was 
elected to Congress by the Republicans of the 
Eleventh Illinois District, and was re elected in 
1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. 
Cable, Democrat. 

GIBAl'LT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to 
have been born at New Madrid in what is now 
Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth 
century; was Vicar-General at Kaska-skia, with 
ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at 
Cahokia, St. (ienevieve and adjacent points, at 
the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. 
George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark 
important aid in conciliating the French citizens 
of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and 
induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- 
ance to the new government. He even advanced 
means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond 
a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- 
ture, he does not appear to have received any 
recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to 
Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt 
impressively upon the value of Father (Jibault's 
services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of 
him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the 
United States are indebted more to Father 
Gibault for the accession of the States comprised 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



201 



in what was the original Northwest Territory 
than to any other man." The date and place of 
his death are unknown. 

OIBSOX CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- 
ated on tlie Lake Erie & Western Railroad. 34 
miles east of Bloomington, and at the intersec- 
tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield 
Division of the Illinois Central. The principal 
mechanical industries are iron works, canning 
works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has 
two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and 
an academy. A college is projected. Popula- 
tion (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,0!5-t; (1903, est.), 3,165. 

OILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 
97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson 
County, 111., Feb. 17, 1863. In 1868 his father 
settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still 
makes his home. His academic education was 
received at the school of the Christian Brothers, 
in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal 
University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated 
from the Law Department of the Michigan State 
University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he 
purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- 
pendent," which paper he conducted and edited 
up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to 
the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected 
in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a 
champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was 
nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on 
the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 
1893, to "97. 

GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway. 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This 
is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising 
region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. 
Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873. 

GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was 
born in New York City, August 32, 1809, of Irish 
parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling 
on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to 
Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over 
two months. In 1837 he went to the lead mines 
at Galena, remaining until 1839. In 1831, at the 
invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study 
of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, 
having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He 
also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) 
in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in 
politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham 
Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower 
house of the Legislature, serving one term, and 
was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 
1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the 



Whig members of the Legislature for United States 
Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, 
and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican 
State Convention at Decatur, at which elements 
were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- 
nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency 
for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was 
elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial 
Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, 
serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- 
ville, Jan. 7, 1885. 

GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock- 
man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819; 
spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, 
in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis, 
finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County, 
where an uncle of the same name resided. Here 
he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious 
investments, finally acquired a large body of 
choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations 
the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago 
and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably 
successful. In his later years he was President 
of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of 
his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 
16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of 
Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of 
fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large 
family, one of his daughters being the wife of 
the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj . 

GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- 
cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was 
educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind., 
graduating in 1852, and the same year became an 
instructor in the Institution for the Education of 
the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he 
became Principal of the Illinois Institution for 
the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
ville, remaining there until 1893, when he 
resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was 
President of the Association for the Promotion of 
Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- 
ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, 
where he has since been living in retirement. 

GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- 
lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in 
Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father 
being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher, 
who belonged to one of the pioneer families in 
the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- 
ject of this sketch was educated in the common 
schools and at McKendree College, but did not 
graduate from the latter. In his early life he 
followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- 
grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 



202 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



cultivated portions of llie American Bottom, a 
few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to 
Alton, where he siient the remainder of his life. 
He became a member of the State Board of Agri- 
culture in l«t)6, serving eight years as Superin- 
tendent and later as its President; was also a 
Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five 
years, and for a time President of tlie Board. In 
1870 he was elected to the lower branch of tlie 
Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the 
State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years 
in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he 
was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving 
a wound from a pistol-sliot in consequence of 
whicli he died, April 0, following. The identity 
of his a.ss;iilaiit was never discovered, and the 
crime coiise(iuuntly went unpunished. 

GILMAX, a city in Iroquois County, at the 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- 
ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles .south 
by west from Chicago and 208 miles nortlieast 
of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the 
richest corn districts of the State and has large 
stock-raising and fruitgrowing interests. It has 
an opera house, a public library, an extensive 
nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, 
two banks and two weekh- newspapers. Arte- 
sian well water is obtained by lioring from 90 to 
200 feet. Population (1890), 1,112; (1900). 1,441. 

(ilLMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, III, June 
22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the 
firm of Oilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse 
the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was 
stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 
1837; was educated in St. Louis and New York, 
began business as a banker in 1857, but. in 1870, 
removed to Cambridge, Ma.ss., and connected 
himself with "The Riverside Press." 5Ir. Oilman 
was one of the i>rime movers in what is known as 
"The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal 
collegiate advantages for women, and has written 
much for the periodical press, besides publishing 
a number of volumes in the line of history and 
English literature. 

GILMAN, CLIXTON <t SPUIXiFIELD RAIL- 
ROAD. (See ininois Central Railroad.) 

GIRARD, a city in Macnujiin County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west 
from Springfi'^Id and 13 miles nortli northea.st of 
Carlinville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively 
here. The city also has a bank, five churclies 
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
1.024; (1800), 1,524; (1000), 1,061. 

GLEXCOE, a village of Cook County, on the 
Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 



em Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- 
lation (1880), 387; (1890). .569; (IHOO). 1.020. 

GLEXX, Archibald A.,exLieutenant-Governor, 
was born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819. 
In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois, 
settling first in Vermilion, and later in .Schuyler 
County. .\t the age of 13, being forced to 
abandon school, for six years he worked upon the 
farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19. entered 
a itrinting ollice at Rushville, where he learned 
the trade of compositor. In 1844 he ])ublished a 
"SVliig campaign paper, which was discontinued 
after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven 
years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, 
during which period he was admitted to the bar; 
wa-s a member of the Constitutional Convention 
o' 1802, and of the State Board of Equalization 
from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected 
to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, 
chosen its President, thus becoming exoflficio 
Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal 
practice to engage in banking and in mercan- 
tile investment. After the expiration of his term 
in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at 
latest advices, he still resided. 

(iLEXX, John J., lawyer and jurist, was born 
in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831; gradu- 
ated from Miami University in 18.56 and, in 1858, 
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. 
Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer 
County, a year later removing to Monmouth in 
Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 
he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- 
cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, '91, and "97. 
After his last election he served for some time, 
by apijointment of the Supreme Court, as a inem- 
l)er of the Appellate Court for the Springfield 
District, but ultimately resigned and returned to 
Circuit Court <luty. Ilis reputation as a cool- 
headed, impartial Juilge stands very high, and his 
name hiis bt>en favorably regarded for a place on 
the Supreme Bench. 

GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in 
Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- 
cated in the high-school at .\urora in that State. 
In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at 
Galena for his father, and, although not then a 
lawyer, he managed the ease so successfully that 
he was asked to take charge of two others. This 
determined the l>ent of his mind towards the la«-, 
to the study of which he turned his attention 
under the preceptorship of the late Judge The- 
ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after 
being admitted to the bar in 1840. he formed a 
partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



203 



lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected 
as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- 
teenth General A.ssembly, but, on the repeal of 
the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the 
founders of tlie Republican party and a close 
friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, 
at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator 
Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served 
as Presidential Elector at the time of General 
Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the 
following year was appointed United States Dis- 
trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving 
until 18T5. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Cullom a memiter of the Board of Railway 
and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards 
became President, serving six years. Died, in 
Chicago, Dec. 10, 1892. 

(iOBFREY, a village of Madison County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. 
It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and 
named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early 
settler wlio was chiefly instrumental in founding 
that institution. Population (1890), 228. 

GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and 
philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Slass., Dec. 
4, 1794; at nine years of age he ran away from 
home and went to sea, his first voyage being to 
Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 
1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a 
part of the next three years in the naval service, 
also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- 
gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- 
vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West 
Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck 
in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. 
In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at 
Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- 
some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting 
to some §200,000 in silver) across the country on 
pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by 
brigands, with which that country was then 
infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he 
was again successful, and. in 1832, came north, 
locating near Alton, 111., the next j-ear engaging 
in the warehou.se and commission business as the 
partner of Winthrop S. Oilman, under the name 
of Godfrey & Oilman. It was in the warehouse 
of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of 
Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized 
and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, 
in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy. Elijah P.) Soon 
after establishing liimself at Alton, Captain God- 
frey made a donation of land and money for the 
erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village 
4jf <lodfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- 



cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the 
erection of buildings, borne by him, was §.53.000. 
The institution was opene<l, April 11, 1838, and 
Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees 
as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- 
ing .spirits in the construction of the Alton & 
Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago 
& Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- 
profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. 

GOLCOJfDA, a villase and county -seat of Pope 
County, on tlie Ohio River, 80 miles northeast 
of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining di,s- 
trict: zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity; 
has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one 
bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw 
mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi- 
nus of a branch of the Illinois Cential Railroad. 
Population (1890), 1,174; (1900), 1,140. 

GOLDZIER, Julius, ex-Congressman, was 
born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and 
emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1873 he 
settled in Chicago, where he was admitted 
to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced 
law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a 
member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 
1892, was the successful Democratic candidate 
in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was 
defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the 
Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- 
turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- 
second Ward. 

GOODIXG, James, pioneer, was born about 
1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario 
Count}', N. Y.. when he removed to Cook County, 
111 , settling in what was later called "Gooding's 
Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove 
was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from 
the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr. 
Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by 
three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and 
a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became 
prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 
1849, at the age of 82 years. — William (Gooding), 
civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at 
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., April 1, 1803; 
educated in the common schools and by private 
tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly 
between teaching and working on the farm of 
his father, James Gooding. Having devoted 
considerable attention to surveying and civil 
engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on 
the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. 
He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- 
port. N. Y., but sold out at the end of the first 
year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 



204 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- 
ment for a time as a rodman. but later secured a 
position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. 
After a brief visit to his fathers in l«;i2, he 
returned to Ohio and engaged in business there 
for a short time, but the following year joined 
his father, who had previously settled in a portion 
of what is now Will County, but tlien Cook, mak- 
ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the 
lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" 
and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- 
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, but, in 1S42, became Chief Engi- 
neer, continuing in that position until the com- 
pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became 
Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport, 
Will County, in May, 1878. 

GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y.. August 
7, 1811; grew up in Western Xew York, studied 
law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one 
of the most prominent and reputable members of 
his profession, as well as a leader in many of the 
movements for the educational, moral and reh- 
gious advancement of the community. He was 
one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- 
copal Church of Chicago, an active member of 
the Union Defense Committee during the war, an 
incorporator and life- long Trustee of the North- 
western University, and President of the Board 
of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides 
being identified with many organizations of a 
strictly benevolent character. In IS.JO Judge 
Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ- 
ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, 
resumed the practice of his profession. Died, 
March 15, 1889. 

GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was bom in 
Trigg County. Ky., Aprils. 1827; came with liis 
parents to Madi.son County. III., in 1S34, and served 
intheMexiciin War as a (Quartermaster, afterwards 
locating in JIacouitin County, where he lias been 
extensively engaged in farming. In lsT4 he was 
an unsuccessful Greenback-Lalwr candidate for 
State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State 
Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, 
in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat. 
Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. 
For some sixteen years he was a member of tlie 
State Board of Agriculture, tlie last two years of 
that period being its President. His home is at 
CarUnville. 

GOrDT, Calvin, early printer and pliysician, 
was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with 
his parents, in cliildliood, to Indianapolis, and 



in 1833 to Vandalia, 111. , where he worked in the 
State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 
1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the 
following year he entered IlUnois College, being 
for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- 
wards Governor. Here lie continued his vocation 
as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's 
Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac." 
of which his father was publisher. In association 
with a brother while in Jacksonville, lie began 
the publication of "The Common School Advo- 
cate." the pioneer publication of its kind in the 
Northwest, which was continued for about a 
year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry 
and Jlerriman in Springfield, finally graduating 
at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844, 
began practice at Taylorville; in 1847 was elected 
Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of 
four j-ears; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- 
ne.ss. wliich he continued nineteen years. In 1856 
he was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly and, in tlie session of the following 
year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- 
lisliing the State Normal Scliool at Normal, still 
later serving for some sixteen years on the State 
Board of Education. Died, at Taylor\-ille, in 
1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late 
William C. Goudy of Chicago. 

GOUDY, William C, lawyer, was born in 
Indiana. May 15, 1824; came to Illinoi.s, with his 
father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- 
sonville, previous to 1833. where the latter began 
the ])ublication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a 
well-known publication of that time. At Jack- 
sonville young Cioudy entered Illinois College, 
graduating in 1845, when he began the study of 
law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of .Springfield ; 
was admitted to the bar in 1847, and tlie next year 
began practice at Lewistown. Fulton County; 
served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State 
Senator (185G-60); at the close of his term re- 
moved to Chicago, where he became prominent 
as a corjxiration and railroad lawyer, in 1886 lie- 
coming General SoUcitorof the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad. During President Cleveland's 
first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a 
large influence with the administration, and was 
credited with having been largely instrumental 
in securing the apixiintment of his partner, Mel- 
ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court. Died. April 27, 1893. 

GRAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after 
graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, 
spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



205 



Tille, but did not graduate ; studied law and was 
admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in 
1892 was a delegate to the Republican National 
Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- 
tion of President of the Board of Education, 
never held any public office until elected to Con- 
gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a 
Republican, in November, 189-1. Mr. Graff was a 
successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and 
again in '98. 

GRAFTON, a town in Jersey County, situated 
on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the 
mouth of the Illinois River. Tlie bluffs are high 
and fine river views are obtainable. A fine 
quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here 
and exported by the river. The town has a 
bank, three churches and a graded school. Pop- 
ulation (1880), 807, (1890), 927; (1900), 988. 

GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating 
the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and 
under the general supervision of the Railroad and 
Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- 
Titive officer of the department is the Chief 
Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- 
tration are borne by fees. The chief business of 
the inspection department is transacted in Chi- 
cago, where the principal offices are located. (See 
Railroad and Warehouse Commission.) 

GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, 
came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and 
served as a member of the Third Territorial 
Council for Johnson County (1816-18); was a 
citizen of Union County when it was organized 
in 1818, and served as State Senator from that 
county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- 
blies (1822-26), and again in the Seventh and 
Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- 
trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander 
Counties. He is described as having been very 
illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and 
considerable influence. 

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- 
ternal, charitable and patriotic association, 
limited to men who served in the Union army or 
navy during the Civil War, and received hon- 
orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. 
Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- 
teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had 
the cooperation of Rev. William J Rutledge, 
Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. John M. 
Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. 
Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, 
Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edvrard Prince, Capt. 
John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col. 
B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. 



Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- 
ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- 
field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the 
first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6, 
1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, 
George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior, 
J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. 
Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, 
and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had 
served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work 
of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers 
generally being somewhat doubtful of the result 
of the project ; but, before July 12, 1866, the date 
fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to 
form the Department of Illinois, thirty -nine posts 
had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 
reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- 
ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established 
in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- 
chussetts, Kew York, Pennsylvania, and the 
District of Columbia, and tlie first National 
Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 
20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, 
located in every State and Territory of the Union, 
with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of 
organization provides for precinct. State and 
National bodies. The first are known as posts, 
each having a number, to wliich the name of 
some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier 
may be prefixed ; the second (State organizations) 
are known as Departments; and the supreme 
power of the Order is vested in the National En- 
campment, which meets annually. As has been 
said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. 
The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his 
associates was to create a grand organization of 
veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than 
its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- 
tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- 
ism as well as mutual support. While he died 
sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of 
his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest 
realization of his dream. (See Stephenson, B. F. ) 
The constitution of the order expressly prohibits 
any attempt to use the organization for partisan 
purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, 
of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and 
strengthen fraternal feelings among members ; to 
assist comrades needing help or protection and 
aid comrades" widows and orphans, and to incul- 
cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief 
Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating 
at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list 
of Illinois Department Commanders, chronolog- 



20G 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ioally arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 
1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O. 
Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), 
Hubert Dilger (1872), GuyT. Gould (1873), Iliram 
Hilliard (1874 7C), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), 
T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), 
J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), 
S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884), 
William W. Berry (ISSry), Philip Sidney Post 
(1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton 
(1888), James S. Martin (1889), William L. Distin 
(1890). Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan 
(1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. 
McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895). William 
G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John 
C. Black (1898), John B. Innian (1899). The fol- 
lowing Illinoisans have held the position of Com- 
mander-in-Chief; S. A. Hurlbut, (two terras) 
1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; 
Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. 

GBASI) PRAIRIE SEMIN.ARY, a co-educa- 
tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- 
corporated in 1803 ; had a faculty of eleven teach- 
ers in 1897 98, witli 285 pupils— 145 male and 140 
female. It reports an endowment of $10,000 and 
property valued at §55,000. Besides tlie usual 
classical and scientilio departments, instruction 
is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- 
tory studies. 

GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, 
situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south- 
we.st of Carbondale; the western terminus of the 
Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received 
its name from a higli, rocky island, lying in the 
river opposite the village. It ha.s four churches, 
a weekly newspajjer. and two blast furnaces for 
iron. Population (18'.'0). 624; (1900), 881. 

GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU 
RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Tcxns Railroad.) 

(iRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) 

GRAN(jER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and 
legislator, was Imrn in Wayne County, N. Y., 
May 10, 18.32. educated in ])ul)lic soliools at Sodus 
in the same State, and .settled at Waukegan, 111., 
in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was 
admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McIIenry 
County the same year, and soon after engaging in 
the live-stock and wool bu.siness. In 1872 lie was 
elected as a Republican Representative in the 
Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- 
sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Tliirtietli 
and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temjiorary 
Spe.aker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth. Ho 
is now a member of the State Senate for the 



Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His 
home is at West McHenry. 

GR.\NT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and 
jurist, was born at Inverness. Scotland, in 1804; 
came to Illinois at an early day and located at 
Shawneetown. wliere he studied law with Henry 
Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place. 
Mr. Grant is de.scribed as a man of marked ability, 
as were many of the early settlers of that region. 
In February, 1835, he was elected by the General 
Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- 
sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a 
few months, dying at Vandalia the same year. 

GRANT, riysses Simpson, (originally Iliram 
Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President, 
was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West 
Point Militarj- Academy, in 1843, and served 
through the Mexican War. After a sliort resi- 
dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena 
in 1860. His war-record -is a glorious part of the 
Nation's history. Entering the service of the 
State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- 
General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out 
of the war in 18C1. anil still later serving as a 
drill master at Camp Yates, in June following he 
was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of 
the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he 
immediately led into the field in the State of 
Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- 
Generalship and became a full Major-General of 
Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and 
Henry, in February following. His succes-ses at 
Fort GiUson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big 
Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- 
burg, were the leading victories of the Union 
armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- 
tanooga was also one of his victories in the West 
in the sjime year. Commissioned a Major-General 
of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg. 
he became Lieutenant-tJeneral in 1864. and. in 
March of that year, ivssumed command of all the 
Northern armies. Taking personal command of 
the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- 
paign against Riclimoml. which resulted in the 
final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate 
capital and the surrender of General Lee at 
Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he 
was made General — the office being created for 
him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad 
interim, under President Johnson, from Au- 
gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 18(>8 he was 
elected President of the United States an<l re- 
elected in 1872. His administration may not 
have been free from mistakes, but it was charao- 



►n 



a 



w 



O 

z 
a 

w 



■z 

n 
o 

2; 
> 

n 

s 

> 

o 
o 



o 



o 
c 
3 



w 

O »T3 

S ft 





3 

5 
55 



CI 

'Ji 



O 
O 
< 
u 

5 

a 



< 

a, 

Z 

►J 

o 
(J 



Z 

w 

p 
z 
o 



Q 

o 

s 



s 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



207 



terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. 
During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being 
received every wliere with the highest honors. In 
1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to 
secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- 
date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount 
McGregor. N. Y., July 33, 1885. His chief literary 
work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), 
which was very extensively sold. 

GRAPE CREEK, a surburban raining village in 
Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion River 
and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six 
miles south of Danville. The chief industry is 
coal mining, which is extensively carried on. 
Population (1890). 778; (1900), 610 

GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, 
born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After 
receiving a mercantile training in the counting 
house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to 
Canada, entering the employ of another luicle at 
Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- 
try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one 
year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- 
ship with David MoRae and John Kay, two young 
Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots 
at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of 
Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered 
that commander material financial assistance, 
becoming personallj' responsible for the supplies 
needed by the penniless American army. When 
the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. 
Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory 
became a part of the United States, it was from 
the balcony of his house that the first American 
flag was unfiurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- 
pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 
30,000 acres of land near the present site of 
Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at 
St. Louis, April 21, 1817. 

GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- 
ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be 
stated with certainty. After some years spent in 
Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors 
fo the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding AUouez 
as Superior two years later, and being made 
Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the 
Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias— his most numer- 
ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as 
also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and 
Missouris. It is said to have been largely through 
his influence that the Illinois were induced to 
settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 
1705 he received a severe wound during an attack 
by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually 
led, by one of their medicine men. It is said 



that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed 
to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as 
to time and place, but all agree that it resulted 
from the wound above mentioned. Some of hii 
biographers assert that he died at sea; others 
that he returned from France, yet suffering from 
the Indian poison, to Louisiana in Februarj', 
1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. 

GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was 
born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after 
serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a 
course at Oberlin College, devoting especial 
attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile 
supporting liimself by manual labor. In 1865 he 
began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, 
received his first patent ; devised a method of 
transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- 
ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- 
ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a 
year later accomplishing the same with eight 
messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- 
fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a 
repeater, enunciator and tj'pe-writing telegraph. 
From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- 
facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and 
Chicago, but has since been electrician of the 
Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest 
invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing 
by telegraph the handwriting of the sender 
of a telegi-am — attracted great interest at the 
World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is 
author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and 
"Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic 
Telegraphy and Telephony." 

GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in 
Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from 
the Farlners' (now Belmont) College in 1850, 
read law and began secular editorial work in 
1852, being connected, in the next fourteen j'ears, 
with "The TiflSn Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" 
and "Newark American." Then, after .several 
years spent in general publishing busine.ss in 
Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to 
Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the 
organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has 
since conducted. The success of the paper imder 
his management affords the best evidence of his 
practical good sense. He holds the degree of 
Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. 

GRAYVILLE, a city situated on the border of 
White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in 
the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- 
west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of 
Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. 
It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 



:2u8 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



region and is an important liard-vrood market. 
Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- 
clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories 
and creamery. The city has an electric light 
and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and 
two weekly papers. Population 09'"J). 1.9-18. 

GRAyWlLE a M.\TT00> railroad, (See 
J'eoria, Decatur d- Evansi-illc Raihcay.) 

GREATHOt'SE, Lucien, soldier, was born at 
Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois 
Wesleyan University, Bloomington. and studied 
law ; enli.sted as a private at the beginning of the 
War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of 
'Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; 
bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the 
Army of tlie Tennessee; was killed in battle neiir 
Atlanta, Oa., June 21, 1864. 

GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and 
'49). (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

GREAT WESTERX RAILROAD (2). (See 
Wabash Railway.) 

GREEX RIVER, rises in Lee County, and, 
.after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- 
ward through Henry County, and enters Rock 
River al><)ut 10 miles east by south from Rock 
Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. 

GREEX, William H., State Senator and Judge, 
■was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8. 1830. In 1847 
he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, 
and, for three years following, taught school, at 
the same time reading law. He was admitted to 
the bar in 18r)2 and began practice at Mount 
Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, 
and to Cairo in 1863. In 18.^8 he was elected to 
the lower house of the General Assembly, was 
re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was 
elected to the State Senate for four years. In 
December, ISG.'j, he was elected Judge of the 
Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term 
of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of 
his term in 1867. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic Conventions of 1800, "64, 
'68, '80, '84 and "88, be.sides being for many years 
a member of the State Central Committee of that 
party, and also, for four terms, a member of the 
State Board of Education, of which he has been 
for several years the P*resident. He is at present 
(1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at 
Cairo. 

GREEXE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was 
born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought 
to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- 
pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk 
and at others setting tyi)e in a printing office. 
After spending some time in Western New York, 



in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- 
ville, Ind.. with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; 
four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt 
County, where he taught and studied law with 
Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, 
Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar 
at .Springfield, on the motion of Abraliam Lin- 
coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, 
with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton; later 
served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term 
(1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- 
bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature 
he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- 
ship with Jlilton Hay and David T. Littler, under 
the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later 
becoming tlie head of the firm of Greene & 
Humphrey. From the date of his removal to 
Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- 
ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most 
part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and 
the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his 
home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, 
Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly 
devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- 
able in all his dealings, he commanded respect 
wherever he was known. 

GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in 
Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with 
his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the 
vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. 
The younger Greene was an intimate friend and 
fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard 
Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early 
friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, imder 
■whom he held an appointment in Utah for some 
years. He dieil at Tallula, Menard County, in 
1894. 

GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of 
Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy and the Quincy, CarroUton & St. Louis 
Railways, 12 miles east of CarroUton and 55 miles 
north of St. Louis; is an agricultural, coal-mining 
and stock-raising region. The city has several 
churches, public schools, a seminary, electric 
light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly 
paper. It is an important shipping point for 
cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. 
Population (1890). 1.131; (1900), 1,085. 

GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and 
separately organized in 1821 ; has an area of 544 
square miles; jxtpulation (1900), 23,402; named 
for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- 
dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted 
to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being 
among the principal. Building stone and clay 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



J09 



are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- 
ing settlers were David Stockton and James 
Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek 
in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others 
(among them Gen. Jacob Fr}-) followed soon 
afterward. The Indians were numerous and 
aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the 
monuments of the Government surveys, erected 
some j-ears before. Immigration of the whites, 
however, was rapid, and it was not long before 
the nucleus of a village was established at Car- 
roUton, where General Fry erected the first house 
and made the first coffin needed in the settle- 
ment. This town, the county-seat and most 
important place in the county, was laid oflF by 
Thomas Carlin in 1831. Other flourishing towns 
are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodliouse 
(an important railroad center) with a population 
of 3,360. 

GREEJJUP, village of Cumberland County, at 
intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville 
branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- 
growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom 
factory, five churches, public library and good 
schools. Population (1890), 858; (1900), 1,085. 

GREENTIEW, a village in Menard County, on 
the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 
Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Springfield 
and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a 
coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven 
churches, and a graded and high school. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,106; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1,245. 

GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the 
county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of 
Big Slioal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & 
Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of 
St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- 
ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- 
sively in the surrounding country, and there are 
extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The 
leading manufacturing product is in the line of 
wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a 
coeducational institution) ; has several banks and 
three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 
1,868; (1900), 3,504. 

GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- 
ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of 
Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- 
ville, after liis victory over the savages at the 
battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This 
was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in 
which a number of tribes united The lands con- 
veyed within the present limits of the State 
of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles 
square at the mouth of the Chicago River; 



another, twelve miles square, tiear the mouth of 
the Illinois River; another, six miles square, 
around the old fort at Peoria; the post of Fort 
Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty 
lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, 
and "the lands at all other places in the posses- 
sion of the French people and other white set- 
tlers among them, the Indian title to which has 
been thus extinguished. " On tlie other hand, the 
United States relinquished all claim to all other 
Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis- 
sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash 
consideration paid by the Government was 
§210,000. 

GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of 
State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began 
the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, 
he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first 
paper established in Will Count3'. From 1842 to 
1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois 
Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- 
eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after 
which he served for a time as United States Dis- 
trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the 
Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- 
tutional Convention of that year, and served as 
Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor 
to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former 
year. In the Democratic State Convention of 
1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the 
nomination for Governor, though finally defeated 
by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential 
Elector for that year, and, in 1853, vras appointed 
by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich 
Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- 
ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died 
in 1868. Returning to California he was ap- 
pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec. 
23, 1868. 

GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., 
N. Y., July 6. 1833; graduated from Union Col- 
lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the 
study of law, studied theology and entered the 
Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the 
East he came West, becoming Principal of a 
classical school at Detroit. His ability as an 
educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he 
was elected State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- 
tion in 1863. In 1854. he assisted in founding 
"The Michigan Journal of Education," of which 
he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the 
Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 



210 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later was called to that of the newly founded 
University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he 
remained until IHSO. He was United States 
Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, 
Illinois State Comniissiouer to the Paris Exposi- 
tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in 
the educational department of the Philadelphia 
Centennial of 1876. From 1882 to '85 he was a 
meml>er of the United States Civil Service Com- 
mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred 
upon him by Madison University (Hamilton. 
N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superinten<lent he 
published a "Compcud of School Laws" of Michi- 
gan, besides numerous addresses on educational 
subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of 
History" and "Map uf Time" (Chicago, 1800) ; "A 
New Political Economy" (Cincinnati. 1882); and 
"Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). 
While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of 
Political Economy in the University of Illinois 
during the latter years of his life, he resided in 
Washington. D. C, where he died. Oct. 20. 1898. 
By his siwcial request he was buried on the 
grounds of tlie University at Champaign. 

GRESUAM, Walter Quiuton, soldier, jurist 
and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- 
son County, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at 
a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at 
Bloomington University, completed his early 
education, which was commenced at the common 
schools. He read law at Corydon. and was 
admitted to the bar in 18r)3. In 1860 he was 
elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned 
to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost 
immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- 
third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he 
was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was 
brevetted Major-General on March 13. 1865. At 
Atlanta he wiis severely wounded, and disabled 
from service for a year. After the war he re- 
sumed practice at New Albany. Ind. His polit- 
ical career began in 18.56. when he stumped his 
county for Fremont. From that time until 18512 
he was always prominently ideutitied with the 
Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
ful Republican candidate for Congress, and. in 
1867-08, was the financial agent of his State 
(Indiana) in New York. In 1809 President Grant 
appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- 
trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this 
position to accejit the portfolio of Po.stmaster-Gen- 
oral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 
1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was 
made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, 



he was appointed United States Judge of the- 
Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made 
his home in Cliicago. He was an earne.st advo- 
cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, 
but subsequently took no active personal part in 
politics. In 1888 lie was the substantially unani- 
mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- 
dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892 
he was tendered the Populist nomination for 
President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- 
land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of 
Stale, wliicli he accepted, living in office at 
Wasliingt.in. D. C , May 28. 1895. 

GKEl'SEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Oer- 
man^', July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat; 
came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., 
in 1835: served as a Captain of the First Michigan 
Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to- 
Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on 
Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself 
as a private in a company organized at Aurora, 
of which he was elected Captain and attached to- 
the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later 
being advanced to the rank of Major. Re-enlisting 
for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- 
Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Illinois; took 
part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perrj'ville 
and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to 
resign on account of failing health, in February, 
1863, lie removed to Mount Plea.sant, Iowa, 
whence he returned to Aui'ora in 1893. Died at 
Aurora. Ajiril 25, 1896. 

GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was 
born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was 
educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of 
21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and 
engaging in the mercantile business, which he 
carried on quite extensively some eight years. 
He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- 
pany during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and 
soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of 
militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." 
In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
Twelfth General A.ssembly, and soon after began 
to turn his attention to the study of law, subse- 
quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H. 
W'ickizer, which continued for a number of years. 
Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, 
he took a consjiicuous part in the two succeeding 
sessions of the (Jeneral As.senibly in securing the 
location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois 
Central Railroa<is by way of Bliximington ; was 
also, at a later period, a leading promoter of th& 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



211 



Indiana, Blooraington & Western and other lines. 
In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scammou and J. H. Burch 
of Chicago, in the establisliment of tlie McLean 
County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became 
President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be- 
came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas- 
Light & Coke Company, which he managed some 
twenty-five years. Originally a Whig, he identi- 
fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, 
serving upon the State Central Committee during 
the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took 
part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- 
ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, 
where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis 
for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 
20, 1881. 

6RIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- 
chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; 
received a common school education and, in 
1852, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in 
the grain business, subsequently, in partnership 
with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator 
in Peoria, with three or four at other points. 
Early in the war he recruited a companj' of which 
he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota 
was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, 
but was mustered in, in June, as a part of tlie 
Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- 
zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry 
and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege 
and capture of Corinth. In August, 1863, he was 
ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- 
field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a 
commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained 
command up to the siege of Vicksburg. Diu-ing 
that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- 
sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command 
of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the 
Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command 
of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a 
conspicuous pai't in the capture of Fort Morgan 
and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- 
bama. He subsequently had command of a 
division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with 
the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
war. General Grier resumed his business as a 
grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to 
East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection 
and management of tlie Union Elevator there — 
was also Vice-President and Director of the St. 
Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 
1891. 

GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in 
Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood 



to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to 
Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a 
time in teaching music, later embarking in the 
grain and produce business at Meredosia. He 
enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil 
War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss 
at Cairo during the three-months' service, later 
being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois 
Cavalry. From this time his promotion was 
rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same 
regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a 
brigade in December following. He was promi- 
nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between 
Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April 
and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La 
Grange, Tenn., through the States of Mississippi 
and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter —for 
the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- 
federacy and causing consternation among the 
rebel leaders, while materially aiding General 
Grant's movement against Vicksbvirg. This dem- 
onstration was generally regarded as one of the 
most brilliant events of the war, and attracted 
the attention of tlie whole country. In recog- 
nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863, 
made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a 
full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the 
close of the war he entered the regular army as 
Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and 
was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major- 
General for bravery shown in .a raid in Arkansas 
during December, 1864. His subsequent service 
was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- 
paigns against tlie Indians, in the meanwhile 
being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and 
elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles 
to a Major-Generalship following the death of 
Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 
1890, General Grierson, who had been tlie senior 
Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier- 
General and retired with that rank in July fol- 
lowing. His home is at Jacksonville. 

GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was 
born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began 
business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N. Y., but 
removed to Chicago, where he established the 
largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr. 
Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and 
the following year, having sold out to his part- 
ners, established himself in the publishing busi- 
ness, which he conducted until 1890, when he 
retired. The class of books published by him 
include many educational and classical, witli 
others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi- 
cago, April 5, 1897. 



212 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



GRIGGSVILLE. a city in Pike County, on the 
Wabash Railroad. 4 miles west of the Illinois 
River, and .10 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp 
stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The 
city has churches, graded schools, a public 
library, fair ground.s, opera house, an<l a weekly 
newspaper. Population (1890), 1,400; (1900), 
1,404. 

GRIMSHATV, Jackson, lawyer and politician, 
was born in Philadelphia. Xov. 22, 1820. of Anglo- 
Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- 
tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began 
the study of law with his father, wlio was a lawyer 
and an author of repute. His professional studies 
were interrupted for a few years, during which he 
was employed at surveying and civil engineering, 
but he was admitted to tlie bar at Harrisburg. in 
1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield. 111., 
where he formed a partnership with his brother, 
"William A. Grimshaw. In 18.57 he removed to 
Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his 
life. He was a member of the first Republican 
Convention, at Bloomington. in 18.50. and was 
twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
(1850 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District. 
He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- 
sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served 
as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. 
Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- 
noimcing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 
On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- 
roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he 
walked from that city to the capital, and was 
summoned into the presence of the President and 
General .Scott with his feet protruding from his 
boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointeil him Col- 
lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincj- Dis- 
trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at 
Quincy. Dec. 13, 1875. 

GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was 
born in Philadelpliia and admitted to the bar 
in his native city at the age of 19; in 1833 came 
to Pike County. 111., where he continued to prac- 
tice until his death. He served in the State Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit 
of preparing the article in the second Constitution 
prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate 
to the Republican National Convention which 
nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second 
time; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. 
He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the 
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
viUe, and. from 1877 to 1882. a member of the State 
Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- 
dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan.7, 1895. 



GRI>>ELL, JuUns S., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, 
of New England parents, who were of French 
descent. He graduated from Middlebury College 
in 1866, and, two j-ears later, was admitted to the 
bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to 
Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent 
position at the bar; was elected City Attornej- in 
1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he 
was elected State's Attorney for Cook Comity, in 
which capacity he successfully conducted some 
of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in 
tlie hi.story of Illinois. Among these may be 
mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin 
and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an 
election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the 
conviction of a number of Cook County Coirmiis- 
sioners for accepting bribes in 1885. and the con- 
viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with 
complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre 
in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being 
held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was 
elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but 
resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for 
the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, 
June 8, 1898. 

GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, 
was born in Germany. Feb. 11, 1840; having lost 
his father by death at 13. came to the United 
States two years later, spent a year in Chicago 
scliools. learned the trade of a tinsmith and 
clerked in a store until August, 1862. when he 
enlisted in the Eighty -Second Illinois Volunteers 
(the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par- 
ticipated in some of the most important battles 
of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
burg. Lookout Mountain. Re.saca and others. At 
Dallas, ( ia. . he had his right leg badly shattered 
by a bullet-wound above tlie knee, four successive 
ani])utations being found necessjiry in order 'to 
save his life. Having been discharged from the 
service in February, 1865, he took a course in a 
commercial college, became deputy clerk of the 
Police Court, served three terms as Collector of 
the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number 
of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court 
of Cook County, and. in 18.'<4, w;is elected State 
Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, 
Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- 
ness, being President, for several years, of the 
Commercial Rank of Chicago. 

GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her- 
kimer County. N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with 
his father to Illinois in 1844. was admitted to the 
bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



213 



entered the service of the Government, and, a 
year later, was appointed by President Lincoln 
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under 
command of General Stager, assigned to the 
Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- 
ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he 
was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, 
taking control of military telegraphs in that 
Department with headquarters at New Orleans, 
remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being 
brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For 
the next two years he occupied various positions 
in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed 
the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction 
with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first 
volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed 
in subsequent years by two additional volumes, 
besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 
1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General 
Assemblj' from Sangamon Countj', and, in 1884, 
was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit 
Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been 
appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- 
zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge 
Gross became its first Secretarj-, serving until 
1883, when he was elected President, again serv- 
ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94. 

GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, born in 
Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852; was educated in the 
local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating 
from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass., 
and settled down to practice in his native town, 
in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a 
Democratic District before he was 25 years old, 
but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two 
years later, being thrown by a reapportionment 
into the sanie district with William JlcKinley, 
he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat 
in Congress to which he was elected. He re- 
moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, 
was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in 
December, 1892, was appointed by President 
Harrison Judge of the United States District 
Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- 
cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the 
death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, 
Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as 
Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the 
Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the 
youngest incumbents upon the bench of the 
United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given 
ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides 
proving himself in harmony with the progressive 
spirit of the time on questions of national and 
international interest. 



GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- 
ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 
square miles and a population (1900) of 24,186. 
The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath 
which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. 
Building stone is abundant (particularly near 
Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- 
ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois 
River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the 
Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. 
The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, 
although there are several manufacturing estab- 
lishments. The first white settler of whom any 
record has been preserved, was William Marquis, 
who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a 
"prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers 
were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- 
ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney 
and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale 
was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was 
organized out of a part of La Salle, and named 
after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. 
The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris 
was chosen the county-seat and has so re- 
mained. Its present population is 3, 653. Another 
prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- 
itants. 

GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, 
Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, 
in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 
1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal 
of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he 
was pastor of a cliurch at Norwich, Conn., in 
1865-68. of the New England Cliurcli, of Chicago, 
and, 1868-72. President of Knox College at Gales- 
burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of 
the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, 
N. Y., remaining until 1878, when he was elected 
Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and 
Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- 
tion activelj- until 1891, and then, as Professor 
Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was 
a member of the Corporation of Yale College 
and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. 
and LL.D. 

GURLET, TVilllam F. E., State Geologist, was 
born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by 
his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated 
in the public schools of that city and Cornell 
Universit}', N. Y. ; served as city engineer of 
Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In 
July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. 
Joshua Lindahl. 



214 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the 
Mexican War, was bom at Owensburg, Ky., 
November, 1797; in earlj- life removed to Mis- 
souri, where he was employed in the stock and 
produce trade with New Orleans. Having married 
in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 
111., where he kept a tavern for a number of 
years, and was also engaged some thirty years in 
mercantile business. It is said that he w;is 
unable to read until taught after marriage by his 
wife, who appears to liave been a woman of 
intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was 
elected Representative in the Fourth General 
Assembly and, in 1834, to tlie State Senate, serv- 
ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a 
supporter of the internal improvement scheme. 
In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State 
capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though 
differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, wivs 
one of his warm personal friends. He served in 
the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri 
militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a 
company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- 
teers— Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the 
staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained 
the title of Colonel. He received the nomination 
for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal 
State Convention of the Democratic party in 
December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. 
J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account 
of charges connected with his administration of 
the Land Office at Di.\on, Colonel Hacker also 
declined, and a new ticket was put in the field 
headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was 
elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made 
the overland journey to California, but returning 
with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, 
where he held the position of Surveyor of the 
Port for three years, when he was removed by 
President Buchanan on account of his friend.ship 
for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 
to '50, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on 
Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator 
Douglas, and, in 1856,. as Assistant Doorkeeper of 
the House of Representatives in Washington. In 
1S5T he returned to Jonesboro and spent the 
remainder of his life in practical retirement, 
dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 
18, 1878. 

HADLET, William F. L,, lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born near Collinsville, III., June 
15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- 
tion in the common schools and at ilcKendree 
College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he 
graduated from the Law Department of the 



UniTersity of Michigan, and established him- 
self in the practice of his profession at 
Kdwarilsville. He was elected to the State Sen- 
ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four 
years, and was nominated for a second term, but 
declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- 
lican National Convention of 1888. and, in 1895, 
was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth 
District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- 
gre.ss to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected 
in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. 
Iladley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, 
but was prevented by protracted illness from 
making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He 
is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, 
long a prominent business man of Edwards- 
ville. and since his retirement from Congress, has 
devoted his attention to his profession and the 
banking business. 

HAHXEMAXN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- 
jjital located in Chicago. It was first opened with 
twenty beds, in November, 1870. in a block of 
wooden buildings, the use of which was given 
rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was 
known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire 
of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- 
erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical 
College, and the hospital was placed on the list 
of public charities. It also received a donation 
of SIO.OOO from the Relief ami Aid Society, 
besides numerous private benefactions. In 
April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, 
the name of the institution was changed to the 
Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it 
has since been known. In 1893 the corner stone 
of a new hospital was laid and the building com- 
pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with 
a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all 
the improved appliances and facilities for the 
care and protection of the sick. It has also about 
si.xly private rooms for paying patients. 

HAH\EMAN>' MEDICAL COLLEGE, located 
in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- 
ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were 
secured over a drug-store, and the first college 
term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering 
nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- 
strators, etc. In 1866 07 the institution moved 
into larger quarters and. in 1870, the corner-stone 
of a new college building was laid. Tlie six suc- 
ceeding years were marked by internal dis.sen- 
sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to 
establish a rival school. Tlie faculty was cur- 
tailed in numbers and re-orgauized. In August, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



215 



1892, the cornerstone of a second building was 
laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the 
new structure occupying the site of the old, but 
being larger, better arranged and better equipped. 
Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and 
■co-education of the sexes has ever since continued 
:an established feature of the institution. For 
more than thirtj'-five years a free dispensary has 
been in operation in connection with the college. 
HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and 
legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., 
IMay 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for 
the next eleven years, was employed in various 
pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City 
Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner 
i(1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, 
jserving two terms. He also served as Delegate 
from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the 
i State Senate from the First District, serving in 
the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- 
blies. At the session of 1877 he received si-icty- 
nine votes for the seat in the United States 
; Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- 
wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the 
Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the 
old Chicago West Division Railway and President 
■of the Savings Institute. During his later years 
he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, 
July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), 
brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician 
.and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., 
April 21, 1822; came to Illinois in boj-hood, locat- 
ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to 
Lake County, where he resided until his death. 
His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- 
sional, was self-acquired. lie began to occupy 
-and cultivate a farm for himself befoi'e attaining 
his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was 
admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- 
kegan ; in 1S60 opened an office in Chicago, still, 
however, making his home at Waukegan. In 
1855 he published a comijilatiou of the Illinois 
township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the 
Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He 
made similar compilations of the townsliip laws 
■of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. 
By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his 
career as a politician both checkered and unique. 
Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- 
ganization upon the formation of the Republican 
part)', and was elected by the latter to the Legis- 
lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and "62. In 
1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- 
list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- 



tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was 
again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- 
ent, "and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and 
'88, receiving the aupport, however, of the Demo- 
crats in a District normally Republican. He 
served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and 
'85, the party strengtli in each of these Assemblies 
being so equally divided that he either held, or 
was able to control, the balance of power. He 
was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions 
were the cause of much severe criticism, being 
regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as 
often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions 
over which he presided were among the stormiest 
in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 
25, 1889. 

HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born 
at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some 
years spent as a clerk in a country store at 
Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- 
ical department of Yale College, later serving as a 
home missionary, in Georgia; came to Illinois in 
1831, doing home missionary work in Bond 
County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where 
his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct 
enabled him to exert a powerful influence over 
the drunken aborigines who constituted a large 
and menacing class of the population of what 
was tlien a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed 
the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church 
in Springfield, continuing that connection until 
1865. From that time until his death, his life 
was largely devoted to missionary work among 
the extremely poor and tlie pariahs of society. 
Among these he wielded a large influence and 
always commanded genuine respect from all 
denominations. His forte was love rather than 
argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- 
cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. 

HALE, (Dr.) Edniu 31., physician, was born 
in Newport, tr. H., in 1.929, commenced the study 
of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the 
Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the 
session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 
he labored in the interest of a representation of 
homeopathv in the University of Slichigau. 
Wlien this was finally accomplished, he was 
offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- 
quence of having been elected to the same position 
in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. 
In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his 
return, severed his connection with the Hahne- 
mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- 
cago Homeopathic College, wliere he remained 



216 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- 
fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of 
several volumes held in high esteem by members 
of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- 
tion for professional skill and benevolence of 
character. He was a member of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences and an honorary memlier of 
various home and foreign associations. Died, in 
Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. 

HALL, (Col.) Cyrus, soldier, was bom in Fay- 
ette County, 111., August 29, 1S-.32— the son of a 
pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of 
its admission as a, State. He served as Second 
Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. 
Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, 
and, in 18GU, removed to .Slielbyville to engage in 
hotel-keei)ing. The Civil War coming on, he 
raised the first company for the war in Shelby 
County, which was attached to the Fourteenth 
Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment); was 
promptly promoted from Captain to Major and 
finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion 
of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to 
command of tlio regiment. The Fourteenth 
Regiment having been finally con.solidated with 
the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was 
transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the 
command of the One Hundred and Forty-fovirth 
Illinois, which ho resigned in JIarch, 1804, was 
brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and 
meritorious service in the field, in March, 180.5, 
and nmstered out Sept. 10, 1805. Returning to 
Slielbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, 
later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten 
years and until his deatli, Sept. 6, 1ST8. 

HALL, James, legislator, jurist, State Treasurer 
and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 
19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and 
spending some time with Com. Step'lien Decatur 
in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, 
beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. 
He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was 
appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated 
to the bench of the Circuit Court in 182.5. He 
was legislated out of office two years later and 
resumed private practice, making liis home at 
Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert 
Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois 
Intelligencer." The same .year (1827) he was 
elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- 
tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to 
Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1808. He con- 
ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the 
first periodical published in Illinois. Among his 
published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of 



the Border," "Notes on the Western States," 
"Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western 
History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." 

HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was 
born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came 
to Illinois in 1840 ancl began business as a mer- 
chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1802 
assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois 
Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; 
was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- 
turned to duty after partial recovery, but was 
finally compelled to retire oh account of disabil- 
ity. Returning home he resumed business, but 
retired in 1878; was elected Representative in the 
General Assembly in 1880 and to the Senate in 
1888, and re-elected to tlie latter in 1892, making 
ton years of continuous service. 

HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the 
Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- 
tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk 
brancli of the Wabash Railway. Its position at 
the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant 
water power for manufat-turing purposes. An 
iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- 
nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- 
tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high 
school, and an apiary. The surrounding country 
is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium 
is located here. Population (1890), 1,301; (1900), 
1,344. 

HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, 
was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 
111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather, Thomas M. 
Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to 
jMonroe County, 111., wliere the father of the sub- 
ject of this sketcli was born. The latter (Elder 
Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a 
Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, 
from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- 
nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- 
ceived Ids literary education at home and with a 
classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1803 
began the study of medicine, and tlie following 
year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was 
rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he 
graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
and, for the next five yeiirs. was engaged in gen- 
eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- 
tion before an Army Examining Board, he was 
appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army 
with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- 
cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Ix>uis; Fort 
Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital 
at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- 
General as successor to Gen. Jolin M. WiMidworth 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



317 



and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the 
South, a few years later, rendered efficient service 
in checking the spread of the disease by taking 
charge of tlie camp of refugees from Jacksonville 
and otlier stricken points. Resigning the position 
of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the 
Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro- 
fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides 
holding other allied positions ; was also editor of 
"The Journal of the American Medical Associ- 
ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the 
Medical Department of the United States Army, 
in 1897 was ajjpointed Superintendent for the 
Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, «but 
died, Dec. 34, 1898. 

HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, 
was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- 
grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he 
began life working on a farm. Later, he followed 
the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- 
pin Counties, finally locating, in 1861, in Iroquois 
County, which has since been his home. After 
filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected 
County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- 
lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and "79), also, in 
1880, being Chairman of the Republican County 
Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to 
the House of Representatives, being one of the 
"103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- 
orable Senatorial contest of 1885; was re-elected 
in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 
1890 and '98. 

HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- 
Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 
28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to 
Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in 
Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17j he 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- 
nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After 
being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- 
leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- 
ated in 1868. For a j'ear he taught school at 
Henry, and later became Professor of Languages 
at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming- 
ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has 
been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 
1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean 
County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the 
ticket with Gov. Shelby M. CuUom. On Feb. 6, 
1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed 
Governor CuUom, who had been chosen United 
States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for 
the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- 
lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body 
selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. 



Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then 
Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi- 
tioner at the Chicago bar. 

HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, 
was born near Danville, Ky., August 31, 1799; 
studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro, 
Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, 
afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed 
cashier of the newly established Branch State 
Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 
1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds 
having appointed him the first Probate Judge of 
Cook County. At the same time he also held the 
offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and 
Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the 
Chicago school section being made under his 
administration. He was a Colonel of State militia 
and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- 
ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; 
also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the 
Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), 
but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- 
tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, 
Dec. 36. 1860. 

HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son 
of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- 
tary of the Treasury — was born in New York 
City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17), 
at West Point ; came west and located at an early 
day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of 
public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- 
mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly 
(1834-26); in 1837 removed to the Lead Mine 
region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's 
Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, 
and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a 
member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature 
of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and 
died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some 
twent}' years later, a monument was erected to 
his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- 
camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward 
to meet General La Fayette on his way from New 
Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- 
nois in 1825. 

HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- 
eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 
square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 — 
named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- 
ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county- 
seat. The surface of the county is rolling and 
the fertile soil well watered and drained by 
numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the 
Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 



•218 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



boundary. Ck)al crops out at various points in 
the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton 
County was a liense forest, and timber is still 
abundant and sawmills numerous. Amon},' the 
hard woods found are black and white oak, black 
walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are 
in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the 
principal crops, although considerable fruit is 
cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- 
toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced 
Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for 
whom a water course was named), in ISl."); Adam 
Crouch, the BiggerstatTs and T Stelle, in 1818, 
and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. 
The most important town is McLeansboro, whose 
population in 1^011 was l,3.").'i. 

H.\MMOM), Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- 
ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June -1, 1804, 
spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., 
where he became Principal of the Whitesboro 
Seminary (in which he was partially educated), 
and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua ; 
in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held 
various offices, including member of the Legisla- 
ture and Auditor; in 18.')2 completed the con- 
struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the 
first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up 
his residence in that city. In IS.Jo he became 
Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a 
trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. 
Returning from Europe in 186!», he accepted the 
Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
but was compelled to resign by failing health, later 
becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace 
Car Company, He was Treasurer of the Chicago 
Ralief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and 
one of the founders of the Chicago Theological 
Seminary (Congregational); also President, for 
several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- 
less. Died, April 15. 1884. 

HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on 
the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railway, M miles west-northwest from 
Chicago, There are brick and tile works, a large 
canning factory, pickle factory, and machine 
shop; dairy and stock interests are large. The 
place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, 
and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), G96; (1900), TOO. 
H.XNCOCk COrXTT, on the western border of 
the Stiite, lK)undH<l on the west by the Jlississippi 
River; was organized in iSi."! and named for John 
Hancock ; has an area of TG9 square miles ; popu- 
lation (1900), 32,215. Its early settlers were 
•chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, 



among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty 
years a resident of Montebello Township. Black 
Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to 
have been born within the limits of Camp Creek 
Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was 
erected on the present site of AVarsaw, soon after 
the War of 1812. but was shortly afterwards evac- 
uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- 
dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. 
Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham 
Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, 
MendenhalLs, Ix)gans, and Luther Whitney. 
James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- 
ols 'were the first Commis-sioners. In 1839 the 
Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being 
expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of 
Xauvno in this county. (See Mormons, yauvoo.) 
Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid 
out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- 
sippi was established at Montebello (near the 
present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, 
two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. 
The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has 
a fine public school system, numerous thriving 
towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the 
State. 

H.\M)V, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born 
at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was 
one year old was taken back to Maryland, his 
parents" native State. He was educated at Ports- 
mouth, Va., and was a student at the Virginia 
Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the 
Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army 
at the age of seventeen. When the war ended 
Handy found himself penniless. He was school- 
teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime 
writing some for a New York paper. Later he 
became a clerk in the office of "The Christian 
Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever 
reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was 
able to secure a regular position on the local staff 
of that paper, ([uickly gaining a reputation as a 
successful reporter, and. in 1809, becoming city 
editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion 
was rapid, l)eing employed at different times upon 
many of the most prominent and influential 
papers in the East, including "The New York 
Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- 
delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and 
"Daily News." In 1893, at the request of Director- 
General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, Mr. Handy accepted the i)iisition of Chief of 
the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- 
ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, 
tendered him about the same time by President 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



219 



Harrison. Later, as a member of the National 
Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the 
interest of foreign countries in the Exposition. 
For some time after the World's Fair, he was 
associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." 
In 1897, having been appointed by President 
McKinley United States Commissioner to the 
Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon 
his return to this country he found himself in 
very poor health, and went South in a vain 
attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but 
died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898. 

HANKS, Denni8, pioneer, born in Hardin 
County, Ky. , May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the 
mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten 
years the senior of the latter, was his intimate 
friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- 
tion, he often led the future President in boyish 
pranks. About 1818, he joined tlie Lincoln house- 
hold in Spencer County, Ind., and finally married 
Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, 
the families removing to Macon County, 111., 
together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks 
removed to Coles County, where he remained 
until some three years before his death, when he 
went to reside with a daughter at Paris. Edgar 
County. It has been claimed that he first taught 
the youthful Abraham to read and write, and 
this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's 
teacher. He has also been credited with having 
once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while 
crossing a swollen stream. Austin GoUaher, a 
school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made 
the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- 
sumably referring to the same event After the 
riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 18G3, in which 
several persons were killed. Hanks made a visit 
to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- 
est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although 
they were not immediately released, the fact that 
they were ordered returned to Charleston for 
trial and finally escaped punishment, has been 
attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. 
He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 189'2, in 
the 94th year of his age. as the result of injuries 
received from being run over by a buggy while 
returning from an Emancipation- Day celebra- 
tion, near that city, on the 23d day of September 
previous. 

HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother 
of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, 
Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer 
County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with 
them two years; engaged in flat boating, making 
numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them 



being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then 
about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings 
aroused against slavery by his first sight of a 
slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to 
Macon County, 111., locating about four miles 
west of Decatur, and it was partly through his 
influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- 
grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had 
cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house 
when they arrived, and these were hauled by 
Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which 
was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon 
River, near tlie present site of Harristown. Dur- 
ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- 
coln worked together splitting rails to fence a 
portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln 
— some of these rails being the ones displayed 
during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and 
Lincoln worked together in the construction of a 
flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- 
field, for a man named Off utt, which Lincoln took 
to New Orleans^Hanks only going as far as 
St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, 
Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in 
the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh, 
afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He 
followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, 
when he went to California, where he spent three 
years, returning in 18,53. In 1861 he enlisted as 
a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry (afterwards commanded by General 
Grant), but being alreadj' 59 years of age, was 
placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, 
in which capacity he remained two years, serving 
In Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, 
Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with 
the regiment, Hanks had charge of the staff team. 
Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally 
discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made 
three trips to California after the war. Died, 
July 1, 1891. 

HANNIIUL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

HANON, Martin, pioneer, was horn near Nash- 
ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to 
Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, 
in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian 
County, being the first white settler in that 
region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County, 
April 5, 1879. 

H.ANOVER, a villiige in Jo Daviess County, on 
Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. 
It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and 
a graded school. The Township (also called Han- 



220 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- 
lation of about 1.700. Population of the village 
(1890). 743; (1900). 785. 

HARDIN, tlie county-seat of Calhoun County, 
situated in Hardin Tonnsldp, on the west bank , 
of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of 
Alton. It lias two churches, a graded school and 
two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500; 
(1890). 311: (1000). 494. 

HARDIN, John J., lawyer, Congressman and 
soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810. 
After graduating from Transylvania University 
and being admitted to the bar, he began practice 
at Jacksonville, 111., in 183U; for several years he 
was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, 
later being electetl to the lower hou.se of the 
Legislature, where he served from 1836 to "42. 
The latter year he was elected to Congress, his 
term expiring in 1845. During the later period 
of his professional career at Jacksonville he was 
the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- 
yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a 
pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican "War he 
was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois 
"Volunteers (June 30. 1846) and was killed on the 
second day of the battle of Huena Vista (Feb. 27, 
1847) while leading the final charge. His remains 
were brouglit to Jacksonville and buried with 
distinguished lionors in the cemetery there, his 
former pupil, Richar<l Yates, delivering the fu- 
neral oration.— Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, 
son of the preceding. w.a.s born in Jacksonville, 111., 
June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military 
Academy, in 18.'>9. and entered the service as 
brevet Second Lieutenant of the Tlurd Artillery. 
a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- 
tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. 
Being assigned to the command of volunteer 
troops, he passed through various grades until 
May, 1804, when he was brevetted Colonel of 
"Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North 
River, Va., became Brig-adier-Genenil of Volun- 
teers, July 2, 1864. was brevetted Brigadier- 
General of the regular army in March. IHe."), 
for service during the war, and was finally mus- 
tered out of the volunteer service in January. 
1866. He continued in the regular service, how- 
ever, imtil December 15, 1870, when he was 
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. 
General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other 
wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. 
— Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of 
Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 
111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female 
Seminary in that place ; was married about 1854 



to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor 
R. H. Walworth of New' York). Her husband 
became an autlior of considerable repute, chiefly in 
the line of liction. but was assassinated in 1873 by 
a son who was ac(iuitted of the charge of murder 
on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a 
leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and 
has given much attention, of latej'ears, to literary 
pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the 
Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena 
Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine 
of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. 
Hardin and History of the Hardin Familj-," 
besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous 
poems and essays. She served for several years 
as a member of the Board of Education, and was 
for six years principal of a young ladies' school 
at Saratogji Springs, N. Y. 

HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast 
border of the State, and bounded on the east and 
south by the Ohio River. It has an are<i of 194 
square miles, and was named for a county in 
Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and 
deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with 
oak, hickory, elm. maple, locust and cotton- 
wood. Corn, wlieat and oats are the staple 
agricultural products. The minerals found are 
iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime- 
stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is 
the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 
7,234; (liioo). 7.448. 

HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member 
of Congress, born in East nami>ton, Middlesex 
County. Conn., Feb. 10. 1807; was educated chiefly 
at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- 
ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to 
Illinois, resuming practice ami managing several 
farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- 
ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 
1847 from Warren Countj', and of the lower 
branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly 
( 1848 .">0). Between 1850 and l^iGO lie was engaged 
in railroad enterprises. In 186J lie enlisted as a 
private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and. in less 
than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. 
In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected 
in 1866. He did much for the development of the 
western part of the State in the construction of 
railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of 
the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy ) Iieing one of 
the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune 
of about §2.000,000. and, before his death, en- 
<lowed a professorship in Monmouth College 
Died, July 19, 1874. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



221 



HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- 
tucky to Illinois in 1816. settling near Carmi in 
White County; served in the Third Territorial 
Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General 
Assembly of the State (1818-30). His business- 
life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- 
manufacture. 

HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark 
County, 111., August 25, 1830; graduated at Asbury 
University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction in Iowa (1847), President of 
Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States 
Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior 
(1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter 
year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- 
versity. He was also a member of the Peace 
Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- 
delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873, 
after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The 
Washington Chronicle," and, from 1883 to 1885, 
presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of 
the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator 
Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of 
President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States 
Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at 
Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. 

HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio 
about 1801 and, at the age of 35, settled in Clark 
County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of 
1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the 
Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847 and the follovping year 
■was elected to the Circuit bench under the new 
Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1863 
he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian 
Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1873 
•was elected Coimty Judge of Clark County. 
Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 
1879. 

HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State, 
born at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1830, removed 
to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in 
business as a commission merchant ; also served 
a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he 
took a prominent part in the history of the State. 
Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, 
at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a 
patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve 
the Union, working in harmony with the war 
party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In 
1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front, 
when Governor Yates requested him to remain at 
home and continue his effective work in the 
Union League, saying that he could accomplish 
more for the cause in this way than in the field. 



Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an 
organizer, and the League became a powerful 
factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made 
First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, 
but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private 
secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- 
General on the Governor's staff, and had charge 
of tlie troops as tlie\' were mustered out. During 
a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1809-73) as Secre- 
tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, 
and, in 1873, was elected as successor to Secretary 
Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- 
field he acted as correspondent for several news- 
papers, and, for a j'ear, was city editor of "The 
Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his 
residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at 
different periods in the commission and real 
estate business, but lias been retired of late years 
on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900. 

HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- 
sion mercliant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., 
May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- 
hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the 
One Hundred and Fortj'-fifth Illinois Volunteers ; 
took a course in a commercial college and engaged 
in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood- 
ford County until 1868, when he entered ujjon the 
commission business in Chicago. From 1873 to 
'75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, 
as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of 
the city of Chicago; in 1883 was elected to the 
Thirty -third General Assembly and re-elected in 
1884. During his first term in the Legislature, 
Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage 
of the "High License Law," which has received 
his name. Of late years he has been engaged in 
the grain commission business in Chicago. 

HARPER, William Rainey, clergyman and 
educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July 
36, 1856; graduated at Muskingum College at the 
age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this 
being one of the jiriucipal commencement honors 
in that institution. After three years' private 
study he took a post-graduate course in philology 
at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D., at the age 
of 19. For several years he was engaged in 
teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- 
versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- 
logical studies and devoting special attention to 
Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of 
Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi- 
nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here 
he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" 
of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. 
The school by correspondence was known as the 



222 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



"American Institute of Hebrew," and increased 
so rapidly that, bj- 18ho, it had enrolled «U0 stu- 
dents, from all parts of the world, many leading 
professors co-operating. In 1S8G he accepted the 
professorship of Semitic Language and Literature 
at Yale University, having in the previous year 
become Principal of the C'liautauqua College of 
Liberal Arts, and, in 18U1, Principal of the 
entire Chautauqua system. During the winters 
of 1889-91, Dr. Harijer delivered courses of lec- 
tures on the Bible in various cities and before 
several universities and colleges, having been, 
in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical 
Literature at Yale, although still filling his 
former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation 
to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- 
cago University, which has rapidly increased in 
wealth, extent and influence. (See University 
of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem- 
ber of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. 
Harper is the author of numerous philological 
textbooks, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap- 
plying the "inductive method" to the stud}- of 
Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve 
the study of English along these same lines. In 
addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals, 
and published numerous monographs. 

HAKKIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- 
ber of Congress, was born at Norwich. Conn., 
Oct. 29, i816; graduated at Trinity College. Hart- 
ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, 
and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1842, 
the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard 
County, HI. Here, in 1845, he was elected School 
Ck)mmissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the 
Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. 
E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was 
present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the 
battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of 
General Shields at the latter, taking command of 
the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had 
assumed command of the brigade. During his 
absence in the army (1846) he was chosen 
to the State Senate: in 1848 was elected to 
the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by 
Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, 
'56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after 
his fourth election and before completing his 
preceding term. 

H.VRRIS. William Losan, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, born near Mansfield. Ohio, Nov. 14. 1817; 
was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to 
preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the 
Michigan Conference, teing transferred to the 
Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a 



tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then, 
after two years' pastoral work and some three 
years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 
returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position 
first of Principal of the Academic Department 
and then a professorship; was Secretary of the 
General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, 
Secretary of the Church Missionary Society : in 
1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist 
Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; 
joined the Illinois Conference in 1874. remaining 
until his death, which occurred in New York, 
Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- 
thority on Methodist Church law, and published 
a small work entitled "Powers of the General 
Conference" (1859), and, in connection with 
Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise 
on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- 
ence to tlie Methodist Church. 

H.iRRISBl'RG. county seat of Saline County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The 
region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- 
ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron 
are found. The town has flour and saw mills, 
coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage 
and other wood-working establishments, two 
banks and three weekly newspapers. Population 
(189(0. l-~'-^: (1900), 2,202. 

HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician. Con- 
gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in 
Fayette County. Ky., Feb. 15. 1825; at the age of 
20 years graduated from \''ale College and began 
reading law. but later engaged in farming. After 
spending two years in foreign travel, he entered 
the Law Department of Transylvania University, 
at Lexington. Ky.. and. after graduation, settled 
at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in 
real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- 
sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 
1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, 
was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being 
re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor 
of Chicago, filling that office for four succe.'-.sive 
biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election 
in 1887 by his Republican competitor. John A. 
Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for 
Governor in 1888. but failed of election. He 
thereafter made a trip around the world, and. on 
his return, published an entertaining account of 
his journey under the title, "A Race with the 
Sun." In 1891 lie was an Independent Demo- 
cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but 
was defeated bj- Hempstead Washburne. Reinib- 
lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



223 



tion of his party for the office, and was elected. 
In 1893, in connection with a few associates, he 
purchased the plant of "The Chicago Times, " ' plac- 
ine: liis sons in charge. He was a man of strong 
character and intense personality, making warm 
friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and 
kmdl}', and accessible to any one at all times, at 
either his office or his home. Taking advantage 
of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the niglit 
of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- 
ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition 
— gained admission to his residence, and, without 
the slightest provocation, shot him down in his 
library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin 
was subsequent!}' tried, convicted and hung. 

Harrison, carter Henry, Jr., son of the 
preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, 
being a lineal desceutlant of Benjamin Harrison, 
an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- 
erally related to the signer of tlie Declaration 
of Independence of that name, and to President 
William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was 
educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the 
Gymnasium, Alteuburg, Germany, and St. Igna- 
tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter 
in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law 
School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, 
remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- 
tion to real estate. His fatlier having purchased 
the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became 
associated witli the editorship of that paper and, 
for a time, had charge of its publication until its 
consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In 
1897, he received the Democratic nomination for 
Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by 
receiving a majority of the total vote. Again 
in 1399, he was re-elected to the same office, 
receiving a plurality over his Republican com- 
petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of 
the youngest men who ever held tlie office. 

HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of 
Indiana Territor}- ( mcludmg the present State of 
Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773, 
being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a, signer of 
the Declaration of Independence : was educated 
at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study 
of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he 
was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. 
Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of 
Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year 
later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the 
Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- 
viously served as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Wayne, 
by whom he was complimented for gallantry at 
the battle of Miami. In 179S he was appointed by 



President Adams Secretary of the Northwest 
Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- 
gate in Congress; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- 
ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, 
serving b}' reappointment some 12 years. During 
his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years 
later, he negotiated many important treaties 
with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive 
victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers 
at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier 
General in the War of 1813, he was promoted to 
Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the 
Army of the Northwest, he won the important 
battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission 
in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative' 
in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819) ; Presidential 
Elector in 1830 and 1824; United States Senator 
(1834-1838), and Minister to the United States of 
Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United 
States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve 
years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig 
candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, 
dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one- 
month after his inauguration. 

HARTZELL, Wiliiam, Congressman, was bo'n 
in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 30, 1837. When he- 
was three years old his parents removed to lUi 
nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 
1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolpli 
County, which became his permanent home. He 
was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- 
Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five 
years later he was admitted to the bar, and began 
practice. He was Representative in Congress for 
two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874, 
and again in 1876. 

HARA'ARD, an incorporated city in McHenry 
County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- 
tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware 
and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage 
and packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- 
wheel factory and two weekly papers. The 
region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967; 
(1900), 2,603. 

HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third 
Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was 
born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine. Jan. 14. 
1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt., and 
Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating 
from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as 
Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston 
until 1863, when she was called to the principal- 
ship of Castleton Seminary. She resi^'ned this 



224 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- 
cello Female Seminary, at GoJfre.v. 111., where 
she has since remained. The main building of 
this institution liaving been burned in Novem- 
ber, 18S9, it wa.s rebuilt on an enlarged and 
improve'l plan, largely through the earnest efforts 
of Miss Ha-skell. (See Monticello Female Semi- 
nary.) 

HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State 
of Illinois (1857-'65), was born at Hillsborough 
Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to 
Griggsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as 
a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- 
ton. From 1836 to 1841 he wiis engaged in store- 
keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was 
appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, 
holding tlie office seven years. In 1858 he again 
embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 
he t\-as elected to the Legislature, serving one 
term. An earnest anti -slavery man, he was. in 
1856, nominated by the newly organized Repub- 
lican party for Secretary of State and elected, 
being re-elected in 1860, on the .same ticket with 
Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal 
friend and admirer. During the war he gave a 
zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' 
administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- 
nation and retired from political life. He was an 
original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- 
ment Association from its organization in 1865 to 
his death, and, in companj' with Gov. R. J. 
Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- 
lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- 
ment. After retiring from office he was interested 
to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- 
•viUe, and was influential in securing the con- 
struction of the branch of the Wabash Ptiiilway 
from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over 
thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying 
tnere. March 12, 1893. 

HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergj- 
man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester 
County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819, in early life enjoyed 
only such educational advantages as could be 
obtained while living on a farm; later, was em 
ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New 
York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the 
Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- 
ing the next eleven years supplying churches in 
Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he 
went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that 
vicinity until 1865. when he a.s.sumed the pastor- 
ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal 
Church in Chicago, two years later going to the 
Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- 



quentlj' had charge of churches in Cincinnati and 
Philadelphia, but. returning to Illinois in 1877. 
he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in 
Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- 
merfield Methodist Episcopal Chui'ch, Brooklyn, 
which was his last regular charge, as. in 1889. he 
became Financial Agent of the Northwestern 
L'niversitj' at Evanston, of which he had been a 
Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply fi)r 
p\ilpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his 
services were in constant demand during this 
period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the 
General Conferences of 1860. "64. "O. "80 and "84, 
and was a leader in some of the most important 
debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston, 
March 31. 1891. 

HATTON, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- 
General, was born at Cambridge. Ohio, April 28, 
1846; entered his father's newspaper office at 
Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- 
coming foreman and local editor ; in 1862. at the 
age of 16, he enlLsted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio 
Infantry, but, in 18(>4, was transferred to the One 
Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- 
sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being 
chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- 
ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After 
the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had 
preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount 
Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur- 
lington, where he secured a controlling interest 
in "The Hawkeye," which he brought to a point 
of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city 
imder President Grant, and. in 1881, became 
First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the 
retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 
1884. he was appointed successor to the latter, 
serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- 
tration, being the youngest man who ever held 
a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. 
From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The 
National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 
removed to Chicago, where he l>ecame one of the 
proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening 
Mail": retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- 
chasing the plant of "The National Republican" 
in Washington, commenced the publication of 
"The Washington Post," with which he was con- 
nected until his death. April 30, 1894. 

H.ATAXA, the county-seat of Mason County, an 
incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois 
River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a 
point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- 
ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge 
plants. A number of manufactories are located 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



225 



here. The city has .several churches, three pub- 
lic schools and three newspapers. Population 
<1890), 2,525; (19U0), 3,268^ 

HAVANA, RAMOUL & EASTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; 
graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, 
and taught in various institutions in Massachu- 
setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- 
ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry 
as a member of the New York Conference ; five 
years later accepted a professorship in Michigan 
University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor 
of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in 
that time serving two terms in the State Senate 
and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- 
vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- 
dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 
111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist 
Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to 
become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. 
In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in 
August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great 
versatility and power as an orator, wrote much 
for the periodical press and published several 
volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on 
rhetoric. 

HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near 
Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a 
meager country-school education, at the age of 
17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- 
tion six or seven years, after which he spent 
three years in a more liberal course of study in a 
private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was 
next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a 
teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He 
then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, 
when he removed to Chicago. After several 
years spent in manufacturing and real-estate 
business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The 
Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- 
trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest 
in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for 
the promotion of popular education. For ten 
years following 1853, he was officially connected 
with the Chicago Board of Education, being for 
four years its President. The comptroUership of 
the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. 
During the war he was a zealous supporter of the 
Union cause. In October. 1861, he was appointed 
by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of 
Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States 
for the Department of the Northwest, serving in 



this capacity during a part of President Johnson's 
administration. In 1866 he was attacked with 
congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of 
that year. 

HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born 
in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to 
Carroll County. 111., in boyhood, where he attended 
tlie common schools and later graduated from Eu- 
reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union 
army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next 
promoted to a Captaincy and. finallj-, brevetted 
Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 
he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, 
and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 
1879. The latter year he resigned, having been 
elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 
1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before 
the expiration of his term, his successor being 
Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen 
at a special election to fill the vacancy. 

HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and Firsi 
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born ii 
Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- 
nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residin.'j 
in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock; 
County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted 
to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. 
From 1856 to 1860 he was .State's Attorney oi' 
Rook Island County. In 1861 he entered the 
Union army as Captain, but was so severely 
wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was 
obliged to quit the .service. In 1865 President 
Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, 
but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- 
dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress 
as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 
1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- 
Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was 
appointed by President Hayes First Assistant 
Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, 
when he resigned. During the last six years of 
his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, 
Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May 
24, 1895. 

HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary 
of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of 
Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer- 
sitj', 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his 
father, in the meantime, having become a resi- 
dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice 
in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as 
assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, 
acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- 
camp, also serving for some time under General 



226 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Hunter andGilmore, witli the rank of Major and 
Adjutant-(jeueral. After President Lincoln's 
assassination he served as Secretary of Legation 
at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d"Affaires at 
Vienna; was also editor for a time of "The Illi- 
nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading 
editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." 
Colonel Hay"s more important literary works 
include "Castilian Days," "Pike County Ballads," 
and the ten-volume "History of the Life and 
Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- 
ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1870 he settled 
at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The 
New York Tribune," made Washington his home. 
In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- 
bassador to England, where, by his tact, good 
judgment and sound distTetion manifested as a 
diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he 
won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- 
complished foreign representatives America has 
produced. His promotion to the pcsition of 
Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary 
William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- 
American War', in September, 1898, followed 
naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he 
had won as a diplomatist, and was universally 
approved throughout the np.tion. 

HAY, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at 
Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- 
mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 
16 yejirs of age, when he learned the printer's 
trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won 
considerable local prominence in his profession, 
being for eight years State's Attorney for the 
Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in 
the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, 
and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the 
Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. 

HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born 
in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed 
with his father's family to Springfield, 111., in 
1832; in 1838 became a student in the law oftice 
of Stuart & Lincoln ; was admitted to the 
bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, 
Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield 
and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen 
T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which 
ended by the retirement of the latter from prac 
tice in 1861. Others who were associated with 
him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby 
M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. 
Greene and D. T. Littler. In l.'^CiO he wa.s elected 
a Delegate to the State Con.stitutional Convention 
and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue 
and member of the Judiciary Committee, was 



prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. 
Again, as a member of the lower branch of the 
Twenty-eighth General As.sembly (1873-74), he 
assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the 
new order of things under the new Constitution. 
The estimate in which he was held by his associ- 
ates is shown in the fact that he was a member 
of the Joint Committee of five appwinted by the 
Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the 
State, which was especially complimented for 
the manner in wliich it performed its work by 
concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- 
servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- 
trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate 
judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man 
w:vs more frequently consulted by State execu- 
tives on questions of great delicacj- and public 
importance, during the last thirty years of his 
life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the 
active prosecution of his profession, devoting his 
time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, 
Sept. 1.5, 1893. 

HAY'ES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was born 
at Gran by. Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a 
year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 
111., where the first twenty years of his life were 
spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from 
Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- 
listed in the Union army, being commissioned 
successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and 
Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. 
After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- 
ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris 
Herald." a weekly periodical issued at Morris, 
Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the 
National Republican Convention at Philadelphia 
which renominated Grant, and represented his 
district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he 
became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- 
lican" at Jo'iet. 111., but retired somej'ears since. 

HAY'ES, Samuel Siiowdon, lawyer and politi- 
cian, was born at Nashville. Tenn., Dec. 25. 18'20; 
settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in 
the drug business for two years; then began the 
study of law and was admitted to practice in 
1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at 
Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, 
stumping the southern counties for the Demo- 
cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a 
delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention 
and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of 
the State Legislature, being re-elected in "48. In 
1847 he raised a company for ser\-ice in the 
Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from 
the seat of government, its muster rolls were not 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



237 



received until the quota of the State had been 
filled. The same j-ear he was chosen a Delegate 
to the State Constitutional Convention for White 
County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- 
dential Elector. About 18.52 he removed to Chi- 
cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and 
(1862-6.5) City Comptroller. He was a delegate 
to the National Democratic Conventions at 
Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest 
worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- 
lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was 
strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- 
tion, particularly in its attitude on the question 
of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- 
gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an 
orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- 
lar assemblies, were of a very high order. 

HAYMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic 
outbreak whicli occurred iu Chicago on the 
evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, 
meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been 
addressed by orators who sought to inflame the 
worst passions of their hearers. The excitement 
(previously more or less under restraint) culmi- 
nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket 
Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed 
by the widening of West Randolph Street for an 
open-air produce-market. An immense concourse 
assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- 
matory speeches were made from a cart, which 
was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- 
ing the earlier pai't of the meeting the Mayor 
(Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his 
withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned 
and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one 
whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, 
threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the 
police, who, under command of Inspector Jolin 
Bonfield, had ordered the dLspersal of the crowd 
and were endeavoring .to enforce the command. 
Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- 
ing in the street. The majority of the crowd 
fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests 
followed during the night and the succeeding 
morning, and search was made in the office of 
the principal Anarchistic organ, which re.sulted 
in the discovery of considerable evidence of an 
incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook 
County found indictments for murder against 
eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were 
convicted after a trial extending over several 
months, both the State and the defense being 
represented by some of the ablest counsel at the 
Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- 



demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was 
given twenty years" imprisonment. The death 
sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus 
Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov- 
ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive 
clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor 
Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the 
penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, 
one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the 
county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a 
small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti- 
tiously obtained; the remaining four (August 
Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph 
Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at 
Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair 
attracted wide attention, not only throughout the 
United States but in other countries also. 

HAYNIE, Isham Nicolas, soldier and Adju- 
tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn. , Nov. 18, 
1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received 
but little education at school, but worked on a 
farm to obtain means to study law, and was 
licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the 
Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the 
Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, 
resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was 
elected to the Legislature from Marion County. 
He graduated from the Kentucky Law Scliool in 
1853 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the 
Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a 
candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- 
las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as 
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, 
which he had assisted iu organizing. He partici- 
pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Sliiloh, 
and was severely wounded at tlie latter. In 1862 
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as 
a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, 
and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at 
Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865. was appointed by 
Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor 
to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in ofl^ce, at 
Springfield, Novemlier, 1868. 

HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL 
SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; incorpo- 
rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in 
1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. 

HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was 
born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his 
father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's 
trade and came west early in life; in 1806 was 
studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, 
was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of 
which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 



228 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



at Kaskaskia and afterwanis at Jonesboro, in 
Union County; in 18-23 went to Buffalo, N. Y., 
but returned west in 1«27, arriving where Clii- 
cago now stands on July 4; in 18-'8 was living 
inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located 
several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago 
River, where he opened a small farm at a place 
which went by the name of "Heacock's Point."' 
In 1831 lie obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 
1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, 
had a law office in the village of Chicago. He 
took a prominent part in the organization of Cook 
County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost 
it in the crasli of 1837. He was disabled by par- 
alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. 
— Hciiben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, 
was member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1847, from Cook County. 

HEALTH, BO.VRl) OF, a bureau of the State 
Government, created by act of Maj- ~'>, 1877. It 
consists of seven members, named by the Gov- 
ernor, who liold office for seven years. It is 
charged with "general supervision of the inter- 
ests connected with the health and life of tlie 
citizens of the State." All matters pertaining to 
quarantine fall within its purview, and in this 
respect it is invested with a power which, while 
discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same 
standard holds good, although to a far less ex- 
tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- 
gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also 
has a modified control over medical practitioners, 
under the terms of the statute popularly known 
as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its 
powers thereunder, it lias kept out or expelled 
from the State an army of irregular practition- 
ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- 
ard of professional qualilication. 

HEALY, (ieorsre r. A., artist, was born in 
Boston. July \'>. 18(l.s. and early manifested a 
predilection for art, in which he was encouraged 
by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face 
of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned 
some money bj- his art, he went to Europe to 
study, spending two years in Paris and a like 
period in London. In 18.5.') he came to Chicago, 
contemi)Iating a stay of three weeks, but re- 
mained until 1867. During this time he is said 
to have painted .57.5 i)ortraits, many of them 
being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago 
and of the State. Many of his picture.s, depositeii 
in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society 
for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of 
1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent cliiefly 
in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he 



painted the portraits of a large number of royal 
personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, 
as also, in this country, the jwrtraits of Presidents 
and other distinguished persons. One of his his- 
torical pictures was "Webster Replying to 
Hayne," in which 1.50 figures are introduced. A 
few j-ears before his death, Mr. Healy donated a 
large numter of his pictures to the Newterry 
Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 
24, 1894. 

HEATOX, William Weed, lawyer and jurist, 
was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., 
April 18, 1814. After completing his academic 
studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, 
but soon began tha study of law, and, in 1838, 
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 
1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., wliere he resided 
until his death. In 1861 lie was elected Judge of 
the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, 
and occupied a seat upon the bench, through 
repeated re-elections, until liis death, which 
occurred Dec. 20, 1877, while .serving as a mem- 
ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. 

HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- 
triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, 
Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his 
native country as a lawyer and jxilitician ; was a 
member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a 
leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was 
forced, with many of liis compatriots, to find a 
refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled 
as a farmer at Suinmerfield, in St. Clair County, 
III. He took a deep interest in politics and, being 
earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined 
the Republican party, and took an active part in 
the campaigns of 18.56 and '60. In 1861 lie was 
commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- 
nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the *< 
command of the Eighty -.secoiul. He was a brave 
soldier, and actively participated in the battles 
of Mis.sionarv Ridge and. Chancellorsville In 
1864 he resigned his commission and returned to 
his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, 
Mo., March 24, ISSl. 

HEDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- 
rated in 187.5 anil conducted under the auspices of 
the Methodist IC|)iscopal Church, at Abingdon, 
Knox County. 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen 
instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, 
of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The 
bi-anehes taught include the sciences, the cUissics, 
music, fine arts, oratory and jireparatorj- courses. 
The institution has funds and endowment 
amounting to $55,000, and property valued at 
$1.58.000. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



229 



HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and 
first Maj'or of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- 
land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of 
Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of tlie Revolution. 
In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, 
descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- 
etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across 
the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and 
final!}' to St. Louis, where he joined another 
brother (Edward), with wliom he soon began the 
study of law. Having been atlmitted to the bar 
in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- 
moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office 
of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the 
Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 
and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- 
lature. In 1829 Jlr. Hempstead located at Galena, 
111., which continued to be his home for the re- 
mainder of his life, and where he was one of the 
earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- 
ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. 
Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a 
partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- 
moters of the old Chicago & Galena L^nion Rail- 
road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern) , 
serving upon the first Board of Directors; was 
elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in 
the early days of the Civil War, was appointed 
by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. 
Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- 
stead), an older brother of the preceding, already 
mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding 
various po.sitions at Vincennes. Indiana Territory, 
under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at 
St Louis and became the first Territorial 
Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory 
(1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an 
accident, August 10, 1817.— Stephen (Hemp- 
stead), another member of this historic family, 
was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to "54. Died, 
Feb. 16. 1883. 

HEXDERSOJf, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, 
was born at Brownsville, Tenn. , Nov. 19, 1824: 
came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a 
farm, but received an academic education. In 
1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- 
missioners" Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, 
Clerk of the County Court of the same count}', 
serving in that capacity for four years. Mean- 
while he had studied law and had been admitted 
to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a 
member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered 
the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One 
Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and 



served until the close of the war, being brevetted 
Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a 
Republican Presidential Elector for the State at- 
large in 1868, and. in 1874, was elected to Congress 
from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- 
tinuously imtil March, 1895. His home is at 
Princeton. 

HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- 
lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky. , Nov. 16, 
1798. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled 
in Tennessee, where he held many positions of 
public trust, including that of State Senator. In 
1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, 
was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- 
sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, 
being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the 
unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- 
Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 
1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. 

HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 
380 square miles of territory, located in the west- 
ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- 
sissippi River. The first settlements were made 
about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. 
Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk 
War, but revived after the removal of the Indians 
across the Mississippi. The county was set off 
from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the 
county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 
9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- 
stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- 
bered. Population (1900). 10,836 

HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam 
County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois 
River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles 
southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of 
Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, 
two grain elevators, three churches, a graded 
school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping 
point for produce by the river. The Hennepin 
Canal, now in process of construction from the 
Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of 
Rock River, leaves tlie Illinois about two miles 
above Hennepin. Population (1880). 623; (1890), 
574; (1900), .523. 

HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) 
friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 
1640. After several years of clerical service in 
Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by 
his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. 
In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- 
rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- 
sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of 
Lake Michigan, early in the following year (1680), 
La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 



230 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



side of the Illinois River, a little below the 
present site of Peoria, which afterwards received 
the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February. 
1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La 
Salle, with two companions, by way of the 
mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- 
sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his part}' 
was captured by the Sioux and carried to the 
villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, 
but finally rescued. During his captivity he 
discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he 
named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to 
Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he 
published a work describing La Salle's first 
expedition and his own explorations. Although 
egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work 
was a valuable contribution to historj-. Because 
of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France 
for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- 
nary volume, in wliich he set forth claims as a 
discoverer which have been wholly discredited. 
His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 
1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country 
Larger than Europe." It was a compilation 
describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the 
Mississippi. His three works have been trans- 
lated into twenty-four different languages. He 
died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. 

HENNEPIN CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis- 
sippi Canal.) 

HENRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on 
the west bank of the Illinois River and on the 
Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of 
Peoria. There is a combination railroad and 
wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at 
this point. The city is a thriving commercial 
center, among its industries being grain eleva- 
tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has 
two national banks, eight churches and two 
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,728; (1890) 
1..^12; (UHIO) 1,037. 

HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born 
in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 18'22, locating 
at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- 
tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day 
and attended school at night: engaged in mer- 
chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and 
was soon after elected Sheriff; .served in tlie Win- 
nebago AVar (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the 
Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel 
and Colonel, finally being placed in command of 
a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad 
Axe, bis success in both winning for him great 
popularity. His exposures brought on disease of 



the lungs, and. going South, he died at New 
Orleans. March 4, 1834. 

HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
counties of Northern Illinois, near the western 
border of the State, having an area of 830 square 
miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- 
can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who 
located in 183.5 on what afterwards became the 
town of Colona. During the two years following 
several colonies from the eastern States settled at 
different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. 
The act creating it was passed in 1825, though 
organization was not completed until 1837. The 
first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- 
(lueut county-seats have been Richmond (1837); 
Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- 
bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 
33,338; (1900), 40.049. 

HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated 
"Long Nine" members of the General Assembly 
of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., 
Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, 
Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to 
Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- 
field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile 
business ; served eight years in the Slate Senate 
(1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 
1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was 
the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- 
ner of Abraham Lincoln. 

HERNDON, Uilliam H., lawyer, was born at 
Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- 
nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, 
and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois 
College in 1836, but remained only one j'ear on 
account of bis father's hostility to the supposed 
abolition influences prevailing at that institution ; 
spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- 
field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- 
coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar 
and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- 
tinuing until the election of the latter to the 
Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- 
nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote 
the advancement of his distinguished partner. 
The offices lie held were tliose of City Attorney, 
Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- 
ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, 
and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published 
a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — 
afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume 
edition by the Messrs. Appleton. New Y'ork. 
Died, near Springfield. March 18. 1891. 

HERRINGTGN, Aiiirustus .M., lawyer and iK)li- 
tiiian, was born at or near Meadville. Pa., in 1833; 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



231 



when ten years of age was brought by his father 
to Chicago, the family removing two years later 
(1835) to Geneva. Kane Countj% where the elder 
Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was 
admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- 
nence as a Democratic politician, serving as 
Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
185G, and as a delegate to Democratic National 
Conventions in 1860. "64. '68, "76 and "80. and was 
almost mvariably a member of the State Conven- 
tions of his party during the same period. He 
also served for many years as Solicitor of the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- 
neva. Kane Count}'. August 14. 1883. — James 
(Herrington) . brother of the preceding, was born 
in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to 
Chicago in 1833, but. two years later, was taken 
by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 
he was apprenticed to the printing business on 
the old "Chicago Democrat"" (John Wentworth. 
publisher), remaining until 1848. when he returned 
to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being 
also connected for a year or two with a local 
paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- 
maining in ofiice eight years; also served three 
terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving 
continuously in the lower branch of the General 
Assembly from 1873 to 1886. He was also a mem- 
ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- 
quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. 
Died. July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., 
father of the two preceding, was a Representative 
in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for 
the District embracing the counties of Kane, 
McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. 

HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was 
born at Copenhagen. Denmark, in 1847; gradu- 
ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, 
and after pursuing the study of medicine for two 
years, emigrated to this countrj' in 1869. After 
various experiences in selling sewing-machines, 
as bank-clerk, and as a farm-liand, in 1876 Mr. 
Hertz was emploj^ed in the Recorder's office of 
Cook County; in 1878 was record- writer in the 
Criminal Court Clerk's office ; in 1884 was elected 
Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. 
In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- 
urer, lie was defeated, but. in 1896, again a 
candidate for the same office, was elected b)' a 
majorit}' of 11.5,000, serving until 1899. He is 
now a resident of Chicago. 

HESI\G, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- 
cian, was born in Prussia in 1823 ; left an orphan at 
the age of 1.5. he soon after emigrated to America, 
landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- 



cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- 
cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small 
hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he 
was for a time engaged in the manufacture of 
brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook 
County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased 
an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " 
and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he 
admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- 
nership, installing him as general manager. 
Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington 
(Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, May 14. 1849. educated at Chicago 
and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 
1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he 
returned to Chicago and began work upon "The 
Staats Zeitung. "' later becoming managing editor, 
and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young 
man he was made a member of the Chicago 
Board of Education, but declined to serve a 
second term. In 1872 he entered actively into 
politics, making speeches in both English and 
German in support of General Grant's Presi- 
dential candidacy. Later ho affiliated with the 
Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic 
nomination for the Chicago mayoraltj', being 
defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 
1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland 
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four 
years. His administration was characterized by 
a high degree of efficiency and many improve- 
ments in the service were adopted, one of the 
most important being the introduction of postal 
cars on the street-railroads for the collection of 
mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- 
pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated 
by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic 
nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. 

HETWORTH, a village of McLean County, on 
the Illinois Central Railway. 10 miles soutli of 
Bloomington; has a bank, cliurches, gas wells, 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), .566; (1900), 683. 

HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at 
Bethel. Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7. 1824. his 
early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- 
ance upon the common schools. After a short 
term in an academy at Randolph. Vt. . at the age 
of 18 he began the studj' of law at Rutland — also 
fitting himself for college with a private tutor. 
Later, having obtained means by teaching, he 
took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- 
mont University, graduating from the latter in 
1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- 
ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 



232 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later continuing his studies at Duilinfcton and 
finally, iu the fall of 18"):{. removing to Chicago. 
Here he oi)ened a law office in connection with 
his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- 
son, but early iu the following j-ear removed to 
Freejwrt, where he subsequenth' served as City 
Attorney, blaster in Chancery and President of 
the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 
1860. lie became a member of the law firm of 
Cornell. .Jameson & Ilibbard. and still' later the 
head of the firm of Ilibbard. Kicb & Noble. In 
1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond 
Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, 
serving during the life of the law. He was also, 
for some time, a Director of the National Bank 
of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American 
Insuraiino Company. Died. Nov. 14, 1897. 

HICKS, Stcplion U., lawyer and soldier of 
three wars, was born in .Tackson County. Ga., 
Feb. 22, 1H07— the .son of John Hicks, one of the 
seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, 
Jan. 8. IHl.i. Leaving the roof of a stepfather 
at an early age, he found his vrny to Illinois, 
working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, 
and later at the cariienter's trade with an uncle : 
served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, 
finally locating in Jefferson County, where he 
studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here 
he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth 
General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- 
sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early 
in the Mexican War (1840) he recruited a com- 
pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was 
chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of 
the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his 
professicin at Salem, Marion County. He 
promptly raised a company which became a part 
of tlie Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of 
which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- 
ment saw active .service in the campaign in West- 
ern Tennessee, including tlie battle of Shiloli, 
where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded 
through the lungs, only recovering after some 
months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined 
his regiment in July following, but fouiul him- 
self compelled to accept an honorable liischarge, 
a few months later, on account of disiibility. 
Having finally recovered, he was restoreil to his 
old command, and served to the close of the war. 
In Octoljer. 1863, he w.^s placed in command at 
Paducah. Ky., where he remained eighteen 
months, after which he was transferred to Colum- 
bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the 
place was desperately assaulted by the rebel 



Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the 
rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1.200 
killed and woun<led. After the war Colonel 
Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 
1869, and was buried, in accordance with his 
request, in the folds of the American flag. Born 
on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat 
curiovis coincidence that the death of this brave 
sr)lilier should have occurred on the annivers;iry 
of that of the "Father of His Country." 

HKiliEK. Chaiincry L., lawyer and Judge, was 
Iwrn iu Clermont Covmty. Ohio. Sept. 7. 1821, 
and settled in Pike County. III., in 1844. He 
early took an interest in politics, being elected to 
the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and 
two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he 
was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and 
was re-elected in 1867. 'I'i. and '79. In 1877. and 
again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the 
Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7. 1884. 

HI(i(iIXS, Van Holli$i, lawyer, was born in 
Genessee County. N. Y , and received his early 
education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to 
Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as 
clerk in his brother's store, taught some months 
in Vermilion County; then went to St. Louis, 
where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The 
Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial 
pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 
111., where he read law and was admitted to tlie 
bar; in 1845, established himself iu practice in 
(ialena. served two years as City Attorney there, 
but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- 
ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 18.58 
he was elected as a Republican Representative in 
the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- 
eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, 
and was a zealous supporter of the Government 
during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Iliggiiis 
was successful as a lawyer and business man. and 
was connected with a number of important busi- 
ness enterprises, especially in connection with 
real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- 
eral local societies of a professional, social and 
patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 
17, 1S93. 

HI(i(»INSO\, Charles M., civil engineer and 
Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- 
go, July 11, 184G — t he son of George M.Higginson, 
who located in Chicago about 184:^ and engageil 
in the real-estate business; was educated at the 
Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., 
and entered the engineering department of the 
Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, 
remaining until 1875, He then became the pur- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



233 



chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw 
Railroad, but, a 3'ear later, returned to Chicago, 
and soon after assumed the same position in con- 
nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 
being transferred to the Auditorship of the 
latter road in 1879. Later, lie became assistant 
to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his 
death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 0, 
1809. Mr. Higginson was, for several years, 
President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
and a member of the Board of Managers of the 
Young Jlen's Christian Association of Chicago. 

HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born 
at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came 
to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State 
University, at Madison, in 1804, also serving for 
a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment 
Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi- 
gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to 
Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the 
winter of 1871-73 in Salt Lake City and, in the 
absence of the United States District Attorney, 
conducted the trial of certain Slormon leaders for 
connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow 
. Massacre, also acting as correspomlent of "The 
New York Times," his letters being widely 
copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high 
rank in his profession. He was the author of 
several volumes, including treatises on "The Law 
of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of 
England and America, "and "Extraordinary Legal 
Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- 
tions," which are accepted as high authoritj' with 
the profession. In 1870 he published a revised 
edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all 
his legal arguments, together with a memoir of 
his hfe. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. 

HKiHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of 
Madison County, founded in IH'ii) and located on 
the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its 
manufacturing industries include a milk-con 
densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, 
breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains 
several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic 
Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — 
one German. The early settlers were Germans 
of the most thrifty and enterprising clas.ses. 
The surrounding country is agricultural. Popu- 
lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,8.57; (1900, decennial 
census), 1,970. 

HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of 
Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. 
it has a salubrious site on a blutf 100 feet above 



Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and 
health resort. It has a large hotel, several 
churches, a military academy, and a weekly 
paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions 
here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. 

HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator, 
was born in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833 ; at 
15 removed to the State of New York and after- 
wards to Harrisburg. Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- 
dere, 111., where he began the practice of law, 
also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township 
Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the 
war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- 
portant elective office was that of Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he 
was elected Representative in the General Assem- 
bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in 
the House he took a prominent part in the legis- 
lation which resulted in the organization of the 
Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup 
was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 
1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern 
District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During 
the last few years much of his time has been 
spent in California for the benefit of the health 
of some members of his family. 

HILL, Charles Angustiis, ex-Congressman, 
was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., 
August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education 
by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 
18.54 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will 
County, where, for several years, he taught 
school, as he had done while in New York. 
Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being 
Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he 
was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will 
County in 1860, and, in 1862. enlisted in the 
Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the 
battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned 
First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- 
ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained 
until the close of the war, rising to the rank of 
Captain. In 186.5 he returned to Joliet and to the 
practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected 
State's Attorney for the district comprising Will 
and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- 
tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican 
candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois 
District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 
by Lewis Steward, Democrat. 

HILLSBORO. an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, 
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 
miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures 
are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 



234 



niSTOEiCAL encyclopp:dia of illixois. 



furniture and woolen goods. It has a high 
school, banks and two weekly newspajjers. The 
surrounding region is agricultural, though con- 
siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- 
tion (ISSO), 2,858; (1890). 2,r>00; (I'JOO), 1,937. 

HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on 
the Roclielle Division of the Chicago, Burlington 
& Quiiicy Hailroad. 18 miles west of Aurora, in 
rich agricultural and dairj'ing region: has grain 
elevators, brick and tile works, water system and 
electric light plant. Pep. (1890), 490; (1900), .587. 

HIXRICHSEX, William H., ex-Secretary of 
State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, 
Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at 
the University of Illinois, spent four years in the 
office of his father, who was stock-agent of the 
Wabash Railroad, and six years (1S74-80) as 
Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County ; then Avent 
into the newspaper busiiies-s, editing the Jack.son- 
ville "Evening Courier," until 188(5, after which 
he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 
1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- 
sumed his place on ' 'The Courier. ' ' He was Clerk 
of the House of Representatives in 1891, and 
elected Secretary of State in 1892. serving until 
January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- 
ber of the Democratic State Central Committee 
since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- 
ing 1894-96. In 1S96 Mr. Ilinrich.sen was the 
nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- 
teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 
majority, but faileil to secure a renomination in 
1898. 

HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and 
popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- 
lington A: l^uinc}' Railroad, 17 miles west-.south- 
west of Cliicago. It has four cluirt^hes. a graded 
school, an academy, electric light plant, water- 
works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (1890), 1,.584; (1900). 2.578. 

HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at 
Han-son, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; 
studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard 
Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, 
soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- 
tice of his profession in Cliicago. In 1809 Mr. 
Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional 
Convention, which was the only important pub- 
lic office that he held, though his capacity was 
recognized by his election to the Presidency of 
that body. Died, May 6, 1881. 

HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergj-man, was born 
April 13, 1813. at Lebanon, X. Y., entered the 
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
1834, and, after supplying various charges in 



that State during the next five years, in 1839 
came to Chicago, becoming one of the most 
influential factors in the Methodist denomination 
in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 
1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- 
siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, 
Belvidere, Rockford, Jlount Morris, St. Charles 
and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with 
two years' .service (1841-43) as agent of Rock 
River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant 
labors being interrupted at two or three periods 
by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- 
annuated relation. From 1853 to '80, inclusive, 
he was a delegate every four years to the General 
Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of 
the 'Western Book Concern, and, as the junior 
representative, was placed in charge of the 
depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the 
Senior .\gent. and so remaining until 1880. His 
subsequent service included two terms as Presid- 
ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; 
the position of Superintendent of the Chicago 
Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; 
Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he 
assisted to organize), his hist position being that 
of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- 
ates' Relief Association. He was also inlluential 
in securing the establishment of a church paper 
in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern 
University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, 
while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, 
X. J., Nov. 12. 1898. 

HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, 
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 
— the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his 
slaves and removed to L'rbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 
1829 the son l)egan the study of engineering and, 
removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- 
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
Jlichigan Canal, later being employed in survey- 
ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at 
Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk 
War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson 
Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period 
resumed surveying and, having settled in La 
Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that 
county. In 1801 he joined Colonel Cushman, of 
Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third 
Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service 
in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- 
Colonel. The regiment took part in various 
battles, including those of .Shiloh, Corinth and 
La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt 
received an injury by being thrown from his 
horse which compelled his resignation and from 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



335 



which he never fully recovered. Returning to 
Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his 
death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of 
Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of tlie 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and 
uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount 
Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself 
with the Republican party on the breaking out 
of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree 
Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. 

HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born 
at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1838; in 1845 entered 
the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., 
graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 
111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, 
in 1832, entered into the forwarding and com- 
mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile 
devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1833 
he began buying and selling real estate while 
continuing his farming operations, adding thereto 
coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate 
from La Salle County to the State Convention at 
Bloomington which resulted in the organization 
of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing 
to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate 
business there; in 1862 was appointed on a com- 
mittee of citizens to look after the interests of 
wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort 
Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at 
Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- 
ing the war he engaged to some extent in the 
business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. 
Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and 
the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, 
was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- 
mission to lay out the park S3'stem of Chicago. 
Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he 
aided in the erection of the Woman's College in 
connection with the Northwestern University. 
In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent 
to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp 
lands within its limits, and has given much of 
his attention to that business since. 

HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born 
at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When ha was 
three years old his parents removed to Illinois, 
settling in Ogle County. His education was 
acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount 
Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. 
In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who 
reported the celebrated debate of that year 
between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 
1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the 
United States embassy at Paris, serving as First 
Secretary of Legation and Charge d' Affaires ad 



interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 
1881, but resigned the post in 1882. having been 
elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- 
trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death 
of R. M. A. Hawk. Bj' eight successive re-elec- 
tions he has represented the District continuously 
since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- 
ice. In that time he has taken an important 
part in the deliberations of the House, serving as 
Chairman of many important committees, not- 
ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has 
been Chairman for several terms, and for which 
his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 
1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a 
member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and 
report upon a form of government for that por- 
tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. 
Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for 
the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably 
considered for the position of Minister to Eng- 
land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 
1898. 

HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin 
in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a 
brief experience in newspaper work, enli.sted, in 
1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was 
assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. 
Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- 
pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy 
Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- 
trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as 
reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later 
was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago 
Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was 
editor of "The Jacksonville Dailj' Journal" and 
"The Chicago Morning Courier, '" also being, for 
some years from 1869, Western Manager of the 
American Press Association. In 1876, Mr, Hobart 
became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" 
(Chicago), with which he remained until the 
clo.se of the year 1898, when he retired to give his 
attention to real-estate matters. 

HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor 
(1861-65), was born at Herford, Prus.sia, in 1822, 
and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- 
go the same year. There he became a boot-black in 
a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching 
a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now 
Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating 
as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented 
that county in the River and Harbor Convention 
at Chicago. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, 
the following year, entered the City Council. 
Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, 
and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 



236 



UISTOIJICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



forced to assign in 1861. He early became a 
recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor 
to tliB German press, and, in 18r)6, was nominated 
for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican 
State ticket with AVilliani II. Bissell, but was 
found ineligible by reason of his short residence 
in the United States, and witlidrew, giving place 
to John Wood of Quincy. In 1800 he was again 
nominated, and liaving in tlie meantime become 
eligible, was elected. In 1804 he was a Repub- 
lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and 
assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He 
was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for 
the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul 
at Chicago for several German States. For a 
number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been 
editor of an agricultural paper in Southern 
Wisconsin. 

IIOG.VN, John, clergyman and early politician, 
was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, 
Ireland, Jan. 2, 1803; brought in childluxxl to 
Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at 
eight years of age, learned tlie trade of a shoe- 
maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- 
dist preaclier, and, coming west the same year, 
preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois 
and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss 
Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon 
after, liaving retired from the itinerancy, engaged 
in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. 
In 1836 he was elected Representative in the 
Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, 
two }-ears later was appointed a Commissioner of 
Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840. was 
made Pre.<;ident of the Boanl ; in 1841 was ap- 
pointed by President Harrison Register of the 
Land Office at Dixon, wliere he remained until 
184.5. During the anti-slavery e.xcitement which 
attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy 
in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- 
garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the 
pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the 
Land Office at Dixon, he removeil to St. Louis, 
where he engaged in tlie wholesale grocery busi- 
ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, 
but later co-operated with tlie Democratic party; 
in 18.57 he was appointed by President Buchanan 
Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until 
the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1804 was 
elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- 
gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate 
to the National Union (Democratic) Convention 
at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement 
from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to 
oflBciate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed 



a speaker of Unusual eloquence anil ability. His 
death occurred, Feb. .'i. 1H'J2. He is author of sev- 
eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- 
souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. 
Louis," and a "History of Methodism." 

HO(iE, JosepJi P., Congressman, was born in 
Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 
111., in 1830, where he attained prominence as a 
lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative 
in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of 
the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. 
In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and lie- 
came a Judge in that State, dying a few years 
since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- 
sented to have been a man of much ability and a 
graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge wa.s a 
son-in-law of Thoniiis C. Browne, one of the Jus- 
tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who 
held office until 1H48. 

HOLLISTrU, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- 
cian, was born at Riga, X. Y.. in 1824; was 
brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- 
fancy, but Ills father having died, at the age of 17 
went to Rochester. X. Y., to be educated, finally 
graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, 
Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, 
Mich. Two years later lie removed to Grand 
Rapids and, in 185.5. to Chicago, where he held, 
for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- 
omj' in Rush Medical College, and, in 18,56, be- 
came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical 
College, in which he has held various chairs. He 
also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and 
was, for twenty j-ears. Clinical Profes.sor in the 
.same in.stitution; was President of the State 
Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- 
urer. Other positions lipid by him have been 
those of Trustee of the American Medical A.ssoci- 
ation and editor of its journal, President of the 
Young Men's Cliristian Association and of the 
Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been 
prominent in Sunday School and church*work in 
connection with the Armour Mission, with whicli 
he has been associated for many years. 

HOME FOR JlYKMLi: OFFENDERS, (FE- 
MALE). Tlie establishment of this institution 
was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, wliich 
appropriated .?75.000 towards its erection and 
maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be e.\- 
pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for 
Girls. ) It is designed to receive girls between the 
ages of 10 and 16 committeil thereto by any court 
of record u]K)n conviction of a misdemeanor, tlie 
term of commitment not to be less than one 
year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the 



K 
O 

M 

O 
fO 

C 
<! 

W 

r 
w 

w 
> 
w 
o 

M 

o 

w 

O 
W 




HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



237 



Peace, however, may send giris for a term not 
less than three months. The act of incorporation 
provides for a commutation of sentence to be 
earned by good conduct and a prolongation of 
the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are 
empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- 
tice the girls or to adopt them out during their 
minority. Temporary quarters were furnislied 
for the Home during the first two years of its 
existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings 
for the institution have been erected on the 
banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. 

HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on 
the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest 
from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast 
from Cliampaign. It supports a carriage factory ; 
also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, 
an opera house, and one weekly paper The 
region is chiefly agricultural. Population (18,S0), 
924; (1890). 917; (1900), 1,080. 

HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws 
have been defined to be "legislation enacted to 
secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home 
and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- 
ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- 
pied by the family or individual, from liability to 
be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, 
and by restricting his rights of free alienation," 
In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm 
and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- 
ing a family, and occupied as a residence, 
whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the 
value of SI, 000. The exemption continues after 
death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or lius- 
band occupying the homestead, and also of the 
children, if any, until the youngest attain the 
age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in 
releasing the exemption, but the property is 
always liable for improvements thereon. — In 18G2 
Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead 
Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers 
on public lands under certain restrictions as to 
active occupancy, under which most of that 
class of lands since taken for settlement have 
been purchased. 

HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the 
Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- 
cago. Population, (1900), 352. 

HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, 
was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822; at the age of 
18 entered the theater as a luusician and, four 
years later, came to America, soon after forming 
an association with E. P. Christy, the originator 
of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went 
under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted 



a company of minstrels through the principal 
towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to 
some of the chief cities on the continent ; re- 
turned to America five years later, and subse- 
quently managed houses in San Francisco, 
Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finallj- 
locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained 
the rest of his life, — his tlieater becoming one of 
the most widely known and popular in the city. 
Died, Sept. 8, 1893. 

HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion 
County, at the intersection of the Chicago it East- 
ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- 
roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain 
elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, 
carriage and machine shops, and two large can- 
ning factories, besides two banks and one daily 
and three weekly newspapers, several churches, 
a high school and a business college. Population 
(1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. 

HOPKIXS, Albert J., Congressman, was born 
in De Kalb County, III, August 15, 1846. After 
graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, 
he studied law and began practice at Aurora. 
He rapidly attained jirominence at the bar, and, 
in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane 
County, serving in that capacity for four years. 
He is an ardent Republican and high in the 
party's councils, having been Chairman of the 
State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a 
Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan 
ticket in 1834. T!ie same year he was elected to 
the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District 
(now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- 
elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 
1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- 
tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the 
Select House Committee on Census ami a member 
of the Committees on Ways and Jleans, and Mer- 
chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was 
strongly supported for tlie Republican nomina- 
tion for Governor. 

HOUtiHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer 
and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 
26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- 
een began learning tlie printer's trade in the office 
of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his 
majority became a journeyman printer and, in 
1828, went to New York, spending some time in 
the employment of the Harper Brothers. After 
a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of 
"The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1884, 
again %vent to New York, taking with him a 
device for throwing the printed sheet off the 
press, which was afterwards adopted on the 



238 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next 
move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by 
way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, 
working for a time in the office of the old "St. 
Louis Republican." He soon after went to 
Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later 
became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in 
the management of "The Northwestern Gazette 
and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole 
proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but 
resumed his connection with it the following 
year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold 
out. He afterwards spent some time on the 
Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to 
the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to 
Galena and, during the later years of his life, 
was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. 

HOVEY, Charles Ednard, educator, soldier 
and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., 
April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 
18.52, and became successively Principal of high 
schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. 
Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State 
Normal School at Normal, of which he was 
President from 18.57 to 1861 — being also President 
of the State Teachers" Association (18.56), mem- 
ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some 
years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- 
gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- 
missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois 
Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- 
Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was 
composed largely of teachers and young men 
from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted 
to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few 
months later, to' brevet Major-General for gallant 
and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military 
service in May, 1863, lie engaged in the practice 
of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in 'Washing- 
ton, Nov. 17, 1897. 

HOWLAXD, George, educator and author, was 
born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., 
July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst 
College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching 
in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- 
ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in 
Latin, Greek and French. He began the study 
of law, hut, after a year's reading, he abandoned 
it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- 
ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 
1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 
1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City 
Schools. This position he filled until August, 
1891, when he resigned. He also served iis Trus- 
tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a 



member of the Illinois State Board of Education, 
being President of that body in 1883. As an 
author he was of some note; his work being 
chiefly on educational lines. He published a 
translation of the .£neid adapted tu the use of 
schools, besides translations of some of Horace's 
Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssej-. He 
was also the author of an English grammar. 
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. 

HOYNE, Philip A., la^vJ■er and United States 
Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 
20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after 
spending eleven years alternately in Galena and 
Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, 
in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- 
er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five 
j-ears; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, 
and appointed United States Commissioner the 
same year, remaining in office until his death, 
Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the 
Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the 
Union League Club. 

Hl'BB.VKD, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and 
Indian trader, was born at Windsor. Vt., August 
22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, 
chieflj' in the employ of the American Fur Com- 
pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and 
for nine years traveled back and forth in the 
interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- 
barked in business on his own account, he estab- 
lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming 
a resident of Cliicago in 1832. From this time 
forward he became identified with the history 
and development of the State. He served with 
distinction during the Black llawk and Winne- 
bago Wars, was enterprising and puV)lic-spiriteiI, 
and did much to promote the early development 
of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature 
from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, 
was appointed by Governor Dimcan one of the 
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time 
he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, 
no man was more active or public-spirited 
in promoting its commercial development and 
general prosperity. He was identified with 
almost every branch of business upon which its 
growth as a commercial city depended, from that 
of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate 
operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- 
ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of 
early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, 
he was one of the most earnest supporters of 
Abraham Lincoln in the camijaign of 1860, was 
prominently identified with every local measure 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



239 



for the maintenance of tlie Union cause, and, for 
a year, lield a commission as Captain in the 
Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
known as tlie "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " 

HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was 
born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail- 
road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway 
as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- 
spatcher. In 1863 he entered the service of the 
Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, 
still later occupying the positions of Assistant 
Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- 
maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, wlien he 
resigned to become Assistant General Manager 
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1873 
he became associated with the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad, in connection with which he 
has held the positions of Superintendent, General 
Manager, Second Vice-President and President — 
the last of which (1899) be still occupies. 

HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near 
Rockford, III.. June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- 
raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- 
sequently engaged in teaching and the study of 
law. In 1873, having passed the required exami- 
nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but 
was rejected on account of sex. She then, in 
conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, 
interested herself in securing the passage of an 
act by the Legislature giving women the right 
that had been denied her, which having been 
accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted 
to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- 
fornia, March 27, 1877. 

HU>'T, Daniel D., legislator, was born in 
Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to 
De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been 
engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- 
ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- 
ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 
1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he 
was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 
1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous, 
service in one or the other branch of the General 
Assembly of sixteen years. During the session 
of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in 
the legislation which resulted in the location of 
the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De 
Kalb. 

HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was boru in Knox Count}', Ohio, in 1841 ; 
having lost both parents in childhood, came, 
with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In 
July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the 
Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran 



in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. 
After the close of the war, he studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar 
County, soon acquired a large practice. He was 
elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 
1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he 
received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both 
times, serving eight years. Among the im- 
portant questions with which General Hunt bad 
to deal during his two terms were the celebrated 
"anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the 
former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied 
through their counsel to tlie Supreme Court of 
the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- 
preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to 
grant them a new trial, which was refused. The 
case, on the part of the State, was conducted by 
General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- 
chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, 
Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. 
Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the 
plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, 
who had been condemned to life imprisonment, 
attempted to secure their release — the former by 
an application similar to that of 1887, and the 
latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham 
of the United States Circuit Court refusing a 
writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of 
these cases was had before the Supreme Court of 
the United States in January, 1892, General 
Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the 
plaintiffs— but with the same result as in 1887. 
General Hunt's management of these cases won 
for him much deserved commendation both at 
home and abroad. 

HUNTERjAndrew J., was born in Greenca.stle, 
Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by 
his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His 
early education was received in the common 
schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced 
his business life as a civil engineer, but, after 
three years spent in that profession, began the 
study of law and was admitted to the bar. He 
has since been actively engaged in practice at 
Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- 
sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 
1870, led the Democratic forlorn liope in the Fif- 
teenth Congressional District against General 
Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his 
party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his 
Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected 
Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, 
was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893, 
having been elected Congressman for the State- 



240 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- 
didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District 
again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a 
majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his 
Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. 

HUXTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in 
Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at 
the United States Military Academy in 1822. 
and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank 
of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant 
in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During 
this period he twice crossed the plains to the 
Rocky Mountains, but, in 18.36, resigned liis com- 
niis.sion and engaged in business in Cliicago, 
Re-entering tlie service as Payma.ster in 1842, he 
was Chief Payma.ster of General Wool's command 
in tlie Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed 
at New Orleans. Washington, Detroit, St. Louis 
and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of 
President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when 
the latter set out for AVashington in February, 
1801, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his 
collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was 
appointed Colonel of tlie Sixth United States 
Cavalry, May 14, 1801, three days later commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made 
Major-General. In the Mana.ssas campaign he 
commanded the main column of McDowell's 
army and was severely wounded at Bull Run ; 
served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded 
him in command in November, 1861, remaining 
imtil March. 1862. Being transferred to the 
Department of the Soutli in May following, he 
issued an order declaring the persons held as 
slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina 
free, which order was revoke<l by President Lin- 
coln ten days later. On account of the steps 
taken by him for the organization of colored 
troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring 
him, in case of capture, subject to execution as 
a felon. In May, 1804, he was placed in com- 
mand of the Department of the West, and. in 
180.^, served on various courts-martial, being 
President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- 
coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in 
March, 180.1, retired from active service Jidy, 
1800. and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1880. Gen- 
eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, 
the first permanent citizen of Chicago. 

Hl'RD, Harvey IJ., lawyer, was born in Fair- 
field County. Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 
15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life 
as oflice-l)oy in "The Bridgeport Standard." a 
joiirnal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 
1S44 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, 



but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 
1846. There he found temporary employment 
as a compositor, later commencing the study of 
law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A 
portion of the present city of Evanston is built 
upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. 
Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy 
with the old school and most radical type of 
Abolitionists, he took a ileep interest in the Kan- 
sas-Missouri troubles of 18.')e. and became a mem- 
ber of the "National Kansas Committee" 
appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y.) Convention, of 
which tody he was a member. He was chosen 
Secretary of the executive committee, and it is 
not too much to say that, largely through his 
earnest and poorly requited labors. Kansas was 
finally admitted into the L^nion as a free State. 
It was mainly through his efforts that seed for 
planting was gratuitously distributed among the 
free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a 
member of the Commission to revise the statutes 
of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving 
upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of 
his colleagues. The revision was completed in 
1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of 
Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- 
lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has 
been ordered by subsequent I^egislatures, Mr. 
Hurd has carried on the same character of work 
on independent lines, issuing new editions of the 
statutes from time to time, which are regarded as 
standard works by the bar. In 1875 lie was 
nominatetl by the Republican party for a seat on 
the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late 
Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he 
filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College 
of Law. His liome is in Evanston. 

HURLBl'T, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman 
and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, 
S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal 
education, and was admitted to tlie bar in 1837. 
Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making 
his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1847. in 1848 was an 
unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector 
on the Whig ticket, but. on the organization of 
the Republican party in IS'iG. promptly identified 
him.self with that party and was elected to the 
lower branch of the General As.sembly as a 
Republican in IS.'iS and again in 1860. During 
the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- 
tion from May. 1801. to July. 1805. He entered 
the service as Brigadier-General, commanding 
the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg 
Landing; was made a Major-General in Septem- 



w 

> 
M 

n 

> 



o 
r 




HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



241 



ber, 1863, and later assigned to the command of 
the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- 
sequently to the command of the Department of 
the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he 
served another term in the General Assembly 
(1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the 
State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869. was appointed 
by President Grant Minister Resident to the 
United States of Colombia, serving until 18T3. 
The latter year he was elected Representative to 
Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 
1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an 
independent Republican, but was defeated by 
William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 
he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and 
died at Lima, March 27, 1882. 

HUTCHIJfS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, 
N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 
1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- 
quently called the "Geographer"; was also an 



officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, 
and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the 
outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at 
Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- 
cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three 
years later he was charged with being in treason- 
able correspondence with Franklin, and im- 
prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to 
have devised the present system of Government 
survej's in this country, and his services in carry- 
ing it into effect were certainly of great value. 
He was the author of several valuable works, the 
best known being a "Topographical Description 
of Virginia." 

HUTSOXVILLE, a village of Crawford County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles 
south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The 
town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population 
(1890), 583; (1900), 743. 



ILLINOIS. 

(general history.) 



Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal 
Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth 
in present area and the third in point of popula- 
tion. A concise history of the region, of which it 
constituted the central portion at an early period, 
will be found in the following pages : 

The greater part of the territory now comprised 
within the State of Illinois was known and at- 
tracted eager attention from the nations of the 
old world — especially in France, Germany and 
England — before the close of the third quarter of 
the seventeenth century. More than one hun- 
dred years before the struggle for American Inde- 
pendence began, or the geographical division 
known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had 
an existence; before the names of Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, 
and while the early settlers of New England and 
Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, 
the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the 
maps of North America as distinct and definite 
as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that 
time forward, until it assumed its position in the 
Union with the rank of a State, no other section 
has been the theater of more momentous and 
stirring events or has contributed more material, 
affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- 
ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than 



that portion of the American Continent now 
known as the "State of Illinois." 

The "Illinois Country." — What was known 
to the early French explorers and their followers 
and descendants, for the ninety years which 
intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and 
La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to 
the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- 
scribed with great clearness and definiteness by 
Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who 
made the first survey of the Mississippi River 
soon after the transfer of the French possessions 
east of the Mississippi to the British, and who 
published the result of his observations in London 
in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a 
work of the highest authenticity, and is the more 
valuable because written at a transition period 
when it was of the first importance to preserve 
and hand down the facts of early French history 
to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries 
of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: 
"The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the 
Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on 
the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the 
east and the Ohio on the south." 

From this it would appear that the country lying 
between tlie Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to 
the west and northwest of the former, was not 
considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 



242 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



this agrees generallj' with the records of the 
early French explorers, except that they regarded 
the region which comprehends the site of the 
present city of Chicago — the importance of which 
appears to have been appreciated from the first 
as a connecting link between the Lakes and the 
upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the 
Gulf of Mexico — as l>elonging thereto 

OuioiN OF THE Name. — The "Country" appears 
to have derived its name from Inini. a word of 
Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- 
phemized by the French into Illini with the 
suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the 
term, applied both to the country and the Indians 
occupying it, has been still further defined as "a 
perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and 
the derivative has been used by the French 
chroniclers in various forms though always with 
the same signifioation — a signification of wliich 
the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well 
as their successors of a different race, have not 
failed to be duly proud. 

Boundaries and Area. — It is this region 
which gave the name to the State of which it 
constituted so large and important a part. Its 
boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio 
Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth 
of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- 
cerned, are identical with those given to the 
"Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is 
bounded on the north by Wisconsin; on the east 
by Lake Jlichigan, the State of Indiana and the 
Wabash River; southeast by the Oliio, flowing 
between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west 
and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- 
rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A 
peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the 
boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while 
the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle 
of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the 
Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north 
bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been 
a sort of concession on the part of the framers of 
the Act to our proud neighlxirs of tlie "Dark an<l 
Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies 
between the parallels of 36' 59' and 42' 30' north 
latitiKle, and the meridian of 10" 30' and 14° of 
longitude west from the city of Washington. 
From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of 
the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundarj- on the north, 
its estimated length is 38.5 miles, with an extreme 
breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- 
sissippi River at a point between Quincy and 
Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous 
course of its river and lake boundaries, which 



comprise alxiut three-fourths of the wliole, its 
physical outline is e.xtremely irregular. Between 
the limits descrited. it has an estimated area of 
56,650 stiuare miles, of whicli 650 srjuare miles is 
water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. 
This area is more tlian one and one-half times 
that of all New England (Maine being excepted), 
and is greater than that of any other State east 
of the Mississippi, except Michigan. Georgia and 
Florida — Wisconsin lacking onlj* a few Imndred 
square miles of the same. 

AVhen these figures are taken into account 
some idea may be formed of the magnificence of 
the domain comprised within the limits of the 
State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than 
that of England, more than one-fourth of that of 
all France and nearly half that of the British 
Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The 
possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil 
unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, 
by any other State of the Union and witli re- 
sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- 
merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of 
the globe, transcend all human conception. 

Streams and NA\noATiON.— Lying between 
the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the 
Ohio, with tlie Wabash on the east, and inter- 
sected from northea.st to southwest by the Illinois 
and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- 
tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once 
one of the best watered, as well as one of the most 
level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- 
mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, 
chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia 
draining the region between the Illinois and the 
Wabash, Rock River, in the nortliwestern ])ortion 
of the State, is most important on account of its 
valuable water-power. All of these streams were 
regarded as navigable for sotne sort of craft, dur- 
ing at least a portion of the j'ear, in the early 
history of the country, and with the magnificent 
Mississippi along the whole western border, gave 
to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters 
than that of any other single State. Although 
practical navigation, apart from the lake and by 
natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- 
sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate 
of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the 
smaller streams, when the people were dependent 
almost wholly upon some means of water com- 
munication for the transportation of heavy com- 
modities as well as for travel, could not be 
over-estimated, and it is not without its effect 
upon the productiveness of the .soil, now that 
water transportation has given place to railroads. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



243 



The whole number of streams shown upon the 
best maps exceeds 280. 

Topography. — In physical conformation the 
surface of the State presents the aspect of an 
inclined plane with a moderate descent in the 
general direction of the streams toward the south 
and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern 
end of the State and the point of lowest depres- 
sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 
300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at 
Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is 
reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern 
part of the State — 1,2.57 feet — while a spur from 
the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across 
the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson 
and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. 
The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast 
corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 
1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of 
the country between the Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. 
These included some of the most valuable species 
of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the 
different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, 
sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, 
hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- 
wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. 
The native fruits included the persimmon, wild 
plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of 
berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- 
berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. 
Most of the native growths of woods common to 
the south were found along the streams farther 
north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few 
others. 

Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, 
in the middle and northern portion of the State, 
which excited the amazement of early explorers, 
was the vast extent of the prairies or natural 
meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- 
uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of 
the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent 
upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other 
bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many 
sections there appears little to distinguish the 
soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent 
woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the 
character of their vegetation and other causes, 
for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and 
other productions has demonstrated that they do 
not lack in fertility, and the readiness with 
which trees take root when artificially propa- 
gated and protected, has shown that there is 
nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their 
growth. Whatever may have been the original 



cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt 
that annually recurring fires have had much to 
do in perpetuating their existence, and even 
extending their limits, as the absence of the same 
agent has tended to favor the encroachments of 
the forests. While originally regarded as an 
obstacle to the occupation of the country by a 
dense population, there is no doubt that their 
existence has contributed to its rapid develop- 
ment when it was discovered with what ease 
these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how 
productive they were capable of becoming when 
once brought under cultivation. 

In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the 
State as a whole, many sections present a variety 
of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland 
of the most pleasing character. This is espe- 
cially the case in some of the prairie districts 
where the undulating landscape covered with 
rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have 
presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- 
ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than 
diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- 
vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- 
cially on the upper Mis.sissippi and Illinois, and 
at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of 
a most picturesque variety. 

Animals, etc.— From this description of the 
country it will be easy to infer what must have 
been the varieties of the animal kingdom which 
here found a home. These included the buffalo, 
various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, 
wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks 
covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable 
paradise for game, both large and small, as well 
as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely 
travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- 
ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of 
tuAeys, that keep together in flocks often to the 
number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and 
mink were found along the streams. Most of 
these, especially the larger species of game, have 
disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the 
smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and 
the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- 
tected by law during certain seasons of the year, 
continue to exist in considerable numbers. 

Soil and Climate.— The capabilities of the 
soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- 
stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, 
Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than 
any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- 
rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural 
fertility. This is especially true of the "American 
Bottom, ' ' a region extending a distance of ninety 



244 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from 
a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, anil 
of an average width of live to eight miles. This 
was the seat of the first permanent white settle- 
ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it 
have been under cultivation from one liundred to 
one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. 
Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are 
found both upon the bottom-lands and in the 
prairies in the central portions of tlie State. 

Extending through five and one-half degrees of 
latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. 
Though subject at times to sudden alternations 
of temperature, these occasions have been rare 
since the country has been thoroughly settled. 
Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° 
in the nortliern part of the State and 56' in the 
southern, differing little from other States upon 
the same latitude. The mean winter temper- 
ature has ranged from 25° in the north to 34 in 
the south, and the summer mean from 07 in the 
north to 78' in the south. The extreme winter 
temperature has seldom fallen below 20' below 
zero in the northern portion, while the highest 
summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. 
The average difference in temperature between 
the northern and southern portions of the .State 
is about 10', and the difference in the progress of 
the seasons for the same sections, from four to six 
weeks. Such a wide varietj' of climate is favor- 
able to the production of nearly all the grains 
and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. 

Contest for Occupation. — Three powers 
early became contestants for the supremacy on 
the North jVmerican Continent. The first of 
these was Spain, claiming possession on the 
ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, 
basing her claim upon the discoveries of the 
Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a 
considerable part of the continent by virtue of 
the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier 
of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, 
and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain 
seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain 
was general, extending to both North and South 
America; and. while she early established her 
colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, 
the country was too vast and her agents too busy 
seeking for gold to interfere materiallj- with her 
competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans 
established small, though flourishing colonies, but 
they were not colonizers nor were the}' numeric- 
ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- 
ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. 
Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous 



in proselyting the aborigines, but while the 
former did not hesitate to torture their victims 
in order to extort their gold wliile claiming to 
save their souls, the latter were more gentle and 
beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, 
succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- 
ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They 
were tniders as well as missionaries, and this fact 
and the readiness with which they adapted them- 
selves to the habits of those whom they found in 
possession of the soil, enabled them to make the 
most e.xtensive explorations in small numbers 
and at little cost, and even to remain for un- 
limited periods among their aboriginal friends. 
On the other hand, the English were artisans and 
tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged 
in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they 
were later in planting their colonies in Virginia 
and New England, and less aggressive in the 
work of exploration, they maintained a surer 
foothold on the soil when they had once estab- 
lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- 
manence and steady growth of the English 
colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- 
nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than 
five-sevenths of the North American Continent — 
a result which has been illustrated in the history 
of every people that has made agriculture, manu- 
factures and legitimate commerce the basis of 
their prosperity. 

E.^RLY Explorations. — The French explorers 
were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of 
the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and 
their succe-ssors and descendants held undisputed 
possession of the country, as well as the greater 
part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that 
Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this 
whole region, but she was kept too busy else- 
where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she 
relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi 
Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to 
strengthen herself elsewhere. 

There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, 
while the English colonists who settled about 
Massachusetts Bay named that region "New 
England," the French gave to their possessions, 
from tlie St. Lawrence to the mouth t)f the Mis- 
sissippi, the name of "New France." and the 
Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, 
extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New 
Spain. " The boundaries of each were very indefi- 
nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the 
treaty of 1763. 

As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way 
of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



245 



called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered 
Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of 
Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- 
aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by 
the Frencli "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 16.58, two 
French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated 
as far west as "La Pointe"' on Lake Superior, 
where they opened up a trade with the Sioux 
Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the 
Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland 
and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later 
(166.5), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- 
sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern 
shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- 
lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. 
About the same time the mission of St. Ignace 
was established on the north shore of the Straits 
of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- 
macinac"). It is also claimed that the French 
traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, 
reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the 
claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers 
by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- 
gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of 
his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- 
ations about the head of the great lakes as far 
south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 
1670 and 1690, and to have held an important 
conference with representatives of numerous 
tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 
1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first 
discovery of lead mines in the West. 

Up to this time, however, no white man appears 
to have reached the "Illinois Country," though 
much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth 
in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- 
prising explorer who had already visited the Lake 
Superior region in search of copper mines, under 
a commission from the Governor of Canada, in 
company with Father Jacques Marquette and 
five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions 
and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, 
set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace 
on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting 
along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green 
Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached 
the country of tlie Mascoutins on Fox River, 
ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- 
consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- 
sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. 
Descending the Mississippi, which they named 
"Rio de la ConceptioQ. " they passed the mouth of 
the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have 
encountered the first Indians of the Illinois 
tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- 



tained. Later they discovered a rude painting 
upon the rocks on the east side of the river, 
which, from the description, is supposed to have 
been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to 
be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the 
present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The 
Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri 
River and the present site of the city of St. 
Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the 
Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called 
the village of the Akanseas, which has been 
assumed to be identical with the mouth of the 
Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether 
they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the 
Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf 
of Mexico," and fearing capture by the Spaniards, 
they started on their return. Reaching the 
mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream 
and ascended past the village of tlie Peorias and 
the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the 
latter being about where the town of Utica, La 
Salle County, now stands — at each of which they 
made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the 
Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake 
Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- 
turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the 
latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- 
qitette. ) 

The next and most important expedition to Illi- 
nois — important because it led to the first per- 
manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert 
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager 
and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- 
erer had spent several years in exploration in 
the lake region and among the streams south of 
the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has 
been claimed that, during this tour, he descended 
the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; 
also that he reached the Illinois by way of the 
head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, 
and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th 
parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to 
that stream by two years. The chief authority 
for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre 
Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- 
versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. 
The absence of any allusion to these discoveries 
in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed 
to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. 
However this may have been, there is conclusive 
evidence that, during this period, he met with 
Joliet while the latter was returning from one of 
his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an 
imagination fired by what he then learned, he 
made a visit to his native country, receiving a 



246 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



liberal grant from the French Government which 
enabled him to carry out his plans. With the 
aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward 
accompanied him in his most important expedi- 
tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, 
then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small 
vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a 
company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on 
the seventh of August, 16T9, for the West. This 
vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have 
been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated 
the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, 
and he carried with him material for a boat 
which he intended to put together on that 
stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
ber, bj' way of Lake Huron and the straits of 
Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- 
ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return 
with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
the starting point, to join him at the head of 
Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men 
and three missionaries in four canoes, he started 
southward, following the western shore of Lake 
Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, 
on Nov. 1, 16T9, and reached the mouth of 
the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of 
the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- 
vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks 
later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who 
had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon 
never was heard from again, and is supposed to 
have been lost on the return voyage. While 
waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward 
called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with 
the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his 
journey on the third of December. Ascending 
the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., 
now stands, he made a portage with his canoes 
and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- 
kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On 
the first of January he arrived at the great Indian 
town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had 
left for the last time nearly five years before, but 
found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a 
hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- 
nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria 
Lake and the next morning reached the Indian 
village of that name at the foot of the lake, and 
established friendly relations with its people. 
Having determined to set up his vessel here, he 
constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of 
the river about four miles south of the village. 
With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- 



quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River 
in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the 
first structure erected by white men in Illinois. 
This received the name "Creve-Coeur — "Broken 
Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, 
proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- 
patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- 
panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the 
mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which 
resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. 
Anthony, La Salle started on his return to 
Canada for additional assistance and the stores 
whicli he had failed to receive in consequence of 
the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- 
ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at 
Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and. having plundered 
the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled 
Tonty and five companions who had remained 
true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- 
nois near "Starved Rock," between where the 
cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where 
he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
Salle. In September, Tonty"s Indian allies hav- 
ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, 
he and his companions were again compelled to 
flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after 
having spent the winter among the Pottawato- 
mies in the present State of Wisconsin. 

During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle 
made two other visits to Illinois, encountering 
and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at 
each end of the journey. At the last visit, in 
company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had 
met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a 
separation of more than a year, he extended his 
exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of 
which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, 
in the name of "Louis the Grand. King of France 
and Navarre." This was the first expedition of 
white men to pass down the river and determine 
the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, 
in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into 
effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock," 
to which reference has been made under the 
name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said 
to have included store-houses (it was intended as 
a trading post), dwellings and a block-house 
erected on the summit of the rock, and to which 
the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a 
village of confederated Indian tribes gathered 
about its base on the south which bore the name 
of La Vantum. According to the historian, 
Parkman, the population of this colony, in the 



I 





HKNRY DE TONTV. 




FT. DEARBORN FROM THE WEST, iSoS. 




**b 




'^ 



WAR EAGLE, 



CHIEF CHICAGOL. 





Miiri' Ii!:.\Rl',oRN. 2D, IN 1S5;,, FROM THI-: SOITIIWHST. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



247 



days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 
20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort 
St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he 
made extensive excursions throughout the West. 
The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the 
Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the 
plea that the charter had been violated. It con- 
tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as 
late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians 
and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, 
and Starved Rock. ) 

Other explorers who were the contemporaries 
or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, 
Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the 
Northwest, and many of whom are known to have 
visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all 
of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut 
(called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, 
who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly 
from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of 
Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- 
man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of 
the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le 
Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, 
and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through 
Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an 
account in 1703. 

Chicago River early became a prominent point 
in the estimation of the French explorers and 
was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- 
nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably 
sometimes confounded with other streams about 
the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand 
Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, 
were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which 
portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to 
have been a part of the route first used by La 
Salle. 

Aborigines and Early Missions. — When the 
early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois 
Country" they found it occupied by a number of 
tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the 
"Illinois," which consisted of several families or 
bands that spread themselves over the country on 
both sides of the Illinois River, extending even 
west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the 
east, extending beyond the present western 
boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the 
Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation 
included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, 
Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the 
tribe from which Lake Blichigan took its name. 
(See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been 



a general drift of some of the stronger tribes 
toward the south and east about this time, as 
AUouez represents that he found the Miamis and 
their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay 
when he arrived there in 1670. At the same 
time, tliere is evidence that the Pottawatomies 
were located along the southern shore of Lake 
Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now 
known as "The Soo"), though within the next 
fifty years they had advanced southward along 
the western shore of Lake Jlichigan until they 
reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes 
from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and 
Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees 
were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- 
east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his 
visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: 
"Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the 
southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place 
called Chicago from the name of a small river 
which runs into the lake, the source of which is 
not far distant from that of the River Illinois." 
It does not follow necessarily that this was the 
Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to 
have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the 
early explorers, both to a region of country 
between the head of the lake and the Illinois 
River, and to more than one stream emptying 
into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- 
jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix 
was the Calumet, as his description would apply 
as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is 
other evidence that the Miamis, who were found 
about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during 
the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of 
Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- 
tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. 

From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- 
ceived a strong liking for the French, and being 
pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and 
Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the 
north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- 
ning of the eighteenth century we find them, 
much reduced in numbers, gathered about the 
French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- 
kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of 
the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. 
Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- 
sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the 
whites was attended with the usual results — 
demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- 
nation. The latter result was hastened by the 
frequent attacks to which they were exposed 
from their more warlike enemies, so that by the 
latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 



248 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved 
survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. 

During the early part of the French occupation, 
there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom 
the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- 
pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to 
have been a man of unusual intelligence and 
vigor of character, and to have exercised great 
influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to 
Paris, where he received the attentions due to a 
foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a 
command in an expedition against the Chicka- 
saws, who had been making incursions from the 
south. 

Such was the general distribution of the Indians 
in the northern and central portions of the State, 
within the first fifty years after the arrival of the 
French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- 
vanced farther south and occupieii a considerable 
share of the central portion of the State, and even 
extended to the mouth of the 'Wabash. The 
southern part was roamed over by bands from 
beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including 
the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas 
tribes, some of whom were very powerful and 
ranged over a vast extent of country. 

The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after 
the forts erected for purposes of defense, were 
undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the 
missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- 
tary post, established by La Salle in the winter 
of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph 
River within the boundaries of what is now the 
State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Cceur, partially 
erected a few months later on the east side of the 
Illinois a few miles below where the city of 
Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. 
Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates 
this fort at the present village of Wesley, in 
Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. 
Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of 
"Starved Rock," in tlie fall and winter of 1682, 
was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," 
but the first occupied. It has been claimed that 
Marquette estal>lislied a mission among tlie Kas- 
kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his 
first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- 
newed it in the spring of 167.'), when he visited 
it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission 
was more than a season of preaching to the 
natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, 
etc. ; at least the story of an established mission 
has been denied. That this devoted and zealous 
propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, 
is evident from his own journal. He gave to it 



the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate 
Conception," and, although he was compelled by 
failing health to abandon it almost immediately, 
it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by 
Father xVllouez, who had been active in founding 
missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it 
was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 
1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led 
to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently 
returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father 
Gravier, wliose labors extended from Mackinaw 
to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. 

There is evitlence that a mission had been 
established among the Miamis as early as 1698, 
under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by 
St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. 
This, for the reasons already given showing the 
indefinite use made of the name Chicago as 
applied to streams alxjut the head of Lake Michi- 
gan, probably referred to some other locality in 
the vicinit}'. and not to the site of the present 
city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there 
appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to 
have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the 
same locality as the mission. Speaking of his 
return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 
1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois 
Oct. .30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I 
was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by 
land, .\fter going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort 
Chicagou, where M. de la Durautaye com- 
manded." 

According to the best authorities it was during 
the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- 
ment was established by Fatlier Jacques Pinet 
among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia 
(or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles 
south of the present site of the city of East St. 
Louis. This was the first permanent settlement 
by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on 
the Illinois was broken up the same year. 

A few months after the establishment of the 
mission at Cahokia (which received the name of 
"St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the 
Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on 
the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the 
mouth of the river wliich bears their name, and 
the mission and village — the latter afterward 
becoming the first capital of the Territory and 
State of Illinois — came into being. This identity 
of names has led to some confusion in determin- 
ing the date and place of the first permanent 
settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's 
first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being 
given by some authors as that of the settlement 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



249 



at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven 
years later. 

Period of French Occupation.— As may be 
readily inferred frona the methods of French 
colonization, the first permanent settlements 
gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- 
kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later 
periods, but during the French occupation of the 
country, other villages were established, the 
most important being St. Philip and Prairie du 
Eocher ; all of these being located in the fertile 
valley now known as the "American Bottom," 
between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- 
kia. There were several Indian villages in the 
vicinity of the French settlements, and this 
became, for a time, the most populous locality in 
the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active 
trade carried on with the settlements near the 
mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of 
the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, 
pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even 
wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus 
to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, 
cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple 
wants of the people required, being brought back 
in return. These boats went in convoys of seven 
to twelve in number for mutual protection, three 
months being required to make a trip, of which 
two were made annually — one in the spring and 
the other in the autumn. 

The French possessions in North America went 
under the general name of "New France, " but their 
boundaries were never clearly defined, though an 
attempt was made to do so through Commission- 
ers who met at Paris, in 17.")3. They were under- 
stood by the French to include the valley of the 
St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to 
the northern boundaries of the British colonies ; 
the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of 
the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio 
westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the 
Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- 
tested by England on the east and Spain on the 
southwest, they comprehended the verj' heart of 
the North American continent, a region unsur- 
passed in fertility and natural resources and 
now the home of more than half of the entire 
population of the American Republic. That 
the French should have reluctantly yielded 
up so magnificent a domain is natural. And 
yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- 
rendering the region east of the Mississippi 
(except a comparativelj' small district near 
the mouth of that stream) to England, and the 
remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to 



which they had been reduced by a long series of 
devastating wars. (See French and Indian 
Wars. ) 

In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- 
patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a 
monopoly of the commerce, with control of the 
country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of 
Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- 
ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- 
newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of 
which the celebrated John Law was the head, 
and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the 
trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same 
year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had 
been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated 
with Louisiana and became part of that province. 
Law"s company received enlarged powers under 
the name of the "East Indies Company," and 
although it went out of existence in 1721 with 
the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," 
leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private 
fortunes in France and England, it did much to 
stimulate the population and development of the 
Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) 
New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres 
erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, 
son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- 
briant was the first commandant of Illinois and 
superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort 
Chartres. ) 

One of the privileges granted to Law's com- 
pany was the importation of slaves; and under 
it, in 1721, Phihp F. Renault brought to the 
country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred 
artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years 
later he received a large grant of land, and 
founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles 
north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became 
slave territory before a white settlement of any 
sort existed in what afterward became the slave 
State of Missouri. 

During 1721 the country under control of the 
East Indies Companj' was divided into nine civil 
and military districts, each presided over by a 
commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- 
cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest 
and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, 
was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the 
present State, with the country west of the Mis- 
ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree 
of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included 
the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, 
Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 
1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 



250 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was afterwards governed by officers appointed 
directly by tlie crown. (See Freiie/i Governors.) 

As early as September, 1699, an attempt was 
made by an expedition fitted out by the English 
Government, under command of Captains Barr 
and Clements, to take possession of the country 
about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground 
of prior discover}'; but they found the P'reuch 
under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, 
and they sailed away without making any further 
effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- 
while, in the early part of the next century, the 
English were successful in attaching to their 
interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes 
of the French, and held possession of Western 
New York and the region around the headwaters 
of the Ohio River, extending their incursions 
against the Indian allies of the French as far west 
as Illinois. The real struggle for territorj- be- 
tween the English and French began with the 
formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, 
and the grant to it by the English Government 
of half a million acres of land along the Ohio 
River, with the exclusive right of trading with 
the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this 
grew the establishment, in the next two years, of 
trading posts and forts on the Miami and JIaumee 
in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted 
French and Indian War, wliich was prosecuted 
with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the 
French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- 
ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- 
can continent. Among those who took part in 
this struggle, was a contingent from the French 
garrison of Fort Chartres. Nej-on de Villiers, 
commandant of the fort, was one of these, being 
the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- 
pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of 
saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with 
a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty 
of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by 
its terms Canada, and all other territory east of 
the Mississippi as far south as the northern 
boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great 
Britain, while the remainder, including the vast 
territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky 
Mountains, was given up to Spain. 

Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands 
of tlie British, although the actual transfer of 
Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it 
did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its 
veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come 
from Vincennes to assume command on the 
retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully 
for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. 



Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- 
lish Government. It is worthy of note that this 
was the last place on the North American con- 
tinent to lower the French flag. 

British Occupation. — The delay of the British 
in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," 
after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the 
surrender of their possessions in .-Vmerica by the 
treaty of 17G3, was due to its isolated position 
and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient 
force to establish the British authority. The 
first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, 
when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- 
cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a 
force of four himdred regulars, but, being met 
by a superior Indian force, was compelled to 
retreat. In August of the same j-ear, Capt 
Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western 
Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- 
sion of the Illinois Country. " This expedition 
got as far as Fort Miami on theMaumee, when its 
progress was arrested, and its commander nar- 
rowly escaped death. The next attempt was 
made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- 
uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name 
has been made historical by the celebrated speech 
of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from 
Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, 
Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany 
him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- 
kia, but met with so rough a reception from 
both the French and Indians, that he thought it 
advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by 
descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. 
Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth 
of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied 
by a party of friendly Indians, but having been 
captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he 
finally returned to Detroit without reaching his 
destination. The first British official to reach 
Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- 
scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred 
men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and 
received the surrender of the fort from the faith- 
ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that 
at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- 
ing the more wealthy, left rather than become 
British subjects. Those about Fort Cliartres left 
almost in a body. Some joined the French 
colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, 
crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then 
in Spanish territory. Much the larger number 
followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been 
established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, 
during the previous year, and which now received 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



251 



-what, in these later days, would be called a great 
"boom." 

Captain Stirling was relieved of his command 
at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. 
Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres 
were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel 
Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- 
tel. Chevalier de Roclieblave. The last had been 
an officer in the French army, and, having resided 
at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- 
pation of the country by tlie British. He was the 
last official representative of the British Govern- 
ment in Illinois. 

The total population of the French villages in 
Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, 
has been estimated at about 1.600, of which 700 
were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of 
Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- 
lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on 
the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770', at 
about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paiucourt," as it 
was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are 
.about forty private houses and as many families. " 
Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the 
French villages. In fact, although nominally in 
Spanish territory, it was essentially a French 
town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French 
garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, 
two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant. 
one Corporal and twenty men. ' ' 

Action of Continental Congress. — The first 
official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by 
the Continental Congress, was the adoption by 
that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three 
Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and 
Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, 
with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of 
Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, 
as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George 
Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was 
appointed agent and successor to these Commis- 
sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The 
promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, 
on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- 
mediately preceding and following that event, 
directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic 
coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were 
■watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the 
Government of King George in a quarter where 
it was least expected, and where it was destined 
to have an immense influence upon the future of 
the new nation, as well as that of the American 
continent. 

CoL. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. 
— During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, 



a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five 
years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing 
the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent 
trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people 
and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The 
report brought to him gave him encouragement, 
and, in December of the .same year, he laid before 
Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for 
the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were 
approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received 
authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men 
each for tliree months' service, and Governor 
Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding 
to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three 
companies, who were directed to rendezvous at 
Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- 
ville. It has been claimed that, in order to 
deceive the British as to his real destination, 
Clark authorized the announcement that the 
object of the expedition was to protect the settle- 
ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn 
Island another company was organized, making 
four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- 
man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having 
embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of 
the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the 
mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met 
by a party of eight American hunters, who had 
left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- 
ing his command, rendered good service as 
guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth 
of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, 
June 29, and, directing his course across the 
country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 
1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. 
The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- 
kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His 
force having, under cover of darkness, been 
ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile 
above the town, one detachment surrounded the 
town, while the other seized the fort, capturing 
Rocheblave and his little command without fir- 
ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and 
hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. 
This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- 
man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been 
sold by the French Government after the country 
was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having 
been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected'in 1736, 
and known afterward by the British as Fort 
Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, 
but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, 
and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. 
Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- 
cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 



252 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to 
Williamsburg, wliile his slaves were confiscated, 
the proceeds of their sale being divided among 
Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily 
conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured 
without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to 
Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre 
Gibault— the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- 
kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to 
swear allegiance to the United States, and, 
although tlie place was afterward captured by a 
Britisli force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 
24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together 
with a body of prisoners but little smaller than 
the attacking force, and §.50.000 worth of prop- 
erty. (See Clark, Col George Rogers. ) 

Under Govekxmext of Viuoini.\. — Seldom 
in the history of the worhl have such important 
results been achieved by such insignificant instru- 
mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as 
in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful 
conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely 
through Virginia enterjjrise and valor and by 
material aiii furnished through Governor Henry, 
the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 
1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that 
commonwealth over the settlements of the North- 
west, by organizing all tlie country west and 
north of the Ohio River into a county to be called 
"Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering 
the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or 
Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- 
ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. 
Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States 
of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- 
quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-ofiicio 
its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of 
Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," 
Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in 
May following. The militia was organized, 
Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskiaand Cahokia 
appointed, and the first election of civil oflioers 
ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel 
Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- 
sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows 
that he was accustomed to exercise powers 
scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. 
(See Todd, Col. John.) 

In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- 
scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." 
— but the origin of his authority is not clearly 
understood. He assumed to act as Commandant 
until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first 
Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, 
in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts 



ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great 
disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor 
order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven 
years from 1783 to 1790." 

During the progress of the Revolution, there 
were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois 
Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. 
The country, however, was singularly exempt 
from any serious calamity such as a general 
massacre. One reason for this was the friendly 
relations which had existed between the French 
and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- 
quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- 
ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. 
Several movements were projected by the British 
and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- 
ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that 
tliey liad little time to put their plans into execu- 
tion. One of these was a proposed movement 
from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the 
lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having 
engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness 
with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans 
proceeded to capture Fort JIanchac, Baton Rouge 
and Natchez from their British possessors, con- 
vinced the latter that this was a "game at which 
two could play." In ignorance of tliese results, 
an expedition, 7.50 strong, composed largely of 
Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command 
of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early 
partof May, lisfl, to co-operate with the expedition 
on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a 
destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the 
Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on 
the way. This expedition reached St. Ix)uis, May 
26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived 
at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours 
earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards 
on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the 
invading force confined their depredations to kill- 
ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a 
ha.stj' retreat in the direction they had come. 
These were the last expeditions organized to 
regain tlie "Country of the Illinois'' or capture 
Spanish posts on the Mississippi. 

Expeditions A(;.\ixst Fokt St. Joseph. — An 
expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention 
in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. 
This consisted of a company of seventeen men, 
led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia. 
who, marching across the countrj-, in the month 
of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, 
from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- 
turing Fort St. Joseph about where I^ Salle had 
erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



253 



Joseph Eiver, a hundred years before. Brady 
and his party captured a few British prisoners, 
and a large quantity of goods. On their return, 
while encamped on the Calumet, they were 
attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all 
were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except 
Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in 
January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five 
whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, 
witli some 200 Indians, and headed by Don 
Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second 
expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing 
the Indians, whom they met on their way, with 
promises of plunder, they were able to reach the 
fort without discovery, captured it and, raising 
the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the 
name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- 
session for a few days, the party returned to St. 
Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at 
Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis 
of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of 
the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." 

The Territorial Period. — At the very outset 
of its existence, the new Government of the 
United States was confronted with an embarrass- 
ing question which deeply affected the interests 
of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. 
This was the claim of certain States to lands 
lying between their western boundaries and the 
Mississippi River, then the western boundary of 
the Republic. These claims were based either 
upon the terms of their original charters or upon 
the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was 
under a claim of the former character, as well as 
by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- 
ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after 
its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- 
struction was opposed by the States which, from 
their geographical position or other cause, had 
no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, 
and the controversy was waged with considerable 
bitterness for several years, proving a formidable 
obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- 
federation. As early as 1779 the subject received 
the attention of Congress in the adoption of a 
resolution requesting the States having such 
claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants 
for unappropriated lands or granting the same 
during the continuance of the present (Revolu- 
tionary) War. " In the following year, New York 
authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its 
boundaries in such manner as they might think 
expedient, and to cede to the Government its 
claim to western lands. The case was further com- 
plicated by the claims of certain land companies 



which had been previously organized. New York 
filed her cession to the General Government of 
lands claimed by her in October, 1783, followed 
by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other 
States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being 
the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- 
ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- 
ginia covering the southern part of the State, and 
Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the 
northern portion. It was from the splendid 
domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired 
from Virginia and other States, that the North- 
west Territory was finally organized. 

Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in 
the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution 
providing for the temporary government of the 
Western Territory, and this was followed three 
years later by the enactment of the celebrated 
Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document 
contained numerous provisions which marked a 
new departure in the science of free government 
— as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, 
morality and knowledge being necessary to good 
government and the happiness of mankind, 
schools and the means of education shall forever 
be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the 
sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said 
Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of 
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted." 

Although there has been considerable contro- 
versy as to the authorship of the above and other 
provisions of this immortal document, it is 
worthy of note that substantially the same lan- 
guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1781, 
by a Delegate from a slave State — Tliomas Jeffer- 
son, of Virginia— though not, at that time, 
adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the 
Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), 
and could have had nothing directly to do with 
the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the 
principle which he had advocated finally received 
the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — 
all that were represented in that Congress — includ- 
ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North 
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See 
Ordinance of 17S7.) 

Northwest Territory Organized. — Under 
the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest 
Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a 
soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the 
first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop 
Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 



254 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves 
Sj-miues, Judges. All these were reappointed by 
President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- 
torial Government was organized at Marietta, a 
settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was 
nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair 
visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 
1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) 
was organized at this time, embracing all the 
settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- 
sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the 
inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, 
neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- 
tice practically abolished and many of the citizens 
sadly in need of the obligations due them from 
the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel 
Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three 
months, the Governor returned east. In no.'j. 
Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair 
County, at Cahokia. as tlie county-seat, although 
both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as 
coimty-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the 
disposition of the local authorities to retain the 
official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- 
agreement over the county-seat iiuestion, at least 
in part, grew the order of 179.'> organizing the 
second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became 
its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid 
a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge 
Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. 
On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- 
ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present 
State of Ohio, b}' a force of Inilians under com- 
mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- 
tained a heavy loss of both men and property — 
an event which had an unfavorable effect upon 
conditions throughout the Northwest Territory 
generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- 
mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. 
Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, 
overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This 
resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at 
Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- 
ning of a period of comparative peace with the 
Indians all over the Western Countrj-. (See 
Wayne. (Gen.) Anthony.) 

First Territoui.\l Legislation.— In 1798. the 
Territory having gained the requisite population, 
an election of members of a Legislative Council 
and House of Representatives was held in accord- 
ance with tlie provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. 
This was the first Territorial Legislature organized 
in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- 
nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the 
Delegate from St. Clair Covmty and John Edgar 



from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, 
who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the 
Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to 
Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over 
Arthur St. Clair, Jr. , son of the Governor. 

Ohio and Indiana Territories.— By act of 
Congress, May 7, 1800, the Nortliwest Territory 
was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; 
the latter embracing the region west of the pres- 
ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint 
Vincent" (Vincennes). Jlay 13, William Henry 
Harrison, who had \>een the first Delegate in Con- 
gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- 
pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at 
first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair 
and Randolph — the two latter being within the 
boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their 
aggregate population at this time was estimated 
at less than 5,000. During his administration 
Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties 
with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- 
sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating 
to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- 
cluded by General AVayne in 1795. By this the 
Government acquired six miles square at the 
mouth of the Chicago River; twelve miles square 
at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at 
the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 
150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his 
soldiers, besides all other lands "in po.ssession of 
the French people and all other white settlers 
among them, the Indian title to which had been 
thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, 
Oreenville, Treaty of .) 

During the year 1803. the treaty with France 
for the purchase of Louisiana anti West Florida 
was concluded, and on March 26, 18tl4. an act was 
passed by Congress attaching all that portion of 
Louisiana lying nortli of the thirty-tliird parallel 
of latitude and west of tlie Mississippi to Indiana 
Territory for governmental purposes. This in- 
cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, 
Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two 
Dakotas and parts of Colorado, AVyoming and 5Ion- 
tana. This arrangement continued only until 
the following March, when Louisiana was placed 
under a separate Territorial organization. 

P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed 
under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, 
but, the population having increased to the re- 
quired number, an election was held, Sept. 
11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- 
ernment to the ".second grade" by the election of 
a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the 
vote indicated the indifference of the people on 



niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



255 



the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition 
received a majority of 138. The two Illinois 
counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. 
Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former 
gave a majority of 37 against the measure and 
the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative 
majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition 
was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the 
other counties. There were in the Territory at 
this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was 
in Michigan, which was set off, in 180.5, as a sep- 
arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to 
a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad- 
rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected 
for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- 
dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- 
ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, 
Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature 
convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 180.5, but only 
to recommend a list of persons from whom 
it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative 
Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard 
was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. 
Clair. 

Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois 
counties were represented in two regular and one 
special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- 
ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- 
tory. By act of Congress, which became a law 
Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- 
ern part being named Illinois. 

At tliis point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- 
rate political division, begins. While its bounda- 
ries in all other directions were as now, on the 
north it extended to the Canada line. From 
what has already been said, it appears that the 
earliest white settlements were established by 
French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Caliokia 
and the other villages in the southern part of the 
American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- 
vasion, there were not known to have been more 
than two Americans among these people, except 
such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional 
visits. One of the earliest American settlers in 
Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who 
came from Massachusetts and settled at an early 
day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now 
stands, afterward removing to the vicinitj' of 
Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a 
company of immigrants, consisting (with one or 
two exceptions) of members of Clark's command 
in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- 
land and Virginia and established themselves on 
the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- 
tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair 



and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively 
American colony in the "Illinois Country," was 
established by this party. Some of its members 
afterward became prominent in the history of the 
Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- 
ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with 
others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1788, 
and William Arundel, the first American mer- 
chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during 
the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years 
a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, 
arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- 
ri.son, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from 
Philadelpliia as early as 1790, followed some years 
afterward by several brothers. James Lemen 
came before the beginning of the present cen- 
tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- 
ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair 
County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony 
of 1.54 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. 
Among other prominent arrivals of this period 
were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first 
Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach 
Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John 
Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; 
and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward 
Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, 
Justice of the United States Court and father of 
the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane 
(first Secretary of State and afterward United 
States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- 
General and second Representative in Congress), 
George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), 
and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- 
torial or State history. (See biographical 
sketches of these early settlers under their re- 
spective names. ) 

The government of the new Territory was 
organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- 
wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, 
and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse 
B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, 
Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to 
Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in 
his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- 
kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that 
time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph 
comprised the settled portion of the Territory, 
with a white population estimated at about 9,000. 
The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded 
to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- 
ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded 
the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were 
confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first 
Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 



256 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



months, when the place was offered to John J. 
Crittenden— the well-known United States Sen- 
ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the 
Civil War— but by hiiu declined. Thomas T. 
Crittenden was then ap|«iinted. 

An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of 
Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecuniseli, 
the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. AVilliani 
Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted 
rangers were raised in Illinois this year under 
direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, 
who built Camp Paissell near Edwardsville the 
following year. They were commanded by Cap- 
tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, 
James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- 
rable earthquake which had its center about Xew 
Madrid, 5Io., occurred in December of this 
year, and was quite violent in some portions of 
Southern Illinois. (See Earfliriuake of JSll.) 

W.\K OF 1812.— During the following year the 
second war with England began, but no serious 
outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, 
when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where 
Chicago now stands, took place. This had long 
been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at 
first under French occupation and afterward 
under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, 
a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago 
River on the south side, on land acquired from the 
Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See 
Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some 
alarm had been caused by outrages committed by 
Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of 
August, Capt. Nathan Ileald, coumianding the 
garrison of less than seventy-five men, received 
instructions from General Hull, in command at 
Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of tlie 
public property as he might see fit. Friendly 
Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- 
tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. 
Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- 
tention to retire and diviile the stores among 
them, with the conditions subsecjuently agreed 
upon in council, that his garrison should be 
afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort 
Wayne. On the 14th of August he i>roceeded to 
distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but 
the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- 
stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a 
bad use would be made of them, while the 
Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- 
ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- 
scribed in Moses" "History of Illinois:" 

"Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who 
had been on terras of friendship with the whites. 



appeared before Captain Heald and informed 
liim plainly that his young men intended to 
imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; 
that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, 
surrendering a medal he had worn in token of 
amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a 
token of peace while I am compelled to act as an 
enemy." In the meai\time the Indians were riot- 
ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- 
sive in their bearing that it wjus re.>iolved to march 
out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. 
To eacli soldier was distributed twenty-five 
ro\mds of reserved ammunition. The baggage 
and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- 
rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- 
ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 
following in the rear. What next occurred in 
this disa.strous movement is narrated by Captain 
Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of 
the country rendered it necessary for us to take 
the lieach. with the lake on our left, and a high 
sand bank on our right at about three hundred 
yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile 
and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain 
Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack 
us from behind the bank. I ininie<liately marched 
u]) with the company to the U>p of the bank, 
when the action commenced: after firing one 
round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in 
front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- 
teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, 
provisions and baggage of every description, and 
finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort 
AVayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) 
did not assist us, I drew olf the few men I had 
left and took possession of a small elevation in 
the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any 
other cover. The Indians did nf)t follow me but 
assembled in a bod}- on top of the bank, and after 
soiue consultation among themselves, made signs 
for me to approach them. I advanced toward 
them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- 
watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- 
preter. After shaking hands, he reipiested me to 
surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the 
prisoners. On a few moments" consideration I 
concluded it would be most prudent to comply 
with this re(|uest, although I did not put entire 
confidence in his promise. The troops had made 
a brave defense, but what could so small a force 
do against such overwhelming numbers"? It was 
evident with over half their mnnl>er dead upon 
the field, or wounded, further resistance would 
be ho|ieless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve 
militia, with two women and twelve children, 
were killed. .Vmong the slain were Captain 
Wells. Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George 
Ronan. (Captain Wells, wlien j-oung, had been 
captured by Indians and had married among 
them.) He (WelLs) was familiar with all the 
niles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness 
of the Indian charai'ter. and when the conflict 
began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald). by 
whose side he was standing, 'We have not the 
slighte.st chance for life: we must part to meet 
no more in this world. Go<l bless you." With 
these words he dashed forward into the thickest 
of the fight. He refused to be taken pri.soner, 
knowing what his fate would bo. when a young 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



257 



red-skin cut him down with liis tomahawk, 
jumped uijon his body, cut out his heart and ate 
a portion of it with savage deliglit. 

"The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and 
wife, botli wounded, Lieutenant Hehn. also 
wounded, and wife, with twent3'-five non-com- 
missioned officers and privates, and eleven women 
and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen 
killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted 
to the care of some friendly Indians and were not 
with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged 
in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, 
with a few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winnebagoes, 
and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered 
and burned on the next morning." {See Fort 
Dearborn: also War of ISl^.) 

Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever 
occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as 
victims. The place where this affair occurred, 
as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake 
shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in 
the present city of Chicago. After the destruction 
of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago 
remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort 
was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- 
tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching 
upon the sands near the lake shore, but they 
were gathered up a few years later and buried. 
The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat 
irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- 
doned, there being no longer any reason for 
maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. 

Other Events of the War. — The part played 
by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly 
in looking after the large Indian population 
within and near its borders. Two expeditions 
were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 
1813; the first of these, under the direction of 
Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- 
lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- 
ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort 
Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. 
Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a 
descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, 
on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- 
bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He 
burned a part of the town and, taking the people 
as prisoners down the river, put them ashore 
below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both 
these affairs were severely censured. 

There were expeditions against the Indians on 
the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 
1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part 
with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — 
the last of these being in co-operation with regu- 
lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, 
afterwards President, against a force of Indians 
. supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria 



was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- 
saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at 
the close of the campaign of 1814. A council 
with the Indians, conducted by Governors 
Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and 
Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as 
Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi 
just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a 
treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern 
tribes, thus ending the war. 

First Territorial Legislature.— By act of 
Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of 
Illinois was raised to the second grade — i. e., em- 
powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In 
September, three additional counties — Madison, 
Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making 
five in all, and, in October, an election for the 
choice of five members of the Council and seven . 
Representatives was held, resulting as follows: 
Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County; 
William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of 
Sladison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and 
Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives — 
George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and 
Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- 
son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of 
Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The 
Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- 
cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President 
and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, 
with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. 
Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the 
first Delegate to Congress. 

A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- 
vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- 
tinued President of the Council during the whole 
Territorial period; while George Fisher was 
Speaker of each House, except the Second. The 
county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and 
White in 1815. Other counties organized under 
the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- 
roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, 
and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, 
making fifteen in all. Of these all but the 
three last-named were organized previous to the 
passage by Congress of the enabling act author- 
izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State 
government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was 
established at Shawneetown, with branches at 
Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. 

Early Towns.— Besides the French villages in 
the American Bottom, there is said to have been 
a French and Indian village on the west bank of 
Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears 
to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 



258 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



village established on the present site of Peoria 
soon after, which was maintained until 1812, 
when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other 
early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ; 
Belleville, establislied as the county-seat of St. 
Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 
1815; Upper Alton, in 181G, and Alton, in 1818. 
Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- 
ville. Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to 
this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and 
Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago 
is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a 
village of Pike County." 

Admission as a State. — Tlie preliminary steps 
for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken 
in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress, 
April 13, 1818. An important incident in this 
connection was the amendment of the act, mak- 
ing the parallel of 42' 30' from Lake ilichigan to 
the Mississippi River the northern boundary, 
instead of a line extending from the southern 
extremity of the Lake. This was obtained 
through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, 
then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State 
secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in 
width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- 
ing what have since become fourteen of the most 
populous counties of the State, including the city 
of Chicago. The political, material and moral 
results which liave followed tliis important act, 
liave been tlie subject of much interesting dis- 
cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. 
(See Northern Tionndary Question; also l^o])e, 
Nathaniel.) 

Another measure of great importance, which Mr. 
Pope secured, was a modification of the provision 
of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of 
five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- 
lic lands within the State, to the construction of 
roads and canals. The amendment which he 
secured authorizes the application of two-fifths 
of this fimd to tlie making of roads leading to the 
State, but retpiires "the residue to be appropri- 
ated by the Legislature of the State for the 
encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth 
part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or 
university." This was the beginning of that 
system of liberal encouragement of education by 
the General Government, which has been at- 
tended with such beneficent results in the younger 
States, and has reflected so much honor upon the 
Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois 
& Michigari Canal.) 

The Enabling Act required as a precedent con- 
dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken 



that year, should show a population of 40.000. 
Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed 
that the number was greatly exaggerated, the 
true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. 
According to tlie decennial census of 1S20, the 
population of the State at that time was 55,162. 
If there was any short-coming in this respect in 
1818, the State has fully compensated for it by 
its unexampled growth in later }"ears. 

An election of Delegates to a Convention to 
frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 
1818 (extending through three days), thirty-tliree 
Delegates being cliosen from the fifteen counties 
of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia, 
August 3, and organized bj- the election of Jesse 
B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup, 
Secretary, closing its labors, August 26. The 
Constitution, which was modeled largely upon 
the Constitutions of Kentuckj-. Ohio and Indiana, 
was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See 
Constitutional Conventions, especially Coni-en- 
tion of ISIS.) Objection was made to its accept- 
ance by Congress on the grounil that the 
population of the Territory was insufficient and 
that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- 
plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but 
these arguments were overcome and the docu- 
ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. 
The oulj' officers whose election was provided for 
bj" popular vote, were tlie Governor, Lieutenant- 
Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- 
sioners. The Secretarj- of State. State Treasurer. 
Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and 
Supreme and Circuit Judges were all apjjointive 
eitlier by the Governor or General Assembly. 
The elective franchise was granted to all white 
male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who 
ha<l resided in the State six months. 

The first State election was held Sept. 17, 
1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond 
for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant- 
Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same 
time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- 
seven Representatives. It commenced its session 
at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a 
session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- 
sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A 
second session of ihe same Legislature was held, 
extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819. 
Risdon Jloore was Si>eaker of the first House. 
The other State officers elected at the first ses- 
sion were Elijali C. Berry, -Vuditor; John Thomas, 
Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. 
Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- 
tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



259 



the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. 
Tliomas were elected United States Senators, the 
former drawing tlie short term and serving one 
year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served 
two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme 
Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, 
with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and 
John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who 
was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- 
edge, left the State in a few months and was 
succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers, 
United States Senators, and Judiciary.) 

Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor 
four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of 
Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- 
kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and 
engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- 
pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- 
lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- 
ant feature of his character : "At one time there 
was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard 
held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A 
number of his neighbors called upon him for 
what they wanted ; he declined to let them know 
whether he could supply them or not, but told 
them to come to his store on a certain da}', when 
he would inform them. They came at the time 
appointed, and were seated. Menard passed 
around among them and inquired of each, 'You 
got money?' Some said they had and some that 
they had not, but would pay as soon as they 
killed their hogs. Those who had money he 
directed to range themselves on one side of the 
room and those who had none, on the other. Of 
course, those who had the means expected to get 
the salt and the others looked very much dis- 
tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up 
in his brusque way, and said, 'You men wlio got 
de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. 
Dese poor men who got no money shall have my 
salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble-hearted 
and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." 
{See Menard, Pierre.) 

Eemoval of the Capital to Vandalia. — 
At the second session of the General As.sembly, 
five Commissioners were appointed to select a 
new site for the State Capital. What is now the 
city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 
1820, the entire archives of the State were re- 
moved to the new capital, being transported in 
one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the 
supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- 
wards became United States Senator and Justice 
of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals.) 

During the session of the Second General 



Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 
1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank 
at Vandalia, with branches at Shawueetown, 
Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, 
who had been the first Representative in Con- 
gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. 
He was twice elected to the United States Senate, 
tliough he served only about two years, dying in 
1830. (See State Bank.) 

Introduction of the Slavery Question. — 
The second State election, which occurred in 
August, 1832, proved the beginning of a turbu- 
lent period through the introduction of some 
exciting questions into State politics. There 
were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in 
the field ; Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme 
Court, supported by the friends of Governor 
Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same 
court, supported by the friends of Governor 
Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian 
fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," 
and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of 
Virginia, who had served as private secretary of 
President Monroe, and had been employed as a 
special messenger to Russia. He had made two 
visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second 
in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- 
tion being in session at the date of the latter 
visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of 
the slavery question and exerted his influence in 
securing the adoption of the prohibitory article 
in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started 
from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- 
ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The 
journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in 
two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where 
he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- 
ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- 
prised his slaves by announcing that they were 
free. The scene, as described by himself, was 
most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- 
selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took 
them with him to his destination, where he 
eventually gave each head of a family ICO acres 
of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed 
the position of Register of the Land Office, to 
which he had been appointed by President Mon- 
roe, before leaving Virginia. 

The act of Coles with reference to his slaves 
established his reputation as an opponent of 
slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood 
as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and 
Browne being friendly to "the institution," 
which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois 
Country" from the time Renault brought 500 



360 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia. one hun- 
dred years before. Although the Constitution 
declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary 
servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the 
State," this had not been effectual in eliminating 
it. In fact, while this language was construed, 
80 long as it remained in the Constitution, as 
prohibiting legisUition authorizing the admission 
of slaves from without, it was not regarded as 
inimical to tlie institution as it already existed; 
and, as the population came largely from the 
slave States, there had been a rapidly growing 
sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory 
clause. Although the pro-slavery party was 
divided between two candidates for Governor, 
it had hardly contemplated the possibility of 
defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when 
the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- 
ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips. 2.443 for 
Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality 
being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became 
Governor on less than one-third of the popular 
vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race 
for Congress at the same election against 
McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was 
successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, 
Efhvard; also Cook. Dtiiiiel Pope. ) 

The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- 
lature, which met Dec. 2, 1822. The House 
organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, 
while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott 
(afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister 
and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- 
cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge. Enrolling 
and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers 
appointed by the Governor, or elected by the 
Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary 
of State; Elijah C. Berry. Auditor; Abner Field, 
Treasurer, and James Tumey. Attorney -General. 
Lockwood had served nearly two j-ears previously 
as Attorney-General, but remained in the office 
of Secretary of State only three months, when he 
resigned to accept the position of Receiver for 
the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake.) 

The slavery question came up in the Legisla- 
ture on the reference to a special committee of a 
portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- 
tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite 
of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending tliat 
steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and 
minority reports were submitted, the former 
claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- 
stitution and thereby make such disposition of 
the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a 
resolution submitting to the electors at the next 



election a proposition for a convention to revise 
the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the 
necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up 
in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single 
vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from 
Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully 
contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the 
session, being one of those voting in the negative. 
The next day, without further investigation, the 
majority proceeded to reconsider its action in 
seating Hansen two and a half months previ- 
ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though, 
in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- 
essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, 
the submission resolution was then passed. No 
more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. 
Of five papers then published in the State. "The 
Edwardsville Spectator." edited by Hooper 
Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- 
forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had 
been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- 
ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on 
both sides of the question, though rather favoring 
the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican 
Advocate," at Kaskaskia. the organ of Senator 
Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at 
Edwardsville. under direction of Judge Tlieophi- 
lus W. Smith. Emanuel J. West and Judge 
Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States 
Senator), favored the Convention. The latter 
paper was established for the especial purpose of 
supporting the Convention scheme and was 
promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- 
ure. (See 2\'eicsj}apers, Early.) Among other 
supporters of tlie Convention proposition were 
Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean. Richard 
M. Young. Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, 
of the Supreme Court, and many more ; while 
among the leading champions of the opposition, 
were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- 
ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George 
Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- 
pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in 
Congress, was the leading champion of freedom 
on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed 
the salary of his entire term (S4.000). as well as 
his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- 
ernor Edwards ( then in the Senate) was the owner 
of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. 
The election was held August 2. 1824. resulting in 
4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, 
defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. 
Considering the size of the aggregate vote 
(11.612). the result was a decisive one. By it 
Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



261 



countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. 
(See Slavery and Slave Laws. ) 

At the same election Cook was re-elected to 
Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. 
The vote for President was divided between John 
Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay 
and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a 
plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- 
oral College failing to elect a President, the 
decision of the question passed into the hands of 
the Congressional House of Representatives, 
•when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of 
Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. 

During the remainder of his term, Governor 
Coles was made the victim of much vexatious 
litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict 
being rendered against him in the sum of $3,000 
for bringing his emancipated negroes into the 
State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- 
lature having passed an act releasing him from 
the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by 
a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision 
was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. 
Having lived a few years on his farm near 
Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, 
where he spent the remainder of his days, his 
death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face 
of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in 
danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- 
formed a service to the State which has scarcely 
yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward.) 

A ridiculous incident of the closing year of 
Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - 
Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having 
tasted the sweets of executive power during the 
Governor's temporary absence from the State, to 
usurp the position after the Governor's return. 
The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper 
were suppressed by the Supreme Court. 

An interesting event of the year 1825, was the 
visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He 
was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, 
and the event was made the occasion of much 
festivity by the French citizens of the ancient 
capital. {See La Fayette, Visit of .) 

The first State House at Vandalia having been 
destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was 
erected during the following j^ear at a cost of 
$12,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia 
contributed §5,000. 

Edwards' Administration. — The State elec- 
tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian 
Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he 
had filled during nearly the whole of the exist- 
ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the 



first United States Senators, and re-elected for a 
second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 
1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, 
by appointment of President Monroe. Having 
become involved in a controversy with William 
H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he 
resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period 
of retirement to private Ufe for the first time 
after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the 
people of the State for endorsement, with the 
result stated. His administration was unevent- 
ful except for the "Winnebago War," which 
caused considerable commotion on the frontier, 
without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor 
Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school 
gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished 
inhis manners, courtly and precise in his address, 
proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the 
despotic in his bearing in consequence of having 
been reared in a slave State and his long connec- 
tion with the executive office. His early educa- 
tion had been under the direction of the 
celebrated William Wirt, between whom and 
himself a close friendship existed. He was 
wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- 
owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of 
stores and mills, which were managed by agents, 
but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for 
many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the 
pioneer printer, furnishing the material with 
which the latter publislied his papers at Spring- 
field and Galena. At the expiration of his term 
of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his 
home at Belleville, where, after making an un- 
successful campaign for Congress in 1833, in 
which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he 
died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, 
Ninian.) 

William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- 
didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket 
opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. 
Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate 
for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, 
known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- 
ments used against Kinney in this campaign was 
that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of 
three members who voted against the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the 
canal) would make an opening for the Yankees 
to come to the country." 

During Edwards' administration the first steps 
were taken towards the erection of a State peni- 
tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured 
by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- 
latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 



262 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Commissioners having charge of its construction 
were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and 
Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of 
Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- 
law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. 

Governor Reynolds— Black Hawk War. — 
The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John 
Reynolds for Governor over AVilliam Kinney, by 
a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,0.j1, 
while Zadoc Case}', the candidate on the Kinney 
ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See 
Reynolds, John.) 

The most important event of Reynolds' admin- 
istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight 
thousand militia were called out during this war 
to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, tlie final result 
being the driving of KiO Indians west of tlie Mis- 
sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- 
ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, 
was the central point at the beginning of this 
war. It is impossible to give the details of this 
complicated struggle, which was protracted 
through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though 
there was no fighting worth speaking of except 
in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in 
that, except the suri)rise and defeat of Stillman's 
command. Beardstown was the base of opera- 
tions in each of these campaigns, and tliat city 
has probably never witnessed such scenes of 
bustle and excitement since. The Indian village 
at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, 
after being pursued through Northern Illinois 
and Southwestern Wisconsin without being 
allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the 
Mississippi in a famishing condition and with 
spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time 
the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and 
the largest town in the State north of Springfield, 
was the center of great excitement, as the war 
was waged in the region surrounding it. (See 
Black Hawk War.) Although cool judges have 
not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor 
upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of 
the whites, it was remarkable for the number of 
those connected with it wliose names afterwards 
became famous in the historj' of the State and 
the Nation. Among them were two wl\o after- 
wards became Presidents of the United States — 
Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and 
Abraliam Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia 
— besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in 
the regular army and afterwards head of the 
Southern Confederacy: three subsequent Gov- 
ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- 
ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the 



gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards 
United States Senator; .John T. Stuart, Lincoln's 
law preceptor and partner, and later a Member 
of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in 
after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- 
bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. 
Among the latter were Gen. John J, Hardin; 
the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col. 
John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- 
ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Frj-; Henry Dodge and 
others. 

Under the census of 1830, Illinois became 
entitled to three Representatives in Congress 
in.stead of one, by whom it had been represented 
from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to 
tlie Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- 
trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 
1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- 
Governorship, and was succeeded by AVilliam L. 
D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. 
(See Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc, 
and Representatives in Congress.) Within two 
weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), 
Governor Reynolds followed the example of his 
associate in office by resigning the Governorsliip 
to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or 
Southern) District, which had been rendered 
vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the 
incumbent in office, in July previous. This 
opened the way for a new promotion of acting 
Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the 
distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office 
for the l)rief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds. 
John, anil Slade, Charles.) 

Ewing probably held a greater variety of 
offices under the State, than any other man who 
ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each 
branch of the General Assemblj-, he more than 
once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and 
President of tlie Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- 
tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the 
resignation of his superiors; was United States 
Senator from 183,5 to 1837; still later became 
Clerk of the House where he had presided as 
Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of 
Public Accounts, and dying in that office three 
years later. In less than twenty years, he held 
eight or ten different offices, including the high- 
est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- 
son.) 

Duncan's AD&nNisTKATiON. — Joseph Duncan, 
who had served the State as its only Represent- 
ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, 
Augxist, 1834, over four competitors— William 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



263 



Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans 
and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Josejih.) 

His administration was made memorable by 
the large number of distinguished men who 
either entered public life at this period or gained 
additional prominence by their connection with 
public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- 
coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, 
who afterward and at different times represented 
Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, 
and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862 ; Orville H. 
Browning, a prospective United States Senator 
and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John 
Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. 
Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian 
W. Edwards; Dr. Jolin Logan, father of Gen. 
John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many 
more. 

During this administration was begun that 
gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," 
which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- 
ests of the State. The estimated cost of the 
various works undertaken, was over $11,000,000, 
and though little of substantial value was real- 
ized, yet, in 1853, the debt (principal and inter- 
est) thereby incurred (including that of the 
canal), aggregated nearly 517,000,000. The col- 
lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by 
the unexpected suspension of specie payments 
by the banks all over the country, which followed 
soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- 
ment Policy; also State Debt.) 

Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the 
session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act 
was passed removing the State capital to Spring- 
field, and an appropriation of 850,000 was made to 
erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- 
field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In 
securing the passage of these acts, tlie famous 
"Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and 
Job Fletcher, in the Senate ; and Abraham Lin- 
coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew 
McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and 
Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- 
tives from Sangamon County — played a leading 
part. 

The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred 
near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which 
left a stain upon the locality, but for which liis 
administration had no direct responsibility; to- 
wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a 
pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native 
of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1837, had 
been employed upon various papers, the last 
being "The St. Louis Observer. " The outspoken 



hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter 
local opposition which led to its removal to 
Alton, where the first number of "The Alton 
Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not 
until one press and a considerable portion of the 
material had been destroyed by a mob. On the 
night of August 21, 1837, there was a second 
destruction of the material, when a third press 
having been procured, it was taken from the 
warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A 
fourth press was ordered, and, pending its 
arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- 
ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned 
address, maintained liis right to freedom of 
speech, declaring in conclusion; "If the civil 
authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to 
God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my 
grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. 
The new press was stored in the warehouse of 
Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 
1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained 
about the building the next day, but when night 
came all but nineteen retired to their homes. 
During the night a mob attacked the building, 
when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. 
An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire 
the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To 
dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two 
others, emerged from the building, when two or 
three men in concealment fired upon him, the 
shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, 
causing his death almost instantly. He was 
buried the following daj' without an inquest. 
Several of the attacking party and the defenders 
of the building were tried for riot and acquitted 
— the former probably on account of popular 
sympathy with the crime, and the latter because 
tliey were guiltless of any crime except that of 
defending private property and attempting to 
preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal 
shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. 
Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The 
former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in 
a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the 
latter, having been captured by Comanche 
Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the 
other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a 
martyr and the sentiments for which he died 
have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; 
also Alton Riots.) 

Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. — 
Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, 
who was chosen at the election of 1838 over 
Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. 
Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 



264 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor 
was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. 
(SeeCarlin,{Goi:)Tho7uas; Anderson. Sthtsuii H.) 

Among the members of the Legislature chosen 
at this time we find the names of Orville H. 
Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, 
William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook 
County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, 
J«8se K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, 
John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald 
Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- 
quent history of the State. This was the last 
Legislature that as.sembled at Vanilalia, Spring- 
field becoming the cai)ital, July 4, 1839. The 
corner-stone of tlie first State capitol at Spring- 
field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 
1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent 
address. Its estimated cost was §130,000, but 
$240,000 was expended upon it before its com- 
pletion. 

An incident of this campaign was the election 
to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. 
Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Tliird 
District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart 
was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- 
ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John 
J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the 
Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- 
cils for the first time. 

FiELD-JIcCi.KiiX.vND CONTEST. — An exciting 
event connected with Carlin's administration was 
the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from 
the office of Secretary of State, which he had 
held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, 
this office was filled by nomination bj* the Gov- 
ernor "with the advice and consent of the 
Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- 
nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to 
confirm the nomination. After adjournment of 
the Legislature, JlcClernand attempted to obtain 
possession of the office l>y writ of cjuo warranto. 
The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the ca.se in 
his favor, but this ilecision was overruled by the 
Supreme Court. A special session having been 
called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, 
then of Morgan Cotmty, was nominated and con- 
firmed Secretary of State, but held the position 
only a few months, when he resigned to accept a 
place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as 
Secretary by Lyman TrumbviU. 

Si'PRF.ME Court Revolutionized. — Certain 
decisions of some of the lower courts about this 
time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited 
the apprehension of the Democrats, who had 
heretofore been in political control of the State, 



and a movement was started in the Legislature 
to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of 
whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not 
unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a 
bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare 
majority of one in the House. Under this act 
five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas 
Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel 
H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- 
crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and 
afterwards Governor, has characterized this step 
as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- 
tionary measure, which could never have suc- 
ceeded except in times of great party excite- 
ment." 

The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 
in June, 1810, was an incident of the political 
campaign of that year. No such popular assem- 
blage had ever been seen in the State before. It 
is estimated that 20.000 people — nearly five per 
cent of the entire population of the State — were 
present, including a large delegation from Chi- 
cago who marched overland, under command of 
the late Maj -Gen. David Hunter, bearing with 
them many devices so popular in that memorable 
campaign. 

Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas 
Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- 
ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of 
Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- 
nation. Ford was elected by more than 8.000 
majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig 
candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who 
had been a member of the Legislature for several 
terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), 
was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford. 
Thomas: Snyder, Adam TI'., and Moore. John.) 

Emb.\rrassino Questions. — The failure of the 
State and tlie Shawneetown banks, near the close 
of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- 
tion of business depression that was felt all over 
the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- 
tration, the State debt was estimated at §1-5. ().57,- 
iliiO — within about one million of the highest 
point it ever reached — while the total population 
was a little over half a million. In addition to 
these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a 
source of embarrassment. This people, after 
liaving been driven from Missouri, settled at 
Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased 
rapiilly in numbers, and. by the arrogant course 
of their leaders and their odious doctrines — 
especially with reference to "celestial marriage." 
and their a.s.sumptions of authority — aroused the 
bitter hostility of neighboring communities not 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



265 



of their faith. The popular indignation became 
greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous 
politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by 
the Legislature, of certain charters and special 
privileges. Various chai'ges were made against 
the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- 
ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- 
ernor called out the militia of the neighboring 
counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — 
the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum 
and three others, were induced to surrender to 
the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 
1844, under promise of protection of their per- 
sons. Then the charge was changed to treason 
and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight 
men being placed about the building. A con- 
siderable portion of tlie militia had disbanded and 
returned home, while others were openly hostile 
to the prisoners. On June 37 a band of 150 
disguised men attacked the jail, finding little 
opposition among those set to guard it. In 
the assault which followed both of the Smiths 
were killed, while John Taylor, another of 
the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the 
murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. 
A state of virtual war continued for a year, 
in which Governor Ford's authority was openly 
defied or treated with contempt by those whom 
he had called upon to preserve the peace. In 
the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave 
the State, and the following spring tlie pilgrim- 
age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, 
who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice 
called on by Governor Ford to head parties of 
militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- 
man conducted the negotiations which resulted 
in the promise of removal. The great body of 
the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- 
cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June 
following. Another consideraVjle l)ody entered 
the service of the Government to obtain safe con- 
duct and sustenance across the plains. While 
the conduct of the Mormons during their stay 
at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and 
often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- 
ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage 
of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest' 
purposes, and this episode has left a stigma 
upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- 
Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith. Joseph.) 

Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability 
in certain directions have not been questioned, 
his administration was not a successful one, 
largely on account of the conditions which pre- 
vailed at the time and the embarrassments which 



he met from liis own party. (See Ford, Tliomas.) 
Mexican War. — A still more tragic chapter 
opened during the last year of Ford's administra- 
tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. 
Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, 
called for by the General Government from the 
State of Illinois, were furnished with alacritj', 
and many more men offered their services than 
could be accepted. Tlie names of their respective 
commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. 
Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded 
a high place in the annals of the State and the 
Nation. Hardin was of an lionorable Kentucky 
family ; he had achieved distinction at the bar 
and served in the State Legislature and in Con- 
gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena 
Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, 
John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- 
tion in Congress and was the first Republican 
Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. 
Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- 
ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, 
and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad 
as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised 
in the State "for the war"' during the next year, 
led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and 
James Collins, beside four independent companies 
of mounted volunteers. The whole number of 
volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict 
was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 
wounded, 13 dying of their wounds. Their loss 
in killed was greater than that of any other 
State, and the number of wounded onlj' exceeded 
by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. 
Among other lUinoisans who participated in this 
struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. 
Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley 
and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, 
either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, 
received the "baptism of fire" which prei)ared 
them to win distinction as commanders of corps, 
divisions, brigades and regiments during the War 
of the Rebellion, including such names as John 
A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. 
Prentiss, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace 
(who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. 
Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross, 
Isham N. Haynie. Theophilus Lyle Dickey, 
Dudley Wickersham. Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. 
Flynn, J. P. Post. Nathaniel Niles. W. R. Morri- 
son, and others. (See Mexican War.) 

French's Admisistration-Massac Rebellion. 
—Except for the Mexican War, which was still 
in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain 
portions of the State— especially bv a band of self- 



266 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties 
— the administration of Augustus C. French, 
which began witli the close of the year 184G, was 
a quiet one. French was elected at the previous 
August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36.77,) for 
Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 
5,113 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- 
tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State 
Convention this year for the nomination of a 
State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same 
election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- 
gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous 
pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- 
cratic candidate. At the ses.sion of the Legisla- 
ture wliich followed. Stephen A. Douglas was 
elected to the United States Senate as successor 
to James Semple. 

New Contention Movement. — Governor 
French was a native of New Hampshire, born 
August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession 
as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a 
member of the Tenth and Eleventh General 
Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at 
Palestine. The State had now begun to recover 
from the depression caused by the reverses of 
1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its 
growth in population had been satisfactorj". The 
old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a 
hampering influence, especially in dealing with 
the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question 
of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- 
tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was 
defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. 
The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution 
for resubmission, and at the election of 184G it 
was approved by the people by a majority of 
35,326 in a total vote of 81.3,52. The State then 
contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate 
population of 002,150. The assessed valuation of 
projierty one year later was §92.200.493, while 
the State debt was §10,601,795 — or more than 
eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of 
the property of the State. 

C0NSTITUTI0N.\L CONVENTION OF 1847. —The 

election of memljers of a State Convention to 
form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- 
nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred 
and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were 
Democrats, leaving seventy members to all 
shades of the opposition. The Convention 
assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was 
organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- 
manent President, and concluded its labors after 
a session of nearly three months, adjourning 
August 31. The Constitution was submitted to 



a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati- 
fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. 
A special article prohibiting free persons of color 
from settling in the State was adopted by 49,000 
votes for. to 20,883 against it: and another, pro- 
viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for. to 30.586 
against. The Constitution went into effect April 
1, 1848. (See Consfitutioyis; also Cotistitutional 
Convention of W4~-) 

The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, 
to be applied to the payment of the State in- 
debtedness, was the means of restoring the State 
credit, while that prohibiting the immigration 
of free persons of color, tliough in accordance 
with the spirit of the times, brought upon the 
State much opprobrimn and was repudiated 
with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. 
The demand for retrenchment, caused by the 
financial depression following the wild legislation 
of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- 
visions in the new Constitution, some of which 
were afterward found to be serious errors open- 
ing tlie way for grave abuses. Among these 
was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- 
sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, 
while the per diem of members was fixed at two 
dollars. Tlie salaries of State officers were also 
fixed at what would now be recognized as an 
absurdly low figure, that of Governor being 
§1,500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir- 
cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre- 
tary of State, and State Treasurer. §800 each. 
Among less objectionable provisions were those 
restricting the right of suffrage to white male 
citizens above tlie age of 21 years, which excluded 
(except as to residents of the State at the time of 
the adoption of the Constitution) a class of 
unnaturalized foreigners wlio had exercised the 
privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- 
tion of 1818; providing for the election of all 
State, judicial and county officers by popular 
vote; proliibitiiig the .State from incurring in- 
debtedness in excess of .?.50,000 without a special 
vote of the people, or granting the credit of the 
State in aid of any individual association or cor- 
poration; fixing the date of the State election 
on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- 
ber in every fourth year, instead of the firs^- 
Monday in August, as had been the rule under 
the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all 
State officers w.-vs fixed at four j-ears, except that 
of State Treasurer, which was made two j-ears, 
and the Governor alone was made ineligible to 
immediate re-election. The number of members 
of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



267 



in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, 
subject to a certain specified ratio of in- 
crease when the population should exceed 
1,000,000. 

As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled 
upon the form then most popular in the Southern 
States — especially with reference to the large 
number of officers made appointive by the Gov- 
ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new 
Constitution was, in some of its features, more in 
harmony with those of other Northern States, 
and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- 
land sentiment. This was especially the case 
with reference to the section providing for a sys- 
tem of townsliip organization in the several 
counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority 
of the voters of each county. 

Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for 
the ratification of the State Constitution, three 
other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) 
for the election of State ofl^cers in August ; (2) 
an election of Judges in September, and (3) the 
Presidential election in November. At the first 
of these. Governor French, whose first term had 
been cut short two years by the adoption of the 
new Constitution, was re-elected for a second 
term, practically without opposition, the vote 
against him being divided between Pierre Menard 
and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his 
own successor, being the first Illinois Governor 
to be re-elected, and, though two years of his 
first term had been cut off by the adoption of the 
Constitution, lie served in the gubernatorial 
oflSce sis years. The other State officers elected, 
were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- 
Govei'nor ; Horace S. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary 
of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, 
Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, 
State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but 
McMurtry being their own successors. At the 
Presidential election in November, the electoral 
vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic 
candidate, who received .56,300 votes, to 53,047 
for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and l.'),774 for 
Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free 
Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first 
time in the history of the State after 1824, the 
Democratic candidate for President failed to 
receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, 
being in a minority of 12,521, while having a 
plurality over the Whig candidate of 3.2.53. The 
only noteworthy results in the election of Con- 
gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. 
Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and 
that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from 



the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris 
had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which 
probably accounted for their election in Districts 
usually opposed to them politically. Tlie other 
five Congressmen elected from the State at the 
same time — including John Wentworth, then 
chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- 
trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to 
the Supieme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from 
the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from 
the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the 
Northern — all Democrats. 

A leading event of this session was the election 
of a United States Senator in place of Sidney 
Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been 
severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro 
Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United 
States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- 
Clernand, then a member of Congress, were 
arrayed against each other before the Democratic 
caucus. After a bitter contest. Shields was 
declared the choice of his party and was finally 
elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, 
however. On presentation of his credentials, 
after a heated controversy in Congress and out of 
it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- 
cessor in very intemperate language, he was 
declared ineligible on the ground that, being of 
foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship 
required by the Constitution after naturalization 
had not elapsed previous to his election. In 
October, following, the Legislature was called 
together in special session, and. Shields' disabil- 
ity having now been removed by the expiration 
of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, 
though not without a renewal of the bitter con- 
test of the regular session. Another noteworthy 
event of this special session was the adoption of 
a joint resolution favoring the principles of the 
"Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded 
at the next regular session, on tlie ground that the 
points at issue had been settled in the Compro- 
mise measm-es of 1850, it indicated the drift of 
sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the 
spread of the institution of slavery, and this was 
still more strongly emphasized by the election of 
Abraham Lincoln in 1860. 

Illinois Central Railro.\d. — Two important 
measures which passed the General Assembly at 
the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, 
and the act incorporating the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- 
ing this great tlioroughfare has been claimed for 
William .Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 
111., as early as 1835, although a special charter 



268 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



for a road over a part of this line had been passed 
by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in 
his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central 
Railroad, awards the credit of originating this 
enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, 
in the Legislature of 1833, of which he was a 
member, and Speaker of the House at the time. 
He afterwards became President of the first lUi- 
nois Central Railroad Company, organized under 
an act passed at the session of 1830, which pro- 
vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to 
Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur- 
render by the road of its charter. The first step 
toward legislation in Congress on this subject 
was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese. 
of a bill in March. 1843; but it was not until 18.")0 
that the measure took the form of a direct grant 
of lands to the State, finally passing tlie Senate 
in May, and the House in September, following. 
The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- 
pose of aiding in the construction of a line of 
railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, 
Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on 
each side of said railroad, aggregating 2.595,000 
acres, the length of the main line and branches 
exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- 
rating the Illinois Central Railroad Companj- 
passed tlie Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. 
The companj' was thereupon promptly oiganized 
with a number of New York capitali.sts at its 
head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- 
wold anil (louverneur Morris, and the grant was 
placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the 
purpose designated, under the pledge of the 
Company to build the road bj- July 4, 1854, and 
to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into 
the State Treiisury perpetually. A large propor- 
tion of the line was constructed through sections 
of country either sparsely settled or wholly 
unpopulated, but which have since become 
among the richest and most populous portions of 
the State. The fund already received by theState 
from the road exceeds the amoimt of the State 
debt incurred under the internal improvement 
scheme of 1837. {See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
Election of 1853.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- 
crat) was elected Governor at the November 
election, in 1852, receiving 80.645 votes to 04,405 
for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter 
A. Knowlton, Free Soil. The other State officers 
elected, were Ciustavus Koerner, Lieutenant- 
Governor: Alexander Starne, Secretary of State; 
Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor: ami John Moore, 
Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these 



offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, 
Buckner S. Jlorris, Charles A. Betts and Francis 
Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new 
members of the House chosen at this election as 
a Representative from Jackson Count}': while 
Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District 
Judge fur the Northern District of Illinois, and 
late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the 
Behriug Seii Commission, was the only Free-Soil 
member, being the Representative from Lake 
County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- 
ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- 
ber of Congress, was a member of the House and 
was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; 
Kiiowlfon. Dexfer A. ; Knemer, Gustarus: Starne, 
Alcxandi'r: Moore, John; Morrison, Jame.i L. D.; 
Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A.; Blodgett 
Henry IT'.) 

Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The 
State debt reached its maximum at the beginning 
of Matteson's administration, amounting to 
$10,724,177, of which §7,259,822 was canal debt. 
The State had now entered upon a new and pros- 
I)erous period, and, in the next four years, the 
debt was reduced by the sum of §4,504,840, 
leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, 
§12,834,144. The three State institutions at 
Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and 
Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- 
cessful operation several years, but now internal 
dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- 
agement seriously interfered with their prosperity 
and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, 
impaired their usefulness. 

Kansas-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat- 
teson's administration a period of ix)litical ex- 
citement began, caused by the introduction in 
the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by 
Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise 
known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Although 
this belongs rather to National history, tlie 
prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- 
man who had won applaxise three or four years 
before, by the service he had performed in secur- 
ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad 
grant, and the effect which his course had in 
revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies 
reference to it here. After a debate, almost 
unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law, 
May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was 
intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically 
denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where 
the State Fair was in progress, during the first 
week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



269 



State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to 
by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to 
whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were 
also made in criticism of Douglas' position by 
Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had 
been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- 
cratic leaders were understood to be ready to 
assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
though they afterwards reversed their position 
under partisan pressure and became supporters of 
the measure. The first State Convention of the 
opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the 
same time, but the attendance was small and the 
attempt to effect a permanent organization was 
not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth 
General Assembly, which met in January, fol- 
lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first 
Republican United States Senator from Illinois, 
in place of General Shields, whose term was about 
to expire. Trumbull was elected on the tenth 
ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven 
for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led 
on the Republican side at every previous ballot, 
and on the first had come within six votes of an 
election. Although he was then the choice of a 
large majority of the opposition to the Demo- 
cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the 
original supporters of Trumbull would not cast 
their votes for himself, he generously insisted 
that his friends should support his rival, thus 
determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; 
Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) 

Decatur Editorial Convention.— On Feb. 
22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- 
raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which 
proved the first effective step in consolidating 
the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a 
compact political organization. The main busi- 
ness of this convention consisted in the adoption 
of a series of resolutions defining the position of 
their authors on National questions — especially 
with reference to the institution of slavery — and 
appointing a State Convention to be held at 
Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- 
tral Committee to represent the new party was 
also appointed at this convention. With two or 
three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and 
joined in the call for the State Convention, which 
was held at the time designated, when the first 
Republican State ticket was put in the field. 
Among the distinguished men who participated 
in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln. O. H. 
Browning, Ricliard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John 
M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went 
worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin- 



coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one 
of the delegates appointed to the National Con- 
vention, held at Philadelphia on the ITth of June. 
The candidates put in nomination for State offices 
were : William H. Bissell for Governor ; Francis 
A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward 
replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's 
ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of 
State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. 
Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell 
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The 
Democratic ticket was composed of William A. 
Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of 
State ; S. K. Casey, Auditor ; John Moore, Treas- 
urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. Tlie American organization 
also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. 
Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats 
carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate 
for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire 
Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities 
ranging from 3,031 to 20,213— the latter being the 
majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- 
urer, whose name was on both the Republican and 
American tickets. (See Aiiti- Nebraska Editorial 
Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 
1S56. ) 

Administration of Governor Bissell. — 
AVith the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the 
Republican party entered upon the control of the 
State Government, which was maintained with- 
out interruption until the close of the administra- 
tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 — a period 
of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa- 
bility Bissell's inauguration took i^lace in the 
executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was 
immediately made the object of virulent personal 
abuse in the House, being charged with perjury 
in taking the oath of office in face of the fact 
that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted 
a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. 
To this, the reijly was made that the offense 
charged took place outside of the State and be- 
yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of 
Illinois. (See Bissell. William H.) 

While the State continued to prosper under 
Bissell's administration, the most important 
events of this period related rather to general 
than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- \ 
ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- 
sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the 
celebrated speech in which he announced the 
doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- 
not stand." This was followed during the next 



270 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



few months by the series of memorable debates 
between tliose two great champions of their 
respective parties — Lincohi and Douglas — which 
attracted the attention of the whole land. The 
result was the re-election of Douglas to the 
United States Senate for a third term, but it 
also made Abraham Lincoln President of the 
United States. (See Lincoln ayid Douglas 
Debates.) 

About the middle of Bissell's term (Februarj-. 
1859), came the discovery of what lias since been 
known as tlie celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud."' 
This consisted in tlie fraudulent funding in State 
bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had 
been issued for temporary purposes during the 
construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
but which had been subse<)uently redeemed. A 
legislative investigation proved the amount ille- 
gally funded to have been .$223,182, and that the 
bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they 
could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. 
Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- 
crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnitj- 
bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from 
which the State eventually realized S2:i8,000 out 
of S25.'),000 then due. Further investigation 
proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- 
gating .Sl6.').346, which the State never recovered. 
An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson 
criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit 
Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, 
to find an indictment against him. (See Canal 
Scrip Fra ud. ) 

An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- 
tration to secure the refunding (at par and in 
violation of an existing law) of one hundred and 
fourteen 81,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis- 
ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for 
which the State had received an insignificant 
consideration. The error was discovered when 
new bonds for the principal had been issued, but 
the process was immediately stopped and the 
new bonds surrendered — the claimants being 
limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This 
subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- 
ume. (See Macalistcr d- Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor 
Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- 
ful, although the State continued to prosper 
under it as it had not done since the "internal 
improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im- 
posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the 
time of his election Governor Bissell was an 
invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, 
from which he never recovered. He died in 
office, March 18, 1860, a little over two months 



after having entered upon the last year of his 
term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. 
John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. 
(See Bissell, William H.; also ^yood. John.) 

Political C.^mp.ugn of 1860. — The political 
campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- 
ment throughout the nation, but especially in 
Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the 
chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful 
candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the 
State in which the convention which nominated 
him met. The Republican State Convention, 
held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination 
Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor; 
Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, 
O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. 
Dubois for Auditor, 'William Butler for Treasurer, 
and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable 
for its excitement, it was also memorable for the 
large nmnber of National and State tickets in the 
field. The National Republican Convention 
assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the tliird 
ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for 
President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- 
passed in the history of National Conventions, of 
wliich so many have been held in the "conven- 
tion city" of the Noi-thwest. The campaign was 
wliat might have been expected from such a 
beginning. Lincoln, tliough receiving consider- 
ably less tlian one-half the popular vote, had a 
plurality over his highest competitor of nearly 
half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- 
oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he 
received 172.161 votes to 160,21.5 for Douglas, his 
leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood : 
Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- 
Democrat), 1-59. 2.53; Hope (Breckinridge Demo- 
crat), 2.049; Stuart (American), 1,626. 

Among the prominent men of different parties 
who appeared for the first time in the General 
Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. 
Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell, 
and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- 
liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones. Robert H. 
McCIellan, J. Young Scammon. William H. 
Brown, Lawrence Weldon. N. M. Broadwell. and 
John Scholfield, in tlie House. Shelby M. Cul- 
lom, who had entered the Legislature at the 
previous session, was re-elected to this and was 
chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- 
ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the 
United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- 
licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic 
candidate. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



271 



Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- 
taneously with the accession of the new State 
Government, and before the inauguration of the 
President at Washington, began that series of 
startling events which ultimately culminated in 
the attempted secession of eleven States of the 
Union — the first acts in the great drama of war 
which occupied the attention of the world for the 
next four j-ears. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new 
State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, 
Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- 
tion held at Wasliington, were appointed from 
Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. 
Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. 
Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln 
took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- 
field on his departme for Washington, in that 
simple, touching speech which has taken a place 
beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg 
speech, as an American classic. The events 
which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the 
twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 
75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed 
all over the country, are matters of National his- 
tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and 
enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State 
militia for three months' service, and one week 
later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at 
the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, 
was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the 
Secretary of War for the occupation of that 
place. The offer of military organizations pro- 
ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, 
fifty companies had been tendered, while the 
public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- 
cipal cities were offering to supply the State with 
money to arm and equip the hastily organized 
troops. Following in order the six regiments 
which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, 
those called out for the three months" service in 
1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to 
twelve, and were commanded by the following 
officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard 
J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, 
W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with 
Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- 
mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, 
of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- 
ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See War of the 
Rebellion.) 

Among the many who visited the State Capitol 
in the early months of war to offer their services 
to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, 
one of the most modest and unassuming was a 
gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of 



introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- 
man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a 
Captain in the regular army and had seen service 
in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension 
on that account, but after days of patient wait- 
ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk 
in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. 
Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen 
requiring the services of an officer of military 
experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a 
camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- 
field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an 
experiment and from necessity than from convic- 
tion of any peculiar fitness for the position. 
Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was 
assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a 
regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) 
which, from previous bad management, had 
manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus 
Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of 
the war, the organizer of final victory over the 
Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies 
of the Union and twice elected President of the 
United States, started upon that career which 
won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the 
title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See 
Grant, Ulysses S.) 

The responses of Illinois, under the leadership 
of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, 
to the repeated calls for volunteers through the 
four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- 
nois troops took part in nearly every important 
battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of 
those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- 
man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- 
nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at 
Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and 
Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth. Nashville, Stone River 
and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege 
of Vicksburg, at AUatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in 
the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, 
Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the 
battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all 
the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to 
Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav- 
ing answered every call upon her for troops 
without a draft. Tlie whole number of enlist- 
ments from the State under the various calls from 
1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War 
Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre- 
gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to 
population was 15.1 per cent, which was only 
exceeded by the District of Columbia (which 
had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 



272 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and Nevada, each of whicli liad a mucli larger 
proportion of adult male population. The whole 
number of regimental organizations, according 
to the returns in the Adjutant General's office, 
was l.'il regiments of infantry (numbered con- 
secutively from the Si.xth to the One Hundred 
and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 
regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- 
teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially 
reported by the War Department, were 34,834 
(13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in 
battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, 
and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great 
Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and 
Lieut-Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 
11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz.: 
Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. 
Ilurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R, J. 
Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles 
A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. 
Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier- 
Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. 
(See sketches of these officers under their respec- 
tive names.) Among the long list of regimental 
officers who fell upon the field or died from 
wounds, ai)pear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of 
the Nineteenth; Col. Thomas V. Williams of the 
Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the 
Twenty-seventh— all killed at Stone River; Col. 
John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. 
Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut. -Col. 
Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy 
O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- 
nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; 
Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at 
Chickas;iw Bayou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross, 
of the Thirty-second, at Shiloli; Col. John A. 
Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Ilatchie; Col. Wil- 
liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and 
Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- 
saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besidea 
Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col. 
Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas .Vpplington, Col. 
John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, JIaj. Wm. 
H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more 
on other battle-fieliis. (Biographical sketches of 
many of these officers will be found under the 
proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It 
would be a grateful task to record here the names 
of a host of others, who, after acquitting them- 
selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the 
plaudits of a grateful people, were this within 
the design and so<>i)e of the present work. One 
of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the 
raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, 



La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of 
the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with 
the Seventh under command of Col. Edward 
Prince. 

Constitutional Coxvextiox of 1862. —An 
incident of a different character was the calling 
of a convention to revise the State Constitu- 
tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A 
majority of this body was composed of those 
opposed to the war policy of the Government, 
and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of 
the State administration and the General Gov- 
ernment was soon manifested, which was resented 
by the executive and many of the soldiers in the 
field. The convention adjourned March 24, and 
its work was submitted to vote of the people, 
June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority 
of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in 
the field, who were permitted, as a matter of 
policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically 
unanimous in opposition to it. 

De.\th of Douglas. — A few days before this 
election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House 
in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of 
the State of its most sagacious and patriotic 
adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A.) 

Legislature of 1863. — Another political inci- 
dent of this period grew out of the session of the 
General Assembly of 1863. This body having 
been elected on the tide of the political revulsion 
which followed the issuance of President Lin- 
coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, 
was Democratic in both branches. One of its 
first acts was the election of William A. Richard- 
son United States Senator, in place of O. H. 
Browning, who liad been ap[>ointed by Governor 
Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of 
Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- 
ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to 
cripple the State and General Governments in 
the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the 
subject of the war, which the friends of the 
Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac- 
ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but 
owing to the death of a member on the majority 
side, they failed to pass the Senate. These 
denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas 
corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement 
of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- 
tation of negroes into the State;" accused the 
General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- 
verting the Constitution" and attempting to 
establish a "consolidated military despotism;" 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



273 



charged that the war had been "diverted from its 
first avowed object to that of subjugation and 
the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of 
the authors that its "further prosecution .... 
cannot result in the restoration of the Union 
.... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- 
lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress 
to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and 
closed by appointing six Commissioners (who 
were named) to confer with Congress, with a 
view to the holding of a National Convention to 
adjust the differences between the States. These 
measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- 
ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, 
so that little legislation was accomplished — not 
even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. 

Legislature Prokogued.— At this juncture, 
the two Houses having disagreed as to the date 
of adjournment. Governor Yates exercised the 
constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, 
which he did in a message on June 10, declaring 
them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- 
tional term. The Republicans accepted the result 
and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in 
the House and a minority in the Senate continued 
ill session for some days, without being able to 
transact any business except the filing of an 
empty protest, when they adjourned to the first 
T.Iouday of January, 1864. The excitement pro- 
duced by this affair, in the Legislature and 
throughout the State, was intense ; but the action 
of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme 
Court and the adjourned session was never held. 
The failure of the Legislature to make provision 
for the expenses of the State Government and the 
relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- 
sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from 
the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the 
State which was never wanting when needed' 
during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third 
General Asscmbhj.) 

Peace Conventions.— Largely attended "peace 
conventions" were held during this year, at 
Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- 
ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further 
offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. 
An immense Union mass-meeting was also held 
at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed 
by distinguished speakers, including both Re- 
publicans and War-Democrats. An important 
incident of this meeting was the reading of the 
letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. 
Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, 
and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, 
in a characteristically logical manner. 



Political Campaign op 1864.— The year 1864 
was full of exciting political and military events. 
Among the former was the nomination of George 
B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- 
vention held at Chicago, August 39, on a platform 
declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment" 
for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- 
tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention fqr 
the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been 
renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, 
in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the 
candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the 
respective State tickets, were Gen. Richard J. 
Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- 
ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic 
candidate for Governor. 

Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months 
rumors bad been rife concerning a conspiracy of 
rebels from the South and yieir sympathizers in 
the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined 
in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, 
Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000 
men. It was charged that the scheme was to be 
put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- 
ber election, but the activity of the military 
authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing 
their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a 
military court before whom a number of the 
arrested parties were tried, proved the existence 
of an extensive organization, calling itself 
"American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of 
which a number of well-known politicians in 
Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas 
ConsjJiraey.) 

At the Noverriber election Illinois gave a major- 
ity for Lincoln of 30,7.56, and for Oglesby, for 
Governor, of 33,67.5, with a proportionate major- 
ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote 
in the electoral college was213, to31 for McClellan. 

Legislature op 1865.— The Republicans had a 
decided majority in both branches of the Legis- 
lature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the 
election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- 
tor, in place of William A. Richardson, %vho had 
been elected two j'ears before to the seat formerly 
lield by Douglas. This was the last public posi- 
tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- 
ernor." During his oflicial term no more popular 
public servant ever occujiied the executive chair 
— a fact demonstrated by the promptness with 
which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the 
United States Senate. His personal and political 
integrit}' was never questioned by his most bitter 
political opponents, while tho.so who had known 



274 



niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



him longest and most intimately, trusted liim 
most implicitly. The service which he performed 
in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of 
the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers 
for the defense of the Union can never be over- 
estimated. (See Yates. Richard.) 

OoLESBY"s Admisistr.\tion. — Governor Ogles- 
by and the other State officers were inaugu- 
rated Jan. IT, 1865. Entering upon its duties 
with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the 
new administration was confronted by no such 
difficulties as those with which its predecessor 
had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- 
fied with the war from its beginning, was one of 
the first lUinoisans promoted to the rank of 
Major-General, was personally popular and 
enjoj'ed the confidence and respect of tlie people 
of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired 
from a position on the Circuit bench to accept 
that of Adjutant-General, which he held during 
the last three years of the war, was Speaker of 
the House. This Legislature was the first among 
those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth 
Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- 
ing slavery, wliich it did in both Houses, on the 
evening of Feb. 1, 1865 — the same day the resolu- 
tion had been finally acted on by Congress and 
received the sanction of the President. The 
odious "black laws," which had disgraced the 
State for twelve years, were wiped from the 
statute-book at this session. The Legislature 
adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- 
ing a record as creditable in tlie disposal of busi- 
ne.ss as that of its jiredecessor had been discredit- 
able. (.See Otjleshi/. Richard J.) 

Ass.\ssiNATioN OF LixcoLX. — The war was now 
rapidly approaching a successful termination. 
Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, 
April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating 
this event with joyful festivities through all the 
loyal States, but nowhere with more entlmsiasm 
than in Illinois, the home of the two great 
leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of 
these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- 
dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the 
evening of April 14, 1865. in Ford's Theater, 
Washington. The appalling news was borne on 
the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the 
land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was 
changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of 
gloom hung over every part of the land. Public 
buildings, business houses and dwellings in every 
city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal 
States were draped with the insignia of a univer- 
sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, 



patriotic women who had given their husbands, 
sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, 
wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- 
ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- 
nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the 
grandest character of the age, who had served 
both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- 
ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame 
and in the hour of his country's triumph. 

The Fuxer.\l. — Then came the sorrowful 
march of the funeral cortege from Washington 
to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle 
witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In 
all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the 
fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn 
ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing 
thousands, she received to her bosom, near his 
old home at the State Capital, the remains of the 
Great Liberator. 

The part which Illinois played in the great 
struggle has already been dwelt upon as full}- as 
the scope of this work will permit. It only 
remains to be said that the patriotic service of 
the men of the State was grandly supplemented 
by the equally patriotic service of its women in 
"Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good 
Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in .sanitary 
organizations for tlie purpose of contributing to 
the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp 
and in hospital, and in giving them generous 
receptions on their return to their homes. The 
work done by these organizations, and by indi- 
vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the 
brightest pages in the historj- of the war. 

Election of 1866. — The administration of Gov- 
ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- 
ous. The cliief political events of 1866 were the 
election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. 
Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as 
Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered 
Congress, from wliich he had retired in 18(>1 to 
enter the Union army. His majority was un- 
precedented, reaching 55.987. The Legislature 
of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United 
States Senate for a third term, his chief com])eti- 
tor in the Kepublican caucus being Gen. John M. 
Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the 
National Constitution, conferring citizenship 
upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- 
lature. 

Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con- 
vention of 1868. held at Peoria. May 6, nominated 
the following ticket: For Governor. John M. 
Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



275 



Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor, 
Charles E. Lippinoott. State Treasurer, Erastus N. 
Bates; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell. 
John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress 
for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as 
candidate for Governor, with William H. Van 
Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. 

The Republican National Convention was held 
at Chicago, May 31, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant 
for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- 
President. They were opposed by Horatio 
Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- 
President. The result in November was the 
election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 
electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral 
votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three 
States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois 
was 51,150. Of course the Republican State 
ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at 
the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans 
to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight 
Republicans to twenty seven Democrats in the 
House. 

Palmer's AdmIiVistration. — Governor Palm- 
er's administration began auspiciously, at a time 
when the passions aroused by the war were sub- 
siding and the State was recovering its normal 
prosperity. (See Palmer, John M.) Leading 
events of the next four years were the adoption 
of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. 
The first steps in legislation looking to the con- 
trol of railroads were taken at the session of 

1869, and although a stringent law on the subject 
passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- 
ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, 
and, although superseded by the Constitution of 

1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the 
legislation since had on the subject. The cele- 
brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city 
of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the 
title of the State to certain lands included in 
what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was 
passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, 
was re-enacted over his veto. This act was 
finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and 
after many years of litigation, the rights claimed 
under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany have been recently declared void by the 
Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- 
teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, 
prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to 
"citizens of the United States .... on account 
of race, color or previous condition of servitude," 
was ratified by a strictly party vote in each 
House, on March 5. 



The first step toward the erection of a new 
State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an 
appropriation of S-150,000, at the session of 1867, 
the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A 
second appropriation of S650,00U was made at the 
session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited 
the cost to $3,500,000, but an act passed by the 
Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation 
of §531,712 for completing and furnishing the 
building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The 
original cost of the building and its furniture 
exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) 

The State Convention for framing a new Con- 
stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1869. 
It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four 
Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- 
ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected 
as "Independents" and co-operated with the 
Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- 
cock was elected President. The Convention 
terminated its labors. May 13, 1870 ■, the Constitu- 
tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, 
and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special 
provision establishing the principle of "minority 
representation" in the election of Representatives 
in the General Assembly, was adopted by a 
smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- 
ing feature of the latter was the general restric- 
tion upon special legislation and the enumeration 
of a large variety of subjects to be provided for 
under general laws. It laid the basis of our 
present railroad and warehouse laws; declared 
the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad 
tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal without a vote of the people; 
prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- 
scribers to the stock of any railroad or private 
corporation; limited the rate of taxation and 
amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required 
tlie enactment of laws for the protection of 
miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- 
tion against the re-election of a Governor as his 
own immediate successor was removed, but placed 
upon tlie office of State Treasurer. The Legisla- 
ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 153 
Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- 
sentatives being chosen from each district. (See 
Constitutional Convention of 1S69-70; also Con- 
stitution of 1S70.) 

At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- 
elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; 
Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- 
man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

Legislature of 1871.— The Twenty -seventh 
General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 



276 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



spent more time in legislation than any other in 
the history of the State — a fact to be accounted 
for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten- 
sive revision of the laws required in consequence 
of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides 
the regular session, there were two special, or 
called, sessions and an adjourned ses.sion, cover- 
ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature 
adopted the system of "State control"' in the 
management of the labor and discipline of the 
convicts of the State penitentiary, which was 
strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special 
message. General Logan having been elected 
United States Senator at this session, Gen. John 
L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position 
of Congressinan-at-large at a special election held 
Oct. 4. 

Chicago Fire of 1871.— The calamitous fire 
at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging 
rather to local than to general State history, 
excited the profound sympathy, not only of the 
people of the State and the Nation, but of the 
civilized world. The area burned over, including 
streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings 
out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. 
The loss of life is estimated at 2.50, and of prop- 
erty at Si 87, 927. 000. Governor Palmer called the 
Legislature together in special session to act upon 
the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- 
cluded from alTording direct aid, the plan was 
adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount 
it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal, amounting to ;<2,9.55,340. 
The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet 
in a regiment of United States troops organized 
for guard duty, led to some controversj' between 
Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of 
Chicago and the inilitarj' authorities, including 
President Grant, on the other; but the general 
verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between 
civil and military authority may not have been 
observed, the service rendered by the military, in 
a great emergency, was of the highest value and 
was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire 
of 1S71 under title Chicago.) 

Political C.vmp.vion of 1872.— The political 
campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con- 
fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. 
Dissatisfied with the administration of President 
Grant, a number of the State officers (including 
Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- 
licans of the State, joined in what was called the 
"Lilieral Republican" movement, and supported 
Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- 
ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer 



of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John 
L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the 
November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- 
lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, 
to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for OConor. 
The plurality for Oglesby. for Governor, was 
40,090. 

Governor Oglesbj'"s second administration was 
of brief duration. Within a week after his in- 
auguration he was nominated bj- a legislative 
caucus of his party for United States Senator to 
succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- 
ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses 
against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by 
the party whose candidates he had defeated at 
three previous elections. (.See Oglesby. Ricluird J. ) 
Lieutenant-Governor Beveritlge thus became 
Governor,* filling out the unexpired term of liis 
chief. His administration was high-minded, 
clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, Joltn L.) 

Republican Reverse of 1874. —The election 
of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the 
Republican party had experienced in Illinois 
since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the 
Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was 
elected by a pluralitj- of nearly 3.5,000, by a com- 
bination of the opposition. S. M. Etter (Fusion) 
was at the same time elected State Superintend- 
ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in 
each House of the General Assembly. After a 
protracted contest, E. M. Haines — wlio had been 
a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected 
to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was 
elected Speaker of the Hou.se over Shelby M. Cul- 
lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen 
President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-ofticio 
Lieutenant-Governor. The session whicli fol- 
lowed — especially in the House — was one of the 
most turbulent and disorderly in the history of 
the State, coming to a termination, April 15, 
after having enacted very few laws of any im- 
portance. (See Twenty-ninih General Assembly. ) 

Camp.ucix of 1876. — Slielby M. Cullom was the 
candidate of the Republican party for Governor 
in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading tlie 
National ticket. The excitement which attended 
the campaign, the closeness of the vote between 
the two Presidential candidates — Ha3-es and 
Tilden — and the determination of the result 
through the medium of an Electoral Commission, 
are fresh in the memory of the present gener- 
ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for 
President was 19,631. but owing to tlie combina- 
tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on 
Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for 



a 

z 

w 
o 



s 

O 

I 
O 

S 

o 

> 
o 

o 



?3 




^ 




}•.'. TIB ^1 (- 
BOARD OF TRADK BIILDING, CHICAGO. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



277 



CuUom was reduced to 6,798. The other State 
officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary 
of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward 
Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorney- 
General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 
20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- 
petitor, had a smaller majority than CuUom. 
The new State House was occupied for the first 
time by the State officers and the Legislature 
chosen at this time. Although the Republicans 
had a majority in the House, the Independents 
held the "balance of power" in joint session of 
the General Assembly. After a stubborn and 
protracted struggle in the effort to choose a 
United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. 
Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was 
elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a 
Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by 
whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
Supreme Court of the United States in 1802. His 
election to the United States Senate by the Demo- 
crats and Independents led to his retirement from 
the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- 
ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- 
cumstance which, in the opinion of many, may 
have had an important bearing upon the decision 
of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term 
he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, 
and more frequently acted with the Republicans 
than with their opponents. He supported Blaine 
and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 
1884. (See Davis, David. ) 

Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, 
in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization 
of business, especially in the railroad centers of 
the State and throughout the country generally. 
The newl}' -organized National Guard was called 
out and rendered efficient service in restoring 
order. Governor Cullom's action in the premises 
was prompt, and has been generally commended 
as eminently wise and discreet. 

Election op 1878.— Four sets of candidates 
were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer 
and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 
— Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- 
hibition. The Republicans were successful, Gen. 
John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and 
James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities 
averaging about 35,000. The same party also 
elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- 
gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured 
a majority in each branch of the General Assem- 
bly. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu- 
ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the 



United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. 
Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. 
Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served 
as Speaker of the House at this session. (See 
Smith. John Corson; Slade, James P.; also Thirty- 
first General Assembly. ) 

Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign 
of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle 
made by the friends of General Grant to secure 
his nomination for the Presidency for a third 
term. The Republican State Convention, begin- 
ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, 
ending in instructions in favor of General Grant 
by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nuUii'ied, 
however, by the action of the National Conven- 
tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was 
nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for 
Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement for Sec- 
retary of State ; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor ; 
Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, 
and James McCartney for Attorney-General. 
(See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; 
Rutz, Edward, -And. McCartney , James.) Ex-Sena- 
tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its 
candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- 
sons for Lieutenant-Governor. 

The Republican National Convention met in 
Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in 
which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- 
eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was 
nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New 
York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott 
Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. 
James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In 
Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- 
ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican 
State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- 
ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive 
majorities in both branches of the Legislature. 

No startling events occurred during Governor 
Cullom's second term. The State continued to 
increase in wealth, population and prosperity, 
and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- 
dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped 
out." 

Election op 1882.— At the election of 1882, 
Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State 
Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second 
term, over -Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. 
Strattan, the Republican candidate for State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- 
feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again 
had a majority in each House of the General 
Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. 
Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 



278 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



House. In the election of United States Senator, 
which occurred at this session, Governor Cullom 
was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. 
Jolin M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. 
Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov- 
ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See 
Cullom, Shelby 31.; JImnilton, John M.; ColUnx. 
Loren C, and Raab, Henry.) 

The "Harper High License Law," enacted by 
the Thirty-third General Assembly (lf<83), has 
become one of the permanent features of the Illi- 
nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, 
and lias been more or less closely copied in other 
States. 

PouTiCAL Camp.ugn OF 1884. — In 1884, Gen. 
R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the 
Republican party for Governor, receiving at 
Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- 
tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. 
Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. 
The Republican National Convention was again 
held ill Chicago, meeting June 3. 1SS4; Gen. Jolin 
A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- 
licans for President, and was p>it in nomination 
in the Convention by Senator Cullom. Tlie 
choice of the Convention, however, fell upon 
James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading 
competitor being President Arthur. Logan was 
then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- 
tion. 

At the election in November the Republican 
party met its first reverse on tlie National battle- 
field since 18.56, Grover Clevelanil and Thomas A. 
Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being 
elected President and Vice-President by the nar- 
row margin of less tlian 1,200 votes in the State 
of New York. Tlie result was in doubt for sev- 
eral days, and the excitement throughout tlie 
country was scarcely less intense than it had 
been in the close election of 18T(i. The Green- 
back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in 
Illinois, polling a ti)tal of nearly 'JU.OOO votes. 
The plurality in the State for Blaine was 2.j,118. 
The Republican State officers elected were Richard 
J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten- 
ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of 
State ; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor ; Jacob Gross, 
State Treasurer; and George Hunt. Attorney- 
General— receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 
000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were 
elected for a second time, while ( Jross and Hunt 
were chosen for fii'st terms. (See fJro.'.-.s-. Jacob, 
and Hunt, George. ) 

Chicago Election- Frauds. — An incident of 
this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat 



Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of 
Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- 
trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed 
and Joseph C. Mackin. one of its alleged perije- 
trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four 
years for perjury growing out of the inve.stiga- 
tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was 
found in the close vote in the Legislature for 
United States Senator — Senator Logan being a 
candidate for re-election, while the Legislature 
stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two 
Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest 
on the election of Speaker of the House finally 
resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending 
the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in 
the House and one in the Senate were rendered 
vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of 
the Representatives being Democrats, and the 
other Representative a Republican. The special 
election for Senator re.sulted in filling the vacancy 
with a new member of the same political faith as 
his predecessor; but l)Oth vacancies in the House 
were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- 
lican member in place of a Democrat in the 
House was brought about by the election of 
Captain William H. Weaver Representative from 
the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, 
Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the 
Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused 
by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, 
Democrat. This was accomplished by what is 
called a "still hunt" on the part of the Repub- 
licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by 
surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- 
sation not only of the session, but of special elec- 
tions generally, especially as every county in the 
District was strongly Democratic. This gave the 
Republicans a majority in each House, and the 
re-election of Logan followed, though not until 
two months had l)een consumed in the contest. 
(See Loijiiii. .hihii A.) 

OOLESBYS Third Term. — The only disturbing 
events during Governor Oglesby "s third term were 
strikes among the quarryinen at Joliet and 
Lemont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen 
at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the 
employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November 
of the same year. In each case troops were called 
out and order finally restored, but not until sev- 
eral persons had been killed in the two former, 
and Vjoth strikers and employers had lost heavily 
in the iiiterrnption of bu.sine.ss. 

At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and 
Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec- 
tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



279 



tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality 
for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See 
Tanner, John R.; Edwards, Richard.) 

In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which 
met Januarj-, 1887, the Republicans liad a major- 
ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was 
elected to the United States Senate in place of 
Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Fanvell, 
Charles B.) 

FiFER Elected Governor. — The political 
campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less 
bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- 
Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and 
ExGov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each 
other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See 
Fifer, Joseph W.) Prohibition and Labor tickets 
were also in the field The Republican National 
•Convention was again held in Chicago, June 
20-2.5, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin 
Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The 
delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- 
tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. 
Gresham. (See Gresham, )Valter Q.) Grover 
Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a 
candidate for re-election. At the November elec- 
tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving 
the Republican Electors a plurality of 23, 104. 
Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,. 547, and that 
of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, 
still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, 
Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac X. Pearson, Secre- 
tary of State ; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor ; 
Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, 
Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; Pear- 
son, Isaac N.; Pavey, Charles W; and Becker, 
Cha7-les.) The Republicans secured twenty-six 
majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the 
largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- 
lature of 1889 were the reelection of Senator 
Cullom to the United States Senate, practically 
w'thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory 
education law, and the enactment of the Chicago 
drainage law. At a special session held in July, 
1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation 
looking to the holding of the World's Columbian 
Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were 
taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) 

Republican Defe.\t of 1890. — The campaign 
of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on 
both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward 
S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 
9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 
1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. 
Though lacking two of an absolute majority on 



joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats 
were able, with the aid of two members belonging 
to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and 
exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. 
Palmer United States Senator, as successor to 
C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March 
11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for 
Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) 
andonefor A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M.) 
Elections of 1892.— At the elections of 1892 
the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first 
defeat on both State and National issues since 
1856. The Democratic State Convention was 
held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the 
Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in 
nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; 
Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor; WilUam 
H. Hiarichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. 
Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for 
Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- 
eral, with Jolin C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter 
for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for 
Trustees of the Universitj' of Illinois. The can- 
didates on the Republican ticket were : For Gov- 
ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, 
Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear- 
son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen- 
eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry 
L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits 
and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- 
tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi- 
nated to succeed themselves. The Republican 
National Convention held its session at Minneapo- 
lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for 
re-election, while that of the Democrats met 
in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session 
until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its 
standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. 
Stevenson, of Bloomingtou, 111., as his running- 
mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and 
People's Party also Iiad complete National and 
State tickets in the field. The State campaign 
was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the 
Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak- 
ing an especially bitter contest upon some features 
of the compulsory school law, and gaining many 
votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. 
The result in the State showed a plurality for 
Cleveland of '26,993 votes out of a total 873,646— 
the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote 
amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- 
tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld 
(Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,6.59; Link 
(Pro.), 25,6'28;Barnet (Peo.), 20. 108— plurality for 
Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 



280 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



est given to any Republican candidate on either 
the National or the State ticket, leading that of 
President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the 
vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of 
Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the 
Democratic State ticket with the single exception 
of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- 
urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in 
Congress from the State chosen at this time, 
eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, 
including among the latter the two Congressmen 
from the State-at-large. The Thirt.v-eighth Gen- 
eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to 
twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and 
seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- 
ans in the House. 

The administration of Governor Fifer — the last 
in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- 
ernors — closed with the financial and industrial 
interests of the State in a prosperous condition, 
the State out of deVjt with an ample surplus in its 
treasury. Fifer was the fir.st private .soldier of 
the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, 
though the result of the next two elections have 
shown that he was not to be the last — both of his 
successors belonging to the same class. Governor 
Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the 
State to be elected Governor, though the State 
has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign 
birth, viz.: Pierre Menard, a French Canadian; 
John iluore, an Englishman, and Gu.stavus 
Koerner and Francis -V. IIotTiiian. both Germans. 

Al^TGEi.D's Admixistr.vtiox. — The Thirty- 
eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 
4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each 
House. (.See Thirty-eighth General Aasembly.) 
The inauguration of the State officers occurred on 
Januarj- 10. The most important events con- 
nected with Governor .\ltgeld"s administration 
were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, 
and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both 
of these have been treated in detail under their 
proper heads. (See ]Vtirl(l's Columbian E.rponi- 
tioti. and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster 
befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the 
night of Jan. 3, 189,5, of a portion, of the buildings 
connected with the Southern Hospital for the 
Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of 
nearl}' §200,000, and subjecting the inmates and 
officers of the institution to great risk and no 
small amount of suffering, although no lives were 
lost. The Thirty-ninth General .\.s,sembly, which 
met a few days after the fire, made an appropri- 
ation of SI" 1,970 for the restoration of the build- 
ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. 



The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- 
urer of the University of Illinois, which came to 
light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, 
involved the State in heavy loss (the exact 
amount of which is not even yet fully known), 
and operated unfortunately for the credit of the 
retiring administration, in view of the adoption of 
a policy which made the Governor mqre directly 
responsible for the management of the State in- 
stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- 
cessors. The Governor's course in connection 
with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised 
in some quarters, especially as it brouRht him in 
opposition to the policy of the National adminis- 
tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa- 
thizing with the strikers at a time when they 
were regarded its acting in open violation of law. 

Electio.v of 1894.— The election of 1894 showed 
as surprising a reaction against the Democratic 
party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite 
direction. The two State offices to be vacated 
this }-ear — State Treasurer and State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction — were filled by the elec- 
tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. 
The i)lurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- 
urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. 
Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty-two Repre- 
sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as 
elected were Republicans, and these two were 
unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- 
ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
Democrats in the Senate, and eighty -eiKht Repub- 
licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. 

One of tlie most important acts of the Thirty- 
ninth General As.sembly, at the following session, 
was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa- 
tion of members of the General Assembly at 81,000 
for each regular session, with five dollars per day 
and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This 
Legislature also passed acts making appropriations 
for the erection of buildings for the use of the 
State Fair, which had l>een permanently located 
at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad- 
ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock 
Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; 
for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal 
Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at 
Wilmington. 

Pekm.\next Location of the St.\te Fair. — 
In consequence of the absorption of public atten- 
tion — especially among the indu-strial and manu- 
facturing classes — by the World's Columbian 
Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the 
Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was 



i;^ 






k^9 


'^m 


'T /3s^^ w ^^^^^I^H 


^ J 


\^ 














L 


r 






i?: 


1:^1 = 




^li^ 


ra 

1 


« 




l^^3 


I 


1 


1 

Si 


r 




1 . \^^ " 


^ 


m 


K 


■ . ■' -^ 


1^ 


[™ 


t^ 


L 




'11 


1 


1 


i 


1 


i 


— i4lf 


=! 


^;s, ^!a 


•^ (r-- 




I 




^ 


i. 


SM;;^7!rs^i 






I ^. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



281 



omitted for the first time since the Civil War. 
The initial steps were taken by the Board at its 
annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that 
year, looking to the permanent location of the 
Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- 
cago, in October following, formal specifications 
were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met 
in securing the prize. These were sent to cities 
intending to compete for the location as the basis 
of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses 
were received from the cities of Bloomington, 
Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual 
meeting in January, 1894, with the result that, 
on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was 
accepted and the Fair permanently located at 
that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to 
ten divided between five other points. The 
Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to 
the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of 
land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair 
Grounds immediately north of the city — besides 
a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San- 
gamon County Board of Supervisors for the 
erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- 
butions increased the estimated value of the 
donations from Sangamon County (including the 
land) to §139,800, not including the pledge of the 
city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates 
of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- 
sides an agreement on the part of the electric 
light company to furnish light for two years free 
of charge. The construction of buildings was 
begun the same year, and the first Fair held on 
the site in September following. Additional 
buildings have been erected and other improve- 
ments introduced each year, until the grounds 
are now regarded as among the best equipped for 
exhibition purposes in the United States. In the 
meantime, the increasing success of the Fair 
from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom 
of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture 
in the matter of location. 

Campaign op 1896. — The political campaign 
of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity 
in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety 
and character of the issues involved and the 
number of party candidates in the field. As 
usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties 
were the chief factors in the contest, although 
there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, 
which tended to the introduction of new issues 
and the organization of parties on new lines. 
The Republicans took the lead in organizing for 
the canvass, holding their State Convention at 
Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo- 



crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former 
put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; 
William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor; 
James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James S. 
McCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for 
Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- 
General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. 
Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University 
Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the 
Democracy for State officers embraced John P. 
Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for 
Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- 
retary of State, Finis E. Downing: Auditor, 
Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George 
A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. 

The National Republican Convention met at St. 
Louis on June 16, and, after a three days" session, 
put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, 
for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New 
Jersey, for Vice-President; while their Demo- 
cratic opponents, following a policy which had 
been maintained almost continuously by one or 
the other party since 1860, set in motion its party 
machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con- 
vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first 
time in the history of the nation, a native of 
Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the 
person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with 
Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine, for the 
second place on the ticket. The main issues, as 
enunciated in the platforms of the respective 
parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by 
the prominence given to the tariff and monetary 
questions in each. This was the natural result of 
the business dejiression which had prevailed since 
1893. While the Republican platform adhered to 
the traditional position of the party on the tariff 
issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the 
gold standard as the basis of the monetary system 
of the country, that of the Democracy took a new 
departure by declaring unreservedly for the "free 
and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at 
the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;"' and this be- 
came the leading issue of the campaign. The 
fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, wlio 
had been favored by the Populists as a candidate 
for Vice President, and was afterwards formally 
nominated by a convention of that party, with 
Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- 
cago Convention, led to much friction between 
the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. 
At the same time a very considerable body — in 
influence and political prestige, if not in numbers 
— in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party, 
refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver 



■282 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



section on the monetary question, and, adopting 
the name of "Gold Democrats,'' put in nomination 
a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, 
for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- 
tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, tlie Pro- 
hibitionists, Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party 
and "Middleof-the-Road"" (or "straight-out"' ) 
Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the 
field, making a total of seven sets of candidates 
api>ealing for the votes of the people on issues 
assumed to be of National importance. 

The fact that the two grejvt parties— Democratic 
and Republican — established their principal head- 
quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in 
Chicago, had the effect to make that city and 
the State of Illinois the center of political activ- 
ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos- 
ing character were held by both parties. At the 
November election the Republicans carried the 
day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141.517 for their 
national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, 
while the leading candidates on the State ticket 
received the following pluralities: John R. Tan- 
ner (for Governor), 113,381; Nortlicott (for Lieu- 
tenant-Governor), 13T,3.54: Rose (for Secretary of 
State), 136,611; McCuIlough (for Auditor). 138,- 
013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for 
Attorney -General), 13'>,6,50. The Republicans also 
elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to 
three Democrats and two People's Party men. 
The total vote ca.st, in this campaign, forthe "Gold 
Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100. 

Gov. Tanner's Administr.^tion — The Fortieth 
General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of 
eighty-eight Republicans to si.xty-three Demo- 
crats and two Pt)pulists in the House, and thirty- 
nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one 
Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally 
gained one member in each house by contests. 
Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was 
chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. 
Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of 
the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers 
in the subordinate positions. Tlie inauguration 
of the newly elected State officers took i>lace on 
the 11th, the inaugural address of (iovernor 
Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main- 
taining the issues indorsed by the people at the 
late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason, 
of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as 
the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was 
about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full 
Republican strength (12.5 votes) in the two 
Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John 
P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Assembly. ) 



Among the principal measures enacted by the 
Fortieth General A.ssembly at its regular session 
were: The "Torrens Land Title Sy.stem," regu- 
lating the conveyance and registration of land 
titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the tliree 
Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the 
Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen 
Street-Railroad I^aw, empowering City Councils 
and other corporate authorities of cities to grant 
street railway franchises for a period of fifty 
years. On l)e<^. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in 
special session under a call of the Governor, nam- 
ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug- 
gested. Of these only two were acted upon 
affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner 
of conducting the election of delegates to nomi- 
nating jjolitical conventions, and a new revenue 
law regulating the assessment and collection of 
ta.xes. The main feature of the latter act is the 
re(iuirement that property shall l)e entered upon 
the books of the asses.sor at its cash value, subject 
to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of 
valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth 
of this amount. 

Tiip; Si>.\NisH- American War.— The most not- 
able event in the history of Illinois during the 
year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and 
tlie part Illinois played in it. In this contest 
lUiuoisans manifested the same eagerness to 
serve their country as did their fathers and fel- 
low citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third 
of a century ago. The first call for volunteers 
was responded to with alacrity by the men com- 
jmsing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi- 
ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh 
inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and 
one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men 
— being mustered in between May 7 and Maj- 21. 
Although only one of these — the First, under the 
command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago — 
saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender 
at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the 
South stood ready to respond to the demand for 
their service in the field. Under the .second call 
for troops two other regiments — the Eighth and 
the Ninth — were organized and the former (com- 
po.sed of A fro- Americans officered by men of 
their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard 
duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of 
engineers from Company E of the Second United 
States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were 
among the first to see service in Cuba, while 
many lUinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve 
were assigned to duty on United States war 
vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



283 



naval engagements in Cuban waters. Tlie Third 
Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in 
the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. 
The several regiments on their return for muster- 
out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with 
Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from 
their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi- 
ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments 
were organized and stood ready to respond to the 
call of the Government for their services had the 
emergency required. (See ll'ar, The Spanish 
American.) 

Labor Disturbances. — The principal labor 
disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- 
ner's administration, occurred during the coal- 
miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the 
Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to 
introduce colored laborers from the South to 
operate these mines led to violence between the 
adherents of the "Miners' Union'' and the mine- 
owners and operators, and their employes, at 
these points, dirring which it was necessary to 
call out the National Guard, and a number of 
lives were sacrificed on both sides. 

A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, 
caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, 
111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of 
which a large proportion of the city was flooded, 
many homes and business houses wrecked or 
greatly injured, and much other property de- 
stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was 
the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most 
part of women and children who, being surprised 
in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was 
promptly furnished by the State Government in 
the form of tents to shelter the survivors and 
rations to feed them ; and contributions of money 
and provisions from the citizens of the State, col- 
lected by relief organizations during the next two 
or three months, were needed to moderate the 
suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.) 

CAMPAIGN OF 1898. — The political campaign of 
1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted 
on the same general issues as that of 1890, al- 
though the gradual return of business prosperity 
had greatly modified the intensity of interest 
with which some of the economic questions of 
the preceding campaign had been regarded. The 
only State officers to he elected were a State- 
Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
and three State University Trustees — the total 
vote cast for the former being 878,623 against 
1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former, 
Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for 
State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for 



jM. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,193 divided 
between three other candidates; while Alfred 
Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 
68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 33,- 
190 votes cast for three others. The Republican 
candidates for University Trustees were, of course, 
elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their 
representation in Congress, though electing thir- 
teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty- 
sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic 
opponents, who were practically consolidated in 
this campaign with the Populi.sts. 

Forty-first General Assembly. — The Forty- 
first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and 
adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, 
with one exception (that of 187.5), the shortest 
regular session in the liistory of the State Gov- 
ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 
1870. The House of Representatives consisted of 
eighty- one Republicans to seventy-one Democrats 
and one Prohibitionist ; and the Senate, of thirty- 
four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one 
Populist — giving a Republican majority on joint 
ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills which passed 
both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- 
ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- 
tant were the following: Amending the State 
Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the 
general powers of the Board ; creating the office 
of State Architect at a salary of S3, 000 per annum, 
to furnish plans and specifications for public 
buildings and supervise the construction and 
care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation 
of the territory of cities under township organi- 
zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- 
sional townships, into one township ; empowering 
each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a 
private secretary at a salary of .?2,000 per annum, 
to be paid by the State; amending tlie State 
Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish- 
ment and maintenance of parental or truant 
schools; and empowering the State to establish 
Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one 
to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in 
cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also 
passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an 
amendment of the State Constitution is to be 
voted upon by the electors at any general elec- 
tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- 
visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to 
each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said 
copies published and posted at the places of voting 
for the information of voters. One of the most 
important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, 
by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 



284 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



railway Franchise Law of the previous session, 
the provisions of whicli. empowering City Coun- 
cils to grant street-railway franchises extending 
over a period of lifty jears. had been severely 
criticised by a portion of the press and excited 
intense hostility, especially in some of the larger 
cities of the State. Although in force nearly two 
years, not a single corporation had succeeded in 
obtaining a franchise under it. 

A Retrospect and a Look ixto The Future. — 
The history of Illinois has been traced concisely 
and in outline from the earliest period to the 
present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and 
Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, 
for a century it continued the hunting ground of 
savages and the home of wild animals conmion to 
the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. 
The region brought under the influence of civili- 
zation, such as then existed, comprised a small 
area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized 
counties of the present day. Thirteen yeare of 
nominal British control( 1765-78) saw little change, 
except the exodus of a part of the old French 
population, who preferred Spanish to British rule. 

The period of devoloiiment began with the 
occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That 
saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- 
ernment of the settlements northwest of the 
Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 
250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 
13,.500,000. In 1880 the population of the State 
equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the 
close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in 
the Union in this respect in 18.")(), in 1800 it had 
advanced to third rank. AVith its unsurpassed 
fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel 
for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- 
roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, 
there is little risk in predicting that the next 
forty years will see it advanced to second, if not 
first rank, in both wealth and i)0]>ulation. 

But if the development of Illinois on material 
lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the 
Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers 
and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A 
long list of these might be mentioned, but two 
names from the ranks of lUinoisans have been, by 
common consent, assigned a higher place than all 
others, and have left a deeper impress upon the 
history of the Nation than any others since the 
days of Washington, These are, Ulysses S. Grant, 
the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms 
and ('oii(|ueror of the Rebellion, anil Abraham 
Lincoln, the (Jreat Emancipator, the Preserver of 
the Republic, and its Martyred President. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 

Important Events in lUinots History. 

1673.— Jollet ftnd Marquetto renrti Illinois from Green Bay by 
way of thu Upper Mississippi himI Illinois Rivers. 

1G74-5. — Maniuette niakf.s a .secoiitl visit to Illinois uiid spends 
the wlnieron the present site of (,'hlcago. 

1680. — La Salle and Tonty rtesreiid the Jlliimis to Peoria Lake. 

1681.- Toiity iM?«ins the eret-tion of Fort St. Louis un "Starved 
Rock" in Lu Salle County. 

IGSi.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi 
Rivers to the nionlh of the laiier, and take jHibfiesslon 
<Aprilt». 1642) in the name of the Kliif^^of France 

1700. — First |>erniaiient French settlement in Illinois and Mis- 
sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokla. 

1700.— Kaakaskia Indians remove from the Upper IIUdois and 
locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. French 
settlement established here the same year becomes the 
town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois. 

1718.— The tirst Fort Chartres. erected near Kaskaskia. 

1718. - Fort St. Louis, on the UpiM-r Illinois, burned by Indians. 

17M. — Fort C'hartres rebuilt and streipntheneil. 

ITtio. The lUiiiiils (-ountry surrendered by the French to the 
British under the treatv of 17i;:{ 

1778.— I July A> Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe- 
dition orgitiilred under authority of Gov. Patrick Henry of 
Virginia, arrives at KaskH.okia. The occupation of Illinois 
bv the ,\tnerican troops follows. 

1778— Illinois County created by Act of the VirRlpla House of 
iJelegtttes. for the goverument of the selllemeiiis north- 
west of the Ohio River. 

1787.- Congres.s adi>pts the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the 
Northwest Territory, embracing the present Stales of 
Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Ulchlgnn and Wisconsin. 

1788.— General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- 
west Territory. 

1790.— St Clair County organized. 

1795.— Randolph County organized. 

1800.— Northwest Territory divided Into Ohio and Indiana Ter- 
ritories. Illinois being embraced In the latter. 

1809.— Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and NlnlaD 
Kdvvards appointed Governor 

1818.— .Dec. :<> Illinois admittwl as a Stale. 

IHio. -State capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 

1.S22- 24. -Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State. 

IHi5.-i .April :(U) General La Fayelte visits Kaskaskia. 

1832.— Black Hawk War. 

18:{y.— ( July I > Spritiglield becomes the third capital of the State 
under nil Act of the 1.^-gisIature passed m 1»37. 

1818.— The second Constitution adopted. 

isiiu.— Abraham Lincoln is electe<l President. 

iNii.— warof the Rebellion begins. 

18U;i.— >Jan. I) Lincoln issues bis linal Proclamation of EmaD- 
cipation. 

18G4.— Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. 

ltH(,i._i April I4i .\hraham Lincoln assasslimted In Washington. 

18fi5.— I Mav 4i Prcsiilent Liiieiiln'fl funeral in Springlleld. 

J8ta.— The'War of Ilie Uebellion ends. 

I8(!8.— Gen. U. s. Grunt elected to the Presidency. 
1870.- The tliird Slate Constitution adopted. 



POPULATION OF ILLINOIS 

At Each Decennial Ccn»\is from 1810 to 1900, 

1810 (23) 12.282 1860 (41 I.ni.95l 

18»U (241 5,1.162 1870 (4 t 2.5;«.81U 

ISW (20) 157.445 \Mi ,4t .'*,077.s71 

1S40 (H> 476,183 !H!W (3) 3 K2*;,;«l 

1850 (1I> 851,470 1900(3) (,821.550 

Note.— Figures In parenthesis Indicate the rank of the Slate 
fo order of population. 



ILLINOIS CITIES 
Having a Poimlation of io,ooo and Over {1900), 



Name. Population. 

Chicago 1,698,755 

Peoria Sti.luo 

Quincv 36.252 

UpringHeld ^.IS» 

Rockford 31,051 

Jollet 29,353 

East St. Louis 29,655 

Aurora 24.147 

BIcKimington 23.286 

Elgin 22,4:« 

I)ecatur 20.754 

Rock Island 19,498 

Evaiiston 19,259 



Name. Population. 
Galesburg 18.607 



Belleville 

Mullne 


.... i;.-isi 

.... 17,248 
.... lli.SM 


jHcksonviUe 


.... 1.5.078 


Strentor 

KHi)kake« 

Freeport 


.... 14,079 
.... 13.595 

1.1258 

12.5«S 


Ottawa 

La SuUe 


.... 10,588 
10,4M 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



285 



INDEX. 



This index relates exclusively to matter embraced in the article under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history 
will be found treated at length, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. 



Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. 
Altgeld, John P., administration as Gov- 
ernor. 27y-80; defeated for re-election, 1^1. 
Anderson. Stinson H..2t)4. 
Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, 25R. 
Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a 

conventiou scheme, 260. 
Baker, Cot. E. D., 263; orator at laying 
the corner-stone of State capitol, 2ii4. 

Batemaii, Nevvtun, State Superintendent 

of Public Instruction. 270.274,275. 
Beveridge, John L.. Congressman and 
Lieutenant-Governor; becomes Governor 
by resignation of Governor Ogle3by,27ti. 

Birkbeck. Morris, 2C0. 

Bissell, William H.. Colonel in Mexican 
War. 265; Governor, 269; death, 27u. 

Black Hawk War. 262. 

Blodgett. Henry W.,Free Soil member of 
the LeKJsIature, 268. 

Blooniington Convention (1856), 269. 

Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. 

Bond, Shadrach. 255; Delegate iu Congress, 
257; first Governor, 258. 

Breese. Sidney, 259. 

Browne. Thomas C, 260. 

Browning. Orville H., in Bloomington 
Convention, 269; U. S. Senator. 27:^. 

Cahokia, first French settlement at, 252. 

Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. 

Canal Scrip Fraud, 270. 

Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 26:*. 

Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress: re- 
signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. 

Charlevoix visits Illinois, 247 

Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance 
of in estimation of early explorers, 247. 

Chicago election frauds, 278. 

Chicago, fire of 1871,276. 

Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago 
was named, 24S. 

dark, C^ol. George Rogers, expedition to 
IlUnois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251. 

Coles, Edward, emancipates his slaves; 
candidate for Governor, 259; his election, 
260; persecuted by his enemies. 261. 

Constitutional Convention of 1818, 258. 

Constitutional Conventiun of 1847,266. 

Constitutional Convention of 1862,272. 

Constitutional Convention of 1870, 2(5. 

Cook, Daniel P.. 255; Attorney-General, 
258: elected to Congress. 260-61. 

Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against 
Indians at Peoria. 257. 

Cullom.SheU)y M., Speaker of General As- 
sembly, 27u; elected Governor. 27ii; ft'ii- 
tures of his administration; re-elected, 
277; elected to U. S. Senate. 278. 

Davis. David. United States Senator. 277. 

Douglas, Stephen A., 263; Justice Supreme 
Court, 2ti4, U. S. Senator, 266; debates 
with Lincoln, 268-70; re-elected U.S. Sen- 
ator. 270; death, 272. 

Duncan, Joseph. Governor; character of 
his administration, 262-63. 

Early towns, 258. 

Earthquake of 1811.256. 

Edwards, Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- 
tory, 255. elected U. S. Senator, 259; 
elected Governor; administration and 
death, 261. 

Ewing, William L. D., becomes acting 
Governor; occupant of many offices, 263. 

Explorers, earl V French, 244-5. 

Farwell. Churles B..279. 

Field-MoCltjrijand contest. 264. 

Fifer, Joseph W., elected Governor, 279. 

Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial 
House of Representatives, 257. 

Ford, Thnmiis, Governor; embarrassing 
questions of his administration, 264. 

Fort Chartres, surrendered to British, 250. 

Fort Dearborn ma.ssacre, 256-57. 

Fort Gage burned, 251. 

Fort Massac, startingpoint on the Ohio of 
Clark's expedition, 251. 

Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and burned by 
Indians, 247. 

Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Commissioner 
for Illinois in 1775, 251. 

French, Augustus C Governor, 265-7. 

French aud ludian War, 250. 



French occuoation ; settlement about Kas- 
kaskia and Cahokia. 249. 

French villages, population of in 1765,251. 

Gibault. Pierre. 2ii2. 

Grant. Ulysses S., arrival at Springfield; 
Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Voluu- 
teers, 271; elected President, 275. 

Gresham, Walter Q,, supported by Illinois 
Republicans for the Presidency, 279. 

Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor, 
277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278. 

Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. 

Hardin, John J., 263; elected to Congress, 
264; killed at Buena Vista, 265. 

Harrison. William Henry, first Governor 
of Indiana Territory, 254. 

Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for 
Illinois Country; assists in planning 
Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlcto Gov- 
ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio 
River 

Illinois, its rank in order of admission into 
the Union, area and population, 241; In- 
dian origin of the name; boundaries and 
area; geographical locatioti; navigable 
streams, 242; topography, fauna and 
flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con- 
test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- 
ana ill 1721, 249; surrendered to the 
British iu 1765, 251 ; undpr government of 
Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territory, 
254; Territorial Government organized; 
Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 
255; admitted as a State. 258 

Illinois & Michigan Canal, 261. 

Illinois Central Railroad. 267-68, 

"Illinois Country," boundaries defined by 
Captain Pittman. 241; Patrick Henry, 
first American Governor, 252, 

Illinois County organized by Virginia 
House of Delegates, 252. 

Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- 
rial ofiBcers, 255. 

Indiatia Territory organized. 254; first 
Territorial Legislature elected. 255. 

Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. 

Internal hiiprovement scheme, 263. 

Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, 
visits Illinois in 1673, 24o. 

Kane. Elias Kent, 258. 

Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268. 

Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper 
Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 248. 

Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- 
tion against Kaskaskia. 251. 

Labor disturbances. 270,280,283. 

La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261. 

La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 
245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth uf 
St. Joseph; disasterof Fort Creve-Coeur; 
erection of Fort St. Louis, 246. 

Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the 
General Assembly, 263; elected to Con- 
gress, 266 ; unsuccessful candidate for 
the United States Senate; member of 
Bloomington Convention of 1856; 
'• House-divided-agaiust-itself " speech, 
269; elected President, 270: departure for 
Washington, 271; elected for a second 
term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274. 

Lincoln- Douglas debates, 270. 

Lockwood, Samuel D., Attorney-General; 
Secretary of State; opponent of pro- 
slavery convention scheme, 260. 

Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union 
soldier, 272; Congressman-at-Iarge, 274-76; 
elected United .States Senator. 276; Re- 
publican nominee for Vice-President; 
third election as Senator, 278 
"Long Nine, "263. 

Louisiana united with Illinois. 254. 

Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263. 

Macalister andStebbins bonds. 270. 

Marquette. Father Jacques (see Joliet); 
his mission among the Kaskaskias, 248. 

Mason, William E., U. S. Senator, 282. 

McLean, John, Speaker; first Representa- 
tiveinCongress: U.S Senator: death, 265. 

Menard, Pierre, 255; President of Terri- 
torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant- 
Governor. 258; anecdote of, 259. 

Mexican War, 265. 



Morgan, Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- 
kaskia in 1776. 251. 

Mormon War, 264-65. 

New Design Settlement, 255. 
New France, 244. 249. 

Nicolet. Jean. French explorer, 244-5. 

Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Ar- 
thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; 
first Territorial Legislature; separated 
into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254. 

Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 
271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- 
tion; chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third 
election to governorship, 278. 

Ordinance of 1787, 253. 

•' Paincourt " (early name for St Louis) 
settled by French from Illinois, 251. 

Palmer. John M., member of Peace Con- 
ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; 
prominent events of his administration, 
■^75; uiisucceesfnl Democratic candidate 
for Governor; elected U. S. Senator, 279; 
candidate for President, 282. 

Peace Conference of 1861,271. 

Peace conventions of 1863,273. 

Perrot, Nicholas, explorer, 245. 

Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- 
ries of the '■Illinois Country." 241. 

Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois Ter- 
ritory, 255; Delegate in Congress: serv- 
ice in fixing northern boundary, 258. 

Prairies, origin of, 243. 

Randolph County organized. 254. 

Renault, Philip F., first importer of Afri- 
can slaves to Illinois. 249. 

Republican State Convention of 1856,269. 

Reynolds, John, elected Governor: resigns 
to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of 
IlUnoig House of Representatives. 268. 

Richardson, William A., candidate for 
Governor, 270; U.S. Senator, 272. 

Rocheblave, Chevalier de, laat British 
Commandant in Illinois. 251; sent as a 
prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. 

Shawneetown Bank, 257. 

Sliawneetown flood, 283. 

Shields. Gen, James, 263; elected U. S. Sen- 
ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. 

Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 230. 

spanish-.\merican War. 281. 

Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- 
tion of new State capitol at, authorizeu, 
275: state Bank, 259, 

St. Clair. Arthur, first Governor of North- 
west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254. 

St. Clair County organized, 254. 

.state debt reaches its maximum, 268. 

State Fair permanently located, 281. 

Streams and navigation. 242. 

Supreme C'ourt revolutionized, 264. 

Tanner. John R., state Treasurer, 278; 
elected Governor, 281-2. 

Thomas, Jesse B.. 255; President of Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1818, 258; 
elected United States Senator, 259. 

Todd. Col. John. County-Lieutenant of Illi- 
nois County, 2.52. 

T'jnty. Henry de(see La Salle). 

Treaty with Indians near Alton. 257. 

Trumbull. Lyman. Secretary of State, 264; 
elected United States Senator, 269-70; 
Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. 

Vandalia. the second State capital, 259. 

War of 1812, 2.56; expeditions to Peoria 
Lake, 257. 

War of the Rebellion; some prominent 
Illinois actors; nuihher of troops fur- 
nished by Illinois; important battles par- 
ticipated in, 271 72; some officers who 
fell;, Grierson raid. 272. 

Warren, Hooper, editor Edwards ville 
Spectator, 260. 

Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 254. 

Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 264. 

Wilmot Proviso, action of lUiuoii Legisla- 
ture upon, 267. 

Wood, John, Lieutenant-Governor, fills 
Bis^ell's unexpired term. 270. 

Yates. Richard, at Bloomington Conven- 
tion of 1856, 269; Governor, 270; prorogues 
Legislatureof 1863; elected United States 
Senator, 273. 



286 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in 
Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments 
of an education in two winters' schooling, and 
began his business career by purchasing 100 head 
of yearling cattle upon which, after herding 
them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- 
tucky, he realized a profit of nearly §3,000. In 
1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village 
of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three 
years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- 
lin, " on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the 
present town of Boonville, in IMil made a horse- 
back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating 
at Springfield, which had just been selected bj' 
a board of Commissioners as the temixjrary 
county -seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon 
brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. 
Louis and opened the first store in the new town. 
Two years later (1823), in conjunction with 
Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, 
he entered a section of land comprised within the 
present area of the city of Springfield, which 
later became the permanent county-seat and 
finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the 
first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 182G, was 
elected State Senator, served as Major in the 
Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in 
the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon 
advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he 
sold his store to John Williams, who had been 
his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American 
House," which afterwards became the temporary 
stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous 
statesmen. He invested largely in valuable 
farming lands, and. at his death, left a large 
estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. 

ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR IXCIRABLE 1>- 
SANE,an institution founded under an act of the 
General Assembly, pa,ssed at the se.s.sion of 1895, 
making an appropriation of .$65,000 for the pur- 
chase of a site and the erection of buildings with 
capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. 
The institution was located by the Trustees at 
Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and 
the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later 
these were found to be located on ground wliich 
had been undermined in excavating for coal, and 
their removal to a dilTerent location was under- 
taken in 1898. The in.stitution is intended to 
relieve the other hospitals for the In.saue by the 
reception of patients deemed incurable. 

ILLINOIS AM) MICHKiAN CANAL, a water- 
way connecting Lake Jlichigan with the Illinois 
River, and forming a connecting link in the 
water-route between the St. Lawrence and the 



Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 
feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is 
at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about 
five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some 
eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- 
lowing tlie valley to the mouth of tlie Kankakee 
(forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern 
terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on 
the Illinois. Between these points the canal lias 
four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page 
and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, 
Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions 
from the waters of the Fox River at the latter 
]X)int. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it 
has five feeders whose aggregate length is 
twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet 
deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The 
difference in level between Lake Michigan and 
the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and 
forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of ve.ssels, 
there are seventeen locks, ranging from three 
and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, 
their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting 
the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock- 
port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are 
large basins, three of which supply power to fac- 
tories. To increase the water supply, rendered 
necessary by the high summit level, pumping 
works were erected at Bridgeport, having two 
thirty-eight ft>ot independent wheels, each capa- 
ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet 
length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per 
minute. These pumping works were erected in 
1848, at a cost of $15,000, and were in almost con- 
tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that 
these machines might be utilized for the benefit 
of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago 
River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- 
ing its place to be filled by pure water from tlie 
lake. This pumping, liowever, cost a large sum, 
and to obviate this exjiense §2,9.55,340 was ex- 
pended by Chicago in deepening tlie canal be- 
tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the 
south division of the city might be carried through 
the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was 
returned to the City by the State after the great 
fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carrj'- 
ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage 
Canal.) 

In connection with the canal three locks and 
dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one 
at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La 
Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about 
sixty miles below Henry; and another at La 
Grange. The object of these works (the first 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



28r 



two being practically an extension of the canal) 
is to furnish slack-water navigation through- 
out the year. The cost of that at Henry (§400,000) 
was defrayed by direct appropriation from the 
State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cosjt 6-110,831, 
of which amount the United States Governnient 
paid §63.360. The General Government also con- 
structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated 
fimds for the building of another at Kampsville 
Landing, with a view to making the river thor- 
oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial 
results expected from these vi^orks have not been 
realized and their demolition is advocated. 

History. — The early missionaries and fur- 
traders first directed attention to the nearness of 
the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. 
The project of the construction of a canal was 
made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, 
Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a 
bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in 
connection with the Erie and other canal enter- 
prises. In 1823 Congress granted the right of 
way across the public lands "for the route of a 
canal connecting the Illinois River with the 
south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- 
lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres 
of land to aid in its construction, which was to 
be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The 
earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles 
long, and the original estimates of cost varied 
between $639,000 and §716,000. Later surveys 
and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal 
forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000. 
In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was 
created and surveys were made looking to the 
construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the 
surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in 
depth. Work was begun in Jime of that year; 
was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, 
when a canal loan of §1,000,000 was negotiated. 
The channel was opened for navigation in April, 
1848, by which time the total outlay had reached 
§6,170,336. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its 
entire indebtedness on account of the canal and 
the latter reverted to the State. The total cost 
up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- 
cago^ was §9,513,831, while the sum returned to 
the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., 
amoimted to §8,819,731. In 1883 an offer was 
made to cede the canal to the United States upon 
condition that it should be enlarged and ex- 
tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, 
but has been declined. 

ILLIIVOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- 
ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected 



navigable water-way in course of construction 
(1899) by the General Government, designed to 
connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi 
River. Its object is to furnish a continuous 
navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at 
or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- 
gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and 
the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth 
of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Route. —The canal, at its eastern end, 
leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths 
miles above the city of Hennepin, where the 
river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- 
ing the Bureau Creek valley, tlie route passes 
over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River 
and the IMississippi to Rock River at the mouth 
of Green River; thence by slack-water dowa 
Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that 
stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti- 
mated length of the main channel between its 
eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles 
— the distance having been reduced by changes 
in the route after the first survey. To this is to 
be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity 
of Shelfield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight 
miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), 
north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the 
city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the 
purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water 
for the main canal on its highest level. The 
length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as 
its dimensions are the same as those of the main 
channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the 
same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed 
at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will 
furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to 
Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route 
to tliat extent. 

History. — The subject of such a work began to 
be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under 
authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary 
surveys began to be made by Government engi- 
neers that j'ear. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- 
mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, 
were submitted to Congress in accordance with 
tlie river and harbor act of August, 1888. This 
report became tho basis of an appropriation in 
the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for 
carrying the work into practical execution. 
Actual work was begun on the western end of the 
canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the 
spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted 
as continuously as the appropriations made by 
Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- 
cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 



288 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



Engineers in charge of tlie work, for tlie fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the 
canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four 
and one-half miles), with three locks, three 
swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- 
ings, was completed and that portion of the canal 
opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the- 
early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation 
and masonry on the eastern section was practi- 
cally completed, the feeder line under contract, 
and five out of the eighteen bridges required to 
be constructed in place; and it was estimated 
that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts 
and aqueducts, will be completed within two 
years, at the farthest, by 1902. 

Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. 
ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main 
line is seventy-five miles, of which twent}--eight 
miles (the e;istern section) is east of tlie junction 
of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western 
section) west of that point — making, with the 
twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- 
dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the 
Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the 
eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one 
locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to 
reach an altitude of 190 feet; while the descent 
of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the 
Mississippi on the western end is accomplished 
through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen 
feet each. The width of the canal, at the water 
surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the 
surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- 
rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. 
The locks are one hundre<l and seventy feet long, 
between the quoins, bj' thirty-five feet in width, 
admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred 
and forty feet in length and thirt}--two feet team 
and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of 
freight. 

The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- 
struction of locks, as well as abutments for 
bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- 
tured in place, while the look-gates and aque- 
ducts proper are of steel — the use of these 
materials resulting in a large saving in the first 
cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- 
ity and ijermanence in all. The concrete work, 
already completed, is found to have withstood 
the effects of ice even more successfully than 
natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron 
piping and the framework of all the bridges of 
steel. 

The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of 



construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- 
ings, etc., at $5,008,000 for the main channel and 
$1,8.")8,000 for the Rock River feeder— a total of 
§6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by 
changes in the route and unexpected saving in 
the material employed for masonry work. The 
total expenditure, as shown by official reports, 
up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905 13. The 
amount e.vpended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- 
mated §2,500,000, while the amount necessary to 
complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended 
balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at 
§3,500,000. 

The completion of this work, it is estimated, 
will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water 
trans|)ortation between Chicago and the western 
terminus of the canal. In order to make tlie 
canal available to its full capacity between lake 
I>oints and the Mississippi, the enlargement of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width 
and depth of channel, will be an indispensable 
necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will 
be made to secure action in this direction by the 
Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another 
expedient likely to receive strong support will be, 
to induce the General Government to accept the 
tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by 
the enlargement of the latter through its whole 
length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River 
at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago 
Drainage Canal — furnish a national water- way 
between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of 
sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and 
other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. 

ILLIXOIS BAXD, THE, an association consist- 
ing of seven young men, then students in Yale 
College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered 
into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the 
promotion of Cliristian education in the West, 
especially in Illinois. It was composed of Tlieron 
Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, 
Elisha Jenney, William Kirb}-, Julian M. Sturte- 
vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- 
nois at an early day, and one of the first results 
of their elTorts was the founding of Illinois Col- 
lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, witli whicli all 
became associated as members of the first Board 
of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the 
close of their lives, wliile most of them were con- 
nected with the institution for a considerable 
period, either as members of the faculty or finan- 
cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi- 
dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or 
professor fifty -six years. (See Baldwin. Theron; 
Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian M.) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



289 



ILLIXOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo- 
ration controlling the principal line of railroad 
extending through the entire length of the State 
from north to south, besides numerous side 
branches acquired by lease during the past few 
years. The main lines are made up of three gen- 
eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 
111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, 
Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New 
Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of 
1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles 
are in Illinois. Besides tliis the company con- 
trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large 
jiumber of lateral branches which are operated 
by the company, making the total mileage 
officially reported up to June 30, 1898. 3,130.21 
miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad 
is not only one of the lines earliest projected in 
the history of the State, but has been most inti- 
mately connected with its development. The 
project of a road starting from the mouth of the 
Ohio and extending northward through the State 
is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. 
Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was 
advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and 
others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & 
Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a 
charter granted by the Legislature in January, 
1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point 
near the southern terminus of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this 
act, although an organization was effected, with 
Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. 
The Company surrendered its charter the next 
year and the work was undertaken by the State, 
under the internal improvement act of 1837, and 
considerable money expended without complet- 
ing any portion of the line. The State having 
abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 
1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway 
Company" under what came to be known as tho 
"Holbrook charter," to be organized under tho 
auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Compan3-, 
the line to connect the termini named in the 
charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, 
Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money 
was expended under this charter, but the scheme 
again failed of completion, and the act was 
repealed in 1845, A charter under the same 
name, w-ith some modification as to organization, 
was renewed in 1849. — In January, 1850, Senator 
Douglas introduced a bill in the United States 
Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of 
alternate sections of land along the line of a 



proposed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in 
the northwest corner of the State, with a branch 
to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in Jlay 
of the same year and the House in September, 
and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road Company as it exists to- day. Previous to 
the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City 
& Canal Company had been induced to execute a 
full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- 
leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was 
followed in February, 1851, by the act of the 
Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under 
specified conditions) the grant of lands received 
from the General Government. This grant 
covered alternate sections within six miles of the 
line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands 
were not vacant ) , to be placed on lands within 
fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres 
thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, 
(about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con- 
veyed to Trustees as security for the performance 
of the work. An engineering party, organized 
at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the prelim- 
inary survey of the Chicago branch, and 
before the end of the year the whole line was 
surveyed and staked out The first contract for 
grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that 
portion between Chicago and Kensington (then 
known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened 
for traffic. May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan 
Central, which had been in course of construction 
from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter 
Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other 
sections, some of them in June, and the last on 
Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1853, the section from 
La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- 
pleted and opened for business, a temporary 
bridge being constructed over the Illinois near 
La Salle, and cars hauled to t)ie top of the bluff 
with chains and cable by means of a stationary 
engine. In July, 1854, the Cliicago Division was 
put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main 
line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed 
Jan. 8, 1855. and the line from La Salle to Duluth 
(now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 13, 
1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- 
pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (FINANCI.A.L St.\tement.) 
The share capital of the road was originally 
fixed at §17.000,000, but previous to 1869 it had 
been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 
to $29,000,000. The present capitalization (1898) 
is §163.352,593, of which §52,500,000 is in stock, 
§.52,680,925 in bonds, and §51,367,000 in miscel- 
laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 



390 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in Illinois, as shoTrnby a report made in 1889, was 
S:i.'J.110.(jUSl. Hy the teriu.s of its charter the 
corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu 
thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, 
semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross 
earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus 
paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 1855, 
when the first payment of S29.751..'j9 was made, 
up to and including Oct. 31, 189H, aggregated 
§17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), 
amounted to ■'5334.527.01. The largest payment 
in the history of the road was that of October, 
1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to 
$450,170.34. The net income of the main line in 
Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898. was 
§12.299.021. and the total expenditures within the 
State .?12,831. 161. —(Leased Lines) The first 
addition to the Illinois Central System was made 
in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque 
& Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque 
to Sioux Falls. Iowa. Since then it has extended 
its Iowa connections, by the construction of new 
lines and the acquisition or extension of others. 
The most important addition to the line outside 
of the State of Illinois was an arrangement 
efifected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & 
Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- 
roads — with which it previously had tratlic con- 
nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, 
Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection 
was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and 
the Southern Divisions of the system, by means 
of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap 
was filled in and the through line opened to traffic 
in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, 
Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi 
Central roads were consolidated under the title 
of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago I{ailroad, 
but the new corporation defaulted on its interest 
in 1876. The Illinois Central, whidi was the 
owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- 
ent lines wliich went to make up tlie New Orleans, 
St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, tlien acquired 
ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro- 
cee<lings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 
1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis 
& New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of 
one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central 
Company. — (Ii,i.,iNois Branches.) The more im- 
portant branches of the Illinois Central witliin the 
State include: (1) The Springfield Division from 
Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered 
in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Oilman. Clinton 
& Springfield Railroad; passed into the hands of 
a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, 



and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois 
Central Railroad : (2) The Rantoul Division from 
Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in 
Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- 
toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge 
line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to 
standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, 
St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed 
into the hands of a receiver: in December of the 
same year taken in charge by the bondholders; in 
1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, 
in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central: (3) 
Tlie Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from 
Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- 
heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed 
as the western extension of the Indianapolis, 
Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold 
under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the 
Champaign. Havana & Western: in 18.80 pur- 
chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 
1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees 
and, in September, 1880. sold under foreclosure to 
the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The FreeiK>rt 
Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to 
Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed 
under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison 
& Northern Railroad (which see), opened for 
traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois 
Central Railroad Conipanj- in January, 1889: (5) 
The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), 
constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington 
under the charters of the Kankakee & Western 
and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; 
acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 
1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883: and 
(6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which 
see under its old name). Other Illinois branch 
lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ; 
the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South 
Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, 
and tlie St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes 
an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- 
vated track. The total length of these Illinois 
branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main 
lines making the total mileage of the company 
within the State 1,624.22 miles. For .several years 
up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection 
with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & 
Indianapolis from EfTingliam. but this is now 
secured by way of the Springfield Division and 
the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over 
the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve- 
land, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 
Between June 30, 1897 and April 30. 1,898. branch 
lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



291 



and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were 
added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo 
Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near 
its moutli, at a cost of §3.000,000. for the purpose of 
connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions 
of the Illinois Central System, and one of the 
most stupendous structures of its kind in the 
world, belongs wholly to tlie Illinois Central 
Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) 

ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- 
ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to 
graduate a collegiate class in the history of the 
State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- 
rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at 
some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college 
which would give the youth of the State the 
opportunity of acquiring a higher education. 
Some of the most influential factors in this move- 
ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or 
contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, 
the outline of a plan for such an institution was 
drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary 
of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. 
Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court 
of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions 
for the organization of a stock-company to carry 
the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then 
proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- 
ment of female education, at least until a separate 
institution could be furnished — which, if not a 
forerunner of the co-educational system now so 
much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- 
lishment of th^ Jacksonville Female Seminary, 
which soon followed the founding of the college. 
A few months after these preliminary steps were 
taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication 
with a group of young men at Yale College (see 
"Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- 
pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- 
tional and missionary work in the West, and out 
of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards 
effected, grew Illinois College. The organization 
of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally 
consummated in February, 1839, and before the 
close of the year a fund of $10,000 for the purpose 
of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- 
tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of 
education in the East, a beginning had been made 
in the erection of buildings on the present site of 
Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- 
ber of the same j'ear, the work of instruction of 
a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian 
M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- 
courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) 
Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- 



fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry 
Ward — already then well known as a leader in 
the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- 
come identified with the new enterprise and 
assumed the position of its first President. Such 
was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois 
at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- 
ence in education, that it was not until 183.') that 
the friends of the institution were able to secure 
a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual 
attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was 
finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- 
bus bill" including three other institutions, but 
with restrictions as to the amount of real estate 
that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- 
tion of theological departments, both of which 
were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- 
leges.) The same year the college graduated its 
first class, consisting of two members — Richard 
Yates, afterwards War Governor and United 
States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the 
composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as was this 
first output of alumni, it was politically and 
morally strong. In 1843 a medical department 
was established, but it was abandoned five years 
later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher 
retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was 
succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in 
that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when 
he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 
188,1 — his connection with the institution cover- 
ing a period of fifty -six years. Others who have 
occupied the position of President include Rufus 
C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. 
Tanner, 1882-93; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the 
incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- 
est and influential friends of the institution, 
besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may 
be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- 
can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, 
Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of 
Chicago), all of whom were members of tlie early 
Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to 
maintain a preparatory department for many 
years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, 
and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established 
and provided with a separate building for this 
purpose. The standard of admission to the col- 
lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping 
abreast, iu this respect, of other American col- 
leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 
1.5 members and an endowment of some Sl.50,000, 
with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- 
umes and property valued at $360,000. Degrees 
are conferred in both classical and scientific 



292 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



courses in the college proper. The list of alumni 
embraces some 750 names, including many who 
have been prominent in State and National 
affairs. 

ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the 
first civil organization of tlie territory nortlnvest 
of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George 
Rogers Clark in 1778. Tliis was done by act of 
the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in 
October of the same year, which, among other 
things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the 
commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- 
tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of 
the Oliio, shall be included in a distinct county 
which shall be called Illinois County ; and the 
Governor of this commonwealth, with tlie advice 
of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant 
or Commandantin-chief of the county during 
pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to 
this commonwealth and the oatli of office accord- 
ing to the form of their own religion. And all 
civil otlices to which the inhabitants have been 
accu.stomed, necessary for the preservation of the 
peace and the administration of justice, shall be 
chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- 
spective districts, to be convened for that purpose 
by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his 
deputy, and shall be commissioned by .said 
County-Lieutenant.'' -As the Commonwealth of 
Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's coiii|uest, 
then claimed jurisdiction over tlie entire region 
west of tlie Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, 
Illinois County nominally embraced the territory 
comprised within the limits of tlie present States 
of Oliio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin, though the settlements were limited to the 
vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present 
State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, 
of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under 
this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois 
County were subsequently organized the follow- 
ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, 
after his assumption of the duties of Governor, 
following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- 
nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, 
viz. : 
Namk Codnty-Skat DATKor Oboan-ization 



Wa.thlnKton 
llamlltou 



Knox 
Bandulph 



Marietta 
Cincinnati 

SCaliokla 
Prairie till Roclier 
KH,skaskUi 
Post St. Vinceniiea 
Kaskaskia 



July 27. 1788 
Jan. 4. I7»0 



April 27, 1790 



June 20. 1790 
Oct. 5. 1795 



■Washington, originally comprising the State of 
Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- 
ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton 



County embracing the west, with Cincinnati 
(originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort 
Washington) a.s the county seat. St. Clair, the 
third county organized out of this territory, at 
first had virtually three county -seats, but divi- 
sions and jealousies among the people and officials 
in reference to the place of deposit for the records, 
resulted in the issue, live years later, of an order 
creating the new county of Randolph, the second 
in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and 
Randolph) constituting the two counties into 
which it was divided at the date of organization 
of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew 
the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois 
County as the original of all the counties in the 
five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair 
County inherited the title as to the State of 
Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair, Arthur, 
and Todd. (Col) John.) 

ILLINOIS F.VRMERS' R.VILROAD. (See 
J(ick.'<oiirillf <i- St. Loiii.-i Rnilird;/.) 

ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing 
institution for the education of women, located 
at Jack.sonville and incorporated in 1847. Wliile 
essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- 
trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. 
Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- 
ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years 
later the charter was amended and the name 
changed to the present cognomen. The cost of 
building and meager support in early years 
brought on bankruptcy. The friends of the insti- 
tution rallied to its support, however, and the 
purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom 
were friends of Methodist education) donated the 
property to what w;is technically a new institu- 
tion. A second charter was obtained from the 
State in 18G3, ami the restrictions imposed upon 
the grant were such as to prevent alienation of 
title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While 
the college has only a small endowment fund 
(.?2,000) it owns $60,000 worth of real property, 
besides §9,000 investetl in appai-atus and library. 
Preparatory and collegiate tlepartments are main- 
tained, both classical and scientific courses being 
established in the latter. Instruction is also 
given in fine arts, elocution and music. The 
faculty (IHOS) numbers l."i. and there are about 170 
students. 

ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See 
Home for Fimiih' Offcndera.) 

ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- 
ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five 
tribes, viz. ; the Cahoki;is, Kaskaskias, Mitcha- 
ganiies, Peorias and Tainaroius. They early occu- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



293 



pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, 
Wisconsin and Missouri. The name is derived 
from mini, "man," the Indian plural "ek" being 
changed by the French to "ois. " They were 
intensely warlike, being almost constantly in 
conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, 
Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory 
and depended for subsistence largely on the sum- 
mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely 
constructed cabins, each accommodating about 
eight families. They were always faithful allies 
of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in 
1673. French missionaries labored earnestly 
among them — notably Fathers Marquette, Allouez 
and Gravier — who reduced their language to 
grammatical rules. Their most distinguished 
Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, 
where he was welcomed with the honors accorded 
to a foreign prince. In their wars with the 
Foxes, from 1712 to 1719, they suffered severely, 
their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The 
assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, 
was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- 
termination. After taking part with the Miamis 
in a war against the United States, they partici- 
pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, 
and were gradually removed farther and farther 
toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 
being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation 
in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias: Foxes; 
Iroquois; Kaskaskias; Mitchagamies; Peorias; 
Tamaroas; and Winnebagoes.) 

ILLINOIS INSTITUTION FOR THE EDU- 
CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- 
ville. The institution had its inception in a school 
for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by 
Samuel Bacon, who was himself bhnd. The 
State Institution was created by act of the Legis- 
lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced 
bj' Richard Yates, then a Representative, and 
was first opened in a rented house,' early in 1850, 
under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. 
Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were 
purchased in the eastern part of the city and the 
erection of permanent buildings commenced. By 
January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif- 
teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on 
a new building was begun without unnecessary 
delay and the same was completed by 1874. 
Numerous additions of wings and shops have 
since been made, and the institution, in its build- 
ings and appointments, is now one of the most 
complete in the country. Instruction (as far as 
practicable) is given in rudimentary English 
branches, and in such mechanical trades and 



avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- 
come self-supporting upon their return to active 
life. 

ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an 

institution established in the city of Chicago 
under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of 
Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for 
the destitute children of deceased members of the 
Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- 
ing the year 1895, were $39,204.98, and the 
expenditures, $27,258.70. The number of bene- 
ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The 
Institution owns real estate valued at $75,000. 

ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre 
Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream 
within the State; has a length of about 500 miles, 
of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed 
by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines 
Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45 
miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, 
then southwest, and finally south, until it 
empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north 
of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois & 
Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake 
Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the 
stream in 1673 and were probably its first white 
visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by 
La Salle. Tonty, Hennepin and others. 

ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago, 
Peoria <& St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) 

ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol 
untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- 
gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the 
battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was 
the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on 
the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents 
were appointed for the distribution of relief, for 
which purpose large sums were collected and dis- 
tributed. The work of the Commission was later 
formally recognized by the Legislature in the 
enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to 
appoint "Military State Agents," who should 
receive compensation from the State treasury. 
Many of these "agents" were selected from the 
ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, 
and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its 
voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were 
formed all over the State, and funds were readily 
obtained, a considerable proportion of which was 
derived from "Sanitary Fairs." 

ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND 
MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution 
for the tiaining of dependent boys, organized 
under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 



294 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in 
1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined 
object is to provide a home and proper training 
for such boys as may be committed to its charge. 
Commitments are made by the County Courts of 
Cook and contiguous counties. The school is 
locate<l at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and 
was first opened for the reception of inmates in 
1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from 
voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- 
ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- 
tion, which payments are fi.xed bj' law at ten 
dollars per month for each boy, during the time 
he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half 
of the entire income came from the former 
source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury 
at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The 
school is under the inspectional control of the 
State Commissioners of Public Charities, as 
though it were an institution founded and main- 
tained by the State. The educational curriculum 
closely follows that of the ordinary grammar 
schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- 
stantially along the lines established in the public 
schools. In addition, a military <lrill is taught, 
■with a view to developing physical strength, 
command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- 
riage. Since the llome was organized there have 
been received (down to 1899), 2,333 boys. The 
industrial training given the inmates is both 
agricultural and mechanical, — the institution 
owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating 
well equipped industrial shops for the education 
of pupils. A faip proportion of the boys devote 
themselves to learning trades, and not a 
few develop into excellent workmen. One of the 
purposes of the school is to secure homes for those 
thought likely to prove creditable members of 
respectable households. During the eleven years 
of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed 
in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory 
results. The legal safeguards tlirown around 
the ward are of a comprehensive and binding 
sort, so far as regards the parties who take the 
children for either adoption or apprenticeship — 
the welfare of the ward always being the object 
primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to 
institutional life by the administration, an<l the 
result usually justifies their judgment. Many of 
the pupils are returned to their familie.s or 
friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- 
ment. The system of government adopted is 
analogous to that of the "cottage plan" employed 
in many reformatory institutions throughout the 
country. An "administration building" stands 



in the center of a group of structures, each of 
which has its own individual name: — Clancy 
Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope,AVindsor, 
Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. AVhile never 
a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always 
attracted the attention of philanthropists who 
are interested in the care of society's waifs. The 
average annual number of inmates is about 275. 

ILLINOIS WESLEVAX UMVERSITY, the 
leading educational institution of the Methodist 
Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- 
rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is 
co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, 
and rejwrts 1,106 students in IsOf! — 158 male and 
648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- 
tific departments, instruction is given in tlieology, 
music and oratory. It also has preparatorj- and 
business courses. It has a library of 6,0(X) vol- 
umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- 
gating §187,999, and property to the value of 
§380.999. 

ILLINOIS k IM)I.\>.V R.VILRO.Vn. (See 
Iiidiaiiii. Decatur d- M'esfirn Railirai/.) 

ILLINOIS k SOUTHE.VSTERN RAILRO.\D. 
(See Baltimore <t" Ohio Soufhireiitern Railnxiil. ) 

ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. 
(See ]\'<ibtisli Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL 
COMPANY. (See Louisville, Evansi-ille & St. 
Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS A. WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago it yorfhwestern Railway.) 

ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, 
on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- 
field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo- 
graphical center of the State and is in tlie heart 
of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- 
tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a 
graded school and three newspapers. Population 
(1880), 686: (1890), 689; (1900), 744. 

INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders. 
H'orA-.so/ The.) 

INDI.VN TREATIES. The various treaties 
made by the General Government with the 
Indians, which affected Illinois, maj- be summa- 
rized as follows; Treaty of Green viUe, August 3, 
179.5— ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum 
of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
with the Delawares, Ottawas. Miamis, Wyandots, 
Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chipi>ewas. Kaskas- 
kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River 
Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 
1803 — ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of 
$4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with 
the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



295 



mies, and Shawnees : First Treaty of Vincennes. 
August 13, 1803— ceded 8, 911, 850 acres for .$12, 000; 
negotiated by Governor Harrison witii the Caho- 
kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchaganiies . First Treaty 
of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,520 acres 
in consideration of $22,234; negotiated by Gov- 
ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second 
Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 1805— ceded 2, 676, 1.50 
acres for S4, 100 ; negotiated by Governor Harrison 
%vith the Piankesliaws : Second Treaty of Fort 
Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 2,900,000 acres; 
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- 
wares, Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and 
"VVeas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 
■ — ceded 188,240 acres for .527,000; negotiated by 
Governor Harrison with the Kickajjoos: Second 
Treaty of St. Louis, Aug.. 24, 1816— ceded 1,418,400 
acres in consideration of .$12,000; negotiated by 
Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- 
teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- 
mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— 
ceded 6,863,280 acres for §6,400; negotiated by 
Governor Edwards and A. Cliouteau with the 
Illinois and Peorias; Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 
2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for §33,000; nego- 
tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the 
Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— 
negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- 
poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for 
823,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— 
ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of §189,795; 
negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with 
the Pottawatomies: Treaty of Prairie du Chien, 
Jan. 2, 1880— ceded 4,160,000 acres for 8390,601; 
negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with 
the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: 
First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1882— ceded 
1,536,000 acres for 8460,348; negotiated with 
the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of 
Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 — by it the Pottawato- 
mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- 
ation of 8400, 121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 
26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- 
tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for 87,624,289; 
Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, 
negotiated 1829 and '32— by which the Winne- 
bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for 
85,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 
1882 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 
acres in consideration of 8155.780. (See also 
Greenville, Ti'eaty of.) 

INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins: Illinois 
Indians; Kaskaskias; Kickapoos; Miatnis; Oiifa- 
gamies; Piankeshaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and 
Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) 



INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN 
RAILWAY. (See Peoria * Eastei-n Railroad. ) 

INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- 
WAT. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of 
which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings 
amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It 
extends from Decatur almost due east to the 
Indiana State line, and has a single track of 
standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet 
The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, 
and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. 
The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard 
design and well maintained. Tlie amount of 
capital stock outstanding (1898) is 81,824,000, or 
11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including 
stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983, T)ie total 
earnings and income in Illinois, 8240,850. (His- 
tory.) The first organization of this road em- 
braced two companies — tlie Indiana & Illinois and 
the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, 
in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois 
Central Raih-oad Company. In 1875 the latter 
was sold under foreclosure and organized as the 
Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway 
Company, at which time the section from Decatur 
to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- 
pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1883 it was 
leased to tlie Indiana, Bloomington & Western 
Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when 
it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under 
the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- 
ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the 
property, after being operated by trustees, was 
sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, 
Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- 
ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- 
pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in 
July, 1895, iinder the present name (Indiana, 
Decatur & Western Railway Company). In 
December, 1895, the entire capital stock was 
purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton 
Railway Company, and tlie line is now operated 
as a part of that system. 

INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. 
This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 
miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator 
Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to tlie 
Indiana State Line. The total length of the line 
is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- 
nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, 
the line is o^vued by the Wabasli Company, but 
this company pays rental for trackage facilities. 
About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, 
the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb. 



296 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, 
sand, cinders and earth. A i«)liey of perniiinenb 
improvements has been adopted, and is being 
carried forward. The principal traffic is the 
transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- 
tal stock (June 30, 1898) was §3,597.800; bonded 
debt, Sl.800,000; total capitalization. S5,.'517,T39; 
total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, 
§418,967; total expenditures in the State, §303,- 
344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 
27, 1881, and organized by the con.solidation of 
three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & 
Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 
1882, and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1883. 

INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Rail- 
u-aij. ) 

INDIANA k ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
Indiana. Decatur li- U'exfcrn Railway.) 

INDIANA i ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (.See iit. Lomx, Indianapolis cfc Eastern 
Railroad.) 

INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- 
ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- 
road; also Peoria d' Eastern Railroad.) 

INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- 
FIELD R.VILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & 
Western R(iilw(u/. ) 

INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN 
RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur d- Western 
Railway.) 

INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
(See St. Louis, Alton d- Terre Haute Railroad.) 

INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a 
State Institution designed to furnish the means 
of employment to dependent blind persons of 
both sexes, established under authorit}' of an act 
of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. 
The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- 
vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of 
Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with 
steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- 
ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 
1894, and, in December. 1897, had 6'i inm.ites, of 
whom 13 were females. The Fortieth General 
Assembly appropriated .$13,900 for repairs, appli- 
ances, library, etc., and §8,000 per annum for 
ordinary expenses 

INdiERSOLL, Ehon C, Congressman, was born 
in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first 
remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- 
pleted his education. He studied law and was 
admitted to the bar; removing this time to Illi- 
nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In 
1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County 



in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 
1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress 
for the Stateat-large, but defeated by J. C. 
Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex- 
pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- 
sentative in the Thirty -eighth Congress. He was 
re-elected to the Thirty-ninth. Fortieth and 
Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 
4. 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. 
IngersoU, and was, for some years, associated with 
him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. 
Died, in Washington. May 31. 1879. 

INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- 
dier, was born at Dresden. Oneida County, N. Y., 
August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational 
clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, 
removed to the West in 1843. and Robert's boy- 
hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After 
being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at 
Shawiieetown, in partnership with liis brother 
Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. 
In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, 
Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- 
didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, 
which had been mustered in in December, 1861, 
and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- 
lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed 
by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General 
of the State under the new law enacted that year. 
As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. 
He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency 
in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- 
nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by 
its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which 
added greatl}' to his fame include "The Dream of 
the Union Soldier,'' delivered at a Soldiers' 
Reunion at Indianapolis, hLs eulogy at his brother 
Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- 
sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some 
twenty j'ears he was the most popular stmnp 
orator in the West, and his services in political 
campaigns were in constant request throughout 
the Union. To the country at large, in his later 
years, he was known as an uncompromising 
assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and 
pen. Among his best-known publications are 
"The Gods" (Washington. 1878); "Ghosts" 
(1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Pros© 
Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and 
the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's 
home for some twenty years, in the later part of 
his life, was in the city of New York. Died, 
suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer 
home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



297 



IXGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 
1838; received his early education in Ohio and, 
in 1856, came to Ilhnois, graduating with first 
honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 
18G1. The following year he enlisted in the One 
Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- 
ing been discharged for disability, his place was 
filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, 
Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at 
Ilillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late 
Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the super- 
intendency of the public schools at Greenville, 
Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he 
became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern 
Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- 
ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, 
Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- 
nated as the Republican candidate for State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving 
a plurality at the November election of 123,593 
votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- 
denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. 

INTERNAL IMPROYEMEM POLICY, a 
name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- 
provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- 
bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of 
the people voiced at many public gatherings. It 
contemplated the construction of an extensive 
system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- 
road which were not demanded by the commerce 
or business of the State at the time, but which, it 
was believed, would induce immigration and 
materially aid in the development of the State's 
latent resources. The plan adopted provided for 
the construction of such works by the State, and 
contemplated State ownership and management 
of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The 
bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, 
but was disapproved by the Executive and the 
Council of Revision, on the grovind that such 
enterprises might be more successfully under- 
taken and conducted by individuals or private 
corporations. It was, however, subsequently 
passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- 
astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for 
many j'ears. The total amount appropriated by 
the act was 610,200,000, of which §400,000 was 
devoted to the improvement of waterways ; §250, - 
000 to the improvement of the "Great Western 
Mail Route"; §9,850,000 to the construction of 
railroads, and §200,000 was given outright to 
counties not favored by the location of railroads 
or other improvements within their borders. In 
addition, the sale of §1,000,000 worth of canal 



lands and the issuance of §500,000 in canal bonds 
were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the 
construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
§500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. 
Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and 
contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- 
less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly 
expended and nearly §6,500,000 quickly added to 
the State debt. The system was soon demon- 
strated to be a failure and was abandoned for 
lack of funds, some of the "improvements" 
already made being sold to private parties at a 
heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of 
the State debt under which Illinois labored for 
many years, and which, at its maximum, reached 
nearly §17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins 
Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; 
Eleventh General Assembly.) 

INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most 
remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history 
have been those occurring in the Mississippi 
River ; though, of course, the smaller tributaries 
of that stream have been subject to similar con- 
ditions. Probably the best account of early 
floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds 
in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having 
been a witness of a number of them. The first 
of which any historical record has been pre- 
served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only 
white settlements within the present limits of 
the State were in the American Bottom in the 
vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious 
results were produced. Governor Reynolds says 
the flood of that year (1770) made considerable 
encroachments on the east bank of the river 
adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally 
been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance 
of three-quarters of a mile from the main 
channel. The stream continued to advance in 
this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom 
was again inundated, and the west wall of the 
fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. 
The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when 
the American Bottom was again submerged and 
the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring 
villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs 
— some of the people of Cahokia being driven to 
St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish 
soil. The most remarkable flood of the present 
century occurred in Jlay and June, 1844, as the 
result of extraordinarj' rains preceded by heavy 
winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid 
spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- 
tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff 
to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 



298 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds 
of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. 
Some of the villages affected by this flood— as 
Cahokia, Pmirie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have 
never fully recovered from the disaster. Another 
considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was 
inferior to those of 1784 and 1.844. A notable 
flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, 
though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, 
is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy 
than in the previous year^the difference being 
due to the fact that the larger portion of the 
flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its 
effects being most noticeable below the moutli of 
that stream. Again, in 18C8, a flood did con- 
siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- 
ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more 
or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 
1880 and again in 1898. Although not so high as 
some of those previously named, the loss was pro- 
portionately greater owing to the larger area of 
improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great 
deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and 
railroads, and in the destruction of other classes 
of propert}'. — Floods in the Ohio River have been 
frecpient and very disastrous, especially in the 
upper portions of that stream — usually resulting 
from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early 
spring. With one exception, the highest flood in 
the Ohio, during the present century, was that of 
February, 1832, wlien the water at Cincinnati 
reached an altitude of si.\ty-four feet three 
inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more 
recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 
17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 
1863— fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- 
eight feet seven inches. The highest point 
reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was 
seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the 
flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in 
historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 18.84— the re- 
corded height being three-quarters of an inch in 
excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller 
area of cultivated lands and other improvements 
in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of 
Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller 
than on the Slississippi, altliough Cairo has suf- 
fered from both streams. The most serious dis- 
asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the 
Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 
1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred 
houses, all but twenty -eight were flooded to the 
second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen 
feet in the main street. A levee, which had been 
constructed for the protection of the city at great 



expen.se, was almost entirely destroyed, and an 
appropriation of §60,000 was made by the Legis- 
lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 
3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee 
at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and 
causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much 
suffering wa.s cau.sed among the people driven 
from their homes and deprived of the means of 
subsistence, and it was found necessarj' to send 
them tents from Springfield and supplies of food 
by the State Government and by private contri- 
butions from the various cities of the State. The 
inundation continued for some two or three 
weeks. — .Some destructive floods have occurred 
in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since 
the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that 
of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice- 
gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the 
waters of that stream across '*the divide" into 
Mud I-ake, and thence, bj' way of the South 
Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- 
tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, 
which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged 
the region between the two rivers. AMion the 
superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- 
cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore 
before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but 
the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves 
and other points along the banks for the winter. 
A contemporaneous history of tlie event saj-s that 
there were scattered along the streamat tlietime. 
four steamers, si.x propellers, two sloops, twent}"- 
four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Tho.se in 
the upjier part of the stream, teing hemmed in 
by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the 
moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped 
as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole 
borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The 
bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets 
gave way in succession before the immense 
ma.ss, addling, as it moved along, to the general 
wreck by falling spars, crushed keeLs and crashing 
bridge timbers. "Opposite Kiuzie wliarf, " .sjiys 
the record, "the river was choked with sailing- 
craft of every description, piled together in inex- 
tricable confusion." While those vessels near 
the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with 
comparatively little damage, a large numl>er of 
those higher up the stream were caught in the 
gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. 
The loss to the city, from the destruction of 
bridges, was estimated at §20.000, and to vessels at 
§88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck 
of bridges compelled a return to the primitive 
system of ferries or extemporized bridges made 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



29y 



of boats, to furnish means of communication 
between the several divisions of the city — a con- 
dition of affairs which lasted for several months. 
— Floods about the same time did considerable 
damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, 
their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, 
which were memorable flood years on these in- 
terior streams. On the former, the village of 
Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges 
on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in 
the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in 
serious damage to bridges and other property in 
the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive 
inundations of the bottom lands along that 
stream in 1859 and subsequent years. — In Febru- 
ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, 
similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- 
age, but was less destructive than that of the 
earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- 
tially constructed. — One of the most extensive 
floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi 
River during the latter part of the month of 
April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- 
erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was 
estimated at many millions of dollars, and many 
lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water 
reached a height of nineteen feet four inches 
above low-watermark on April 24, and, atQuincy, 
nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, 
at points between these two cities, was from ten 
to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- 
ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were 
flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At 
Alton the height reached by the water was 
twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the 
strength of the levees protecting the American 
Bottom, the farmers in tliat region suffered less 
than on some previous years. 

IPAVA,a town in Fulton County, on one of the 
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ' 
Railroad, 10 miles west-soutliwest of Lewistown, 
and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. Tlie 
county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well 
as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- 
rounding country. Other industries are the 
manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two 
banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly 
newspaper are also located here. Population 
(1880). 675; (1890), 667; (1900), 749. 

IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture 
of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the 
furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 
1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States 
producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it 
had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which 



produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product 
of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and 
Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen 
complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), 
turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the 
entire output. Since then four additional fur- 
naces have been completed, but no figures are at 
hand to show the increase in production. During 
the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage 
of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used 
is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is 
abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were 
used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of 
the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 
1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal 
pig is not made in Illinois. 

IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN 
RAILROAD. (See n'abash. Chester & Western 
Railrodd.) 

IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the 
eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square 
miles; population (1900), 38,014. In 1830 two 
pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- 
ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the 
other at Milford. Among those taking up homes 
at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja- 
min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- 
comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert 
Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and 
Parker, besides the Cox, Jloore and Stanley 
families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- 
milion and organized in 1833, — named from the 
Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows 
through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies 
did not remove west of the Mississippi until 
1830-37, but were always friendly. The seat of 
government was first located at Montgomery, 
whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally 
to Watseka. The county is well timbered and 
the soil underlaid by both coal and building 
stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the 
manufacture of crockery is also found. The 
Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver 
Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- 
dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere 
by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty 
feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the 
manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, 
and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- 
cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat- 
seka (2,017), and Milford (9.57). 

IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- 
mink), rises in Western Indiana and runs 
westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- 
ward through Iroquois and part of Kankakee 



300 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Counties, entering the Kankakee River some live 
miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearlj- 120 
miles long. 

IRVIXti, a village in Montgomery County, on 
the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 
54 miles ea.st-nortliea.st of Alton, and 17 miles 
east by north of Litchfield ; has five rhurches, 
flouring and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly 
newspaper. Population (1890), 630; (1900), 675. 

ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at 
Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1836; educated at 
Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., 
taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was 
admitted to the l)ar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, 
coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Ishani 
was a Representative in the Twentj'-fourth 
General Assembly (1864-60) and, in 1881, his 
name was prominently considered for a position 
on the Supreme bench of the United States. He 
is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- 
coln & Beale, which has had the management of 
some of the most important cases coming before 
the Chicago courts. 

JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born 
in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended 
on the maternal .side from Oliver Wolcott, one of 
the signers of the Declaration of Independence; 
received his education at Phillips Academy, 
Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- 
ing the latter at the close of his junior year to 
enter the army, and taking part in the battles of 
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 
a part of the time being on the stall of Maj.-Gen. 
John Newton, anil, later, with Sherman from 
Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the 
rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and 
meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 
1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one 
term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return 
resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; 
came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year 
was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor 
of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago 
Bar Association, and (by appointment of the 
Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and 
attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. 
Under the will of the late John Crerar he became 
an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the 
Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. 

JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and 
named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 
square miles; population (1900), 33,871. It lies 
in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- 
sissippi River forming its principal western 



boundary. The bottom lands along the river are 
wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is 
crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch 
of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is 
warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One 
of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State 
crops out at various points, varying in depth from 
a few inches to four or live hundred feet below the 
surface. Valuable timber and good building 
stone are found and there are numerous saline 
springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal 
crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their 
arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, 
Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, 
Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. 
Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin ; 1818, 
the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and 
John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- 
seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- 
astrous fire in 1843. the government was removed 
to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. 
John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for 
county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. 
The principal towns (with their respective popu- 
lation, as shown bj- the United States Census of 
1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 
2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. 

JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan 
County, and an important railroad center ; popu- 
lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid 
out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew 
Jackson. The first court house was erected in 
1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- 
born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and 
later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- 
ernor"' of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- 
portant State institutions, notably the Central 
Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the 
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — 
besides private educational institutions, including 
Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- 
lege (Jlethodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, 
a Business College and others. The city has 
several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- 
tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- 
paper establishments, each publishing daily and 
weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the 
most attractive and interesting cities of the .State, 
noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its 
citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky 
and other Southern States predominated in its 
early settlement, the location there of Illinois 
College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, 
about 1830. brought to it many settlers of New 
England birth, so that it early came to be 




INSTITUTION FOR FOIl DEAF AND DUMB, JACKSONVILLE. 




Main Building and Girls' Cottage. 
INSTITUTION FOR THI-: BLIND, JACKSONVILLE. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



301 



regarded as more distinctively New England in 
the character of its population than any other 
town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1000), 15,078. 

JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an 
institution for the education of young ladies, at 
Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. 
The initial steps for its organization were taken 
in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois 
College. It may be said to have been an offshoot 
of the latter, these two constituting the originals 
of that remarkable group of educational and 
State Institutions which now exist in that city. 
Instruction began to be given in the Academy in 
May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah 
C. Crocker, and, in 183.5, it was formally incorpo- 
rated by act of the Legislature, being the first 
educational institution to receive a charter from 
that body; though Illinois, McKendree and 
Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later 
period of the same session. Among its founders 
appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge 
Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant 
(for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- 
nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. 
Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all 
of whom, except the last, were prominently 
identified with the early history of Illinois Col- 
lege. The list of the alumnae embraces over five 
hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of 
Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts 
are attached to the Academy, all being under the 
management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.JI. 

JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
RAILW.VY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail- 
way ) 

JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & 
SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- 
ville & St. Louis Railwai/.) 

JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- 
road, and constructed from Jacksonville to 
Waver ly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jackison ville. 
Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended 
to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the 
hands of a new company under the title of the 
Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as 
follows; to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- 
boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles 
— total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between 
Centralia and Driver's (I614 miles) was con- 
structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and 
operated under lease by the successor to that 
line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under 
the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. 
By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- 



ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was 
obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. 
The .same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- 
ern obtained control of the Litchfield, CarroUton 
& Western Railroad, fi'om Litchfield to Columbi- 
ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria 
& St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. 
Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The 
Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville 
& St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed in 
the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & 
St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated 
from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge 
of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings 
began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold 
under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- 
ent title. (.See Chicago, Peoria <£• St. Louis Rail- 
road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the 
Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 80, 1897) 
was .$1,500,000; funded debt, §2,300,000— total, 
$3,800,000. 

JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- 
dolph Count}', now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 
1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was 
the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer 
preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to 
Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in 
that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- 
quently the family took up its residence at Helt's 
Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. 
Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, 
in 1834, became a minister of the Slethodist Epis- 
copal Church, remaining in active ministerial 
w-ork until 1871, after which he accepted a super- 
annuated relation. During his connection with 
the church in Illinois he served as station preacher 
or Presiding Elder at the following points : Rock 
Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River 
(1837) ; Paris (1838, '42 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ; 
Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton 
(1844 and '45); Sparta District (184.5-47) ; Lebanon 
District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850) ; Bloom- 
ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson- 
ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, 
Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean 
and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent 
for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, 
and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- 
dist church at Normal. He was twice married. 
His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- 
ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- 
ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony 
W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- 
ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 



30;$ 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children, 
Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University 
of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- 
netic laboratory in the National Observatory 
at Wiisliington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor 
in the State Normal School at St. Cloud. Minn., 
and George F. is instructor in tlie Cambridge 
Preparatory Schdol of Chicago. 

JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 
1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, III., the 
fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- 
nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side 
of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- 
grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches 
api)ear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated 
in the Model Department of the Illinois State 
Normal School at Rloomington (Normal), from 
which he graduated in June, 1873. and entered 
the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., 
in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, 
he was appointed Recorder on the United States 
Lake Survey, where he continued during one 
season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake 
Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered 
Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to 
Eurojie in August, 187.j, entering the L'niversity 
of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, 
August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and 
Ph.D. On his return to tlie United States he was 
elected Principal of the Public High School in 
Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 
1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State 
Normal School at Blooniington as Professor of 
Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High 
School Department in connection with the Model 
School. Resigning this position at Christmas 
time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted 
a position in the L^niversity of Pennsylvania as 
Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- 
ber, 1883, wliere he remained for over thirteen 
years. While hero he was, for a time. Secretary 
of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- 
struction in tliis Deiiartment. He was also 
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
Economy, the first .attempt to organize a college 
course in the field of commerce and industry. 
During this time he officiated as editor of "The 
Political Economy' and Public Law Series"' i.ssued 
by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning 
his position in the LTniversity of Pennsylvania on 
Feb. 1, 1S9(), he accepted that of Professor of Pub- 
lic Administration and Director of the L'niversity 
Extension Division in the University of Chicago, 
where he has since continued. Professor James 
has been identified with the progress of economic 



studies in the United States since the early 
eighties. He was one of the organizers and one 
of the first Vice-Presidents of the American 
Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he 
founded the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science with headijuarters at Philadelphia, 
became its first President, and has continued such 
to the present time. He was also, for some years, 
editor of its publications. The Academy has 
now become the largest -Vssociation in the world 
devoted to the cultivation of economic and social 
subjects. He was one of the originators of, and 
one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's 
Cyclopivdia of Political Science"; was also the 
pioneer in the movement to introduce into the 
United States the scheme of public in.struction 
known as University E.xtension; was the first 
President of the American Society for the Exten- 
sion of L'niversity Teaching, under whose auspices 
the first effective extension work was done in this 
country, and has been Director of the Extension 
Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- 
ary, 1896. He has been especially iilentitied with 
the development of liigher commercial education 
in the United States. From his position as 
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
Economy he has affected the course of instruc- 
tion in this Department in a most marked way. 
He was invited by the American Bankers' 
Association, in the year 1893, to make a careful 
study of the subject of Commercial Education in 
Europe, and his report to this association on the 
Education of Business Men in Europe, republished 
by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, 
has become a standard authority on this subject. 
Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar 
to the Wharton .School of Finance and Economy 
have been established under the title of College 
of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, 
and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- 
versities of California and Chicago, and Colutnbia 
University. He has been identified with the 
progress of colle:;e education in general, espe- 
cially in its relation to secondary and elementary 
education, and was one of the early .advocates of 
the establishment of departments of education in 
our colleges and universities, the policy of which 
is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- 
tions. He was, for a time, .State Examiner of 
High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The 
Illinois .School Journ.al." long one of the most 
influential educational periodicals in the State, 
now changed in name to ".School and Home." 
He has been especially active in the establish- 
ment of public kindergartens in different cities, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



303 



and has been repeatedly offered the headship of 
important institutions, among them being the 
University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, 
and the University of Cincinnati. He has served 
as Vice-President of the National Municipal 
League; of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, and the American 
Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- 
tees of the Illinois State Historical Library ; is a 
member of the American Philosophical Society, 
of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the 
National Council of Education, and of the British 
Association for the Advancement of Science. He 
was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of 
the National Teachers' Association on college 
entrance requirements; is a member of various 
patriotic and historical societies, including the 
Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of 
the Colonial Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot 
Society. He is the author of more than one hun- 
dred papers and monographs on various economic, 
educational, legal and administrative sulijects. 
Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to 
Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, 
daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, 
and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- 
lach of the University of Halle. 

JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- 
ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt. , Jan. 25, 1834; 
graduated from the University of Vermont in 
1846. After several j-ears spent in teaching, he 
began the study of law, and graduated from the 
Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. 
Coming west the same year he located at Free- 
port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 185G. In 
1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior 
Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. 
During a portion of this period he acted as lec- 
turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, 
and as editor of "The American Law Register." 
His literary labors were unceasing, his most 
notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- 
ventions; their History, Power and Modes of 
Proceeding." He was also a fine classical 
scholar, speaking and reading German, Frencli, 
Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested 
in charitable and reformator}' work. Died, sud- 
denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. 

JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. 
Clair County, was born in France, received a 
liberal education and, on account of the disturbed 
condition there in the latter part of the last cen- 
tury, left his native country about 1790. After 
spending some time at Baltimore and New 
Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and 



became a permanent settler there. He early be- 
came a Major of militia and engaged in trade 
with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du 
Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and 
the niinois River in his trading expeditions, and, 
on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of 
life from hostile savages. He acquired a large 
property, especially in lands, built mills and 
erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses 
in that part of the country. He also served as 
Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County 
Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital 
(Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large 
landed fortune from his father, and was an 
enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. 
Clair County during the last generation. He 
served as Representative from St. Clair County 
in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and 
Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first 
being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and 
always his firm friend and admirer. At the 
organization of the Twenty-second General 
Assembly (1857), he received the support of the 
Republican members for Speaker of the House in 
opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was 
elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- 
erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a 
rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced 
thereby from affluence to poverty. President 
Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which 
took him to the Black Hills region, where he 
died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at 
the age of 73 years. 

JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of 
Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square 
miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20, 160. It was 
organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper 
of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- 
der township organization in 1860. The first Board 
of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- 
nolds, W Richards and George Mattingley. The 
Embarras River crosses the county. The general 
surface is level, although gently undulating in 
some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a 
small way; but the people are principally inter- 
ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting 
of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. 
Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton 
is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 
1,428. 

JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was 
born in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served 
as Surgeon in the War of 1812. and came to Illinois 
in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one 
of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 



304 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first 
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
His oldest daughter (J alia Maria) became the 
wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at 
Springfield, iu 1807.— I>r. William (Jayne), son of 
the preceding, was Iwrn in .Springfield, 111., Oct. 8, 
182G; educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
College, being a member of the class of 1847, later 
receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the 
founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that 
institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- 
ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was 
elected State .Senator for Sangamon County, and, 
the following year, was appointed by President 
Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, 
later serving as Delegate in Congress from that 
Territory. In 1809 he was appointed Pension 
Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as 
Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi- 
dent of the First National Bank, Springfield. 

JEFFERSO.V COUNTY, a south-central county, 
cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in 
1819, when it was separately organized, being 
named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 
580 square miles, and its population (1900), 28,133. 
The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa- 
ries, flows through the county in a southerly direc- 
tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of 
hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities 
are advantageous. The surface is level and the 
soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. 
A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet 
thick) cro.sses the middle of the county. It has 
been quarried and found well adapted to building 
purposes. The county possesses an abundance of 
ruiming water, much of which is slightly im- 
pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure 
underlies the entire county, but the seam is 
scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. 
The chief indu.stry is agriculture, though lumber 
is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, 
the county-seat, w;is incorporated asacity in 1870. 
Its population in 1890 was 3,2.33. It has several 
manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate 
Court for the Southern Judicial District of the 
State. 

JEFFERT, Edward Turner, Railway President 
and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 
1843, his father being an engineer in tlia British 
navy ; about 1850 came with his widowed mother 
to AVheeling, Va , and, in 18.'j6, to Chicago, where 
he secured employment as oflice-boy in the 
machinery department of tlie Illinois Central 
Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice 
and, passing through various grades of the me- 



chanical department.in May, 1877, became General 
Superintendent of the Road, and. in 1885, General 
Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew 
from the Illinois Central and, for several ye;irs 
p.ast, has been President and General Manager of 
the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- 
quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as 
a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- 
ous and successful in the history of American 
railroads. 

JEXKIXS, .\lesander M., Lieutenant-Governor 
(1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located 
in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of 
Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson 
County, where he was engaged in trade. Later 
he studied law and became eminent in his pro- 
fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins 
was elected Representative in the .Seventh General 
Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during 
his second term as Sjieaker of the House, and took 
part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as 
Captain of a company. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was 
elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time 
with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing 
ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President 
of the first Illinois Central Railroad Comp.iny, 
which was chartered that year. The charter of 
the road was surrendered in 1837, when the Stales 
had in contemplation the policj' of building a 
system of roads at its own cost For a time he 
was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office 
at Edn-ardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the 
State Constitutional Convention of that year 
Other positions held by him included that of Jus 
tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial 
Circuit, to which he was elected iu 18.59, and 
re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13, 
1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John .\. 
Logan, who read law with him after his return 
from the Mexican War. 

JEXXEY, William Lc Baron, engineer and 
architect, Ixjrn at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 
1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- 
dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip 
around the world, and, after a year spent in the 
Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a 
course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et 5Ianu- 
factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then 
served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec 
Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an .Vid on the 
staff of General Grant, being transferred the next 
year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom 
he remained three years, participating in many 
of the most important battles of the war in the 
West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



305 



of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which 
were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter. 
In 1S68 he located in Chicago, and has since given 
his attention almost solely to architecture, the 
result being seen in some of Chicago's most 
noteworthy buildings. 

JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western 
portion of the middle division of the State, 
bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. 
Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- 
rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square 
miles. There were a few settlers in the county 
as early as 1816-17 Jerseyville, the county-seat, 
was platted in 1884, a majority of the early resi- 
dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from, 
New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the 
character of the soil, is especially adapted to 
fruit- growing and stock-raising. The census of 
1900 gave the population of the county as 14,613 
and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the 
junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had 
a population of 927. The last mentioned town is 
noted for its stone quarries, which employ a 
number of men. 

JERSEYVILLE, a city and county-seat of Jer- 
sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago 
& Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles 
north of St. Louis, Mo. Tlie city is in an agri 
cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, 
plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and 
watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- 
some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine 
cliurches, a graded public school, besides a sep- 
arate school for colored children, a convent, 
library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian 
wells, and three papers. Population (1890), 3,207; 
(1900), 3,517; (1903, est), 4,117. 

JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north- 
west corner of the State ; has an area of 663 square 
miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first 
explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery 
of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- 
lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- 
ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 
1820. About the same time came several Ameri- 
can families ; a trading post was established, and 
the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so 
called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the 
Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 
miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of 
controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining 
privileges were granted upon a royalty of one- 
sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected 
the same year. Immigration increased rapidly 



and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- 
lation of 150, and a post-ofEce was established 
with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, 
then the State capital. In 1837 county organiza- 
tion was effected, the county being named in 
honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was 
killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original 
tract, however, has been subdivided until it now 
constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an 
active part in both the Winnebago and Black 
Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were 
placed on the market by the Government, and 
quickly taken by corporations and individuals. 
The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly 
in the east) well suited to the cultivation of 
grain. The county is well wooded and well 
watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever 
and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given 
to the county-seat (originallj', as has been said, 
Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- 
ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was 
platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. 
Its early growth was extraordinary, but later 
(particularly after the growth of Chicago) it 
received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 
population and was incorporated ; in 1870 it had 
about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The 
names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne 
are associated with its history. Other important 
towns in the county are Warren (population 
1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). 

JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, 
was born in Whiteside County, 111. , Jlay 23, 1844. 
educated in the common scliools and at the 
Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during 
the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- 
dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; 
in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years 
later, began practice. He has served upon the 
Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside 
County; in 1884 was elected to the House of 
Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General 
Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 
1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- 
lector of Internal Revenue for his District during 
the first Cleveland administration, and was a 
delegate to the Democratic National Convention 
of 1888. 

JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and 
educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 
1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and 
at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Pres- 
byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila- 
delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics 
and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 



30C 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in 
Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- 
oric in McCormick Tlieological Seminary. In 
1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- 
tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. 
He was Moderator of. the Presbyterian General 
Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served 
as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian 
Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of tlie 
Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. 
Besides many periodical articles, he has published 
several volumes on religious subjects. 

JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- 
cian, was born near Buffalo, X Y., Oct. 6, 1822; 
at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, 
Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at 
eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, 
by teaching in the winter and attending an 
academy in the summer, prepared for college, 
entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and 
graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student 
of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
graduating in 18.52, and the same year becoming 
Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, 
and, the year following, associate editor of "The 
Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For 
three years he was a member of the faculty of 
Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the 
founders of a new medical school, which has now 
become a part of Northwestern University. 
During the Civil "War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- 
man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ; 
later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- 
cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He 
was also attending physician of Cook County 
Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago 
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time 
of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- 
ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His 
connections with local. State and National .Soci- 
eties an4organizatinns (medical, scientific, social 
and otherwise) wero very numerous. He trav- 
eled extensively, both in this country and in 
Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting 
much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- 
ditions, and making further attainments in medi- 
cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. 
was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- 
versity. During his later years. Dr. Johnson was 
engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, 
Feb. 20. 1891. 

JOHXSOX COUXTY, lies in the southern por- 
tion of the State, and is one of the smallest 
counties, having an area of only 340 stjuare miles, 
and a population (1900) of 15,667— named for CoL 



Richard M. Jolinson. Its organization dates back 
to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of 
water shed) extends from east to west, the 
waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running 
south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline 
toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable 
thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- 
measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone 
and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs 
along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in 
small quantities. Weak copperas springs are 
numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops 
being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised 
for liome consumption and fruit-culture receives 
some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with 
a population, in 1890. of 828. 

JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was 
born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, 
at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father 
to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed 
to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson 
County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- 
seiiuently engaged in merchandising, but proving 
unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, 
serving first as County Commissioner and then as 
County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the 
State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and 
Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and 
Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session 
of 1844-45. and. in 1846, elected Representative in 
the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following 
year he was made Paymaster in the United States 
Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 
1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge 
Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission 
appointed to investigate claims ag;iinst the State 
for the construction of the Illinois & Michitran 
Canal, and, in 18.54, was appointed Clerk of the 
Supreme Court for the Third Division, being 
elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- 
tions held by him included those of Deputy United 
States Marshal under the administration of Presi- 
dent Polk. Commissioner to superintend the con- 
struction of the Supreme Court BuiKiing at Mount 
Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was 
al.so elected Representative again in 1866. The 
later years of his life were spent as President of 
the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- 
vember, 1891, in his 92d year. 

JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- 
ated in the Des Plaines River Valley. 36 miles 
southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal, and the intersecting |X)int of five lines of 
railway. A good quality of calcareoiLs building 
stone underlies the entire region, and :s exten- 



r 

h- ( 

O 



> 
W 

W 

-J 

« 
z 

> 



O 




HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



307 



sively quarrieJ. fJ ravel, sand, and clay are also 
easily obtained in considerable quantities. 
Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. 
The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female 
penal institute stand just outside the city limits 
on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- 
turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the 
city with 4o5 establishments, having §15,452,196 
capital, employing 6,523 hands, paj'ing §3.957,529 
wages and 817,891,836 for ra,w material, turning 
out an annual product valued at 827,765,104. The 
leading industries are the manufacture of foundry 
and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural 
implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel 
bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, 
saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, 
besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- 
cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water 
power. The city has many handsome public 
buildings and private residences, among the 
former being four high schools. Government 
postoffice building, two public libraries, and two 
public hospitals. It also has two public and two 
school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 
23,254, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353. 

JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
WAT. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railivay.) 

JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at 
Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the 
Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- 
trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the 
copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most 
important serviv;e began in 1673, when Frontenac 
commissioned him to explore. Starting from the 
missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father 
Marquette, he went up the Fox Eiver within the 
present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- 
consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as 
far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the 
first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the 
Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to 
Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) 
the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. 
Although later appointed royal hydrographer 
and given the island of Anticosti, he never 
revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert 
that this was largely due to the influential jeal- 
ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. 

JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con 
stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet 
& Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of 
standard gauge and laid with 00-lb. steel rails. 
The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, 
although originally projected to merely run from 
that city to a connection with the Calumet & 



Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- 
ized and paid in is §100,000. The company's 
general offices are in Chicago. 

JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- 
ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 
111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), 
and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the 
date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- 
road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. 
Its capital stock is 8300, 000, and its funded debt, 
§80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the 
total amormt of capital invested (1895) to 81,- 
143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 
1894, .889,017; total expenditures, 862,370. (See 
Michigan Central Railroad.) 

JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, 
was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought 
to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, 
at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in 
rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two 
winters in school at Rockford, and a short season 
in teaching, he spent a year in the book and 
jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. 
The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's 
Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- 
tations in regard to mining, returned almost 
immediately. The next few years were spent in 
various occupations, including law and real 
estate business, until 1872, when he was elected 
to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, ?,nd 
re-elected two years later. Other positions 
successively held by him were those of Commis- 
sioner of the Joliet Penitentiarj-, Collector of 
Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and 
United States Marshal for the Northern District 
of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member 
of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- 
ing twelve years of that period being its chair- 
man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager 
of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, 
Wis., but has found time to make his mark in 
Wisconsin politics also. 

JOXES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- 
nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated 
at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- 
ticing the latter in London for a short time, came 
to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- 
delphia, where he made the acquaintance of 
Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 
1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he 
joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition 
against the Indians on the Wabash. This having 
partially failed through the discontent and 
desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes 
four years, part of the time as Commissary' 



308 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



General of the garrison there. In 1 790 he went to 
Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- 
cennes. being commissioned the same year by 
Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General 
of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a 
member of the first Legislative Council. He was 
Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in 
December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to 
suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- 
nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest 
Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to 
Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located 
within the present limits of the State of Missouri 
(then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- 
cessivel}- at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, 
at the latter place accjuiring large interests in 
mineral lands. He became prominent in 5Iis- 
souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- 
tion which framed the first State Constitution, 
was a prominent candidate for United States 
Senator before the first Legislature, and finally 
elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme 
Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. 
He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice 
among the early residents, as shown by the fact 
that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid 
taxes on more than 10,000 acres of land in Monroe 
County, to say nothing of his possessions about 
Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in 
Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of 
laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- 
posed a part of it.— Rice (Jones), son of the pre- 
ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, 
Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- 
ents, and was educated at Transylvania University 
and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a 
medical degree at the latter, but later studying 
law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- 
kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant 
talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, 
at a special election held in September, 1808, was 
elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by 
the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor 
of the division of the Territory — which proved 
successful in the organization of Illinois Territory 
the following year. Bitterness engendered in 
this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach 
Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^ 
which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- 
cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of 
shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been 
Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the 
settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- 
tained between the friends of the respective 
parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who 



was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, 
Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, 
while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — 
Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was 
born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under 
Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and. in 
1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous 
part in securing the independence of that State 
from Mexico, dying there in 184.') — the }"ear of its 
annexation to the L'nited States. — George 
Wallace (Jones), fourth son of Jolin Rice Jones 
(1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- 
versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United 
States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as 
Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 
1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from 
Michigan Territory (then including the present 
States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later 
serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- 
tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected 
one of the first United States Senators and re- 
elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- 
dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ 
but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to 
Jefferson Davis expressing symi>athy with the 
cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two 
months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- 
ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley -Graves 
duel near Washington, which resulted in the 
death of the former. After his retirement from 
office. General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, 
Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d 
year of his age. 

JOXES, Miohae'j early politician, was a Penn- 
sylvanian by birtli, who came to Illinois in Terri- 
torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of 
the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards 
removed to Shawneetown and represented 
Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the 
first four General A.ssemblies, and also as Repre- 
sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for 
United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated 
by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential 
Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a 
man of considerable ability but of bitter pa.ssions. 
a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- 
stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor 
Edwards. 

JOXES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at 
Conneaut. Ashtabula County. Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; 
after spending two years as clerk in a store in his 
native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the 
next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



309 



clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment 
at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- 
ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he 
was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in 
Slarch following, was appointed by President 
Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern 
District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of 
President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, 
remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned 
and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he 
declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, 
but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- 
cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones 
served as member of the National Republican 
Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- 
ized the West Division Street Railway, laying 
the foundation of an ample fortune. 

JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born 
at Charlemout, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his 
boyhood and early manhood in New York State, 
ultimatel}' locating at Buffalo, where he engaged 
in business as a grocer, and also held various 
public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of 
observation westward by way of Detroit, finally 
reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited 
in 1832 and in "33, making small investments each 
time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated 
immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership 
with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged 
in the stove and hardware business, founding in 
Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next 
year brought his family. While he never held 
any important public office, he was one of the 
most prominent of those early residents of Chicago 
through whose enterprise and public spirit the 
city was made to prosper. He held the office of 
Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, 
was one of the founders of the city fire depart- 
ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the 
Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable 
time as its President), and contributed liberally 
to the cause of education, including gifts of 
§50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which 
he was a Trustee and, for some time, President of 
its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — 
Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born 
at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 
26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, 
Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his 
teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- 
ton (afterwards Governor and a United States 
Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, 
in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk 
in Government offices and by the Trustees of the 



Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at 
Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical 
at Jackson, Mich., for a j'ear or two, but finally 
coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title 
office, in which he was engaged at the time of the 
fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two 
other firms, became the foundation of the Title 
Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays 
an important part in the real-estate business of 
Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- 
tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital 
for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years 
been a Trustee of the University of Chicago. -Kiler 
Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- 
ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out 
of which grew "The Chicago Tribune''; was for 
many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- 
nent member of the Republican State Central 
Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers 
of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, 
August 20, 1886. 

JONESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, 
situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north 
of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile 
& Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile 
territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is 
an important shipping-point for fruit and early 
vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory a,nd a 
bank. There are also four churches, and one 
weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. 
Population (1900), 1,130. 

JOSLTN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in 
Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- 
nois in 1839, his father settling in SIcHenry 
County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, 
engaged in the practice of the law. The latter 
became prominent in political circles and, in 
1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On 
the breaking out of the war he allied himself 
with the Republican party ; served as a Captain 
in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth 
General Assembly from McHenry County, later 
serving as Senator during the sessions of the 
Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). 
After the death of President Garfield, he was 
appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- 
tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the 
administration. Returning to his home at Wood- 
stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- 
sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of 
Master in Chancery for JIcHenrj' County. 

JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was 
born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 



310 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by 
President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, 
in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a 
treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other 
Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at 
Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year 
he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, 
serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- 
bom Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, 
Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, 
but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- 
son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining 
until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. 
In 1819 he was appointed to a United States 
Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of 
Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when 
he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying 
there. May 28, 1834. 
JOURNALISM. {See Newspapers, Early.) 
JUDD, Norman Duel, lawyer, legislator. For- 
eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 
1815, where he read law and was admitted to the 
bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- 
menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- 
ment. He early rose to a position of prominence 
and influence in public affairs, holding various 
municipal offices and being a member of t)ie 
State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 
1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican 
National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- 
coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to 
Prussia, where he represented tliis country for 
four years. He was a warm personal friend of 
Lincoln, and accompanied liim on his memorable 
journej' from Springfield to Washington in 1861. 
In 18T0 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. 
Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. 

JUI)D, S. Corning', lawyer and politician, born 
in Onon<laga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was 
educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in 
Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York 
in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 184il, 
and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior 
Department in Washington. Later, he resumed 
his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed 
to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began 
practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C. 
Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering 
into partnership with William Fitzhugh Wliite- 
house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became 
prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical 
trials wliich followed. In 1800 he was a Demo- 
cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, 
during the war, was a determined opponent of 
the war policy of the Government, as such mak- 



ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- 
Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed 
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 
1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. 

JUDICLVL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution 
of 1818 vested tlie judicial ]x>wer of the State in 
one Supreme Court, and sucli inferior courts as 
tlie Legislature might establish. The former 
consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- 
ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; 
but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, 
they were required to perform circuit duties in 
the several counties, while exercising appellate 
jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the 
Legislature divided the State into five circuits, 
appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two 
years later, these were legislated out of office, and 
circuit court duty again devolved upon the 
Supreme Judges, the State being divided into 
four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the 
appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was 
assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the 
Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing 
to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. 
Tliis arrangement continued until 183.5, when the 
State w.is divided into six judicial circuits, and, 
five additional Circuit Judges having been 
elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved 
from circuit court service. After this no mate- 
rial clianges occurred except in the increase of the 
number of circuits until 1841, the whole number 
then being nine. At this time political reasons 
led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An 
act pas-sed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- 
izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided 
for the appointment of five additional Associate 
Judges of the' Supreme Court, making nine in 
all ; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved 
ujwn the Supreme Court Judges, the State being 
divided at the s;xmc time into nine circuits. 

By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the 
juciiciary system underwent an entire change, all 
judicial ofl[icers being made elective by the 
l)eoi)le. The Constitution provided for a Supreme 
Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, 
County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices 
of tlie Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- 
ture had the power to create inferior civil and 
criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform 
plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the 
State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- 
sions. The Legislature might, liowever, if it saw 
fit, provide for the election of ail three Judges on 
a general ticket, to be voted throughout the 
State-at-large ; but this power was never eier- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



311 



cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the 
Supreme Court for the particular division in 
which the county might be located, although, by 
unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an 
appeal might be transferred to another district. 
Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the 
number might be increased at the discretion of 
the General Assembly. Availing itself of its 
constitutional power and providing for the needs 
of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature 
gradually increased the number of circuits to 
thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court 
Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six 
years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular 
election, unless the unexpired term of the 
deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one 
year, in which case the Governor was authorized 
to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with 
appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and 
each was required to hold at least two terms 
annually in each county, as might be fixed by 
statute. 

The Constitution of 1870, without changing the 
mode of election or term of office, made several 
changes adapted to altered conditions. As 
regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand 
Divisions were retained, but the number of 
Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like 
number of districts, but sitting together to con- 
stitute a full court, of which four members con- 
stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by 
the Court, and is usually one of the Judges 
nearing the expiration of his term. The minor 
officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one 
Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, 
the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- 
dated in one, the Court being required to hold its 
sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one 
Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- 
fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme 
Court are fixed by law at §5,000 each. 

The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven 
circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), 
and one or more terms of the circuit court are 
required to be held each year in each county in 
the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts 
is both original and appellate, and includes mat- 
ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. 
The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office 
for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into 
thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook 
County), but without reducing the number of 
Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the 
election of one additional Judge (to serve two 
years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- 



ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again 
in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing 
the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook 
County, to seventeen, while the number of 
Judges in each circuit remained the same, so 
that the whole number of Judges elected that 
year outside of Cook County was fifty -one. The 
salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, 
except in Cook County, where they are §7,000. 
The Constitution also provided for the organiza- 
tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- 
ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for 
that purpose. These courts are a connecting 
link between the Circuit and tlie Supreme Courts, 
and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the 
latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four 
of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; 
one to include all the Northern Grand Division 
except Cook County; the third to embrace the 
Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- 
ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- 
cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the 
Supreme Court, each assignment covering three 
years, and no Judge either allowed to receive 
extra conipensation or sit in review of his own 
rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each 
District everj- j'ear, and these courts have no 
original jurisdiction. 

Cook County.— The judicial system of Cook 
County is diff'erent from that of the rest of the 
State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county 
an independent district, and exempted it from 
being subject to any subsequent redistricting. 
The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, 
at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased 
under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive 
additional compensation from the county treas- 
ury. The Legislature has the constitutional 
right to increase the number of Judges according 
to population. In 1819 the Legislature estab- 
lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. 
Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook 
County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen 
Judges. For this court there exists the same 
constitutional provision relative to an increase of 
Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook 
County. 

JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- 
land, who, having come to the United States at 
an early day, remained some years m Maryland, 
when, in 1786, he started west, spending two 
years near Louisville, Kj'., finally arriving at 
Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1793 he removed to 
New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, 
located within the present limits of JIadisoa 



312 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



County, where he died in 1807.— Samuel (Judy), 
son of the preceding, born Augiist 19, 1773, was 
brought b}- hi.s father to Illinois in 1788, and after- 
wards became prominent in political alTairs and 
famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization 
of Sladison County he became one of the first 
County Commissioners, serving many years. He 
also commanded a bodj- of "Rangers" in the 
Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- 
ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member 
from Madison Count}' in the Second Territorial 
Council (1814-1.5). Previous to 1811 he built the 
first brick house within the limits of Madison 
County, which still stood, not many years since, 
a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy 
died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), elde.st son of Samuel, 
was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 
1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, 
was bom, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison 
County in the Eighteenth General jVssembly 
(18.'i2-r)4). Ilis death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. 

JUDY, James William, soldier, was bom in 
Clark County, Ky., 5Iay 8, 1822— liis ancestors 
on his father's side being from Switzerland, and 
those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on 
a farm and. in 1852, removed to Menard Coimty, 
111., where he has since resided. In August, 1802, 
he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- 
tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as 
part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- 
ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was 
cho.sen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- 
dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth 
Army Corps under command of that brilliant 
soldier, Gen. \Vm. T. Sherman, was attached to 
the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the 
entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 18G3, to the 
surrender on the 3d of July following. It also 
participated in the siege of Jackson, Jliss., and 
numerous other engagements. After one year's 
service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by 
domestic affliction, having lost two children by 
death within eight days of each other, while 
others of Ills family were dangerously ill. On 
his retirement from the army, he became deeply 
interested in thoroughbred cattle, and is now the 
most noted stock auctioneer in the United States 
— having, in the past thirty years. , sold more 
thorough bred cattle than any other man living 
— his operations extending from Canada to Cali- 
fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel 
Judy was elected a member of the State Board of 
Agriculture in 1874. and so remained continu- 
ously imtil 189C — except two years — also serving 
as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He 



bore a conspicuous part in securing the location 
of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894. and the 
improvements there made under his administra- 
tion have not been paralleled in any other State. 
Originally, and up to 185G, an old-line AVhig, 
Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- 
lican : and though active in political campaigns, 
has never held a political office nor desired one, 
being content with the discharge of his duty as a 
patriotic private citizen. 

K.VX.VX, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was 
born in Essex County, X. Y., in November, 1837, 
at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 
111. , and engaged in farming. During the Civil 
"War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- 
teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly 
four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. 
After the war he served six years as Mayor of the 
city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State 
Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth 
General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of 
the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
and a member of the first Post of the order ever 
established — that at Decatur. 

KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the 
Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has 
a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
408; (1890), ,551; (1900), 588. 

KAXE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- 
tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' 
to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. 
The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- 
tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper 
read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior 
(1895), rejecting other statements assigning the 
date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various 
j-ears from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, 
based on family letters, that he was really born 
in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- 
ating in 1812, read hwv in New York, and emi- 
grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, 
before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- 
nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were 
recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as 
Judge of the eastern circuit imder the Territorial 
Government. Before the close of the s;ime j-ear 
he served as a member of the first State Consti- 
tutional Convention, and was a|)ix)inted by Gov- 
ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the 
new State Government, but resigned on the 
accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years 
later he was elected to the General Assembly as 
Representative from Randolph County, but 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



313 



resigned before the close of the year to accept a 
seat in the United States Senate, to which he was 
elected in 1824, and reelected in 1830. Before 
the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835). 
having reached the age of a little more than 40 
years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned 
by his fellow-members of Congress and by liis 
constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the 
distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, 
through his mother's family, while, on his 
father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated 
Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. 

KA>'E COUNTY, one of the wealthie.st and 
most progressive counties in the State, situated in 
the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 
square miles, and population (1900) of 7?, 792; 
was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- 
ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing 
through the county from north to south. Immi- 
gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus 
in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were o-emoved 
west of the Mississippi. A school was established 
in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County 
organization was efl'ected in June, 1836, and the 
public lands came on the market in 1842. The 
Civil War record of the county is more than 
creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding 
the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- 
turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the 
attention of the people. The county has many 
flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- 
seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva 
and St. Charles.) 

KANGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three 
miles northwest of Streator. There are several 
coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. 

KA>'K.\KEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- 
kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. 
Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with 
the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of 
Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising 
region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron 
ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- 
cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- 
tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two 
quarries of valuable building stone. The East- 
ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. 
There are four papers, four banks, five schools, 
water-works, gas and electric light, electric car 
lines, and Government postoffice building. Popu- 
lation (1890). 9,025; (1900), 13,595. 

KANKAKEE COUXTY, a wealthy and popu- 
lous county in the northeast section of the State, 
having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its 



name from its principal river. It was set apart 
from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act 
passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the 
present city of Kankakee contributing §5,000 
toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- 
culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the 
principal pursuits. The first white settler was 
one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first 
American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 
2.5,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154. 

KANKAKEE RIVER, a sluggish stream, rising 
in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- 
southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy 
region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it 
unites with the Iroqviois from the south and the 
Des Plaines from the north, after the junction 
with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. 

KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line 
lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It 
has a capital stock of $10,000, bonded debt of 
$650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) 
reaching §557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,639. 
This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 
1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, 
Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by 
these two lines, but operated by the former, (See 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
road. ) 

KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles 
northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- 
apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles 
west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region 
is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile 
works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, 
and railway machine shops, beside four churches, 
a collegiate institute, a National bank and a 
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 ; (1890), 
1.037; (1900), 1,049. 

K.\SKASKI.A, a village of the Illinois Indians, 
and later a French trading post, first occupied in 
1700. It passed into the hands of the British 
after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was 
captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head 
of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, 
George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- 
itants were almost entirely of French descent. 
The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- 
nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 
1804, the United States Government opened a 
land office there. I'or many years the most 
important commercial town in the Territory, it 
remained the Territorial and State capital down 



314 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



to 1819, when the seat of government was re- 
moved to Vandiilia. Originally situated on the 
west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles 
from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had 
been swept away by the encroachments of the 
latter stream, so that all that is ieft of the princi- 
pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply 
its name. 

K.VSKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes 
constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon 
quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed 
from what is now La Salle County, to Southern 
Illinois, where they established themselves along 
the banks of the river which bears their name. 
They were finally removed, with their b-ethren 
of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a 
distinct tribe, have become extinct. 

KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign 
County, and (lows southwest through the coun- 
ties of Douglas. Coles, Moultrie, Sliell)y, Fayette, 
Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through 
Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River 
near Chester. It is nearly ;iOl) miles long, and 
flows through a fertile, undulating country, wliich 
forms part of the great coal field of the State. 

KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- 
turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- 
c.ated at homo and in the district scliools; spent 
18.i0-.")4 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the 
latter year and obtaining employment in a retail 
dry-goods store. In 18G0 he assisted in establish- 
ing the firm of Keith. Faxon & Co., now Edson 
Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation 
of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- 
politan National Hank, and the Edison Electric 
Light Company. — Elbridare G. (Keith), banker, 
brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., 
July IG, 1840; attended local schools and Barre 
Academy; came to Chicago in 18.">T, the next year 
taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, 
Faxon & Co., in 18G.") becoming a partner and, in 
1884, being chosen Pre.sident of the Metropolitan 
National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. 
Keith was a member of the Republican National 
Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local 
literarj', political and social clubs ; was also one 
of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition of l.HiV,'-9:!. 

KEITHSBL'K<;, a town in Mercer County on 
the Mississippi Kiver, at the intersection of the 
Chicago. Burlington <.t Quincy and the Iowa Cen- 
tral Railways; 100 miles west-north we.st of 
Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- 
ping, manufacture of pearl buttons ami oilers; has 
one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,.56G; (1903, est.), 2,000. 



KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman 

and educator, was horn at Clinton (then Whites- 
town), N. Y., in February, lt<03 graduated at 
Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after 
which he served for some yeiirs <is pastor at 
various i)laces in Central Ne%v York. Later, he 
established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary 
at Clinton' claimed to be the first ladies' semi- 
nary in the State, and the first experiment in the 
country uniting manual training of girls with 
scholastic instruction, anteilating Mount Hoi 
yoke, Oterlin and other institutions which adopted 
this system. Color was no bar to admission to 
the institution, though the daughters of some of 
the wealthiest families of the State were among 
its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with 
Gerritt Smith. Beriah Green, the Tajipans, Garri- 
son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- 
ment in opposition to slavery. In 183G he united 
with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the 
movement for the establishment of a colony and 
the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery 
institution in the West, which resulted in the 
location of the town of Galesburg and the found, 
ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was 
chosen the first President of the institution and, 
in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to 
identify himself with the new enterprise, which, 
in its infancy, was a manual labor school. In the 
West he soon liecame the ally and co-laborer of 
such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, 
Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the workof extirpat- 
in.g slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a 
member of the World's Peace Convention, re- 
maining abroad about a year, during whicli time 
he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and 
others of the most prominent men of that day in 
England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency 
of Knox College in 1.S4T, he i-et'urned to Clinton 
Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- 
ness enterprises until 18G1, when he again re- 
moved to Illinois, and wa-s engaged in preaching 
and teaching at various i)oints during the 
remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his 
home school at Mount Forest, III., Jan. 1, 1881. 

KELLOG(>, William Pitt, was born at Orwell, 
Vt.. Dec. 8, l.'<31, removed to Illinois in 1848, 
studied law at Peoria, w.^u; Admitted to the bar in 
18.')4, and began practice in Fulton County. He 
W.1S a candidate for Presidential Elector on the 
Republican ticket in l^'.'iG and 18G0. being elected 
the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of 
Nebraska in 1861, be resigned to accept the 
colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- 
ing health caused his retirement from the army 




I.— Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFayette was feted in 1S25. 
3- — First Illinois State House, 1818. 4. — Interior of Room (1893) where LaFayette banquet was 
held. 5.— Pierre Menard Mansion. 6.— House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). 




r.— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.— View on Principal Street (1891). 3 —Gen. John Edgar's 
Mouse (1891 ). 4.— House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5.—" Chenu Mansion " where LaFayette was enter- 
tained, as it appeared in 1S98. 6. — Old State House (1900). 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



315 



after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was 
appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. 
Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in 
both Louisiana and National politics, serving as 
United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 
to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 1876, during 
the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- 
ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies 
as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt 
was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was 
elected a second time to the United States Senate 
by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded 
his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his 
term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to 
which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. 
"While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. 
Kellogg has spent much of his time of late j'ears 
in Washington City. 

KEND.\LL COUNTY, a northeastern county, 
with an area of 330 square miles and a population 
(1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the 
soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy 
loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of 
parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in 
honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. 
The Fox River (running southwestwardly 
through the county), with its tributaries, affords 
ample drainage and considerable water power; 
the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is 
abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been 
rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally 
Testing with the former. Among the pioneers 
may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- 
ward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Sniitli, 
the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. 
Morgan. 

KEXDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at 
Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at 
Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- 
lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied 
law and be,gan practice at Monroe, in that State, 
a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- 
tinued practice for a short time. Then, having 
abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- 
ical Seminar}' at Rochester, N. Y. , in 1861 he 
became pastor of the North Baptist Church in 
Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, 
where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, 
when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff 
College at Upper Alton, 111. 

KEXJfEY, a village and railway station in 
Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- 
field Division of the Illinois Central .and the 
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads. 36 miles 
Jiortheast of Springfield. The town has two banks 



and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. 
Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900), 584. 

KENT, (Rev.) Aratiis, pioneer and Congrega- 
tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 
1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, 
as a Congregational missionary, came to the 
Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so 
hard no one else would take it." In less than two 
years he had a Sunday-school with ten teacliers 
and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- 
lished a day-scliool, winch he conducted himself. 
In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian 
Church of Galena, of wliich he remained pastor 
until 1848, wlien he became Agent of the Home 
Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying 
the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford 
Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely 
from his meager salary to charitable purposes. 
Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. 

KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watcliful 
Fox"*), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on 
Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of 
shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him 
finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He 
always professed ardent friendsliip for the whites, 
althougli tliis was not infrequently attributed to 
a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded 
Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- 
acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender 
himself to the United States autliorities, he was 
formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By 
the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- 
kuk was formally recognized as tlie principal 
Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- 
vation on tlie Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here 
he lived until 1845. when he removed to Kansas, 
where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison,' 
supposedly administered by some partisan of 
Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk 
War. ) 

KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, 
was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and 
educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- 
lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long 
Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was 
then associated with a brother in founding St. 
James College, in Washington County, Md. , But, 
in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the 
real-estate business, in which he was one of the 
oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 
1896. He was one of the founders and a life 
member of the Chicago Historical Society and of 
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and as.sociated 
with other learned and social organizations. He 
was also a member of the original Real Estate 



316 



HISTORICAL EMCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- 
dent. 

KEWAXEE, a rity in Henry County, on the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 
miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and 
coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- 
ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, 
six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 
volumes, three national banks, one weekly and 
two daily jiapers. It has extensive manufactories 
employing four to five thou.sand hands, the out- 
put including tubing and .soil-|)ipe, boilers, pumps 
and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, 
etc. Population (1890), 4,.5G9; (1900), 8,;W2; (1903, 
est.), 10,000. 

KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- 
fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1T92; spent 
his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- 
cational advantages as could be secured by a few 
months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 
started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing 
Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally 
reached Prairie <lu Chien, after which he .sixTit a 
year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the 
Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route 
being attracted by the present site of the city of 
Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten- 
sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the 
interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he 
again returned, finding it still unoccupied. 
Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike 
County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late 
Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in 
Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus 
became one of the three earliest settlers of 
Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a 
Major Rose. On the organization of Adams 
County, in January, 182."), he was appointed a 
member of the first Board of County Commission- 
ers, which held its first meeting in his house. 
Mr. Keyes acijuired considerable landed projjerty 
about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to 
the Chicago Theological Seminary, therel>y fur- 
nishing means for the erection of "Willard Ilall ' 
in connection with that institution. His death 
occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. 

lIlCK.\POOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- 
nology is closely related to that of the Jlascou- 
tins. The French orthography of the word was 
various, the early explorers designating them as 
"Kic-a-pous," "Kick-a-i)oux," "Kickabou," and 
"Quick-a pons." The significance of the name is 
uncertain, different authorities construing it to 
mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," 
according to dialect. From 1603, when the tribe 



was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- 
poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They 
fought against Christianization, and were, for 
some time, hostile to the French, although they 
proved efficient allies of the latter during the 
French and Indian War. Their first formal 
recognition of the authority of the United States 
was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which 
reference was made to the treaties executed at 
Vincennes (180.J and 1809). Nearly a century 
Ijefore, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and 
established villages along the Rock River and 
near Chicago (1712 1.5). At the time of the 
Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the 
valleys of the Waliash, Enibarras, Kaskaskia, 
Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they 
fought bravely at the battle of Tiiipecanoe, their 
chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As 
compared with other tribes, they were industri- 
ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they 
were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence 
many of them drifted to the southwest, join- 
ing roving, plundering bands. In language, 
manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely 
resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some 
ethnologists believe them to have been more or 
less clo.sely connected. 

KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and 
soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 
1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and. at 
the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He 
was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student 
of public affairs, and naturalh' eloquent. He 
was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and 
'44), and, in 184(>, was the Whig candidate for 
Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. 
French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to 
California, but, after a few years, returned to 
Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns 
of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil 
War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- 
eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he 
had recruited a company. He was killed at the 
battle of Shiloh, April 6, 18G0. while leading a 
charge. 

KIM)ERHOOK, a village and railway station 
in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the 
Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. 
Populntion (1890), 473; (1900), 370. 

KlXii, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison, 
Ind., in 182.5 — the son of a pioneer settler who 
was one of the founders of Hanover College 
and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary 
there, which afterwards became the "Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, '' 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



317 



now the MoCormick Theological Seminary of 
Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Jlr. King 
began the study of law with an uncle at iladison. 
and the following year was admitted to the bar. 
In 1853 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature 
and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- 
man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, 
the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- 
ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next 
few 3'ears, in the organization of the Republican 
party. Removing to Chicago in ISoG, he soon 
became prominent iu his profession there, and, in 
1800, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. 
Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later, 
in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- 
ing a fondness for literature, Sir. King wrote much 
for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of 
sporting experiences with a part}' of professional 
friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- 
consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting 
on the Brule River, or Summer Waj'faring in the 
Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 
1893. 

KI\G, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton 
Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 33, 1817; gradu- 
ated from Union College in 184G, studied law at 
Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar 
the following year, began practice at the same 
place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he 
held a number of important positions, including 
the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the 
Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of 
Education, and the Union College Alumni 
Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was 
elected to the lower branch of the Twentj- 
seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- 
sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act 
for the protection of titles to real estate, made 
necessary by the destruction of the records iu the 
Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree 
of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in 
Chicago, Feb. 6, 1893. 

KIJfGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, 
Tazewell Count}-, 111., April 1, 1844; attended 
school at Washington, 111., then taught two or 
three years, and, in June, 1863, enlisted in the 
Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
ing three years without the loss of a day — a part 
of the time on detached service in charge of an 
ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- 
master, Returning from the war with the rank 
of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to 
Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- 
mained ever since. He is now connected with the 
following business concerns: Kingman & Co., 



manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, 
buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- 
pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company, 
Peoria General Electric Company, and National 
Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- 
prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a 
large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman 
was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being 
his only connection with politics. During 1898 he 
was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria 
Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- 
American War. His career in connection with 
the industrial development of Peoria has been 
especially conspicuous and successful. 

KISKADE (or Kiniead), William, a native of 
Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence 
County, in 1817, and was elected to the State 
Senate in 1833, but appears to have served only 
one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth 
General Assembly by James Bird. Although a 
Tennesseeau by birth, he was one of the most 
aggressive opponents of the scheme for making 
Illinois a slave State, being the only man who 
made a speech against the pro-slavery convention 
resolution, though this was cut short by the 
determination of the pro-conventionists to pernrit 
no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- 
master at Lawrenceville by President John 
Quincy Adams, and held tlie position for many 
years. He died iu 1846. 

KIJfMUSDY, a city in Marion County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 239 miles south of 
Chicago and 34 miles northeast of Centralia, 
Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
coal-mining are the principal industries of the 
surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring 
mills and brick-making plants, with other 
manufacturing establisliments of minor impor- 
tance. There are five churches, a bank and a 
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; 
(1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,321. 

KINXEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of 
Illinois from 1836 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 
1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally 
settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- 
tional advantages, he was taught to read by his 
wife after marriage. He became a Baptist 
preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two 
sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), 
was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was 
defeated by Joseph Duncan; in 1838 was elected 
by the Legislature a member of the Board of 
Public Works, becoming its President. Died 
in 1843,— William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- 
ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 



318 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as 
Representative in tlie Nineteenth General Assem- 
bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, 
dying in office the followini:; year. 

KI>'ZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- 
zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 
1763. His father was a Scotcliman named 
McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix '"Mc," 
and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" 
— an orthograph}' recognized by the family. Dur- 
ing his early childhood his father died, and liis 
mother gave him a stepfather by the name of 
William Forsythe. AVhen ten years old he left 
home and, for three j-ears, devoted himself to 
learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- 
nated by stories of adventure in the West, he 
removed thither and became an Indian-trader. 
In 180-1 he established a trading post at what is 
now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary 
white settler. Later he estaldished other posts 
on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He 
was twice married, and the father of a numerous 
family. His daughter Maria married Gen. 
David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Jlrs. 
John 11. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as 
the authoress of "WauBun," etc. (N. Y. 18.50.) 
Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828. — John Harris 
(Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- 
wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- 
ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the 
miissacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 
1810, Two years later his father placed him at 
Mackinac Agency of tlie American Fur Com- 
pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie 
du Chien. The following year he was Sub-Agent 
of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he 
witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 
1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was 
married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- 
dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with 
Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the 
forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed 
Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, 
but was removed by Tyler. In l.S4.'< lie was 
appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President 
Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public 
Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- 
master in the army liy President Lincoln, which 
office he held until his death, which occurred on 
a railroHil train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1805. 

KIRltY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, 
wiis born in Putnam County, 111.. Oct. 28. 1S34— 
the son of Rev. William Kirby. one of the found- 
ers and early professors of Illinois College at 



Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 
1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and 
Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, 
and, in 1873. was elected County Judge of Morgan 
County as a Republican ; was Rcpre.sentative in 
the General Assembly from Morgan County 
(1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee 
of the Central Ho.spital for the Insane and. for a 
long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois 
College. 

KIRK, (Gen.) Ednard >'., soldier, was born of 
Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 
29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at 
Mount Pleasant in the same State, and. after 
teaching for a time, began the study of law, 
completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he 
removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in 
his profession until after the battle of the first 
Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota 
of the State being already full, this was not im- 
mediately accepted : but. after some delay, was 
mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- 
fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the 
subject of tliis sketch as Colonel. In the field he 
soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; 
at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through 
the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After 
remaining with the army several days, inflam- 
matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to 
the hospital at Louisville, where he lay Ijetween 
life and death for some time. Having partially 
recovered, in August, 1802, he set out to rejoin 
his regiment, but was stopped en route by an 
order assigning liim to command at Louisville. 
In Xoveniber following he was commissioned 
Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry 
and ability" displayed on the field. In the last 
days of December, 1863. he had sufficiently re- 
covered to take part in the series of engagements 
at Stone River, where he was again wounded, 
this time fatally. He was taken to his home in 
Illinois, and, although he survived several 
months, the career of one of the most brilliant 
and promising soldiers of the war was cut short 
by liis death, July 21. 180;i. 

KIRKL.VND, Joseph, journalist and author, 
was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son 
of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; 
was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, 
where he remained until 1850, when he came to 
the city of Chicago. In 1801 he enlisted as a 
private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantrj* (three- 
months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, 
but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



319 



General McClellan, serving there and on the staff 
of General Fitz-Johu Porter until the retirement 
of the latter, meanwliile taking part in the Pen- 
insular campaign and in tlie battle of Antietam. 
Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some 
coal-mining property near Danville, but later 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. 
A few years later he produced his first novel, 
and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to 
literary pursuits, for several years being liter- 
ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune." His works 
— several of which first appeared as serials in the 
magazines — Include "Zury, the Meanest Man in 
Spring County" (1885); "The MoVeys" (1887); 
"The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- 
tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The 
Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At 
the time of his death he had just concluded, in 
collaboration with Hon. John Moses, the work of 
editing a two- volume "History of Chicago," pub- 
lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in 
Chicago, April 29, 189-t.— Elizabeth Stansbury 
(Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and 
author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago 
in 1867 and, five j-ears later, established a select 
school for young ladies, out of which grew what 
is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," 
which was continued until her death, July 30, 
1896. She was the author of a number of vol- 
umes of decided merit, written with the especial 
object of giving entertainment and instruction to 
the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's 
Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's 
"History of France," a "History of England," 
"History of English Literature," etc. At her 
death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the 
hands of the publishers. 

KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist 
preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- 
grated in 1802 ; located at Springfield, 111. , at an 
early day, where he built the first horse-mill in 
that viciuitj' ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, 
and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 
1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the 
first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. 
Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two 
boys) while in Adams County, he brought them 
to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The 
boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a 
trade, but mysteriously disappeared— presumably 
having been kidnaped with the connivance of 
the man in whose charge they had been placed. 

KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once 
known as "Young America," situated about six 
miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, 



Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- 
ping point and in an agricultural region. The 
town has two banks, five churches, and two 
weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900). 1,008. 

KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry 
County, runs west through Boone, and enters 
Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles 
below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- 
ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs 
north-northeast and nortliwest through De Kalb 
County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- 
bago Count}', about eight miles southeast of 
Rockford. 

KITCHELl, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- 
General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, 
May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, 
at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, 
and the same year emigrated west, passing 
down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, 
Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 
he became a resident of Southern Indiana, 
where he was elected sheriff, stmlied law 
and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- 
ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed 
to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 
1820, he was elected Representative in the Second 
General Assembly, and was also a member of the 
State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- 
moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was 
appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until 
near the close of the following year, when he 
resigned to take his seat as Representative in 
the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 
and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, 
but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During 
his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a 
Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- 
raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- 
lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of 
liis time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 
2, 1809. — Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, 
lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 
29, 1820; was educated at Indiana State Univer- 
sit)' and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar 
in 1841, and, the following year, commenced 
practice at Olney ; was elected State's Attorney 
in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the 
office ten years ; was a menrber of the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was 
elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted 
in establishing the first newspaper published in 
Olney, and in organizing the Republican party 
there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the 
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. 
He was also influential in procuring a charter for 



320 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- 
struction of the line, being an original corporator 
and subsequently a Director of the Company. 
Later he removed to (ialesliurg, where he died, 
Nov. 11, 187U.— Edward (Kitchell). another son, 
was lx)rn at Palestine, 111 , Dec. 21, 1S29; was 
educated at Uillsboro Academy until 184G, when 
he removed with his father's family to Fort 
Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to 
continue his studies; in 1852 made the trip across 
the plains to California to engage in gold mining, 
but the following year went to Walla Walla, 
Washington Territory, where he opened a law 
oflBce: in 18.">4 returned to Illinois, locating at 
Ohiey. Ricliland County, forming a partnership 
with Horace Hayward. a relative, in the practice 
of law. Here, having taken position against the 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, 
in 1850, the editor of the first Republican news- 
paper published in that part of Illinois known as 
"Egypt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, 
being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans 
in Richland County. In 18G2 lie assisted in 
organizing the Xinetyeighth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers at Centralia, wliicli, in the following 
year having been mounted, became a part of the 
famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to 
the command of the regiment after the wounding 
of Colonel Funkliouser at Chickamauga in Sep- 
tember, 1S63; was finally promoted to the colo- 
nelcy in July, 180.5, and mustered out with the 
rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming 
the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, 
in 18GG, the Republican candidate for Congress in 
a district strongly Democratic; also served as 
Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time 
and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the 
same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— 
John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- 
liff KitchoU. was born at Palestine, Crawford 
County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, 
read law at Fort 5Iadison, Iowa, and admitted to 
the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he 
served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- 
sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk 
of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous 
to the latter date be had edited "The Montgomery 
County Herald," and later, "The Charleston 
Courier." Resigning his position as Reading 
Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of 
President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- 
teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and 
afterwards as Captain of his company. At the 
expiration of his term of enlistment he established 



"The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- 
ducted until di-afted into the service in 1864, 
serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he 
removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- 
ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State 
Senate the same year, and, in 1870. was the 
Republican nominee for Congress in that District. 
KMCKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was 
born in Gallatin, Columbia Comity, X. Y., Sept. 
26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry 
County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- 
mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in 
1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 
1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in 
the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- 
sentative in the General Assembly, serving one 
term. He was also a member of the State Board 
of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter 
year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, 
serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. 

KMGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi-mili- 
tary and benevolent association founded in the 
City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus 
H. Rivthbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its 
recognized founder. The order was established 
in Illinois. May 4, 1869, by the organization of 
■'Welcome Lodge, Xo. 1," in the city of Chicago. 
On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- 
bers. At the close of the year four additional 
Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate 
niembersliip of 245. Early in the following year, 
on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the 
Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order 
for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, 
with a membership of twentj'-nine Past Chancel- 
lors as representatives of the five subordinate 
Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at 
that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the 
total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. 
June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the 
State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The 
assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on 
Jan. 1. 1894. amounted to $418,151.77. 

K>'OWLT0N', Dexter A., pioneer and banker, 
was born in Fairfield. Herkimer County, X. Y., 
March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in 
infancy and passed his childhood and j-outh on a 
farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- 
reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying 
his own way; in 1838 started on a peddling tour 
for the West, and, in the following year, settled 
at FreeiX)rt, 111., where he opened a general store; 
in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally 
laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- 
port, from which he realized large profits. He 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



321 



■was also prominently connected with the Galena 

■ & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became 
a Director of the Company, remaining in office 
some twelve years. In 1853 he was the Free-Soil 
candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years 
later became extensively interested in the Con- 
gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, 
N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in 
Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, wliere he 

■ engaged in banking business, dying in that city, 
March 10, 1870. 

KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, 
-Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his 
brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, 
■was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently 
removing to Worcester, in the same State, where 
he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 
he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now 
Rock Island, 111., ■where he continued in practice 
for twenty-three years. During the greater part 
of that time he was associated ■with Hon. John 
W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, 
gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer tliroughout 
Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in 
■\vhich he took part during liis residence in Rock 
Island was the prosecution of the murderers of 
Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1853 he served as a 
Democratic Presidential Elector, but in tlie next 
campaign identified himself with the Republican 
party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the 
Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, 
two years later, ■was appointed State's Attorney 
by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- 
ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After 
coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- 
ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 
6, 1881. 

KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution 
for the higlier education of the youtli of both 
sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It 
■was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and 
graduated its first class in 1846. The number of 
graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 
867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, 
and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- 
tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment 
amounts to $300,000 and its buildings are valued 
at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its 
head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- 
ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became 
its President, but resigned in 1899. 

KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county 
west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 
square miles and a population (1900) of 43,613. It 
■was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its 



territorial limits were defined by legislative 
enactment in 1825, but the actual organization 
dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip 
Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first 
Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- 
seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) 
was erected tlie first court house, constructed 
of logs, two stories in iieiglit, at a cost of 
S192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- 
ishes. Tlie present county-seat (1899) is Gales- 
burg, well known for its educational institutions, 
the best known of which are Knox College, 
founded in 1837, and Lombard University, 
founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- 
nary is located at Knoxville. and Hedding Col- 
lege at Abingdon. 

KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the 
Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington et Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of 
Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was 
formerly the county-seat, and still contains the 
fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- 
ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, 
with seven heads of departments. It has electric 
lighting and street-car service, good water-works, 
banks, numerous churches, three public schools, 
and is the seat of .St. Mary's school for girls, and 
St. Alban's. for boys. Population (1890), 1,728; 
(1900), 1,857. 

KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and 
received a university education. He ■was a law- 
yer by profession, and emigi-ated to Illinois in 
1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once 
affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon 
became prominent in politics. In 1843 he was 
elected to the General Assembly, and three years 
later was appointed to the bench of the State 
Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- 
ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. 
Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became 
identified with the Republican party and was a 
staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving 
for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and 
General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- 
coln made him Minister to Spain, a post wliich he 
resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of 
the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated 
Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican 
Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the 
Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace 
Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as 
President of the first Board of Trustees of the 
Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was 
elected to the Legislature a second time. The 



322 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



following year he was appointed a member of the 
first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- 
sioners, and served as its President. He is the 
author of "Collection of the Important General 
Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, 
St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- 
the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den 
Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second 
edition, Xew York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- 
graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. 

KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United 
States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., 
Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany 
who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his 
mother was born in England. The family 
removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat 
attended the public schools, later taking a course 
in Chicago University, after which he began the 
study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on 
"The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted 
to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted 
a position in the office of the County Clerk, where 
he kept the records of the County Court under 
Judge Bradwell's administration. During the 
sessions of the Twenty-seventh General A.ssembly 
(1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling 
and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after wliich 
he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican 
nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by 
Judge Prendergast; served as member of the 
Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; 
in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook 
County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, 
who died in January of that year), and was 
elected to the office in November following, and 
re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early 
in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, 
Judge of the United States District Court for.the 
Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge 
Grosscup, who had been appointed United States 
Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, 
deceased. 

KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- 
paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 
111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year 
to Galena, where he remained until 12 j-ears of 
age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, 
after attending the public schools some tliree 
years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- 
son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position 
of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after 
having been connected with various business 
concerns, he became the junior member of the 
firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for whom he had been 
a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he 



became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- 
nection with which he laid the foundation of an 
extensive business by establishing a system of 
restaurants and lunch counters in tlie business 
portions of tlie city. In 1891 , after a somewhat pro- 
tracted visit to Europe Mr. Kohlsaat bought a con- 
trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," 
but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- 
came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- 
Herald," as the successor of the late James W. 
Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after 
effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- 
cratic papers, "The Times"' and "Herald," in one 
concern. Although changing the political status 
of the paper from Democratic to Independent, 
Mr. Kohlsaafs liberal enterprise has won for it 
an assured success. He is also owner and pub- 
lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post.'" His 
whole business career has been one of almost 
phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- 
prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. 
Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of 
the University of Chicago, of which he continues 
to be one of the Trustees. 

KROME, WlUiam Henry, lawyer, bom of Ger- 
man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., Julj- 1, 1842; 
in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison 
County, 111. , where he lived and worked for some 
years on a farm. He acquired his education in 
the common schools and at McKendree College, 
graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- 
ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- 
ing school during the winter, for a year or two, 
he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of 
Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law 
department of Michigan Universitj', gradu- 
ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous 
to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. 
Krome has been successively the partner of 
Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late 
Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and 
C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of 
Edwardsville (1878), State Senator (1874-78), and, 
in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the 
Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- 
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed 
Justice Schollield, deceased. He is also President 
of the Madison County State Bank. 

KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, 
was born in Germany and came to St. Clair 
County, 111., in 1861. B^rly in 1865 he was com- 
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- 
ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the 
latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and 
was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



323 



Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. 
Later, General Kueflfner studied law at St. Louis, 
and having graduated in 1871, established himself 
in practice at Belleville, where he has since 
resided. He was a successful contestant for a 
seat in the Republican National Convention of 
1880 from the Seventeenth District. 

KUYKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- 
lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin 
(now Hardin) County, III., March 3, 1815; was 
self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood 
adopted the law as a profession, locating at 
Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued 
to reside to the end of his life. In 1843 he was 
elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 
1850 became State Senator, serving continuously 
in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- 
listed, and was commissioned Major, in the 
Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. 
Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, 
in May following, on acount of impaired health. 
Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- 
ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one 
term; and, after several years in private life, was 
again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving 
in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General 
Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw 
twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of 
which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four 
in the House, besides two years in Congress. A 
zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an 
ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- 
ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" 
(Republican) State Convention of that year. He 
was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- 
mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty 
of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud." 
Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. 

LABOR TKOUBLES. 1. The Railroad 
Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- 
acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, 
beginning at Pittsbui-g in July, spread over the 
entire country, interrupting transportation, and, 
for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- 
nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the 
troubles was the general prostration of business 
resulting from the depression of values, which 
affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A 
reduction of expenses became necessary, and the 
wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction 
and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, 
which found expression in the ordering of a strike 
among railroad operatives on a larger scale than 



had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- 
nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, 
Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- 
cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, 
excited men formed themselves into mobs, which 
tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, 
in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the 
torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- 
merce by the throat, not only defying the law, 
but even contending in arms against the military 
sent to disperse them. The entire force of the 
State militia was called into service, Major- 
General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. 
The State troops were divided into three brigades, 
commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals 
Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat 
assumed personal command at Braidwood, where 
were sent tlie Third Regiment and the Tenth 
Battalion, who suppressed the riots at tliat point 
with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and 
Lieut.-Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective 
regimental commanders. Generals Bates and 
Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, 
where the excitement was at fever heat, the 
mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- 
ing much property. Governor Cullom went to 
this point in person. Chicago, however, was the 
chief railroad center of the State, and only 
prompt and severely repressive measures held in 
check one of the, most dangerous mobs which 
ever threatened property and life in that city. 
The local police force was inadequate to control 
the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced 
to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph 
T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, 
I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under 
instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly 
and effectively co-operated with the municipal 
authorities in quelling the uprising. He received 
valuable support from volunteer companies, some 
of which were largely composed of Union veter- 
ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- 
perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, 
Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen 
Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of 
veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- 
ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a 
cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered 
efficient service. The disturbance was promptly 
subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once 
more began to move in its accustomed channels. 
2. The Strike op 1894. — This was an uprising 
whicli originated in Chicago and was incited by a 
comparatively young labor organization called 
the American Railway Union. In its inception it 



324 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the 
outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to 
have been suffered by employes of the Pullman 
Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on 
May 11, and, on June 23, the American Railway 
Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- 
road comjjanies hauling Pullman cars after June 
26. The General Managers of the lines entering 
Chicago took prompt action (June 2'>) looking 
toward mutual protectif)ii. protesting against the 
proposed boycott, and aflirmiug their re.solution 
to adliere to existing contracts, any action on the 
part of the strikers to the contrary not\vithstand- 
ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of 
freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- 
urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to 
be done bj- inexperienced hands under police or 
militarj- protection (officials and clerks some- 
times throwing the levers), and in the presence of 
large crowds of law-defj-ing hoodlums gathered 
along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy 
with the strikers, but actually in the hope of 
plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, 
in not a few instances, valuable freight was 
burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the 
inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in 
crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, 
sometimes almost within sight of tlieir destina- 
tion, and sometimes threatened with death should 
they attempt to leave their prison houses. The 
mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- 
tured to interfere with the passage of trains 
carrying the United States mails, and, at this 
juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. 
President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- 
tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be 
appointed by the United States Marshal. An 
additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn 
in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city 
police force was augmented. The United States 
District Court also issued a restraining order, 
directed against the officers and members of the 
American Railway Union, as well as against all 
other persons interfering with the business of 
railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily 
accepted l)y the officers of the Union, but the 
copies distributed among the insurgent mob were 
torn and trampled upon. Thereupon tlie Presi- 
dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to 
protect Government property- (notably the Sub- 
treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- 
ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without 
avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago 
requested the State Executive to place a force of 
State militia at bis control for the protection of 



propertj' and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- 
eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of 
the I. N. G. , at once received orders to report to 
the municipal authorities. The presence of the 
militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, 
yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed 
exeniplarj- firmness under most trying circum- 
stances, dispersing jeering and threatening 
crowds bj' physical force or bayonet charges, the 
rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually 
order was restored. The disreputable element 
subsided, and wiser and more consenative coun- 
sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. 
Impediments to traffic were removed and trains 
were soon running as though no interruption had 
occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the 
Federal and afterwards those of the State), and 
the courts were left to deal with the subject in 
accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- 
tive board of the American Railway Union were 
indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were 
never pressed. The officers, however, were all 
found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- 
obej'ed the restraining order of the Federal 
court, and sentenced to terms in the county jail. 
Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was 
convicted on two charges and given a sentence 
of six months on eacli, but the two sentences were 
afterward made concurrent. The other members 
of the Board received a similar sentence for three 
months each. All but the Vice-President, George 
\V. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, 
McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will 
County jail at Joliet. 

LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in 
Tompkins County, X.Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 
his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He 
graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was 
admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice 
at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 
1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower 
house of the Legislature; was elected to the Cir- 
cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, 
'85 and '91 ; also served for several years upon 
the bench of the Appellate Court. 

LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall 
County, situated on tlie Illinois River, and on the 
Dwiglit and Lacon branch of the Cliicago & 
Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. 
A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on 
the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- 
ing country raises large quantities of grain, for 
which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is 
navigable by steamboats to this point. The city 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



325 



has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, 
a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has 
water works, an excellent telephone system, good 
drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There 
are seven churches, a graded school and two 
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; 
(1890), 1,649; (1900), 1,601. 

LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An 
event of profound interest in the history of Illi- 
nois, during the year 182.5, was the visit to the 
State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had 
been the ally of the American people during 
their struggle for independence. The distin- 
guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- 
try during the latter part of 1824, the General 
Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of 
that year, adopted an address inviting him to 
visit Illinois. This was communicated to La 
Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the 
General in Europe seven years before. Governor 
Coles' letter and the address of the General 
Assembly were answered with an acceptance by 
La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 
16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by 
way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by 
which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- 
sissippi) arriving at the old French village of 
Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. 
Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander 
Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in 
the General Assembly from Sangamon County, 
as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- 
ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the 
latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished 
visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, 
April 30, the boat bearing General La Faj^ette, 
with a large delegation of prominent citizens of 
Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, 
where a reception awaited him at the elegant 
residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles 
delivering an address of welcome. The presence 
of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under 
La Fayette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti- 
tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This 
was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by 
Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house 
of William Morrison. Sr., a member of the cele- 
brated family of that name, and one of the lead- 
ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those 
participating in the reception ceremonies, who 
were then, or afterwards became, prominent 
factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. 
John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel 
Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor 
Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, 



a future United States Senator and Justice of the 
Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at 
midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles 
accompanj-ing the party and returning with it to 
Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was 
given and an address of welcome delivered by 
Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few 
hours later General La Fayette left on his way up 
the Ohio. 

LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINGTON & MISSIS- 
SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie <& Western 
Railroad. ) 

LAFLIX, Matthew, manufacturer, was born 
at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 
1803 •, in his youth was clerk for a time in the 
store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, 
at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the 
Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in 
the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., 
which proving a failure, he again engaged in 
powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- 
cago, where he finally established a factory — his 
firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, 
later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely 
interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- 
tion chieflj' to that business after 1849, with 
great success, not only in Chicago but else- 
where, having done much for the develop- 
ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one 
of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring 
House"' — also being one of the original stock- 
holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. 
Laflin wa,s a zealous supporter of the Government 
during the war for the preservation of the Union, 
and, before his death, made a donation of 675,- 
000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences, whicli was erected in the western part 
of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. 

LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and 
one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from 
which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The 
streets are broad and shaded and there are many 
hand.some residences. The village is lighted by 
electricitj-, and has public water-works, seven 
churches, a high school and a weekly paper. 
Population (1880), 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969. 

L.\ HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the 
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west 
by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- 
east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars 
constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe 
has two banks, five churches, a graded and a 
high school, a seminary, and two newspapers. 
Population (1880), 9.58; (1890), 1,113; (190U), 1,591. 



326 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast 
corner of the State, having an area of 490 square 
miles, anil ,i ]H)i)ulation (1900) of 34,504. It was 
cut off from McIIenry County and separately 
organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to 
arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des 
Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region 
the following year. The first County Commission- 
ers (E. E. Hunter, William Brown and E. C. 
Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, 
but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now 
Waukegan. The county derives its name from 
the fact that some forty small lakes are found 
within its limits. The surface is undulating and 
about equally divided between sand, prairie and 
second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are 
several maufactiuiiig establishments, and the 
Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- 
valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- 
dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake 
bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago 
business men. 

LAKE ERIE ic MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
(See Lake Erie & ]]'istern RailniKd.) 

LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. Of 
the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire 
length of this line, only llS.Gare within Illinois. 
This portion extends from the junction of the 
Peoria & Pekin L'nion Railway, on the east side 
of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- 
ana State line. It is a single-track road of 
standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in 
Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 
feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound 
steel rails, and lightlj' ballasted. The total 
capital of the road (1898)— including §23,680,000 
capital stock, S10.87.'),000 bonded debt and a float- 
ing debt of $1,479,809— was §36.034,809, or §.50,- 
708 per mile. The total earnings and income in 
Illinois for 1898 were S.')59,743, and the total 
expenditures for the same period, §457,713. — 
(History.) The main line of the Illinois Division 
of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired 
by consolidation, in ISSO, of the Lafayette, Bloom- 
ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), 
which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio 
and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus 
formed wascon.«olidated, without change of name, 
with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- 
ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & 
Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). 
The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and 
the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. 

LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on 
Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 



waj', 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is 
the seat of Lake Forest University; has four 
schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric 
light .system, electric car line, water system, fire 
department and hospital. Population (1890), 
1,203; (1900), 2,215; (1904, est.), 2,800. 

LAKE FOREST UMVERSITY, an institution 
of learning comi)rising six distinct schools, viz. : 
Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, 
Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- 
cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago 
College of Law. The three first named are 
located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- 
sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The 
college charter was granted in 18.j7, but the 
institution was not opened until nineteen years 
later, and the professional schools, which were 
originally independent, were not associated until 
1887. In 1894 there were 310 undergraduates at 
Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- 
ing the same year there were in attendance at the 
professional schools, 1,557 students, making a 
total enrollment in the University of 1,873. 
While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- 
byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is 
self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary 
are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- 
spectivel}'. Lake Forest College is co-educational 
and organized upon the elective plan, liaving 
seventeen departments, a certain number of 
studies being required for graduation, and work 
upon a major subject being required for three 
years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen 
buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five 
acres. 

LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five 
great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying 
wholly within the United States. It lies between 
the parallels of 41' 35' and 46 North latitude, its 
length being about 335 miles. Its width varies 
from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being 
opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearlj- 6(X) 
feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth 
is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 
20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern boimd- 
ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the 
lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the 
northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its 
waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through 
the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- 
ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the 
Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, 
and these mainly in its northern part, the largest 
being some fifteen miles long. The principal 
rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



327 



Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, 
Grand and St. Josepli. Chicago, Milwaukee, 
Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its 
banks. 

LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN 
RAILWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo, 
N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, 
with various branches of leased and proprietary 
lines located in the States of Michigan, New 
York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines 
operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 863. 15 are owned 
by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois. 
The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, 
were 8453,946, and the expenditures for the same 
period, S360,971. — (History.) The company was 
formed in 18G9, from the consolidation of the 
Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the 
Cleveland, Paiuesville & Ashtabula, and the 
Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- 
etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- 
dation. 

LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born 
in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 12 years of 
age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the 
store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., 
in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile 
business with Thomas Mather, who had come to 
Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- 
lished a store at Chester and shipped the first 
barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans 
market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, 
afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- 
packing extensively; also established an iron 
foundry, which continued in operation until a few 
years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. 

LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and 
historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at 
Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a 
thorough education and, after her marriage in 
1852 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years 
in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin- 
cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and 
Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the 
Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to 
New York and gave her after life to literary work, 
from 1883 until her death being editor of "The 
Magazine of American History," besides furnish- 
ing numerous papers on liistorical and other sub- 
jects ; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one 
of her most important works being a "History of 
New York City," in two volumes. She was a 
member of nearly thirty historical and other 
learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. 

LAMBOBN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- 
ney-General; born in Washington County, Ky., 



and educated at Transylvania University; was 
Attorney-General of the State by appointment of 
Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at tliat time being a 
resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his 
contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but 
of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a 
degree that his name was mixed up with a num- 
ber of official scandals. Separated from his 
family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- 
liall, Greene County. 

LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the 
Mendota-Fulton branch of tlie Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- 
dota; in rich farming and stock-raising region; 
has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 516; (1900), 576. 

LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at 
Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 
1828; received a common school education and 
was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began 
the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the 
law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111., 
subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver 
L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville 
Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan 
for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he 
became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln 
— the partnership being in existence as early as 
1852. In 1859 lie removed to Bloomington, and, 
in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal- 
ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, 
he was chosen by Sir. Lincoln to accompany him 
to Washington, making the perilous night jour- 
ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company. 
Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as 
almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- 
pointment of Marshal of the District of Columbia, 
and, in the first weeks of the new administration, 
made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, 
then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure 
accurate information as to the situation there. 
In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a 
regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
remaining in the field to December, when he 
returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal 
at Washington, but was absent from Washington 
on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865. 
Resigning his office after this event, he entered 
into partnership for the practice of law with the 
late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some 
years later he published the first volume of a pro- 
posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he 
obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. 
William H. Herndon, but the second volume was 
never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 



328 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



burg, W. Va., not far from liis birthplace, May 
7, 18'J3. Colonel Liiniou married a daughter of 
Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. 

LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by 
rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of 
Mount Carroll The surrounding country is 
largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark 
has two elevators and is an important shipping- 
point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is 
carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- 
tional and one State), eight churches, a graded 
and high school, and a weekly newspai)er. Popu- 
lation (1880), 1,198: (1890), 1,"295; (1900), 1,306. 

LANDES, Silas Z., e.x-Congressman, was born 
in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1843. In early 
youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted 
to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has 
been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 
1864. In 1873 lie was elected State's Attorney 
for Wabash County, was re-elected in 187C, and 
again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- 
nois District in Congress from 188.5 to 1889, being 
elected on the Democratic ticket. 

LANDRIGAX, John, farmer and legislator, was 
born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and 
brought to America at one year of age, his 
parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His 
early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After 
completing his education in the seminary there, 
he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. 
Coming to Illinois in 18.')8, he purchased a farm 
near Albion, Edwards Count}', where he has 
since resided. He has been twice elected as a 
Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 
and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 
and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, 
a member of the State Agricultural Society — 
for four years of that time being President 
of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

L.VNE, Albert (irannis, educator, was born in 
Cook County, 111., Jlarch 15, 1841, and educated 
in the public schools, graduating with the first 
class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He 
immediately entered upon the business of teach- 
ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- 
intendent of Schools for Cook County. After 
three years' service as cashier of a bank, lie was 
elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 
1877, and regularly every four years thereafter 
until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Su])erintend- 
ent of Scliools for the city of Chicago, to fill the 
vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- 
tendent Ilowland — a iX)sition which he continued 
to fill until tlie appointment of E. B. Andrews, 



Superintendent, when he became First Assistant 
Superintendent. 

LA>'E, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in 
Cleveland. Oluo, March 27, 1842, and became a 
resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- 
ing an academic education he studied law and 
was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 
1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- 
titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served 
as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful 
Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for 
three successive terms, but was defeated by 
Frederick Reniann (Republican) in 1894, and 
again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 
1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
Mr. Remann. 

LANPHIEIt, Charles H., journalist, wais bom 
at Alexandria, Va., April 14. 1820; from 4 years 
of age lived in Washington City: in 1836 entered 
the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- 
ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- 
in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was 
removed to Springfield, and Walters, having 
enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. 
Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having 
thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, 
to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected 
public printer at the next session of the Legisla- 
ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George 
Walker, who acted as editor until IHoS. Mr. Lan- 
phier continued the publication of the paper until 
1863, and then sold out. During the war he 
was one of the State Board of Army Auditors 
appointed by Governor Yates; was elected 
Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, 
and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for 
County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of 
his party. 

LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at 
Beverly, Mass., in 1830; attended a grammar 
school and worked in a cotton mill at Ltiwell, 
becoming one of the most popular contributors to 
"The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by 
the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- 
ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 
1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was 
a student <it Monticello Female Seminary, near 
Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the 
vicinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught 
for six j-ears; in 1865 established "Our Young 
Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her 
books, both poetical and prose, have taken a 
high rank for their elevated literary and moral 
tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



339- 



LARXED, Edward Channing', lawyer, was born 
in Providence, R. I., July 1-4, 1820; graduated at 
Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Matlie- 
matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then 
studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He 
was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained 
considerable deserved celebrity by a speech 
which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the 
fugitive slave law. He' was a warm friend of 
Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in 
his support ; was an active member of the Union 
Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, 
and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
United States District Attorney of the Northern 
District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by 
failing health. Being absent in Europe at the 
time of the iire of 1871, he returned immediately 
and devoted his attention to the work of the 
Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to 
Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the 
press, also doing much other literary work in 
spite of declining liealth. Died at Lake Forest, 
111., September, 1884. 

L.l SALLE, a city in La .Salle County, 99 miles 
southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois 
River at southern terminus of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three 
trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal 
abounds and is extensively mined ; zinc smelting 
and the manufacture of glass and hj-draulic and 
Portland cement are leading industries; also has 
a large ice trade with the South annually. It is 
connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- 
ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. 
Population (1890), 9,855; (1900), 10,446. 

LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sicnr de, 
a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 
1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving 
that he had mistaken his vocation, came to 
America in 1666. He obtained a grant of land 
about i/he Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, 
above Montreal. It was probably his intention 
to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming 
interested in stories told him by some Seneca 
Indians, he started two years later in quest of a 
great waterwa}', which he believed led to the 
South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short 
route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, 
and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The 
claim that he reached the Illinois River at this 
time has been questioned. Having re-visited 
France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility 
and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he 
visited the Northwest and explored the great 
lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- 



gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. 
Joseph River. From there he made a portage to 
the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to 
Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a 
fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes 
attending the expedition, was given the name of 
Creve-Coeur. Returning from here to Canada for 
supplies, in the following fall he again appeared 
in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a 
ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, 
gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in 
the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third 
expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by 
way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, 
reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of 
Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already 
begun tlie erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- 
panied b}' Tonty, he descended the Illinois and 
Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on 
April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- 
ana. In 1683 he again returned to France and 
was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth 
of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully 
attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally 
landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After 
other fruitless attempts (death and desertions 
having seriously reduced the number of his colo- 
nists), while attempting to reach Canada, he was 
murdered by Iiis companions near Trinity River 
in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. 
Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred 
Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish 
a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to 
contesting with the Spaniards for the possession 
of that region, but that the French government 
failed to give him the support which had been 
promised, leaving him to his fate. 

LA SALLE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest 
counties in the northeastern section, being second 
in size and in population in the State It was 
organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square 
miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of 
this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette 
established a mission at an Indian village on the 
Illinois River about where Utica now stands, 
eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom 
the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, 
which was, for many years, the headquarters for 
French missionaries and traders. Later, the 
Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated 
by starvation, at the same point, which has be- 
come famous in Western history as "Starved 
Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- 
ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The 
soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 



330 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



along the streams. Water is easily procured. 
Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and 
good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 
to 200 feet. Excellent liydraulic cement is made 
from tlie calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- 
cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- 
can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's 
surrey of a canal route (181G). The Illinois & 
Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of 
State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi- 
nois &■ Michigan Canal.) During the Rlack 
Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent 
base of military operations. 

LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Genesee County, X. Y., April 
17, 182.5. His early education was acquired in 
tlie common scliools. Later he read law and was 
admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 
18.51, making his home in Central New York until 
his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented 
the Rockford District in the lower hou.se of the 
General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a 
Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- 
nois District in Congress. 

LA VANTl'M, tlie name given, in the latter 
part of tlie seventeenth century, to the principal 
village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the 
Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in 
La Salle County. (See Starved Rock.) 

LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, 
N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation 
was as a news-agent on railroads, which business 
he followed for three years. He learned the 
trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the 
Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters* and Ship- 
Calkers" Association. While yet a young man he 
settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to 
a clerical position in the postoftice in that city; 
later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member 
of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was 
elected to Congress from the Second District, 
which he represented in that body for three suc- 
cessive terms. MTiile serving his last year in 
Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate 
on the Democratic ticket for .Slieriff of Cook 
County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant 
for the Chicago postmiuslersliip. was defeated as 
an Independent-Demcwrat for Congress in 1894, 
but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- 
teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 
17, 1896. 

LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was 
born in County Kildare. Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, 
brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, 
to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began 



farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a 
military taste by organizing a military company 
in 1842, of which lie served as Captain tliree or 
four ye<irs. In 1846 he organized a company for the 
Mexican War,- which was attached to tlie Third 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), 
and, at tlie end of its term of enlistment, raised 
a company of cavalry, with which he served 
to the end of the war — in all. seeing two and 
a half years" service. He then resumed the 
peaceful life of a farmer: but, on tlie breaking 
out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his i)atri- 
otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in 
the Eighteenth Congressional District — of which 
he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the 
three years" service in Jlay, 1861. His regiment 
took part in most of the early engagements in 
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the 
capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost lieavily, 
Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. 
Later, he was in command, for some time, at 
Jackson, Tenn., and, in November. 1862, was com- 
missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and 
meritorious service." He was also an active 
participant in the operations against Vicksburg, 
and was thanked on the field by General Grant 
for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro- 
nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant 
Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid 
exploits of the war."' After the fall of Vicksburg 
he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and 
in Texas, also being in command, for six months, 
at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was 
brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, 
January, 1866. after a service of four years and 
seven montlis. He then returned to his Gallatin 
County farm, where lie died. July 26, 1882. 

LAWLER, Thomas t«., soldier and Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the 
Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 
7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents 
in childhood, and, at IT years of age, enhsted 
in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later 
being elected First Lieutenant, and (although 
not mustered in. for two months) during the 
Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- 
pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of 
General Rosecrans. He participated in every 
battle in which his regiment was engaged, and. 
at tlie battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first 
man of his command over tlie enemy's works. 
After the war he became prominent as an officer 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



331 



of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the 
Rockford Rifles, in 1876, and serving as Colonel of 
the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap- 
pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President 
Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- 
appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the 
accession of Cleveland. He was one of the 
organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of 
which he .served as Commander twenty-six years ; 
In 1883 was elected Department Commander for 
the State of Illinois and, iu 1894, Commander-in- 
Chief, serving one j'ear. 

LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at 
Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 1820. After two years 
spent at Middlebury College, he entered the 
junior class at Union College, graduating from 
the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to 
teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at 
Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. 
Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and 
began practice in 1844. The following year he 
removed to Quincy, HI., where he was a promi- 
nent practitioner for ten years. The years 
1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- 
mary object of restoring his impaired health. On 
liis return home he began farming iu Warren 
County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he 
accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench 
and was elected without opposition. Before the 
expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a 
Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the 
Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became 
Chief Justice. At this time his home was at 
Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he 
removed to Chicago, and at once became one of 
the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although 
persistently urged by personal and political 
friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- 
tion with a vacancj' on the bench of the United 
States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined. 
In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans 
in the State Legislature for United States Senator 
against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at 
Decatur, Ala., April 9, 1883. 

LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern 
counties in the "southern tier," originallj' a part 
of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 
1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 
1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu- 
lation, 16,533. The first English speaking settlers 
seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- 
cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- 
ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, 
were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- 
ment was more or less desultory until after the 



War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil 
productive. About a dozen negro families found 
homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker 
colony was established about Charlottesville the 
same year. Among the best remembered pio- 
neers are the families of Lautermaun, Chubb, 
Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having 
come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, 
a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State 
Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at 
an early daj-, and his house was first utilized as a 
court house. The county is richer in historic 
associations than in populous towns. Lawrence- 
ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865 
inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- 
ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. 

LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- 
rence County, is situated on the Embarras River, 
at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of 
Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. 
It has a courthouse, four churches, a graded 
school and two weekly newspapers. Population 
(1890), 865; (1900), 1.300; (1903, est.), 1,600. 

LAWSON, Victor F., journalist and new.spaper 
proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian 
parentage, Sept. 9, 1850. After graduating at the 
Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies 
at Phillips Academy, Audover, Mass., and at 
Harvard University. In August, 1876, he pur- 
chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News," 
being for some time a partner of Melville E. 
Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- 
lishing morning and evening editions. He 
reduced the price of the morning edition to one 
cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago 
Record." He has always taken a deep interest 
in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, 
established a fund to provide for tlie distribution 
of medals among public school children of Chi- 
cago, the award to be made upon the basis of 
comparative excellence in the preparation of 
essays upon topics connected with American 
history. 

LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated 
on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of 
Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis; is lo- 
cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region. 
Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour- 
ing miU being the chief industry of this charac- 
ter. The city has electric lights and electric 
trolley line connecting with Belleville and St. 
Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, two 



332 



HISTORICAL EN'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



newspapers and is an important educational cen- 
ter, l>eing the seat of McKendree College, founded 
in 1828. Population (1890), 1.08fi; (1900), 1.812. 

LEE COUXTY, one of the third tier of counties 
south of the Wisconsin State line; named for 
Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionarj' fame : area, 
740 square miles; population (1900), 29.894. It 
was cut olf from Ogle County, and separately 
organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was 
but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan 
R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first 
County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- 
cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found 
here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- 
seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- 
breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across 
the Rock River. In 1830, John Dixon, of New 
York, purchased Ogee's interest for SI. 800. Set- 
tlement and progress were greatly retarded by 
the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set 
in in 1838. The first court house was built in 
1840. and the same year the United States Land 
Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, Colo., 
John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed 
Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in 
1859. and. in 1900. had a population of 7,917. 

LEGISL.VTIVE APPOKTIOMENT. (See 
Apportionment , Legislative.) 

LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.) 

LELAN'U, a village of La Salle County, on the 
Cliicago, Burlington & Quincj- Railway, 29 miles 
southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634. 

LEL.4.ND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was 
born at Dennysville, Me., August 28. 1812, and 
admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mas.s., in 1834. 
In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, 
to Oregon Ogle County, where he practiced for 
four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he 
rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 18.52. he 
was elected to tlie Circuit Court bench to fill the 
unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who 
had resigned. In 18fi6 Governor Oglesby ap- 
pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired 
term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by 
popular vote in 1867, and reelected in 1873. being 
as.signed to the Appellate Court of the Second 
District in 1877. He was prominently identified 
with the genesis of the Republican party, whose 
tenets lie zealously championed. He was al.<o 
prominent in local affairs, having been elected 
the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), 
President of the Board of Education and County 
Treasurer. Died. June, 24, 1889. 

LEME>', .IaIIU>^l, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- 
eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier 



in the War of the Revolution, being present at 
the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ; 
in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at tlie village of 
New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in 
Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise 
and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the 
head of one of the most prominent and influential 
families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have 
been the first person admitted to the Baptist 
Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming 
a minister of that denomination. Of a family of 
eight children, four of his sons became ministers. 
Mr. Lemen"s prominence was indicated by the 
fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with 
offers of large rewards for his influence in found- 
ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- 
western Empire, but tlie proposals were 
indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. 
Died, at Waterloo. Jan. 8, 1822.— Robert (Lemen), 
oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley 
County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father 
to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. 
Clair County. He held a commission as magis- 
trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal 
for Illinois under the admini.stration of John 
Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair 
County, August 24, I860.— Rev. Joseph (Lemen), 
the second son, was born in Berkeley County, 
■Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, 
on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a 
daughter of Rev. William Kinnej', who after- 
wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. 
Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the 
northern part of St. Clair County, and for many 
years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist 
church, which had been founded in 1809 on the 
principle of opposition to human slavery. His 
death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. — Rev. 
James (Leiiien), Jr., the third son, was born in 
Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united 
with the Baptist Church and became a minister 
— assSting in the ordination of his father, \vhose 
sketch stands at the head of this article. He 
served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the 
first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as 
Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General 
Assemblies. He also preached extensively in 
Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in 
the organization of many churches, althougli his 
labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen 
was the second child of American parents bom in 
Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died, 
Feb. 8, 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son, 
born in Monroe County. 111., in 1791; served as a 
soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



333 



County, in 1857.— Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the 
fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, 
1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- 
quoin, July 11, 1867.— Rev. Moses (Lemen), the 
sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; 
became a Baptist minister early in life, served as 
Representative in the Sixth General Assembly 
(1828-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- 
ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. 

LEMOXT, a city in Cook County. 25 miles 
southwest of Chicago, on tlie Des Plaines River 
and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick 
vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is 
extensively quarried here, constituting the chief 
industry. Owing to the number of industrial 
enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary 
home of a large number of workmen. The city 
has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two 
papers, five public and four private schools, one 
business college, aluminum and concrete works. 
Population of the township (1890), 5,539; (1900), 
4,441. 

LE MOYNE, John V., ex-Congressman, was 
born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and 
graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 
1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed 
to Chicago, where he continued a permanent 
resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was 
a candidate for Congress on the I.,iberal Repub- 
lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- 
well. Republican. In 1874 he was again a 
candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed 
the election, and a contest ensued which was 
decided by the House in favor of 5Ir. Le Moyne. 

LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of 
Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a 
farming and dairying district, but has some 
manufactures, the making of caskets being the 
principal industry in this line. There are six 
churches, two banks, and two newspapers. Pop- 
ulation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1.252. 

LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President, 
was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from 
Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar 
and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for 
several years as clerk in the office of the State 
Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- 
struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a 
part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was 
private secretary of Governor Cullom during his 
first term. For several years he has been Presi- 
dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, 
■with headquarters at Peoria. 



LEROT, a city in McLean County, 15 miles 
southwest of Bloomington ; has two banks, sev- 
eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. 
Two weekly papers are published there. Popu- 
lation (1880), 1.068; (1890), 1.2.58; (1900), 1,629. 

LEVERETT, Washington and Warren, edu- 
cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were 
strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 
19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm; in 
1827 began a preparatory course of study under 
an elder brotlier at Roxbury, Mass., entered 
Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and 
graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, 
spent the following winter in South Carolina, 
afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and 
in study in Newton Theological Seminar}', while 
Washington served as tutor two years in his 
Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- 
ington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, 
graduating there in 1836. The same year he 
accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleflf 
College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight 
interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering 
from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the 
fall of 1837, and. after teaching for a few months 
at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his 
brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the 
preparatory department, subsequently being 
advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, 
which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, 
when he retired in the same year with his brother. 
After resigning he established himself in the book 
business, which was continued until his deatli, 
Nov. 8, 1873. Washington, the surviving brother, 
continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- 
tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the 
duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- 
tion. Died, Dec. 13. 1889. 

LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- 
tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in 
the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- 
tains departments in law. the classics, prepara- 
tory studies and manual training, and owns 
property valued at 81,600,000, with funds and 
endowment amounting to $1,100,000. No report 
is made of the number of pupils. 

LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. 
When six years old he accompanied his parents 
to Knox County, 111., where he attended the 
public schools, read law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1860. The same year he %vas elected Clerk 
of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he 
was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub- 



334 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



lican candidate for Congress from the old Nintli 
District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re- 
election from the same district (then the Tenth), 
but was defeated bj- Nicholas E. AVorthington, 
his Democratic opponent. 

LEWISTOWX, the county-seat of Fulton 
County, located on two lines of railway, fifty 
miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- 
west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- 
mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, 
duplex-scales and evener factories, six churches 
and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition; 
also excellent public schools. Population (1880), 
1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504, 

LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of 
Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. 
The surrounding region is agricultural and .stock- 
raising, and the town lias a flourishing trade in 
horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- 
tured here, and the town has two banks, five 
churches, a high school and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (1890), 1,187; (1900). 1,415. 

LIBERTYVILLE, a village of Lake County, on 
the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division 
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 
35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region 
is agricultural. The town has some manufac- 
tures, two banks and a weekly paper. Popula- 
tion (1890), .l.")0; (1900), 864. 

LIBRARIES. (STATISTICAL.)— A report of the 
Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the 
subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries 
in the United States," presents some approximate 
statistics of libraries in the several States, based 
upon the reports of librarians, so far as they 
could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out 
from the Bureau of Education in Washington. 
As sliown by tlie statistical tables embodied in 
this rejwrt, there were 348 libraries in Illinois 
reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 
belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con- 
taining less than 1.000 volumes. The remaining 
214 were divided into the following classes: 

Containing 300.000 and less than .lOO.OOO volumes 1 

100,000 '• " 300,000 •• 2 

50,000 " " 100,000 " 1 

25,000 " " 50,000 " 5 

" 10,000 " " 25,000 " 27 

5,000 " " 10,000 " 34 

1,000 " " 5,000 " 144 

A general classification of libraries of 1.000 
volumes and over, as to character, divides them 
into. General, 91 ; School, 36; College, 42; College 
Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State. 2; Asy- 



lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian 
A.ssociation, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical. 3; Soci- 
ety. 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social. 1 each. 
The total number of volumes belonging to the 
class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 
447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 
and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — making a grand total of 
1,889,572 volumes. The library Itelonging to the 
largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University 
of Cliicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 
180,000 pamplilets, while the Chicago Public 
Library and tlie Newberry Library belong to the 
second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- 
umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes 
and 35,6.54 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- 
cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for 
that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam- 
phlets.) 

As to sources of support or method of adminis- 
tration, 42 of the class reporting 1.000 volumes 
and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- 
priations by State, County or City; 20, from 
endowment funds ; 54, from membership fees and 
dues; 16. from book-rents; 26, from donations, 
leaving 53 to be supported from sources not 
stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this 
subject is $787,262; the aggregate endowment 
of 17 of thiscla,ss is $2,283,197. and the value of 
buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at §2,981.- 
575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 %-olumes 
and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 
are both circulating and reference. 

The free public libraries in the State containing 
3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. 
The following list includes those of this class con- 
taining 10,000 volumes and over: 

Cliicago, Public Library . . (1896) 217.065 

Peoria, " " 57,604 

Springfield, " " 2.8,639 

Rockfoid. " " 28,000 

Quincv. " " and Reading Room 19.400 

Galesburg " " 18,469 

Elgin, Gail Borden Public Librarv . . 17.000 

Bloomington, Withers •' " ' . . . 16.068 

Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515 

Decatur. " " " ... 14,766 

Belleville. • •< " _ _ 14511 

Aurora, " " ... 14,350 

Rock Island, " " ... 12,634 

Joliet. " " ... 22.325 

The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference 
library) — established in the City of Chicago in 
1894. on the basis of a bequest of the late John 
Crerar, estimated as amoimting to fully $3,000.- 
000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having, 
in the four years of its history, acquired over 
40.000 volumes. With its princely endowment. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



335 



it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be 
reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class 
in the United States, as it is one of the most 
modern and carefully selected. 

The Newberrj' and Chicago Historical Society 
Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- 
poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy 
beginning has been made in building up a State 
Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to 
the indilf erence of the Legislature and the meager 
support it has received, the State which was, for 
nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most 
important events in the development of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished 
anything worthy of its name in collecting and 
preserving the records of its own history. 

In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois 
State Library, which dates from the admission 
of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest 
library in the State is that of the McCormick 
Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- 
ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred 
in another State. The early State College Li- 
braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt- 
leff College, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College, 
at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at 
Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard 
University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases, 
however, these are simply the dates of the estab- 
lishment of the institution, or the period at which 
instruction began to be given in the school which 
finally developed into the college. 

The school library is constantly becoming a 
more important factor in the liberal education of 
the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- 
nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the 
State Teachers' Association some ten years ago, 
but still in the experimental stage, and the sj-s- 
tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later 
period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge 
the range of popular reading and bring the public 
library, in some of its various forms, within the 
reach of a larger class. 

The Free Public Library Law of Ill&ois. 
— The following history and analysis of the Free 
Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for 
the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, 
Librarian of the Peoria Public Library : 

The Library Law passed by the Legislature 
of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, 
comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- 
brary Law placed on the statute book of any 
State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp- 
shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, 
had taken steps in this direction, with three or 
four brief sections of laws, permissive in their 



character rather than directive, but lacking the 
vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that 
they provided no sufficiently specific working 
method — no sailing directions — for starting and 
administering such free public libraries. They 
seem to have had no influence on subsequent 
library legislation, while, to quote the language 
of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in 
America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this 
regard, is probably the reason why it has been so 
widely copied in other States." 

By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the 
head of her sister States in encouraging the 
spread of general intelligence among the people; 
but it is also a record to be equally proud of, that, 
within less than five years after her admission to 
the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses- 
sion of her Third General Assembly — a general 
Act was pas.sed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, 
entitled : "An act to incorporate such persons as 
may associate for the purpose of procuring and 
erecting public libraries in this State," with the 
following preamble- 

"Whereas, a disposition for improvement In useful 
knowledce lias manifested itself in various parts of this 
State, by associating for procurint^ and erei-ting jniblic 
libraries; and.wliereas.it is of tlir utmost importance to 
the public that the sources of iiifonnatiori should be multi- 
plied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro- 
moted: Seel. Be it enacted," etc. 

Then follow ten sections, covering five and a 
half pages of the published laws of that session, 
giving explicit directions as to the organizing 
and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- 
visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask 
for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act 
are, of course, subscription libraries, the only 
kind known at that time, free public libraries 
supported by taxation not having come into 
vogue in that early day. 

It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois 
law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free 
public library, how to manage it when started 
and how to provide it with the necessary funds. 
It furnished a full and minute set of sailing 
directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover, 
was not loaded down with useless limitations. 

With a few exceptions — notably the Boston 
Public Library, working under a special charter, 
and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor 
Library — all public libraries in those days were 
subscription libraries, like the great Slercantile 
Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
with dues of from S3 to §10 from each member 
per year. With dues at §4 a year, our Peoria 
Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 
286 members in any one year. Compai-e this with 
our present public membership of 6,500, and it 
will be seen that some kind of a free public 
library law was needed. That was the conclu- 
sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- 
cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried 
every expedient for years, in the way of lecture 
courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer 
Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our 
membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, 
seemed to be the rule with all subscription 
libraries. They did not reach the masses who 
needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- 



33« 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



son ; the necessary cost of annual dues stood in 
the way; the women and young people who 
wanted something to read, who thirsted for 
knowledge, and who are the principal iiatrons of 
the free public library to-day, did not hold the 
family purse-strings; while the men, who did 
hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care 
for books. 

It was my experience, derived as a Director in 
the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a 
small, struggling subscription library, that sug- 
gested the need of a State law authorizing cities 
and towns to tax themselves for the support of 
puVjlic libraries, as they already did for tlu> sup- 
port of public schools. When, in ISTO, I 
submitted the plan to some of my friends, thej' 
pronounced it (Quixotic — the people would never 
consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I 
replied, that, until sometime in the '50"s, we 
had no free public schools in this State. 

1 then drew up the form of a law, substantially 
as it now stands; and, after submitting it to 
Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- 
brary; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and 
William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it 
in the hands of my friend. Mr. Samuel Caldwell, 
in December, 1870. who took it with liim to 
Siiringfield. promising to do what he could to get 
it thriiugh the Legislature, of wliich he was a 
meml)er from Peoriii. The l)ill was introduced 
by Mr. Caldwell, March -':!. 1S71, as House bill 
No. 5(i;!. and as House bill No. 563 it finally 
received the Governor's signature and became a 
law, March 7, 1873. 

The essential features of our Illinois law are: 

/. The jxjwer of inifiatire in stavtiixj a free 
pulilic library lies in the Citi/ Council, and not in 
an appeal to the voters of the city at a general 
election. 

It is a weak point in the English public libra- 
ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or 
voters of a city, and, in several London and pro- 
vincial districts, the proposed law has been 
repeatedly voted down by the very jieople it was 
most calculated to beneiSt, from fear of a little 
extra taxation. 

//. The amount of tax to be levied is permissive, 
not mandatory. 

We can tru.^t to tlie public spirit of our city 
authorities, supported by an intelligent public 
sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A 
mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain 
fixed percentage of the city's total as.sessment, 
might invite extravagance, as it has in several 
instances where a mandatory law is in force. 

///. The Library Board has crclitsive control of 
library ajipropriations. 

This is to be interpreted that Public Library 
Boards are separate and distinct departments of 
the city administration; and experience has 
shown that they are as capable and honest in 
handling money as School Boards or City 
Council.s. 

IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to 
serve for three years. 

V. The member.<i of the Board arc appointed by 
the Mayor, subject to the approval of Hie City 
Council, from the citizens at large triih nfrrence 
to their Jitness for such office. 



VI. An annual report is to be made by the 
Board to the City Council, stating the condition 
of their trust on the first day of June of each 
year. 

This, with slight modifications adapting it to 
villages, towns and townships, is, in substance, 
the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under 
its beneficent operation flourishing free public 
libraries have been e.stablished in the principal 
cities and towns of our .State — slowly, at first, 
but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness 
has become apparent. 

No argument is now needed to show the im- 
portance — the imperative necessity — of the widest 
po.'isil)le diffusion of intelligence among the j>eople 
of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the 
one means civilization, the other, barbarism. 
Give a man the taste for good books and the 
means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of 
making him a better, happier man and a wi.ser 
citizen. You place him in contact with tlie best 
society in every period of history ; you set before 
him nobler examples to imitate and siifer paths 
to follow. 

We have no way of foretelling how many and 
how great benefits will accrue to society and the 
State, in the future, from the comparatively 
modern introduction of the free public library 
into our educational system; but when some 
youthful Abraliam Lincoln, poring over iEsop's 
Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United 
States History, by the flickering light of a pine- 
knot in a log-cabin, rises at lengtli to l)e the hope 
and bulwark of a nation, then we learn wliat tlie 
world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- 
eral .spread of intelligence through our free 
schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies 
our only hope that our free American institutions 
shall not decay and perish from the earth. 

" Knowledco Is the only Rood, lenorance the only ovll." 
" Let knowledue crow from more to more. " 

LIEUTEXAM-GOTERXORS OF ILLINOIS. 

The ofl!ice of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the 
Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of 
the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by 
the people at the same time with that of Gov- 
ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- 
Governors of the State, from the date of its 
admission into the Union to the present time 
(1899), with the date and length of each incum- 
bent's term; Pierre Menard. 1818-22; Adolphus 
Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney, 
1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. 
Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the 
Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; 
William H. Davidson (as President of the 
Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Andei-son, 183.1-42; 
John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells. 1846-49; 
William McMurtry. 1849.53; Gustavus Koerner, 
18,j3-."i7; John Wood. 18.57-60 : Thomas A. Mar- 
shall (as President of the Senate)! Jan. 7-14. 1861 ; 
Francis A. Hoffman. 1861-6.5; William Bross, 
1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. 






HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



337 



Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as 
President of the Senate), 1873-75; Archibald A. 
Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77; 
Andrew Shunian, 1877-81 ; John M. Hamilton, 
1881-83; "William J. Campbell (as President of 
the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; 
Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893-97; 
William A. Northcott, 1897 — . 

LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- 
vania in its output of limestone, the United 
States Census Report for 1890 giving the number 
of quarries as 104, and the total value of the 
product as 63,190,604. In the value of stone used 
for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any 
other State, the greater proportion of the output 
in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. 
Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois 
limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small 
percentage being used for flux, and still less for 
bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. 
The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and 
represent a capital of $3,316,616, in the latter par- 
ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The 
quarries are found in various parts of the State, 
but the most productive and most valufable are in 
the northern section. 

LINCOLX, an incorporated city, and county- 
seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the 
Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana 
and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- 
sions of the Illinois Central Raih-oad; is 38 miles 
northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest 
of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted 
to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. 
Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among 
the products being flour, brick and drain tile. 
The city has water-works, fire department, gas 
and electric lighting plant, telephone system, 
machine shops, eigliteeu churches, good schools, 
tln-ee national banks, a public library, electric 
street railways, and several newspapers. Besides 
possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln 
University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu- 
tion, founded in 1865) The Odd Fellows' 
Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum 
for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. 
Population (1890), 6,735; (1900), 8,963; (1903, est.), 
13,000. 

LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the 
United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky., 
Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his 
grandfather having .emigrated from Virginia to 
Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the 
Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of 
Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed 



to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the 
issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's 
maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early 
occupations of the future President were varied. 
He served at difl'erent times as farm-laborer, flat- 
boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, 
lawyer. State legislator. Congressman and Presi- 
dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk 
War, and was chosen Captain of his company; 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature 
the same year, but elected two years later. 
About this time he turned his attention to the 
study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, 
and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. 
By successive re-elections he served in the House 
until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 
1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- 
date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions 
being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 
he was an applicant to President William Henry 
Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the 
General Land Ofiice, the appointment going to 
Justin Butterfield. His next official position was 
that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress 
(1847-49). From that time he gave his attention 
to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- 
ing candidate for the United States Senate in 
opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, 
but failed of election, Lj-man Trumbull being 
chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the 
organization of the 'Republican party at Bloom- 
ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by 
the Republican State Convention for the United 
States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate 
with Senator Douglas on party issues, during 
which they delivered speeclies at seven difl'erent 
cities of the State. Although he again failed to 
secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- 
acter of the legislative apportionment then in 
force, which gave a majority of the Senators and 
Representatives to a Democratic minority of the 
voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the 
subject of slavery attracted the attention of the 
whole country, and prepared the way for the 
future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- 
ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, 
and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate 
for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the 
nominee of the Republican part)' for the Presi- 
dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in 
the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- 
ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- 
ably his candidacy was aided by internal 
dissensions in the Democratic party. His election 
and his inauguration (on Starch 4, 1861) were 



338 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



made a pretext for secession, and he met the 
issue with promptitude and firmness, temjiered 
with kindness and moderation towards the se- 
cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency 
in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 
212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. 
George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- 
coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history 
of the whole country during its most dramatic 
period. Next to his success in restoring the 
authority of the Government over the whole 
Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance 
of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 
1863, as the most important and far-reaching act 
of his administration. And yet to this act, which 
has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the 
lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages 
and in all lands, the world over, is due his death 
at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in 
Washington City, April in, 1865, as the result of 
an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the 
evening previous— his death occurring one week 
after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of 
Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of 
the Union, was assured. A period of National 
mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor 
of a National funeral, his remains being tinally 
laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His 
profound sympathy with every class of sufferers 
during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance 
in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in 
giving direction to public sentiment at home and 
in dealing with international questions abroad; 
his courage in preparing the way for the removal 
of slavery — the bone of contention between the 
warring sections — have given him a place in the 
affections of the people beside that of Wasliington 
himself, and won for him the respect and admi- 
ration of all civilized nations. 

LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawjer, member of 
the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of 
Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., 
August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools 
and at Harvard University, graduating from the 
latter in 1864. During the last few months of 
the Civil War, he served on the staff of General 
Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war 
he studied law and, on liis admission to the bar, 
settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of 
the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was 
chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- 
tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the 
close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to 
England by appointment of President Harrison, 



gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. Thi3 
was the last public office held by him. After the 
death of George M. Pullman he became Acting 
President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
later being formally elected to that office, which 
(1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has 
been frequently mentioned in connection with 
the Republican nomination for the Presidency, 
but its use has not Ijeen encouraged by him. 

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBA'TE, a name 
popularly given to a series of joint discussions 
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- 
las, held at different points in the State during the 
summer and autumn of 1858, while both were 
candidates for the position of United States Sena- 
tor. The places and dates of holding these 
discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 
21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jonesboro, Sept. 
15; at Charleston. Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; 
at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense 
audiences gathered to hear these debates, which 
have become famous in the political history of 
the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted 
in the history of any State. It resulted in the 
securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate; 
but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog- 
atories of Lincoln led to the alienation of his 
Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- 
cratic party in 1800, and the defeat of his Presi- 
dential a.spirations, with the placing of Mr. 
Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a 
sagacious political leader, and his final election 
to the Presidency. 

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located 
at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 
1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven 
instructors and. for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils — 
ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction 
is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine 
arts and preparatory studies. The institution 
has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds 
and endowment amounting to §60,000, with 
property valued at .$50,000. 

LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was 
born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County. Ky. (ten 
miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), 
March -30, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally 
locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- 
ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre- 
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), 
but resigned before the close of the session to 
accept the office of Attorney-General, which he 
held less than a year and a half, when he resigned 
that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the 
Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



339 



Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his 
attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. 
Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with 
some elements of eloquence which gave him a 
wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally 
a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he 
became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate 
to the Democratic National Convention at 
Charleston, S. C, and at Baltimore. During the 
last four years of his life he wiote a series of 
articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the 
Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- 
lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, 
June 5, 1876. 

LINEtrAR, David T., legislator, was born in 
Ohio, Feb. 13, 1830; came to Spencer County, 
Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, III., in 1858, 
afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as 
Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- 
lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards 
became a Democrat, and served as such in the 
lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). 
Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. 

LIPPINCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was 
born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1825; attended 
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis 
Medical College, and began the practice of medi- 
cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he 
went to California, remaining there five years, 
taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, 
and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, 
having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice 
at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of 
Governor Yates, recruited a company which was 
attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as 
Company K, and of which he was commissioned 
Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- 
nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, 
and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet 
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- 
sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a 
candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- 
gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- 
cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary 
of the State Senate, and the same year chosen 
Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at 
Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- 
tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- 
nent President of the Republican State Conven- 
tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became 
its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in 
March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a 
result of injuries received from a runaway team 



while driving through the grounds of the institu- 
tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster 
Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, 
was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass 
County, 111. , the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- 
ler, a prominent physician widely known in that 
section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville 
Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to 
Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. 
Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- 
ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already 
endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the 
veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was 
appointed Matron of the institution, serving until 
her death. May 31, 1895. The respect in which 
she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- 
fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- 
pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching 
manner at the time of her death, and on the 
removal of her remains to be laid by the side of 
her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- 
field. 

LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- 
man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 
started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 
1818 ; the same year established himself in mer- 
cantile business at Milton, then a place of soine 
importance near Alton. This place proving 
unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwards- 
ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk 
in the Land Office. He afterwards served as 
Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a 
man of education and high intelligence, as well 
as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his 
writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. 
Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- 
sition to the sclieme for securing the adoption of 
a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 
1825 he purcha.sed from Hooper Warren "The 
Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a 
year or more, but soon after entered the ministry 
of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- 
ential factor in building ujj that denomination in 
Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in 
securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- 
sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. 
Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor 
(1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. 

LiqUOR LAWS. In the early history of the 
State, the question of the regulation of the sale of 
intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control 
of the local authorities, who granted license, col- 
lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As 
early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, 
with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 



340 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly 
known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, 
would do away with tlie indiscriminate sale of 
liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet tlie 
expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 
1853, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- 
ors, whicli was rejected at the polls. Since that 
date a general license sj-stem has prevailed, except 
in certain towns and cities where prohibitory 
ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- 
erning tlie traffic, therefore, have been widely 
variant in ditTprent localities. The Legislature, 
however, has always possessed the same constitu- 
tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, 
as aconite, henbane, strj'chnine, or other poisons. 
In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union began the agitation of the license (juestion 
from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a 
delegation of Illinois women, heatled by Jliss 
Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature 
a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 
100,000 women, praying for the amendment of 
the State Constitution, so as to give females above 
the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting 
of licenses in the localities of their residences. 
Miss Willard and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, 
addressed the House in its favor, and Miss 
Willard spoke to the Senate on. the same lines. 
The nieiisure was defeated in the House by a vote 
of fifty five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no 
action. In 1881 the same l)ill was introduced 
anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, 
persistent agitation was not without its results. 
In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally 
termed the "High License Law," by the provi- 
sions of w^hich a minimum license of S500 per 
annum was imposed for the sale of alcoliolic 
drinks, and §150 for malt liquors, with the 
authority on the part of municipalities to impose 
a still higher rate by onlinauce. This measure 
was made largely a partisjin issue, tlie Repub- 
licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- 
crats almost solidlj- opposing it. The bill was 
promptly signed by (lovernor Hamilton. The 
liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present 
time are based upon local option, high license and 
local sui«>rvision. The criminal code of the State 
contains the customary provisions -respecting the 
.sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited 
parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger 
cities, many of the provisions of the State law 
are rendered practically inoperative by the 
munici])al ordinances, or alwolutely nullified by 
the indifference or studied neglect of the local 
ofBcials. 



LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- 
ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois 
Central, with three other short-line railways, 43 
miles soutli of Springfield and 47 miles northeast 
of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- 
tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, 
oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated 
within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively 
raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flour- 
ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. 
The output of the manufacturing establishments 
also includes foundry and machine shop prod- 
ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. 
The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, 
and has a Holly water-works ..sy.stem, a public 
library and public parks, two banks, twelve 
churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursu- 
line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two 
monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. 
Population (1800), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903, 
est ). 7,000. 

LITCHFIELD, C.VRROLLTOX A: WESTERX 
RAILRO.VI), a lino which extends from Colum- 
biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, HI., ."il.S 
miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid 
with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened 
for business, in three different sections, from 1883 
to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- 
nection with tlie Jacksonville Southeastern 
Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under 
foreclosure, and, in Noveml)er, 1893, the Litch- 
field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the 
former owners. Six months later it passed into 
the hands of a receiver, by w-liom (up to 1898) it 
has since been operated. The general offices 
are at Carlinville 

LITTLE, (icorge, merchant and banker, was 
bom in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- 
ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile 
business, which lie prosecuted sixty years. In 
18G5 he established the Bank of Rushville, of 
which he was President, in these two branches of 
liusine.ss amassing a large fortune. Died, March 
5, 1S90. 

LITTLE VERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver- 
milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into 
Indiana, emptying into the AValxish in Vermilion 
County. Ind. 

LITTLE W.VBASH RIVER, rises in Effingham 
and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south 
through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the 
Wabiish River about 8 miles above the mouth of 
the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 
miles. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



341 



LITTLER, DaTld T., lawyer and State Senator, 
was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 
7, 1836 ; was educated in the common schools in 
his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to 
Lincoln, 111., where he worked at. the carpenter's 
trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He 
was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was 
elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed 
Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed 
by President Johnson Collector of Internal 
Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 
1868, removing to Springfield tlie same year, 
where lie entered into partnership with the late 
Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to 
the firm soon after, the partnership continuing 
until 1881. In 1883 Mr. Littler was elected 
Representative in the Thirty-fourth General 
Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected 
in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- 
ing in the latter body four j'ears. In both Houses 
Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in 
legislation on the revenue question. 

LIVERMORE, Mary Asliton, reformer and phi- 
lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in 
Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821 ; taught for a time in 
a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two 
years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later 
married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist 
minister, wlio held pastorates at various places in 
Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming 
editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 
1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote 
much for denominational papers and in assisting 
her husband; in 1863 was appointed an agent, 
and traveled extensively in the interest of the 
United States Sanitary Commission, visiting 
hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; 
also took a prominent part in the great North- 
western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of 
late years she has labored and lectured exten- 
sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- 
perance, besides being the author of several 
volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of 
Chicago" (ISC')). Her home is in Boston. 

LIVINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- 
way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- 
face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the 
west; area, 1.026 square miles: population (1900), 
42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was 
organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being 
Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel 
Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county- 
seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and 
§3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. 
Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- 



cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, 
and shafts are in successful operation at various 
points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- 
ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being 
large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried 
on. The development of the county really dates 
from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed 
by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- 
seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad 
center and the site of the State Reform School. 
Its population in 1800 was 2,784. Dwight has 
attained a wide reputation as the seat of the 
parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the 
liijuor habit. 

LOCKPOKT, a village in Will County, laid out 
in 1837 and incorporated in 18.53; situated 33 
miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines 
River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- 
son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton 
Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- 
tural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- 
factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper 
and strawboaril. It has ten churches, a jjublio 
and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas 
plant, electric car lines, and one weeklj- paper. 
The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage 
Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
are located here. Population (1890), 2,449; 
(1900), 3,659. 

LOCKWOOI), Samuel Drake, jurist, was born 
at Pouudridge, "Westchester County, N. Y., 
August 2, 1789, left fatherless at the age of ten, 
after a few months at a private scliool in New 
Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis 
Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he 
studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, 
N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, 
and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 
he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in 
company with William H. Brown, afterwards of 
Chicago, and walking across tlie country from 
Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- 
ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he 
remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- 
ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- 
lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of 
State, to which he was appointed by Governor 
Coles, and which he filled only three months, 
when President Monroe made him Receiver of 
Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same 
time he was also appointed agent of tlie First 
Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature 
of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme 
Court, his service extending until the adoption 



342 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in 
framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 
I80I he was made State Trustee of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, which office he held until his 
death. He was always an uncompromising 
antagonist of slaverj- and a leading supporter of 
Governor Coles in opposition to tlie plan to secure 
a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal 
and political integrity was recognized by all 
parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was 
^ citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- 
self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- 
lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as 
one of its Trvistees, and was also influential in 
securing several of the State charitable institu- 
tions there. His later years were spent at 
Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th 
year of his age. 

LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the 
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 
4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- 
tural, and the town has considerable local trade. 
It also has a bank and one weekly paper. 
Population (ISSD), 035; (1890), 598; (1900), 668. 

LOIJAS, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and 
diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 
1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name ; 
was educated at Auburn Academj- and served as 
Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, 
Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- 
pital at Leavenwortli, Kan. In 1873 he was 
appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- 
wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again 
(1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. 
He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical 
Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the 
works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), 
besides contributing to foreign medical publi- 
cations and publishing two or three volumes on 
medical and sanitary questions. Resides in 
Chicago. 

LOCwAN, John, ])hysician and soldier, was born 
in Hannllon County, Oliio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six 
years of age was taken to Missouri, his family 
settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- 
nee and Delaware Indians. He began business 
as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but 
returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the 
blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted 
in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took 
part in the Indian troubles of that year and the 
Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of 
the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the 
close of the Black Hawk War he settled in 
Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine. 



engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At 
the beginning of the war he raised a company 
for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota 
being already full, it was not accepted. He was 
finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- 
second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- 
eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks 
later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry 
and Donelson. Subsequently he had command 
of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- 
nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment 
lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself 
being severely wounded and compelled to leave 
the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged 
with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 
1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President 
Johnson United States Marshal for tlie Southern 
District of Illinois, ser%-ing until 1870, when he 
resumed the practice of his profession at CarUn- 
ville. Originallj- a Democrat, he became a 
Republican on the organization of that party, 
serving as a delegate to the first Republican State 
Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a 
man of strong personal characteristics and an 
earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, 
August 24, 1885, 

LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and states- 
man, was born at old Brownsville, the original 
county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, 
the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland 
and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he 
attained prominence as a public man. Young 
Logan volunteered as a private in the Jlexican 
War, bat was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, 
and afterwards became Quartermaster of his 
regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson 
County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- 
cute his law studies. Having graduated from 
Louisville University in 1851, he entered into 
partnership with his uncle, Alexander 51. Jenk- 
ins; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat 
in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- 
ing Attornej- in the interim. He was chosen a 
Presidential FJector on the Democratic ticket in 
1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again 
in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the 
special session of Congress in 1861, he left his 
seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In 
September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first 
Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- 
tarj' career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to 
be Major-General. President Johnson tendered 
him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. 
In 1806 he was elected as a Republican to Con- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



343 



gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of 
the managers in the impeachment trial of the 
President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was 
chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 
1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the Presidential nomination at the Republican 
Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on 
the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. 
Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November 
following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, 
but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 
1886. General Logan was the author of "The 
Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier 
of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was 
erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in 
Chicago. 

LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, 
was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; 
studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted 
to the bar before attaining his majority. After 
practicing in his native State some ten years, in 
1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- 
mon County, one year later opening an office at 
Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the 
bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two 
years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but 
again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 
and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- 
bly ; also served as a member of the Consti- 
tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 
and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- 
coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member 
of the lower house of the Legislature, was 
a delegate to the Republican National Conven- 
tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned 
by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the 
Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- 
ington. Soon afterward he retired to private 
life. As an advocate his ability was widely 
recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. 

LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part 
of the State, and having an area of about 620 
square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or 
moderately undulating prairie, with some high 
ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile 
and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- 
mining is successfully carried on. The other 
staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle 
and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, 
and the county was organized in 1839, being 
originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a 
portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a 
part of De Witt County. It was named in honor 
of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. 
Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but. 



in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, 
and, later, to Lincohi, which is the present capi- 
tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680. 

LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the 
Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & 
Northwestern Railways. Population (1880), 378; 
(1890). 515; (1900), 590. 

LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at 
Galesburg under control of the Universalist 
denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- 
tory, collegiate and theological departments. 
The collegiate department includes both classical 
and scientific courses, with a specially arranged 
course of three years for young women, who con- 
stitute nearly half the number of students. The 
University has an endowment of §200,000, and 
owns additional property, real and personal, of 
the value of 6100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- 
ult}' of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 
191 .students. 

LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station 
of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge 
and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast 
of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the 
tovi'n has two banks and a weekly newspaper; 
fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 528. 

LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was 
born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after 
teaching some years, entered the United States 
Army in December, 1814. as a Lieutenant in the 
Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor 
of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- 
ferred to the Tojiographical Engineers with the 
brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had 
charge of explorations between the Mississippi 
River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, 
to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the 
highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named 
in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was 
employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- 
in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in 
Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves 
and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- 
ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- 
graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, 
he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, 
with the rank of Colonel. An account of his 
first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) 
by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and 
the following year appeared "Long's Expedition 
to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the 
Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society and the author of the 



344 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



first original treatise on railroad building ever 
published in this country, under the title of 
"Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter 
days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where 
he died, Sept. 4, 1804. Though retired from 
active service in June, 1863, he continued in the 
discharge of important duties up to his death. 

LOXGEXECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was born in 
Crawford County. 111., June 12, 1847; before 
reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the 
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the 
war. After attending the high school at Robinson 
and teaching for .some time, he began the study 
of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 
1870; served two years as City Attorney and four 
(1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter 
year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- 
came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the 
office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, 
retaining that position with Mr. Mills" successor, 
Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter 
to the bencli, in 1880, Mr. Longenecker succeeded 
to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing 
in that position until 1892. While in this office 
he conducted a large number of important crimi- 
nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being tlie 
trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he 
gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as 
a prosecutor in criminal cases. 

LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hul>l)ell, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., Jlay •i\. 
177.'); prepared for college in the common schools 
and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, 
finallj' graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 
1799 — having supported himself during a con- 
siderable part of his educational course by 
manual labor and teaching. He sub.seciuentlj- 
studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, 
served as pastor of a Congregational church at 
Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number 
of young men for college, including among them 
Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- 
vard College and author of numerous historical 
works. About 1829 his views on the subject of 
baptism underwent a change, resulting in his 
uniting himself with tlie Baptist Church. Com- 
ing to Illinois soon after, lie spent some time at 
Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and. in 1832, located 
at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent 
factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col- 
lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist 
Seminary, of which he was the Principal for 
several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to 
secure the charter of the college in which the 
seminary was merged. His name stood first on 



the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, 
in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- 
tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. 
The latter years of his life were spent among his 
books in literarj- and scientific pursuits. Died at 
Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age 
of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias 
Loomis — an eminent mathematician and natural- 
ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and 
other .scientific text-l)Ook.s, in extensive use in the 
colleges of the country. He lield professorships 
in various institutions at different times, the last 
being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy 
in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. 

LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was 
bom in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent- 
age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to 
America at five years of age, and, after spending 
some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- 
cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. 
Having lost his father by death at twelve years 
of age. he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- 
ing business; was afterwards an employe on a 
street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate 
business and serving as an appointee of Mayor 
Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water 
department. In 1892 he was the Republican 
nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was 
defeated. Two years later he was elected to the 
Fifty-fourth Congress from the Second Illinois 
District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again 
in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 
votes. 

LOl'ISVILLE, tlie county-seat of Clay County; 
situated on the Little Wabasli River and on the 
Springfield Divi.sion of the Baltimore it Ohio 
Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- 
southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of 
Flora; has a courthouse, three churche.s. a high 
school, a savings bank and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (IK«i») 6;i7;(1900) 646. 

LOriSVILLE, EVANSVILLE & >EW AL- 
BA\Y RAILROAD. (See Loiiisi-ille, Evansville 
tO .S7. Loiii.i (Consolidated) Railroad.) 

LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
(Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this 
entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 
miles are operated in Illinois. It cresses the State 
from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the 
AVabash River. Within Illinois the system uses 
a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel 
rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually 
light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi 
bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 
105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



345 



(1898) was $18,236,246, of which .$4,247,909 was in 
stock and 810,568,350 in bonds. — (History.) The 
original corporation was organized in both Indi- 
ana and Illinois in 1.869, and the Illinois section of 
ihe line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 
miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division 
was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- 
ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- 
pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized 
in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount 
Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months 
later the two divisions were consolidated under 
the name of the former. In 1881 this line was 
again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport 
& Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name 
of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. 
In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it 
absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- 
nois — those in the latter State being the Illinois 
& St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the 
Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from 
Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & 
Carondelet — the new organization assuming the 
present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis 
(Consolidated) Railroad. 

LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a 
corporation operating an extensive system of 
railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and 
extending through Kentucky and Tennessee 
into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois 
(known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville 
line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash 
River, in White County (133.64 miles), with 
branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), 
and frona McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 
miles)^total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- 
sion, though virtually owned by the operating 
line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. 
Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- 
ence is merel}- nominal. The latter company 
acquired title to the property after foreclosure 
in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to 
the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total 
earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, 
for 1898, were .SI, 052,789, and the total expendi- 
tures (including $47,198 taxes) were 8657,125. 

LOnSVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
Jacksonville A' St. Louis Railway. ) 

LOVEJOT, Elijah Parish, minister and anti- 
slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Jlaine, 
Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- 
ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, 
came west and taught school in St. Louis in 
1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 
1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton 



and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 
1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The 
Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned 
slave-holding. Threats of violence from the 
pro-slavery party induced him to remove his 
paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three 
times within twelve months his plant was de- 
stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been 
procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- 
tect it from destruction in the warehouse where 
it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a 
mob, having assembled about the building, sent 
one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. 
Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside 
to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties 
in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes 
later. His death did much to strengthen the 
anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and 
Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a 
martyr, and his death was made the text for 
many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- 
sition to an institution which employed moboc- 
racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free 
discussion. (See Alton Riots.) 

LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman, 
was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being 
the son of a clergyman of small means, he was 
thrown upon his own resources, but secured a 
collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin 
College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- 
ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was 
conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal 
there, and whose assassination by a pro-slaveiy 
mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton 
Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy 
induced him to devote his life to a crusade 
against slavery. Having previously begun the 
study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- 
try and officiated for several years as pastor of a 
Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- 
tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 
1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that 
issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln 
for United States Senator. Upon his election to 
the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at 
Princeton, his congregation presenting him with 
a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 
1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress 
by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for 
three successive terms. As an orator he had few 
equals in the State, while his courage in the 
support of his principles was indomitable. In 
the campaigns of 1856, '58 and '60 he rendered 
valuable service to the Republican party, as he 



;346 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



did later in upholding the cause of the Union in 
Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 
1864. 

LOVINGTON, a village of Moultrie County, on 
the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the "Vandalia 
Line and the BenientA Altamont Division of the 
Wabash Railway. 23 miles southeast of Decatur. 
The town has two banks, a newspaper, water- 
works, electric lights, telephones and volunteer 
fire department. Pop. (1»'J0). 767; (1900;, 815. 

LL'DLAM, (I>r.) Keuben, i)hy.sician and author, 
was born at Camden, X. J.. Oct. 11, 1S31. the son 
of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam. an eminent phy- 
sician who, in his later years, became a resident 
of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having 
taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, 
N. J., at sixteen years of age entered uix>n the 
study of medicine with his father, followed by a 
coarse of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having 
removed to Chicago the following year, he soon 
after began an investigation of the homojopathic 
system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- 
tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such 
prominence that, in 1859, he was apix)inted Pro- 
fes.sor of Physiology and Pathologj' in the newly 
established Hahnemann Medical College in the 
city of Chicago, with which he continued to be 
connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving 
as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he 
had, as early as 1854, taken a ixjsition as one of the 
editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'" later 
being editorially a.s.sociated with "The North 
American Journal of HonnBopathy," published in 
New York City, and "The United States Medical 
and Surgical Journal"' of Chicago. He also 
served as President of numerous medical associ- 
ations, and, in 1877, was ap|X)inted by Governor 
CuUom a member of the State Board of Health, 
serving, by two subsequent reaiipointments, for a 
period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors 
as a lecturer and practitioner, Dr. Ludlam was 
■one of the most i)rolific authors on professional 
lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous 
monographs on special topics, having produced a 
"Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" 
(1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the 
Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation 
from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Sledi- 
cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is 
recognized as a valuable text-lwok, and has 
passed through seven or eight editions. A few 
years after his first connection with the Hahne- 
mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- 
fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecolog}% and, on the 



death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen 
President of the institution. Died suddenly fronx 
!ieart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- 
cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann 
Medical College, April 29, 1899. 

Ll'XDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- 
ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- 
entage: at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, 
Va., whei'e he first g-ained a practical knowledge 
of the institution of slavery; later carried on 
business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O. , 
where, in 1815, be organized an anti-slavery 
association under the name of the "Union 
Humane Society,'" also contributing anti-slavery 
articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub- 
lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. 
Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- 
test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. 
Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the 
i.ssue of ■ "The GeniiLs of Universal Emancipation," 
a monthly, wliich he soon removed to Jonesbor- 
ough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1834, 
when it became a weeklj-. Mr. Lundy's trend 
towards colonization is shown in the fact that he 
made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a 
view to promoting the colonization of emanci- 
pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 
1828. he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd 
Garrison, who became a convert to his views and 
a firm ally. The following winter he was as- 
saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly 
killed; soon after removed his paper to Washing- 
ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the 
name of "The National Enquirer,"" being finally 
merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 
1838 his propertj' was burned by the pro-slavery 
mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the 
following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle 
Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, 
but the design was frustrated by his early death, 
wliich occurred August 22, 1839. The paper, 
however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under 
the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was re- 
moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the 
name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, 
Zchiua.) 

LUXT, Orringrton, capitalist and philanthro- 
pist, was Ixirn in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 
1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged ia 
the grain commission business, becoming a mem- 
ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. 
Later, he became interested in real estate oper- 
ations, fire and life insurance and in railway 
enterprises, being one of the earlj- promoters of 
the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



347 



Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took 
an active part in municipal affairs, and, during 
the War, was an efficient member of the "War 
Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all 
moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by 
his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- 
ety" after the fire of 18T1, and his generous bene- 
factions to the Young Men's Christian Association 
and feeble churches, his most efficient service 
was rendered to the cause of education as repre- 
sented in the Northwestern University, of which 
he was a Trustee from its organization, and much 
of the time an executive officer. To his noble 
benefaction the institution owes its splendid 
library building, erected some years ago at a 
cost of §100,000. In the future history of Chi- 
cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of 
J. Yovmg Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John 
Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. 
Died, at his home in Evanston, April .5, 1897. 

LUSK, John T,, pioneer, was born in South 
Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 
1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established 
a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town 
of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, 
which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, 
took its name from this family. In 180.5 the sub- 
ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., 
and settled near Edwardsville. During the War 
of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a 
"Ranger." When Edwardsville began its 
growth, he moved into the town and erected a 
house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and 
containing three rooms, which became the first 
hotel in the town and a place of considerable 
historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different 
periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, 
County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, 
Dec. 22, 18.57. 

LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi- 
nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, 
it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- 
fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small 
Catechism in instruction of the young, in the 
practice of infant baptism and confirmation at 
an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg 
Confession. Services are conducted, in various 
sections of the country, in not less than twelve 
different languages. The number of Lutheran 
ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach 
in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- 
nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches 
over which they preside recognize allegiance 
to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- 
nated synods, as follows : The Northern, South- 



ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the 
General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of 
tlie Synodical Conference; the Synod for the 
Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- 
Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General 
Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the 
foreign element in this denomination, reference 
may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three 
Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the 
English language. Of the remainder, thirty- 
seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine 
Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- 
ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was 
estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains 
a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. 
(See also Religious Denominat ions. 

LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles 
southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; 
(1890), 732; (1900), 951 

MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the 

name given to a class of State indebtedness 
incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- 
cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- 
missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. 
Macalister & Stebbius, brokers of New York 
City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of .$1,000 each, 
payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister 
& Stebbins advanced to the State 8261,. 560. 83. 
This was done with the understanding that the 
firm would make further advances sufficient to 
increase tlie aggregate to forty per cent of the 
face value of the bonds, but upon which no 
further advances were actually made. In addi- 
tion to these, there were deposited with the same 
firm, within the next few months, with a like 
understanding, internal improvement bonds and 
State scrip amounting to §109,215.44 — making the 
aggregate of State securities in their hands $913,- 
215.44, upon which the State had received only 
the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent 
of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts 
having been made by the holders of these bonds 
(with whom they had been hypothecated by 
Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on 
their par face value, the matter became the sub- 
ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- 
tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both 
reciting, in their respective preambles, the history 
of the transaction. The last of these provided 
for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new 
bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- 
pal and interest of the sum actually advanced 
and found to be due, conditioned ui^on the sur- 
render, by them, of the original bonds and other 



348 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



evidences of indebtedness received by them in 
18-11. This the actual holders refused to accept, 
and brought the case before the Supreme Court 
in an eflfort to compel the Governor (who was 
then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize 
the full face of their claim. This the Supreme 
Court refused to do, on the ground that, tlie 
executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- 
ernment, they had no authority over his official 
acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds, 
to the amount of $114,000, was obtained from 
Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was 
probably but imperfectly acquainted with their 
history and previous legislation on the subject. 
Representations made to him led to a suspension 
of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not 
transferable e.xcept on the books of the Funding 
Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they 
were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- 
mately surrendered by the holders on the basis 
originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 
1865 an additional act was passed requiring the 
presentation, for payment, of the portion (>i the 
original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- 
feiture, and this was finally done. 

MACK, Alnnzo AV., legislator, was born at More- 
town, Vt., in 1822; at 10 years of age settled at 
Kalamazoo, Mich., later began the study of medi- 
cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 18-14. 
Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he 
adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected 
Representative, and, in 18G0 and 'G4, to the 
Senate, serving through five continuous sessions 
(1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the 
Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, 
in January following, to take his seat in the 
Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend 
of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits 
in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- 
lican," in May, 1865, and was its business mana- 
ger the first year of its publication, but ilisagreeing 
with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally 
retired. Colonel JIack then resumed the practice 
of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. 

M.\CKI\.VW, the first county-.seat of Tazewell 
County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 
miles southea.st of Peoria. The district is agri- 
cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- 
ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, 
wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a 
weekly paper. Population (1890), ,545; (190(»). 859. 

M.IC MILLAN, Thomas C, Clerk of United 
States District Court, was born at Stranraer. 
Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 



1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the 
High School and spent some time in the Chicago 
University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The 
Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- 
panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills 
and, in 1875-70, represented that paper with 
(ieneral Crook in the campaign against the Sioux 
After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed 
charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of 
"The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County 
Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi 
cago Public Librarj', besides eight years in the 
General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 
93 in the Senate. In January, 1896. :Mr. MacMillan 
was appointed Clerk of the Unite<l States District 
Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- 
nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the 
honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. 

MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough 
County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quinc}' Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 
39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal 
manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, jiot- 
tery, and school-desk castings. The city has 
interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, 
high soliool and four newspapers; is the seat of 
Western Illinois State Normal School, and West- 
ern Preparatory School and Business College. 
Population (18;)0), 4 052; (1900), 5,375. 

MACOX, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, 10 miles south bj' west of 
Decatur. Macon Count}' is one of tlie most fer- 
tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important 
shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar 
factories, four cliurches. a graded school, and a 
weekly paper. Population (1890). 819, (1900), 705. 

MACOX COrXTY, situated near the geograph- 
ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave 
its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 
44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for 
Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and 
statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, 
although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. 
The count}- is well drained by the Sangamon 
River and its tributaries. The soil is that high 
grade of fertility which one might expect in the 
corn belt of the central portion of the State. 
Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively 
cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are 
among the products. Decatur is the county-seat 
and principal city in the lieart of a rich agricul- 
tural region. JIaroa, in the northern part of the 
county, enjoys considerable local trade. 

MACOl'PIX COUXTT, a so\ith-central county, 
with an area of 864 square miles and a population 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



349 



of 42,356 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of 
Indian derivation, signifying '"white potato." 
The county, originally a part of Madison, and 
later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, 
under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William 
Wilcox and Theodoras Davis. The first court 
house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained 
but two rooms, and in- pleasant weather juries 
were wont to retire to a convenient grove to 
deliberate upon their findings. The surface of 
the county is level, with narrow belts of timber 
following the course of the streams. The soil is 
fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively 
raised. While agriculture is the chief industry 
in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried 
on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat 
and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the 
other principal towns. 

MAC VEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer 
and politician, was born on a farm in Chester 
County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 
1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law 
School, New York. He was soon compelled to 
abandon practice on account of ill-health, and 
removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he 
embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 
1874 lie was chosen President of the Volunteer 
Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many 
important municipal reforms. He was thereafter 
repeatedly urged to accept other oflSces, among 
them the mayorality, but persistently refused 
until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for 
United States Senator by a State Convention of 
the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- 
vass of tlie State, but the Republicans having 
gained control of the Legislature, he was 
defeated. He is the head of one of the most 
extensive wholesale grocery establishments in 
the city of Chicago. 

MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- 
sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. 
The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis- 
sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only 
slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- 
can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along 
the we.stern border, four to six miles wide, as far 
north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The 
county was organized in 1813, being the first 
county set off from St. Clair County after the 
organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the 
third within the Territorj'. It was named in 
honor of James Madison, then President of the 
United States. At that time it embraced sub- 
stantially the whole of the northern part of the 



State, but its limits were steadily reduced by 
excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, 
wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and 
exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- 
lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out 
in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers 
began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, GiU- 
liams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- 
erally locating in the American Bottom, and 
laying tlie foundation for the present county. 
In the early history of the State. Madison County 
was the home of a large number of prominent 
men who exerted a large influence in shaping its 
destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, 
Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and 
many more whose names are intimately inter- 
woven with State history. The county-seat is at 
Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. 
Population (1890), 51. .535; (1900), 64,694. 

MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Ju.stice of the 
Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., 
Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 
1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in 
teaching in his father's private academy at 
Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 
he graduated from the law department of the 
University of Louisiana, and the same year 
opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- 
break of the Civil War, his sympathies being 
strongly in fa%'or of the Union, he came North, 
and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, 
Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While 
ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting 
or taking part in political discussions during the 
war, many members of his immediate family 
being in the Confederate service. He soon 
achieved and easily maintained a high standing 
at the Chicago bar ; in 1868 was appointed Master 
,in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook 
County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed 
Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the 
Supreme Court, being reelected for a full term 
of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was 
Chief Justice in 1891-93. 

MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County, on 
the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of 
Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains. 
It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region, 
large amounts of this product being shipped there 
and at Cobden. Tlie place has a bank and a 
weekly paper. Population (1900), 528. 

MALTBT, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- 
tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a 
private in the Mexican War and was severely 
wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he 



350 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



established himself in the mercantile business at 
Galena, 111. ; in 1801 entered the volunteer service 
as Lieutenant-Colonel of the rorty-fifth Illinois 
Infantry, was wounded at Fort Douelson, pro- 
moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded 
a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned 
Brigadier- General in August, 1863; served 
through the subsequent campaigns of the Army 
of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 
1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander 
of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that 
office, Dec. 12, 1867. 

MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on 
the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has 
some manufactures of pottery. Population 
(1890), 408; (1900), 430. 

MAMERE, (;eor^c, early Chicago lawyer and 
jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- 
don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, 
his mother removed to New York City, where he 
began the study of law, occasionally contributing 
to "The New York Mirror," then one of the 
leading literary periodicals of the country. In 
1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed 
his professional studies and was admitted to the 
bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in 
the Circuit Clerk's office ; later, he was appointed 
Master in Chancery, and served one term as 
Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. 
While filling the latter office he codified the 
municipal ordinances. In 1805 he was elected 
Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 
without opposition. Before the expiration of his 
second term he died. May 21, 1863. He held the 
office of .School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, 
during which time, largely through his efforts, 
the school system was remodeled and the im- 
paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- 
dition. He was one of the organizers of the 
Union Defense Committee in 18(>1, a member of 
the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago 
University, and prominently connected with 
several societies of a semi-public character. He 
was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- 
torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." 

MANX, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was 
born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 
1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County 
in 18G7; graduated at the University of Illinois 
in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- 
cago, in 1881, after which he established himself 
in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head 
of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 
was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park 



and, after the annexation of that municipality to 
the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman 
of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 
1894, while in the City Council becoming one of 
its most prominent members; in 1894, served as 
Temporarj- Chairman of the Republican State 
Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman 
of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 
1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- 
fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 
over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 
20,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- 
didate for re-election, and was again successful, by 
over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. 
Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his 
election to Congress, include those of Master in 
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County 
and General Attorney of the South Park Com- 
missioners of the city of Chicago. 

MAXX, Orriu L., lawyer and soldier, was bom 
in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, 
removed to the vicinity of Ann Arlxjr, Mich., 
where he learned the blacksmith traile, but, 
being compelled to abandon it on account of an 
injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. 
Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female 
College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, 
two years later, become President of the North- 
western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann 
accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing 
his studies for a time, but later engaging in 
teaching; in 1856 entered the University of 
Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he 
took part in the campaign which resulted in the 
election of Lincoln ; earlj- in the following spring 
had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- 
trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at 
the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in 
organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois- 
Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx" l.whidi having 
been accepted after considerable delay, he 
was chosen Major. The regiment was first 
assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in tlie 
first battle of Winchester and in operations in 
North and South Carolina. Having previously 
been commissioned Lieutenant -Colonel, Major 
Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at 
Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- 
pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and (iregg, 
winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for 
meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having 
"veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and 
being assigned to the command of Gen B. F. 
Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



35L 



Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously 
wounded, necessitating a stay of several months 
in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned 
to the staff of General Ord, and later served as 
Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with 
headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered 
out in December, 1865. After the war he 
engaged in the real estate and loan business, 
but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal 
Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 
1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. 
Other positions held by him have been : Represent- 
ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly 
(1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and 
Sheriff (1880 82). General Mann was injured by 
a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly- 
sis. 

MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 
1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, 
and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, 
residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson 
County, where he held the office of County- 
Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he 
was appointed Secretary of the first Board of 
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
remaining in office until 1845. He continued to 
reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the 
close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying 
there, Jan. 8, 1869. 

MANNINCt, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- 
ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his 
earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, 
completing his education at Middlebury College, 
Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he 
served one term as County Judge and two terms 
(1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- 
bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential 
Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, 
where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of the following 
year. Died, at Knoxville, Jul3- 4, 1862. 

MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at 
the intersection of the Peoria Division of the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 
32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the 
heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- 
paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. 

MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, 
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south 
of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- 
stock, small fruits and dairy products; has 
one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 
627; (1900), 932. 



MACjUON, a village of Knox County, on the 
Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- 
burg. The region is agricultural. The town has 
banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475. 

MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in 
Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early 
education in the grammar schools of his native 
town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesley an 
University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- 
fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and 
became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, 
Mass. , where he remained until 1862, meanwhile 
making numerous trips for geologic investigation 
One of these was made in 1849, overland, to 
Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data 
for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- 
puted questions as to the geologic formation of 
the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited 
San Francisco, making maps of the mountain 
regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 
he was called to the professorship of Natural 
History in the Northwestern University, at 
Evanston, remaining there until his death. The 
institution was then in its infancy, and he taught 
mathematics in connection with his other duties. 
From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He 
received the degee of LL.D. from the University 
of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 
19, 1899. 

MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a pecuUar 
depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of 
Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi 
and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of 
freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part 
of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, 
when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- 
times discharges through the same channel into 
the Mississippi. Its general course is north and 
south. — Cat-Tnil Slough, a similar depression, 
runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis- 
tance of five or six miles from the latter. The 
highest point in the Maredosia above low water 
in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the 
Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is 
believed, at some time, to have served as a 
channel for the Mississippi. 

MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled 
in 1835, incorjjorated as a town in 1857 and, as a 
city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, 
on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is 
in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- 
trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed 
milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 



352 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



trie lights, has six churches, good schools and 
two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ; 
(1890), 1, 445; (1900), 2,005. 

MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of 
St. Louis. Several of its earlie.st settlers were 
sea captains from the East, from whom the 
"Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu- 
lation (1880) 774; (1890), 037; (1900). 060. 

M.VRION, the county-.seat of Williamson 
County. 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the 
Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
Railroads; in agricultural and coal region; has 
cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- 
works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed 
brick factory, six churches, a graded school, and 
three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510. 

MARION COUNTY, located near the center of 
the southern half of the State, with an area of 
580 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by 
the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. 
About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- 
ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The 
remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the 
tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash 
Rivers. The bottom lailds have a heavy growth 
of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large 
portion of the county is underlaid with a thin 
vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper 
coal measures. Sandstone and building .sand are 
also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are 
afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & 
Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, 
but Centralia is the largest and most important 
town, being a railroad junction and center of an 
extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving 
town at the junction of the Illinois Central and 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. 

MAKISS.V, a village of St. Clair County, on the 
St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles 
southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and 
mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and 
a magazine. Population (1890). 876; (1900). 1.086. 

MAROA, a city in Macon ('ounty. on the Illi- 
nois Centrnl Railroad. 13 miles north of Decatur 
and^Sl miles south of Bloomington. The city has 
three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- 
tory, water-works system, electric light plant, 
telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, 
three churches and a graded school. Population 
(1880). 870: (1890), 1,104; (1900), 1,213. 

MARCJl'ETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French 
missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, 
in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17. and, 
twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. 



The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at 
Quebec. For eighteen months be devoted him- 
self chieflj' to the study of Indian dialects, and, 
in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to 
Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of 
Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- 
tudes, he went to Mackinac, and. in that vicinity, 
founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a 
rude church. In 1073 he accompanied Juliet on 
his voyage of discoverj- down the Mississippi, the 
two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and 
reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and 
Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting 
translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the 
expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- 
ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- 
tember, 1073, after leaving the Illinois and stop- 
ping for some time among the Indians near 
"Starved Rock," lie returned to Green Bay much 
broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders 
from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- 
sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In 
December he reached the present site of Chicago, 
where he was compelled to lialt because of 
exh.austion. On March 29, 1075, he resumed his 
journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much 
suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- 
gably and making many converts, failing health 
compelled him to start on his return to Macki- 
nac. Before tlie voyage was completed he died, 
Maj' 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which 
long l)ore his name — but is not the present Mar- 
quette River— on the eastern shore of Lake Slichi- 
gan. Ilis remains were subsequently removed to 
Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to 
explain the lake tides, and modern science has 
not improved his theory. 

.MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in 
La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 
miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the 
Chicago, Rock Lsland & Pacific Railroad. Ex- 
cellent water [wwer is furnished by a dam across 
the river. The city has several factories, among 
the leading products lieing flour, paper and 
agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the 
vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to 
support three elevators. There are three papers 
(<me daily). Population (1890), 2,210; (1900), 
2,.'"m9; (1903, est), 3,100. 

M.VRSH, Benjamin P., Congres-sman, born in 
Wythe Township. Hancock County. 111., was edu- 
cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, 
leaving the latter institution one year before 
graduation. He read law under the tutelage of his 
brother. Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



353 



•admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was 
an unsucce.ssful candidate for State's Attorney. 
Immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861, 
he raised a company of cavalry, and, going to 
Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No 
cavalry having been called for, the Governor felt 
constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. 
Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private 
in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantrj', in which regi- 
ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov- 
ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his 
readiness to accept his cavalry company. 
Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- 
pany within a few days, of which he was com- 
missioned Captain, and which was attached to 
the Second Illinois Cavalry. lie served in the 
army until January, 1866, being four times 
wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On 
his return home he interested himself in politics. 
In 1869 he was a Repviblican candidate for the 
State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, 
was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. 
In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail- 
road and Warehouse Commission, serving until 
1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress 
from his old district, which, under the new 
apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was 
re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the 
Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the 
House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair- 
man of the Committee on Militia. 

MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, 
N. Y., May 11, 1823; was educated at Groton 
Academy and Union College, graduating from 
the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in 
the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca 
until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here 
he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- 
ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, 
until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- 
ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. 

MARSHALL, the county-seat of Clark County, 
and an incorporated city, 16 J^ miles southwest of 
Terre Haute, Ind. , and a point of intersection of 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding 
country is devoted to farming and stock-raising. 
The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, 
and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, 
eight churches and a good public school system, 
which includes city and town.ship high scliools. 
and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900; 
,(1900), 2,077. 



MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 
1824; studied law and soon after located at 
McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member 
of the lower house of the Fifteenth General 
Assembly, but resigned, early in t!ie following 
year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 
1848 ; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 
to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate 
from the State-at-large to the Charleston and 
Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the 
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary 
vote of his party in the Legislature for United 
States Senator, and was similarly honored in the 
Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- 
cratic support for Speaker of the House. He 
was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 
1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 
1875, when he returned to the practice of his 
profession. Died, Jul}' 26, 1890. 

MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- 
central part of the State, with an area of 400 
square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar- 
shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and 
county organization was effected in 1839. The 
Illinois River bisects the county, which is also 
drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- 
allj' level prairie, except along the river, although 
occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile, 
corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple 
agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great 
number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon 
is the county-seat. Population (1880), 15,053; 
(1890), 13,653; (1900), 16,370. 

MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex- Congressman 
and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., 
August 19, 1826, educated in the common 
schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his 
parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion 
County. He served as a non-commissioned 
officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was 
elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which 
office he filled for twelve years. By profession he 
is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when 
not in public or military life. For a number of 
years he was a member of the Republican State 
Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh 
Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, 
brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home 
he was elected County Judge of Marion County, 
and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension 
Agent. Tlie latter post he resigned in 1872, hav- 
ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 



354 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Sixteenth District in tlie Forty-third Con- 
gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army 
for tlie Department of Illinois in 1889-90. 

M.\RTINSVILLE, a villaf,'e of Clark County, 
on the Terre Haute it Indianapolis (Vandalia) 
Railroad. 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has 
two banksand one newspaper. Population (1880). 
663; (1890). 779; (1900), 1,000. 

MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 
miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- 
ville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the 
principal industries of the surrounding country. 
Tlie city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, 
school, churches, and electric line. Population 
(1880), 2,558; (1800). 3,033; (1900), 2,171. 

MASON, Rosnell B., civil engineer, was born 
in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his 
boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie 
Canal, a j-ear later ( 1832) accepting a position as 
rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer 
in charge of construction. Subsequently he was 
employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, 
on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, 
finally, chief and superintendent. Other works 
with which Jlr. Mason was connected in a similar 
capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the 
Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the 
Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came 
west and took charge of tlie construction of the 
Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required 
five years for its completion. The next four 
years were spent as contractor in the construction 
of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 18G0, when 
he became Superintendent of tlie Chicago & 
Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 
1861 accepting the position of Controller of the 
land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
which he retained until 1807. The next two 
years were occupied in the service of the .State in 
lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal. In 1809 he was elected Mayor of the city 
of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of 
liis term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, 
testing his executive ability to the utmost. From 
1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Tru.stees of 
the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of 
the incorporators, and a lifelong Director, of the 
Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- 
west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward (iay (Mason), 
son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, 
Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's 
family, in 1853, to Chicago, where he attended 
school for several years, after which he entered 
Yale College, graduating there in 1800. He then 



studied law, and, later, became a member of the 
law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, 
in conjunction with two brothers, organized the 
firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a 
real-estate and law bu.siness. In 1881 Mr. Mason 
was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical 
Festival, which was instrumental in bringing 
Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became 
President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the 
successor of Elihu B. "Washburne, retaining the 
position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During 
his incumbency, tlie commodious building, now 
occupied by the Historical Society Library, was 
erected, and he added largely to the resources of 
the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts 
and other historical records. He was the author 
of several historical works, including "Illinois in 
the Eighteenth Century," "Kaska.skia and Its 
Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and 
the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of 
James Willing — An Episode of the American 
Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled 
"Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub- 
lished un<ler the auspices of the Chicago Histor- 
ical Socit'ty. Mr. Ma-son was, for sevei-.il years, a 
Trustee of Yale L'niversitj- and, alx)ut the time of 
his death, was prominently talked of for President 
of that institution, as successor to President 
Timothy Dwight. 

MASON, William E., United States Senator, 
was borp. at Fnuiklinvillw Cattaraugus County, 
N. Y., July 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents 
to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated 
at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham 
College. From 1800 to 1870 he taught school, the 
last two 3-ears at Des Moines. In tli.at city he 
studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who 
afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 
he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- 
ticed his profession. He soon emlxirked in poli- 
tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house 
of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the 
State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- 
lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois 
District (then stronglj- Republican), but, owing 
to party dissensions, was defeated bj' James H. 
Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, 
he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was 
defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durtxirow. 
He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. 
In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, 
receiving in the Legislature 135 votes to 77 for 
John P. -Mtgeld, the Democratic candidate. 

MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason 
County, at the intersection of the Chicago & 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



355 



Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois 
Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of 
Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield. 
Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, 
it is an imijortant shipping point for that com- 
modity. It has four churches, two banks, two 
newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- 
vators and a carriage factory. Population (1880), 
1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890. 

MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a 
population of about 2,000; population (1900), 
17,491, and area of 560 square miles, — named for a 
county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest 
of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- 
mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound- 
aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The 
chief staple is corn, and the county offers excel- 
lent opportunities for viticulture. The American 
pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. 
Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1832. 
Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said 
to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen 
as the county seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor 
for a few years, the county offices being per- 
manently removed to the former point in 1851. 
Mason City is an important shipping point on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad 

MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND 
ACCEPTED. (See Frce-3Iasons) 

MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern 
county of the State and one of the smallest, its 
area, being but little more than 240 square nailes, 
%vith a population (1900) of 13,110— named for 
Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is 
hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands 
along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to 
frequent overflows. A considei'able portion of the 
natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal- 
nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and Cottonwood 
abounding. Saw-mills are fovmd in nearly every 
town, and considerable grain and tobacco are 
raised. The original settlers were largely from 
Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- 
talit}' is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio 
River, is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839, 
although Massac County was not separately 
organized until 1843. At Massac City may be 
seen the ruins of the early French fort of that 
name. 

MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name 
commonly given to an outbreak of niob violence 
which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An 
arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- 
ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and 
having given the names of a large number of the 



alleged members, popular excitement rose to 
fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu- 
lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary 
that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and 
County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue 
of opposition to these irregular tactics. This 
served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed 
activity. Many persons were forced to leave the 
county on suspicion, and others tortured into 
making confession. In consequence, some leading 
"regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon 
released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff 
and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud 
rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- 
sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to 
restore order through mediation,, and the ordinary 
processes of law were also found unavailing. 
Judge Scates was threatened with lynching 
Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, 
and these surrendered upon promise of personal 
immunity from violence. This pledge was not 
regarded, several members of the posse being led 
away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, 
were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- 
ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff 
and his supporters were once more ordered to 
leave, and fi'esh seizures and outrages followed 
each other in quick succession. To remedy this 
condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted 
a law creating district courts, under the provi- 
sions of which a Judge might hold court in any 
county in his circuit. This virtually conferred 
upon the Judge the right to change the venue at 
his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased 
by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this 
legislation was highly beneficial in restoring 
quiet, although the embers of the feud still 
smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame 
for several years thereafter. 

MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in 
Loudoun County, Va. , March 6, 1786, licensed as a 
Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, 
came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- 
tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and 
was admitted to the bar; served in the Third 
Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- 
tures ^1820-22) ; removed, in 1821, to the newly 
organized county of Sangamon, where he was 
appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in 
office eighteen years, also for some years holding, 
at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, 
Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while 
County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son 
of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., 
July 31, 1815 ; was assistant of his father in the 



35« 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and. 
on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was 
elected his successor, and reelected for eight con- 
secutive terms, serviuR until 1873. Died, April 
30, 1877.— James H. (Matheny), another son, 
born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in 
his youth a.s Clerk in various local offices; was a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
elected Circuit Clerk in 18.'')2, at the close of his 
term beginning the practice of law; was com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred 
and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October, 
186'^, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as 
Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he 
resigned. He then returned to Iiis profe.ssion, 
but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga- 
mon County, holiling the office by repeated re- 
elections until his deatli, Sept. 7, 1890,— having 
resided in Springfield 68 years. 

MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was 
born, April 34, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford 
County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged 
for a time in business in New York City, but, in 
the spring of 1818. came to Kaskaskia, III., where 
he soon after became associated in business with 
James L. I.Kimb and others. This firm was 
afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade 
with New Orleans. Later he became one of the 
founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. 
Mather was elected to the lower branch of the 
Second General Assembly from Randolph 
County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for 
a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the 
Fourth, but. before the expiration of his last term, 
resigned to accept an appointment from Presi- 
dent John Quincy Adams as Comnii.ssioner to 
locate the military road from Independence to 
Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the 
Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 
1823 he was one of the most determined oppo- 
nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery 
Constitution. In 1838 he was again elected to 
the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term 
of four years. He also served as Colonel on the 
staff of Governor Coles, and was sujiported for the 
United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused 
by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having 
removed to Springfield in 183,5, he became promi- 
nent in business affairs there in connection with 
his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837 
was appointed a member of the first Board of 
Fund Commissioners for the State under the 
internal improvement system: also served seven 
years as President of the Springfield branch of 
the State Bank: was connected, as a stock- 



holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & 
Jlorgan (now Wabash) Ilailroad, extending from 
Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and 
was also identified, financialh', with the old Chi- 
cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 183.5 until 
his death. Colonel Mather served as one of the 
Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and 
was a liberal contributor to the endowment of 
that institution. His death occurred during a 
visit to Philadelphia, March 28, is.",:!. 

MATTESOX, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly 
elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was bom 
in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some 
experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 
he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman 
in the construction of the first railroad in that 
State. In 1834 be removed to Illinois, where he 
became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at 
Joliet. After serving three terms in the State 
Senate, he was elected Governor in 1853, and, in 
1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the 
United States Senatorsbip. At the close of his 
gubernatorial term he was complimented by the 
Legislature, and retired to private life a popular 
man. Later, there were developed grave scandals 
in connection with the refunding of certain 
canal scrip, with which liis name — unfortunately 
— was connected. He turned over jiroperty to 
the State of the value of nearly $350,000, for its 
indemnification. He finally took up his resi- 
dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable 
time in travel in Europe. He was for many 
years the lessee and President of the Chicago & 
Alton Railroad. Dioil in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. 

MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the 
United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, 
III., March 33, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- 
lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three 
years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, 
he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- 
field to enlist in the army, and was elected and 
commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- 
nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, 
being mustered out of the service in August, 
1805. He was appointed Collector of Internal 
Revenue in 1860, and .Supervisor for the Di.strict 
composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 
187.5. Being elected to the Thirtieth General 
Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was 
re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the 
death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton 
appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancj- thus 
created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his 
term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



357 



the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was 
chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, 
President Harrison named him First Comp- 
troller of the United States Treasury, and the 
House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- 
fication at his selection. Since retiring from 
office, Colonel JIatthews has devoted his attention 
to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield. 

MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- 
ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846, 
educated in the common schools, and, near the 
close of the war, served in a 100-days" regiment ; 
began teaching in Champaign County in 1865, 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; 
in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served 
two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, 
was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 
1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The 
Champaign County Herald," of which he was 
also proprietor. During his last session in the 
State Senate (1891-92) he served as President pro 
teni. of that body; was also President of the 
State Press Association and served on the staff of 
Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the 
Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 
10, 1893. 

MATTOOX, an important city in Coles County, 
172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles 
west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for 
three lines of railway, and an important shipping 
point for corn and broom corn, which are both 
extensively grown in the surrounding region. It 
has several banks, foundries, machine shops, 
brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, 
with two daily and four weekly newspapers ; also 
has good graded schools and a high school. The 
repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. 
Population (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622. 

MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer phy.sician, 
was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated 
in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's 
Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- 
ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort 
Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- 
ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he 
was promoted Sui-geon, and served with Gen. 
Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- 
noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in 
Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent- 
ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 
1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis. , 
where he died, Nov. 5, 1859. 

MATj William L., early lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day 



to Edwardsville, 111., and afterwards to Jackson- 
ville; was elected from Morgan County to the 
Sixth General Assemblj- (1828), and the next year 
removed to Springfield, having been appointed by 
President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for 
the Land Office there He was twice elected to 
Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating 
Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. 
Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but 
finallj- removed to California, where he died. 

MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- 
marle County Va. , March 7, 1810; came to 
Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teach- 
ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War 
(1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds 
Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that 
section of the State. He had previously been 
appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill 
a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- 
tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven 
years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as 
Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- 
urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the 
Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 
18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having 
been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. 
Louis, when about to take the train for his home 
at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly 
murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime 
was ever discovered, and the affair has remained 
one of the mysteries of the criminal history of 
Illinois. 

MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and 
suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on 
the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago 
Great Western Railways; has churches, two 
weekly newspapers, public schools and some 
manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532. 

McAllister, Willlam K., jurist, was born in 
Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After 
admission to the bar he commenced practice at 
Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. 
In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the 
Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by 
Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen 
Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was 
elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which 
position he resigned in 1875, having been elected 
a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to 
fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term 
and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879. 
He was elected for a third time in 1885, but, 
before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct. 
29, 1888. 



358 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



MeARTHl'R, John, soldier, was bom in Ers- 
kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1820; worked at his 
father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old, 
when, coming to the United States, he settled in 
Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler- 
making establishment, later acquiring an estab- 
lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth 
Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, 
with a company of which he was Captain, he 
was cl\osen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, 
and, in March, 18G2, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- 
eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson, 
where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh he 
was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, 
returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- 
mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L. 
Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded 
a division of McPherson's corps in the operations 
against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part_ in 
the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a 
division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet 
JIajor-Generalship by his gallantry. General 
McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 
to 1877. 

McCAOO, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at 
Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied la%v at 
Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered 
the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after- 
wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- 
mon & JlcCagg. During the war Jlr. JlcCagg 
was an active meml)er of tlie United States Sani- 
tary Commission, and (for some years after the 
fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society: is also 
a life-member and officer of the Chicago Histori- 
cal Society, besides being identified with several 
State and municipal boards. His standing in his 
profession is shown by the fact that he has been 
more than once offered a non-jiartisan nomina- 
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de- 
clined, lie occupies a high rank in literary circles, 
aswellasaconnoisseurinart,and is theownerof a 
large private librarj- collected since the destruction 
of one of tlie be.st in the AVe-st by the fire of 1871. 

McCartney, James, lawyer and ex-Attorney 
General, was born of Scotch parentage in the 
north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of 
age was brought to the United States and, until 
1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents 
removed to Trumbull County. Oliio. Here he 
spent his youth in general farnr work, meanwhile 
attending a high scIkmiI and finally engaging in 
teaching. In 1850 he began the study of law at 
Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in 
the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, III. ; 
was admitted to the bar in January, 18.58. and 



began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- 
lowing year toGalva. In April, 1801, he enlisted 
in what afterwards became the Seventeenth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned 
a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- 
pelled to resign on account of ill-health. A few 
months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a 
captaincy, although serving much of the time as 
Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one 
year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the 
Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term 
of service in the army, he resumed the practice 
of his i)rofession at Fairfield. III. ; in 1880 was 
nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- 
General of the State, and, during his last year in 
office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" 
which finally terminated successfully for the 
city of Chicago. Since retiring from office, Gen- 
eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice 
of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Clii- 
cago, having been a resident of the latter city 
since 1800. 

McCartney, Robert Wilson, lawyer and 
jurist, was born in Trumbull Coimty, Ohio, 
March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in 
Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- 
town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the 
Si.\th Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded 
at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and 
nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. 
As soon as able to take the field he was commis- 
sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the 
Eighty -third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in 
the army of the Potomac to the close of the war, 
and taking part in the grand review at Washing- 
ton, in May, 1805. After the war he took a course 
in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to 
Cleveland and liegan the study of law, but soon 
came to Illinois, and, having completed his law 
studies with liis brother, J. T. McCartney, at 
Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1808; also 
edited a Republican paper there, became inter- 
ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the 
founders of the First National Bank of that city. 
In 1873 he was elected County Judge of JIassac 
County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was 
elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen- 
eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the 
Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit 
Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 
1891. Died, Oct. 27. 1893. Judge McCartney 
was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city 
of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library 
bearing his name. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



359 



McCLAUGHRT, Robert Wilson, penologist, 
was boiu at Foiiutaiu Green, Hancock County, 
111., July 23, 1839, being descended from Scotch- 
Irish ancestry — his grandfather, who was a native 
of the North of Ireland, having come to America 
in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu- 
tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a 
farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, 
then spent the next two winters at an academy, 
and, in 18.5G, began a course in Monmouth Col- 
lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following 
year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same 
institution, but, in 1861, became editor of ''The 
Carthage Rejiublican,'' a' Democratic paper, 
which he made a strong advocate of the cause of 
the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on 
the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. 
About the first of July, 1863, having dispcsed of 
his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company 
of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, 
and which, with four other companies organized 
in the same section, became the nucleus of the 
One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. 
The regiment having been completed at Camp 
Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the 
field in the following fall, took part in General 
Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by 
way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862. 
Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- 
eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his 
regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in 
the operations against Vicksburg which resulted 
in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1803. 
He then joined the Department of the Gulf under 
command of General Banks, but was compelled 
by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently 
recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- 
ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was 
transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the 
Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with 
the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty 
at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- 
nois regiments as mustered out of the service, 
until Oct. 18, 1865, when he was honorably dis- 
charged. A few weeks later he was elected 
County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four 
years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone 
business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry 
& Co. , furnishing stone for the basement of the 
State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across 
the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk — later 
being engaged in the same business at St. Gene- 
vieve, Mo. , with headquarters at St. Louis. Com- 
pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his 
residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was 



called to the wardenship of tlie State Peniten- 
tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December, 
1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- 
tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at 
Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted 
from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of 
Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under 
Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he 
became Superintendent of the Illinois State 
Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was 
again offered and accepted the jiosition of Warden 
of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- 
mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- 
dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the 
Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 
which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- 
Claughrj-'s administration of penal and reforma- 
tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy, 
and he has taken rank as one of the most success- 
ful penologists in the country. 

McCLELLAX, Robert H., lawyer and banker, 
was born in Washington County, N. Y. , Jan. 3, 
1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. 
Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 
1850. The same year he removed to Galena, III. ; 
during his first winter there, edited "The Galena 
Gazette," and the following spring formed a 
partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards 
General Solicitor and President of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, which ended with the removal 
of the latter to Chicago, when Mr. McClellan 
succeeded him as local attorney of the road at 
Galena. In 1864 Mr. McClellan became President 
of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank 
of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. 
He is also largely interested in local manufac- 
tories and financial institutions elewhere. He 
served as a Republican Representative in the 
Twenty -second General Assembly (1861-63), and 
as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank 
as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, 
public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been 
prominently connected with all movements for 
the improvement of his locality and the advance- 
ment of the interests of the State. 

McCLERNAJfD, John Alexander, a volunteer 
officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- 
cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge 
County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- 
town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1833, 
and engaged in journalism for a time. He served 
in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the 
Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '43. 
The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 



3G0 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing four consecutive terms, but declining a 
renominatiou, beinR about to remove to Jackson- 
ville, where he resided from l^ol to IS'iC. Twice 
(1840 and Tii) he w;vs a Presidential Elector on 
the Democratic ticket. In 18")6 he removed to 
Springfield, and, in ISM, re-entered Congress as 
Representative of the Springfield District; was 
re-elected in 1800, but resigned in 18G1 to accept 
a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers 
from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- 
General early in 1803. He participated in the 
battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson. Sliiloh and 
before Vicksburg, and was in command at tlie 
capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- 
cised for some of his acts daring the Vicksburg 
campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- 
eral Grant. Having finally been restored by 
order of President Lincoln, he participated in the 
campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned 
his commission in 1804. General McClernand 
presided over the Democratic National Conven- 
tion of 1870, and, in IHSO, was appointed by Presi- 
dent Cleveland one of the members of tlie Utah 
Commission, serving through President Harri- 
son's administration. He was also elected 
Circuit Judge in 1870, as succ essor to Hon. B. S. 
Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. 
McCLl'RG, Alexander C, soldier and pub- 
lisher, was born in Pliiladelpliia but grew up in 
Pittsburg, wliere his father was an iron manu- 
facturer. He graduated at Miami University. 
Oxford. Ohio., and, after studying law for a time 
with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came 
to Chicago in l^oO, and entered the bookstore of 
S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 
1861 he enlisted as a private in tlie War of the 
Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men 
being already full, his services were not accepted. 
In August. 1862, lie became a nieml)er of the 
"Crosby Guards," afterwards incori^orated in the 
Eighty -eightli Illinois Infantry (Secoml Board of 
Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected 
Captain of Company H. After the battle of 
Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at 
Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the 
position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the 
staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a 
similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Tliomas, 
Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense 
of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary 
Ridge, had two horses shot under him; was also 
with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta 
campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. 
Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and 
brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- 



sented with a sword bearing the names of the 
principal battles in which he was engaged, 
besides lieing es]>ecially complimented in letters 
by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird. Mitchell. 
Davis and others. He was invited to enter the 
regular army at the close of the war. but pre- 
ferred to return to private life, and resumed his 
former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon 
after becoming a junior partner in the concern, 
of which he has since become the chief. In the 
various mutations through wliicli this extensive 
firm has gone, (ieiieral McChirg has been a lead- 
ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands 
at the liead of the most extensive publishing firm 
west (if New York. 

MfCOXNEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was 
born in Orange Coimty, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and 
educated in the common schools; left home at 
14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, 
spent several years flat-boating, trading and 
hunting in the West, during this period visiting 
Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a 
farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located 
in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, III., but 
wlien the town of Jacksonville was laid out, 
became a citizen of that place. During tlie Black 
Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on 
the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of 
Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- 
can a memlier of the Board of Public Works for 
the First Judicial District, in this capacity having 
charge of tlie construction of the railroad lietween 
Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the 
Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- 
road built in the State, and tlie only one con- 
structed during the "internal improvement"' era 
following 1837. He also held a commission from 
Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- 
litia, in 185.J was appointed by President Pierce 
Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but 
retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from 
the Black Hawk War. lie was elected a Repre- 
sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan 
County, and, in 1804, was elected to the State 
Senate for the District composed of Morgan, 
Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, 
serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- 
crat and a delegate to the Democratic National 
Convention of 1860. he was an earnest supporter 
of the war policy of the Government, and was 
one of four Democratic Senators, in the General 
Assembly of ISO.'j, who voted for the ratification 
of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National 
Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United 
States. His death occurred by assassination, by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



361 



some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- 
ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Liidlum (McConnel), 
son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 
111., Nov. 11, 1826. studied law and graduated at 
Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a 
private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- 
tenant and was promoted Cajitain after the battle 
of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. 
After the war he returned to Jacksonville and 
wrote several books illustrative of Western life 
and character, which were published between 
1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 
17, 1863 — he was engaged in the preparation of a 
"History of Early Explorations in America," hav- 
ing special reference to the labors of the earlj' 
Roman Catholic missionaries. 

McCONNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born 
in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1824, and came 
with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen 
years of age. His fatlier (James McConnell) was 
a native of Ireland, who came to the United 
States shortly before the War of 1813, and, after 
remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- 
gamon County. 111., locating a few miles south of 
Springfield, wliere he engaged extensively in 
sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- 
gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders 
of the State Agricultural Society, being President 
of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its 
organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. 
The subject of this sketch was engaged with his 
father and brothers in the farming and stock 
business until 1861, when he raised a company 
for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was 
elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- 
ing until March, 1863, during that time taking 
part in some of the important battles of the war 
in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and 
was highly complimented by his commander, 
Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three 
months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was 
commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the 
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was 
commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- 
mission being signed by President Lincoln on 
April 14, 1865, the morning jirecediug the night 
of his assassination. During the latter part of 
his service. General McConnell was on duty in 
Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 
1865. After the death of his father, and until 
1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising 
and farming, being for a time the owner of 
several extensive farms in Sangamon County, 
but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business 
in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. 



McCO>'NELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding, 
was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. 
After completing his literary studies he read law 
at Springfield in tlie office of Stuart, Edwards & 
Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, soon 
after establisliing himself in practice in Chicago. 
After various partnerships, in which he was asso- 
ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he vvas 
elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. 
in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the deatli of 
Judge W. K. McAllister, serving imtil 1894, when 
he resigned to give his attention to private prac- 
tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon 
the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, 
soon after his election, to preside at the trial of 
the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder 
case, in which he displayed great ability. He has 
also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number 
of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- 
porations. 

McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- 
facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15. 
1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- 
cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the 
manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his 
first fiuislied machine being produced in 1831. 
Though he had been manufacturing for years 
in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his 
first machine was shipped to the West, and, 
in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to 
establishing its manufacture in the heart of the 
region where its use would be most in demand. 
One of his early partners in the business was 
William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known 
in connection with Chicago's railroad history. 
The business grew on his hands until it became 
one of the largest manufacturing interests in the 
United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, 
and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." 
and having united it with "The Herald," wliich 
he already owned, a few months later sold the 
consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The 
Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the 
Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint 
stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 
1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 
1873, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the 
beginning of the following year, it became the 
property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with 
Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager 
ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work 
was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which 
goes by his name. His death occurred, May 18, 
1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 



362 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



dented success, and after conferring upon the 
agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable 
value. 

Mccormick theological seminary, a 

Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- 
ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- 
nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 
18.'>9 tlie late Cyrus H. JlcCormick donated §100,- 
000 to tlie school, and it was removed to Chicago, 
where it was opened in September, witli a cla.s3 
of fifteen students. Since then nearly .?300,000 
have been contributed toward a building fund by 
Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous 
donations to tlie same end made bj- others. The 
number of buildings is nine, four being for the 
general purposes of the institution (including 
dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- 
fessors. Tlie course of instruction covers three 
annual terms of seven months each, and includes 
didactic and polemic tlieology, biblical and 
ecclesiastical history, sacred rlietoric and pastoral 
theology, churcli government and the sacra- 
ments. New Testament literature and exegesis, 
apologetics and missions, and liomiletics. The 
faculty consists of eight profes.sors, one adjunct 
professor, and one instructor in elocution and 
vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are 
enrolk'il, including po.st-graduates. 

McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 2.'"). 1832; 
received his academic education at Marshall Col- 
lege, Mercersburg, Pa., graduating in the class of 
1852. Then, after spending some six months as 
a teacher in his native village, he came west, 
arriving at Peoria early in 18.'j3. Here lie con- 
ducted a private school for two j-ears, when, in 
IS.j.'i, he began the .study of law in the office of 
Planning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar 
in 18.j7. Soon after entering upon his law studies 
he was elected School Con'imissioner for Peoria 
County, serving, by successive re-elections, three 
terms (185.5-61). At the close of this period he 
was taken into partnership with his old precep- 
tor, Julius Manning, who died, Julj- 4, 1802. In 
1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth 
Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of 
Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- 
elected in 1879, serving until 1885, Six years of 
this period were spent as a Justice of the .\ppellate 
Court for the Third Appellate District. On 
retiring from the bench. Judge McCulloch entered 
into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch, 
which is still maintained. Politically, Judge 
McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during 
the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 



he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, 
although, as the result of questions arising during 
the .Spanish-American War, giving a cordial 
support to the policy of President McKinley. In 
religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- 
ber of tlie Board of Directors of the McCormick 
Theological Seminary at Chicago. 

McClLLOlGH, James Skilcs, .\uditor of 
Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, 
Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 18.54 came 
with his f.'ither to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a 
farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as 
could be obtained in the public schools. In 1SG2, 
at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in 
Company G, Sevent.v-sixth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, and served during the next three years 
in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, 
meanwhile participating in the campaign against 
Vicksburg, and. near the close of the war, in the 
operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 
1805, while taking part in the assault on Fort 
Blakely, near 5Iobile, his left arm was torn to 
pieces bj- a grape-shot, compelling its amputation 
near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred 
in July, 1805. Returning home he spent a year in 
school at Urbana. after which he was a student in 
the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111., for two years. 
He then (1868) entered the office of the County 
Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- 
ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, 
serving by .successive re-elections until 1890. The 
latter year he received tlie nomination of the 
Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
and, at the November election, was elected by a 
plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic 
opponent. He was serving his sixth term as 
County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having 
received the nomination of his party on each 
occasion without opixisition. 

McDAXXOLI), John J., lawyer and ex-Con- 
gressman, was iKjrn in Brown County, 111., August 
29, 1851, ac(iuired his early education in the com- 
mon schools of his native county and in a private 
school; graduated from the Law Department of 
the Iowa State University in 1874, and was 
admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, 
commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In IS.'^S 
he was made Master in Chanceiy, in 1880, elected 
County Judge, and re-elected in 1890. resigning 
his seat in October, 1802, to accept an election by 
the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as 
Representative in the Fifty-third Congre.ss. 
After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. 
McDannold removed to Chicago, where he 
engaged in the practice of his profession. 



o 

o 



r. 

w 

m 
g 

z 
> 

> 
o 
o 





o 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



363 



MeDOXOUfiH COUNTY, organized under an 
act passed, Jan. 25, 1836, and attached, for judicial 
purposes, to Schuyler Count)- until 1830. Its 
present area is 580 square miles — named in honor 
of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement 
in the county was at Industry, on the site of 
whicli William Carter (the pioneer of the 
county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John 
Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in 
the following year. Out of this settlement grew 
Blandinsville. William Pennington located on 
Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. 
Campbell erected the first frame liouse on the 
site of the present city of Macomb. Tlie first 
sermon, preached bj' a Protestant minister in the 
county, was delivered in the Job settlement by 
Kev. John Logan, a Baptist. Amorig the early 
officers were John Huston, Coimty Treasurer; 
William Southward, Slieriff; Peter Hale, Coro- 
ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first 
term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and 
presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The 
first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other 
lines have penetrated it, and tliere are numerous 
railroad centers and shipping points of consider- 
able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; 
(1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412. 

McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and 
United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem. 
Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated 
at the Albany grammar school, studied law and 
settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- 
ney-General of Illinois four .years (1843-47) ; then 
engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized 
and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del 
Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling 
at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of 
law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of 
California, served several terms in the State 
Legislature, and, in 1853, was chosen, as a Demo- 
crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 
1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- 
fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. 
At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired 
to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. 
Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at 
times, a brilliant and eflfective speaker, and, dur- 
ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable 
aid to the Union cause. 

McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was 
born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated 
at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelpliia, in 
1841, and, after being engaged in general practice 
for a few years, was invited to assume the man- 



agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the 
Insane at Concord. Here he remained some 
eight years, during which he acquired consider- 
able reputation in the treatment of nervous and 
mental disorders. In 1854 he was ofl'ered and 
accepted the position of Medical Superintendent 
of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for 
the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his 
duties in June of that year, and continuing his 
connection with tliat institution for a period of 
more than sixteen years. Having resigned his 
position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he 
soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at 
Jackisonville, a private institution for tlie treat- 
ment of insane patients, which he conducted 
with a great degree of success, and with which 
he was associated during the remainder of his 
life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- 
ices were in frequent request as a medical expert 
in cases before tlie courts, invariably, however, 
on the side of the defense. The last case in which 
he appeared as a witness was at tlie trial of Charles 
F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, 
whom he believed to be insane. 

McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 
111., in 1817, and served as Representative from 
tliat County in the Third and Fourth General 
Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the 
Eightli and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native 
of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent 
of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of 
those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- 
tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- 
rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. 
(McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected 
to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford 
County, in 1834, but died during his term of 
service. 

McGA\X, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, 
was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father 
having died in 1884, the following year his 
mother emigrated to the United States, settling 
at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public 
schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and. for 
fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- 
maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service 
as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed 
City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 
1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to 
represent the Second Illinois District in the 
Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- 
tlurd. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election 
and received a certificate of election by a small 
majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). 
An investigation having shown his defeat, he 



364 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- 
petitor without a contest. He h.is large business 
interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad 
property, being President of an important elec- 
tric Une. 

McHEXRT, a village in MfHenry County, situ- 
ated on the Fox River and the Chicago oc North- 
western Railway. The river is here navigable for 
steamboats of light draft, which ply between the 
town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- 
men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, 
marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour 
mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. 

McHEXRY, William, legislator and soldier of 
the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to 
Illinois in 1809. locating in White County, and 
afterwards became prominent as a legislator and 
soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk 
War of 1833, serving in the latter as JIajor of 
the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the 
battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- 
ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth den- 
eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and 
Seventh. While serving his last term in the 
House (183.")), he died and was buried at Vandalia, 
then the State capital. SIcHenrj' County — organ- 
ized by act of the Legislature, pa.ssod at a second 
session during the winter of 183.')-36 — was named 
in his honor 

McllENRY COl'XTY, lies in the northern por- 
tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- 
consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its 
area is 624 square miles. With what is now the 
County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 
1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three 
years later the eastern part was set off as the 
County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry 
County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- 
ical center. The soil is %vell watered by living 
springs and is highly productive. Hardwood 
groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are 
extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- 
cially adapted to dairying. Kentucky blue grass 
being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are 
daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- 
duction of butter and cheese reaches into the 
millions of pounds. The geological formations 
comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara 
grcjups of rocks. Near Fox River are found 
gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of 
wood have l>een foimd at various depths in the 
drift deposits; in one instance a cedar log, seven 
inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- 
two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- 



where, although the most extensive deposits are 
in the northern half of the county, where they 
exist in slouglis covering several thoustmds of 
acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, 
and every important village is a railway station. 
Woodstock, Jlarengo, and Harvard are the prin- 
cipal towns. Population (1880), 24.908; (1890), 
26,114; (1000), 29,759. 

McIXTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in 
Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of 
age entered an academy at Galway Center, 
remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 
111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet 
True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, 
in 1S49, went to California. Returning in 18.52, he 
bought back "The True Democrai," which he 
e<lited until 1857, meanwhile (1S5G) having been 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder 
of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by 
President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- 
master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 
and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the 
war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at 
Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in 
mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County ; 
but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- 
ent," which he published until 1873. The next 
year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months 
after, became political editor of "The Joliet 
Republican," and was subsequentlj' connected, in 
a similar capacity, with other papers, including 
"The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. 
Die<i, in Joliet. Feb. 2. 1899.- 

McKEXDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as 
a private in the War of the Revolution, but later 
served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- 
ment. He was converted at 30 years of age. and 
the next year began preaching in his native 
State, being advanced to the position of Presiding 
Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- 
nois falling within his District. Here he remained 
until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. 
McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its 
name from him, together with a donation of 480 
acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn., March 
5, 1835. 

McKEXDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of 
Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- 
rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by 
Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to 
have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal 
Conference held at Mount Carmel, in Septeml)er, 
1827. The first funds for its establishment were 
subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



365 



uted from their scanty means, §1,385. Instruc- 
tion began, Nov. 24, 1838, under Rev. Edward 
Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made 
a donation of land to the infant institution, and 
the school was named in his honor. It cannot be 
said to have become really a college until 1836, 
and its first class graduated in 18-11. University 
powers were granted it by an amendment to its 
charter in 1839. At present the departments are 
as follows; Preparatory, business, classical, 
scientific, law, mu.sic and oratory. Tlie institu- 
tion owns property to the value of 890,000, includ- 
ing an endowment of §35,000, and has about 300 
students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten 
instructors. (See Colleges. Early.) 

McLaren, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, 
was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- 
ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- 
ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in 
teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- 
gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and 
entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For 
three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South 
America, and later in charge of churches at 
Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a 
deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- 
lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming 
the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. 
In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then 
included the whole State. Subsequently, the 
dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected 
therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the 
head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, 
church work has been active and effective, and 
the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago 
has been founded. His published works include 
numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides 
a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote 
to Doubt" (New York, 1884). 

McLaughlin, Robert K., early lawyer and 
State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 35, 
1779; before attaining liis majority went to Ken- 
tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- 
tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon 
the practice of law. The first public position 
held by liim seems to have been that of Enrolling 
and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third 
(or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In 
August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State 
Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had 
been Treasurer during the whole Territorial 
period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a 



citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the 
State capital a few months later, he continued to 
reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- 
quently represented the Fayette District as 
Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, 
and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, 
and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office 
at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an 
uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- 
didate for Governor against tlie latter, in 1834, 
standing third on the list. He married a Miss 
Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under 
whose administration he served as State Treasurer. 
Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1863. 

McLE AN, a village of McLean County, on the 
Cliicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of 
Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- 
growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- 
lation (1890), 500; (1900), 533. 

McLEAN, John, early United States Senator, 
was born in North Carolina in 1T91, brought by 
his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. 
at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to 
Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos. 
sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an 
almost magnetic power over men, coupled with 
strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, 
great command of language, he soon attained 
prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. 
In 1818 lie was elected the first Representative in 
Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. 
Cook, but served only a few montlis, being de- 
feated by Cook at the next election. He was 
three times elected to the Legislature, serving 
once as Speaker. In 1834 he was chosen United 
States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who 
had resigned), serving one year. In 1838 he was 
elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, 
but lived to serve only one session, dying at 
Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the 
public appreciation of the loss which the State 
had sustained by his death, McLean County was 
named in his honor. 

McLEAN COUNTY, the largest county of the 
State, liaving an area of 1106 square miles, is 
central as to the region north of the latitude of 
St. Louis and about midway between that city 
and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an 
early United States Senator. The early immi- 
grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- 
tucky and New York were well represented. The 
count}' was organized in 1830, the population at 
that time being about 1,300. The greater portion 
of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with 
occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 



366 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, 
buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sand}' 
ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. 
The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, 
brown loam), and the entire count}' is underlaid 
with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- 
ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. 
Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- 
taries, afford ' thorough drainage. Sand and 
gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in 
depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring 
for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five 
feet of the clay common to this formation. The 
upper .seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is 
No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4 ; 
the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The 
principal towns are Bloomington (the county- 
seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. 
Population (1890). C3,036; (1900), (57,843. 

McLEAXSBOKO, a city and the county-seat of 
Hamilton County, upon a liranch of the Louis- 
ville it Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south- 
east of St. Limis and about 48 miles .southeast of 
Centralia. The people are enterprising and jiro- 
gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, 
sujiporting three banks and six churches. Two 
weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- 
tion (1880), 1.341; (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758. 

McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was 
born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 183(i; began 
work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great 
Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., 
May. 1857, remaining until 1860, when he 
accepted the position of Freight Agent of the 
Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- 
mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- 
ferred in a similar capacity to Cliicago; in 
September, 1864, became Superintendent of the 
Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- 
wards successively filling the positions of Assist- 
ant General Superintendent (1807), General 
Superintendent (1808-78) and General Manager 
(1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- 
President, remaining in office some ten years, 
when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, 
in Chicago. Dec. 30. 1890. 

MeMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, 
was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb 20, 1801 ; 
removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, 
Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., 
settling in Hender.son Township. He was elected 
Representative in the Tenth General Assembly 
(1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. 
In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on 



the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being 
the first to hold the office under the Constitution 
adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising 
the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois 
Volunteei's, and, although advanced in years, 
was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was 
compelled to accept a discharge on account of 
failing health. Died. April 10, 1875. 

McNEELEY, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- 
gressman, was born in Jacksonville, HI., Oct. 5, 
1835, and graduated at Lombard University, 
Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year 
he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- 
sue his professional studies, attending the Law 
Univereity at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- 
tution he graduated in 1859. He wa.s a member 
of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- 
mittee in 1878. From 1809 to 1873 he represented 
his District in Congress, resuming his practice 
at Petersburg, Menard County, after liLs retire- 
ment. 

Me>'ULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
w;is born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received 
an academic education, was admitted to the bar, 
and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while 
yet a yovmg man. On May 3, 1801, he enlisted as 
a private in the Union army, and served until 
August 9, 1805, rising, successively, to the rank 
of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and 
Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he 
was a member of the lower house of the General 
Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was 
elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- 
lican. General McNulta has l)ecn prominent in 
the councils of the Republican party, standing 
second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, 
in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as 
Permanent President of the State Convention of 
1890. In 1890 he was one of the most earnest 
advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for 
President. Some of his mo.st important work, 
within the past few years, has been performed in 
connection with receiverships of certain railway 
and other corporations, especially that of the 
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1S84 
to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National 
Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. 

.McPHERSOX, Simeon J., clergj-man, de- 
scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, 
was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y.. Jan. 
19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, 
and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, 
after a year's service as teacher of mathematics 
at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



367 



Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- 
ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled 
through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was 
licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery 
in 1877, and spent tliree years (1879-82) in pas- 
toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac- 
cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church 
of Cliicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, 
when he tendered his resignation to accept the 
position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- 
atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. 

McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was born in 
Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated 
from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied 
law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, 
and, in 1842, entered the law department of 
Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, 
after which he at once began practice. In 1846 
he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- 
paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of 
his term removing to Joliet. In 1853 he was 
appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held 
for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit 
Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- 
cancy, and was re-elected in 186T, '7.3, '79, and '85, 
but died a few months after his last election. 

McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- 
tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 
1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 
1819; in 1831, was elected the first Circuit Clerk 
of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed 
Circuit Judge, which office he held for thi-ee 
years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, 
representing the district comprising Monroe, 
Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was 
appointed United States District Attorney by 
President Jackson, but soon resigned to become 
Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by 
appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 
1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at 
Wasliington. Resigning the latter office in the 
fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois 
Legislature he was elected United States Senator 
to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- 
ceeded by James Semple. 

McTICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- 
rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 
14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the 
death of his father in infancy and the necessity 
of assisting to support his widowed mother, he 
early engaged in various occupations, until, at 
the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the 
office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years 



later becoming a journeyman printer. He first 
appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, 
New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin- 
cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- 
maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the 
country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 
1855 he made a tour of England and, on his 
return, commenced building his first Chicago 
theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was 
conducted with varied fortune until burned down 
in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled 
from time to time, it burned down a second time 
in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires 
having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy 
burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. 
McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1883, 
from that date giving his attention entirely to 
management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree 
the respect and confidence, not only of the 
l^rofession, but of the general public. Died in 
Chicago. March 7, 1896. 

McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., 
was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; 
%vas brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on 
a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the 
office of the Pittsfleld (Pike County) "Free Press" 
as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the 
lumber trade with his father, the management of 
which devolved uj)Ou him a few years later. In 
the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in 
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
graduate; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston 
County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- 
cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed 
to that point a few months previous. Here he 
erected the first store building in the town, and 
put in a 82,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- 
tal, remaining in the mercantile business for 
eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the 
establishment seven years longer. In the mean- 
time, while engaged in merchandising, he began 
a banking business, which was enlarged on his 
retirement from the former, receiving his entire 
attention. The profits derived from his banking 
business were invested in farm lands until he 
became one of the largest land-owners in Living- 
ston County. Mr. MoWilliams is one of the 
original members of the first Methodist Episcopal 
Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a 
lay delegate to several General Conferences of 
that denomination, as well as a delegate to the 
Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also 
been a liberal contributor to the support of vari- 
ous literary and theological institutions of tlie 
church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 



J68 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. 
In politics lie is a zealous Republican, and has 
repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- 
ventions of that party, including the BUwmington 
Convention of 1850, and was a candidate for 
Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the 
Blaine ticket in is84. He has made several ex- 
tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- 
tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the 
Holy Land, during 1898-99. 

MFXH.VXICSBURG, a village of Sangamon 
County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east 
of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 
430; (1'JOO), 476. 

MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- 
lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now 
a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- 
Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot 
descent. At nine j'ears of age he accompanied 
his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he 
enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged 
to that region and period. He entered an acad- 
emy with a view to prejjaring for college, but his 
family having suffered from a lire, he was com- 
pelled to turn his attention to basiness; studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, ami began 
practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas 
County. Here he cauglit the spirit of journalism 
by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, 
learned to set type and to work a hand-pre.ss. In 
1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he 
assumed editorial cliarge, emi)loving liis brothers 
as assistants in various capacities. The name of 
this paper was "The Coshocton AVliig." wliicli 
he soon changed to "The Republican," in which 
he dealt vigorous blows at political and other 
abuses, which several times brought upon him 
assaults from his political opponents — that being 
the style of political argument in those days. 
Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- 
lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at 
Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- 
ties. The following year "Tlie Forest Citj'" was 
consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- 
Soil pajier under the editorship of John C. 
Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new 
paper taking the name of "The Cleveland 
Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of 
Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the 
consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery 
in one compact organization. In this he was 
aided by the introduction of the Kans;is- Nebraska 
Bill in Congress, in December, IS.jS, and, before 
its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had 
.begun to agitate the question of a union of all 



opposed to that measure in a new party under the 
name "Republican.'' During the winter of 
18.>t-53 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- 
ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago 
Tribune," whicli resulted in his visiting Chicago 
a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- 
est in the paper, his connection with the concern 
dating from June 18, 18.5.5. He was almost 
immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who 
had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," 
and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred 
Cowles. who had been associated with him on 
"The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed 
the jKjsition of managing editor, and, on the 
retirement of lir. Ray, in 1863. became editor-in- 
chief until 1806, when he gave place to Horace 
Wliite, now of "The New York Evening Post." 
During the Civil War period he was a zealous 
sujiporter of President Lincoln's emancipation 
policy, and served, for a time, as President of the 
"Loyal League," which proved such an influ- 
ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- 
ernment during the darkest period of the 
rebellion. In 1809 Mr. Medill was elected to the 
State Constitutional Convention, and, in that 
body, was the leading advocate of the principle 
of "minority representation" in the election of 
Representatives, as it was finally incorporated 
in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed 
by President Grant a member of the first Civil 
Service Commission, repre.senting a principle to 
which he ever remained thoroughly committed. 
A few weeks after the great fire of the same 
year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. 
The financial condition of the city at the time, 
and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- 
culties and responsibilities, which he met in a 
way to command general approval. During his 
administration the Chicago Public Librars' was 
established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at 
its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his 
term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent 
the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- 
ously with his return from his European trip, he 
secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," 
resuming control of the paper. Nov. 9, 1874, 
which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the 
remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. 
The growth of the paper in business and influence, 
from the beginning of his connection with it, was 
one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily 
one of the most successful newspaper ventures 
in the United States, if not in the world. Early 
in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San 
Antonio. Te.\as, hoping to receive relief in that 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



369 



mild climate from a chronic disease which had 
been troubling him for years, but died in that 
city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- 
ing reached his TCtli birthday. The conspicuous 
features of his character were a strong individu- 
ality and indomitable perseverance, which led 
him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- 
ous to his death, facts were developed going to 
show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President 
Garfield, tlie position of Postmaster-General, 
which was declined, when he was tendered the 
choice of any position in the Cabinet except two 
which had been previously promised; also, that 
he was offered a position in President Harrison's 
Cabinet, in 1889. 

MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was 
born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. S, 1835; in 18.5.'), 
came to Chicago and was associated with "The 
Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of 
"The Stark County (Oliio) Republican," but 
again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of 
the war, was employed on "Tlie Tribune," of 
which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was 
editor. After a few months' service in Barker's 
Dragoons (a sliort-time organization), in Septem- 
ber, 1861, he joined the Eightli Illinois Cavalry 
(Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election 
as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. Tlie regi- 
ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By 
the promotion of his superior officers Captain 
Medill was finally advanced to the command, 
and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led 
his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles 
of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he 
had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- 
ting himself with great credit. A few days after, 
while attacking a party of rebels who were 
attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac 
at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound 
through the hmgs, dying at Frederick City, July 
16, 1803. 

MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- 
ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, 
Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of 
white lead imtil 1823, wlien he headed a pioneer 
expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 
111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- 
ore. He served as Captain of a company in the 
Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa 
County, Wis., where lie built the first smelting 
works in that Territory, served in the Territorial 
Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- 
tional Convention (1846). A "History of the 
Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the 
sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- 



ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., 
July 7, 186.5. 

MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west 
of the initial station of the Chicago & Nortli- 
western Railroad, upon which it is located. It 
has two or three churches, some manufacturing 
establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- 
tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 3,.592. 

MEMBRE, Zenobiiis, French missionary, was 
born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on 
his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at 
Fort Creve-Cueur with Henry de Tonty ; descended 
tlie Mississippi with La Salle in 1682 ; returned to 
France and wrote a history of the expedition, 
and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final 
expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La 
Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred 
by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle und Tonty.) 

MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first 
Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, 
Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, 
and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in 
politics, lie was elected to the Territorial Council 
of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of 
Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the 
latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. 
He was, for several years. Government Agent, 
and in this capacity negotiated several important 
treaties witli the Indians, of whose characteris- 
tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He 
was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and 
generous. In 1818 he was elected tlie first Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of 
office having expired, he retired to private life 
and the care of his extensive business. He died 
at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was 
then considered a large estate. Among his assets, 
however, were found a large number of promis- 
sory notes, wliich he Iiad endorsed for personal 
friends, besides many uncoUectable accounts 
from poor people, to whom lie had sold goods 
througli pure generosity. Menard County was 
named for him, and a statue in his honor stands 
in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by 
the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- 
teau, of St. Louis. 

MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical 
center of tlie State, and originally a part of 
Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the 
Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- 
kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. 
The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, 
who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial 
organization of Illinois. (See Menard. Pierre.) 
Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 



370 



IIISTOIUCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising 
is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins 
of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among 
early American settlers may be mentioned the 
Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- 
mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of 
Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant 
are also familiar to early settlers. The county 
furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for 
the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- 
burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, 
and its population, under the last census. 14,336. 
In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now 
extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham 
Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who 
marched thence to the Black Hawk War as 
Captain of a company. 

MESDON, a town of Adams County, on the 
Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast 
of Quincy; has a bank and a newspaper; is sur- 
rounded by a farming and .stock-raising district. 
Population (1880), (i.J2; (1890) G40: (1900), 62T. 

ME>D()TA, a city in La Salle County founded 
in is.",:j, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington 
& Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches 
and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- 
west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three 
graded and two high schools, and a public li- 
brary Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened 
in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial 
plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, 
plow works and a brewery. The city has tliree 
banks and four weekly newspapers. Tlie sur- 
rounding country is agricultural and the city has 
considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
3, .542; (1900), 3.736. 

MERCER COIXTY, a western county, with an 
area of 5.55 square miles and a population (1900) 
of 20,945— named for Cien. Hugh Mercer. The 
Mississippi forms the western boundary, and 
along this river the earliest American settlements 
were made. William Dennison. a Pennsylvanian, 
settled in New Boston Township in 1S28. and, 
before the expiration of a half dozen years, tlie 
Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, 
Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- 
cer County was separated from Warren, and 
specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, 
black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation 
of cereals. A good quality of building stone is 
found at various points. Aledo is the county- 
seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the 
Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced 
in 1845. 



MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and 
the lirst permanent hospital in the State — char- 
tered in 184T or 1848 as the "Illinois General 
Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken 
toward organization until 1850, when, with a 
scanty fund scarcely exceeding 5150, twelve beds 
were secured and placed on one floor of a board- 
ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as 
nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and 
Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first 
physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the 
hospital was given in charge of the Sisters oC 
Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the 
accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name 
to Mercy Hospital. Three or four j-ears later, a 
removal was made to a building previouslj- occu- 
pied as an orplian asj-lum. Being the only pub- 
lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly 
overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and 
better arranged building was erected. This 
edifice it has continued to occupy, although many 
additions and improvements have been, and are 
still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the 
grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing 
and all tlie domestic and financial affairs of the 
institution. The present medical staff (1896) 
consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, 
besides three internes, or resident practitioners. 

MERED0SI4,a town in Morgan County, on 
the ea.st bank of the Illinois River and on the 
Wabash Railway, some .58 miles west of Spring 
field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and 
hunting resort It was tlie first Illinois River 
point to be connected with the State capital by 
railroad in ISIW. Population (1890), 621 ; (1900), 700. 

3IERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- 
tor anil farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 
1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two 
years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents 
finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, 
where he now resides — when not officially em- 
])lo3'ed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He 
was educated at Wesleyan Universitj', Blooming- 
ton, and at McKendree College; entered the 
Unit)n army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- 
teenth Illinois Infantrj-, and serving to the close 
of the war. During the Civil War period he was 
one of the founders of the "Union League of 
America," which proved so influential a factor 
in sustaining the war policy of the Government. 
He was also a member of the State Constitutional 
Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- 
lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as 
Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



371 



District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in 
the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- 
blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President 
McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, 
with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- 
triotic and of incorruptible integi-ity, he has won 
the respect and confidence of all in every public 
position he has been called to fill. 

MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- 
pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, 
Sept. 16, 1825, entered the Ohio Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, in 186-1, as a travel- 
ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor 
of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- 
cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 
1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, 
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The 
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio 
Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. 
by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has 
published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 
1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); 
"Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of 
Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- 
dist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on 
Probation" (1886). 

MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in 
New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and 
practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James 
T. Brady as a partner. In 1811 he removed to 
St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 
to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; 
later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established 
"The Salem Advocate"; served as Assistant Sec- 
retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 
1863, and as Representative in the Twenty-third 
General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The 
State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor 
for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878.— Thomas 
E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and 
politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 
1834; at six years of age was brought by his 
father to Illinois, where he attended the common 
schools and later learned the trade of carriage- 
painting. Subsequently he read law, and was 
admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1863. In 
1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower 
house of the General Assembly from the Salem 
District, and was re-elected to the same body in 
1870, '74, "76, "86 and "88. He also served two 
terms in the Senate (1878-'86), making an almost 
continuous service in the General Assembly of 
eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- 
ber of State conventions of his party, and stands 
as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Gen. 



Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New 
York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- 
nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at 
West Point Military Academy from this State, 
graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant 
in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- 
moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year 
later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he 
was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of 
Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and 
being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank 
of Major-General. He re-entered the regular 
army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a 
colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- 
mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming 
Major-General. He was in command, for a time, 
of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his 
last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- 
ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- 
ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning 
of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the 
command of the land forces destined for the 
Philippines, and appointed Jlilitary Governor of 
the Islands. Towards the close of the year he 
returned to the United States and resumed his old 
command at New York. 

MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- 
tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., 
in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good 
education, especially in mathematics. Going to 
Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- 
penter and mill- Wright ; removed to Kentucky in 
1799, and, in 1803, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- 
ana Territory), locating first in the American 
Bottom and, later, at New Design within the 
present limits of Monroe County. Two years 
later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, 
between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest 
schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he 
took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- 
lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under 
William Rector, surveying much of the land in 
St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, 
assisting in determining the northern boundary 
of the State. He also served for a time as a 
teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary; 
in 1831 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, 
intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- 
ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and 
county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the 
Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, 
and took part in the steps which resulted in set- 
ting up a separate Territorial Government for 
Illinois, the following year. He also received an 
appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 



372 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



County under the new Territorial Government; 
was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to 
the Convention of 1818, which framed the first 
State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
elected a Representative in the First General 
Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. 
After leaving New Design, the later years of his 
life were spent on a farm two and a half miles 
north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. 

MET.VMOR.V, a town of Woodford County, on 
a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 
mil^s east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty 
miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a 
fine farming district. The town has a creamery, 
soda factory, one bank, three churches, two 
newspapers, schools and a park. Population 
(1880) 828; (1900). 7.'")8. Metainora was the 
county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when 
the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. 

METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in 
Guernsey Countj', Ohio, August 6, 1828; educated 
at Madison College in his native State, graduating 
in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, 
Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 
1850. The following year lie went to Appleton, 
Wis., but remained only a year, when he removed 
to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville. and shortly 
after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- 
ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The 
Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards- 
ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was 
appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney 
for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 
he was elected State Senator for a term of four 
years ; was a delegate to the Republican National 
Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate 
from the Southern Illinois Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- 
ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of 
McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more 
than twenty-five years. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of 
the most numerous Protestant church organiza- 
tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. 
Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect 
to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. 
Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It 
is stated that the first American preacher in the 
American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). 
Rev. Benjamin Yyung took charge of the first 
Methodist mission in 1803. and, in 1804, this mis- 
sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) 
circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. 
Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 
1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 



1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership 
exceeding 10,000. The first Slethodist service in 
Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse AValker, in 1826. 
The first Methodist society in that city was 
organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 

1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- 
creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15.000 mem- 
bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the 
early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- 
nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 
1890, it had nearlj- 2.000 churches, 937 ministers, 
and 151,000 members — the total number of Metho- 
dists in the United States, by the same census, 
being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 
1890 (including parsonages) approached §111,000,- 
000. and the total contributions were estimated 
at §2.073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- 
ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett 
Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- 
western Christian Advocate." with a circulation 
of .some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. 
(See also Religious Denominat ions.) 

METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac 
County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated 
on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and 
Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site 
of ol<l Fort Massac, which was erected by the 
French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its 
industries consist largely of various forms of 
wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a 
commercial factor; other establishments turn 
out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel 
staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. 
There are also flouring mills and potteries. The 
city has a public library, two banks, water- 
works, electric lights, numerous churches, high 
school and graded schools, and three papers. 
Population (18Sll), 2.6G8; (1890), 3,.573; (1900), 4,069. 

MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war 
originated in the annexation of Texas to the 
United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- 
agreement as to the western boundarj- of Texas. 
Mexico complained of encroachment upon her 
territory, and hostilities began with the battle of 
Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of 
peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the 
City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most 
prominent figures were Pre.sident Polk, under 
whose administration annexation was effected, 
and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- 
mand in the lielil at the beginning of the war. and 
was elected Polk"s succes.sor. Illinois furnished 
more than her full quota of trtwps for the strug- 
gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



373 



25, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling 
for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, 
the assessed quota of the State. The response 
was prompt and general. Alton was named as 
the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) 
Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. 
The regiments mustered in were commanded, 
respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. 
Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris 
Forman. An additional twelve months" regiment 
(the Fourth) was accepted, under command of 
Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States 
Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of 
Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was 
made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent 
two more regiments, for the war, towards the 
Mexican frontier. These were commanded by 
Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James 
Collins. Independent companies were also 
tendered and accepted. Besides, there were 
some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments 
already in the field. Commanders of the inde- 
pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, 
of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- 
ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and 
Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, 
was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- 
tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best 
and bravest sons. After participating in the 
battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared 
in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, 
on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those 
from Kentucky) were especially complimented in 
General Taylor's official report. The Third and 
Fomth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, 
Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the 
second of these battles. General Shields fell 
severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) 
wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led 
a gallant charge, and really turned the day at 
Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably 
named by General Scott, in his official report, were 
Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, 
Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and 
Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out 
between May 2.5, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- 
pendent companies being the last to quit the 
service. The total number of volunteers was 
6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 
12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant 
service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- 
port to political preferment, and some of the 
brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved 
merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- 
came distinguished soldiers in the War of the 



Rebellion, including such names as John A. 
Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James 
D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, 
W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The 
cost of the war, with §15,000,000 paid for territory 
annexed, is estimated at $166,500,000 and the 
extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 
square miles — considerably more than the 
whole of the present territory of the Republic of 
Mexico. 

MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born 
in Holland. Feb. 27, 1852 ; came to Chicago at the 
age of 12 years ; entered the Northwestern Uni- 
versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- 
tions and by teaching in a night school, until his 
third year in the university, when he became a 
student in the Union College of Law, being 
admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from 
Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly 
(1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- 
eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of 
the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- 
port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of 
the General Assembly. 

MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author- 
ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was 
originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the 
date of their separation from the parent stock 
cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it 
occurred before the French pushed their explo- 
rations from Canada westward and southward, 
into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father 
Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom 
he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, 
near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 
1670. The orthography of their name is varied. 
The Iroquois and the British generally knew 
them as the "Twightwees, " and so they were 
commonly called by the American colonists. 
The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same 
tribe When La Salle founded his colony at 
Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which 
could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the 
Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- 
maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 
(according to a written statement by Charlevoix 
in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages: 
— one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- 
mee and one on the "Ouabaclie" (Wabash). 
They were friendly toward the French until 
1694, when a large number of them were 
massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried 
firearms which had been furnished them by 
the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was 
never closed. Having become possessed of guns 



374 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to 
hold their own, but also to extend their hunting 
grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately 
warring with the French, British and Americans, 
(jeneral Harrison says of them that, ten years 
before the treaty of Greenville, they could have 
brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the 
finest light troops in the world," but lacking in 
discipUne and enterprise. Border warfare and 
smallpox, however, had, by that date (ITOn), 
greatly reduced their numerical strength. The 
main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, 
whose residents, because of their superior num- 
bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands 
except the Piankeshaws. The physical and 
moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- 
atelj- after the treaty of Greenville. Little by 
little, they ceded their lands to the United States, 
the money received therefor being chiefly scjuan- 
dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and 
disease, the remnants of tliis once powerful abo- 
riginal nation gradually drifted westward across 
the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had 
emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- 
nant of the band finallj- settled in Indian Terri- 
tory, but they have made comparatively little 
progress toward civilization. (See also Pkiiikc- 
sliairs; UVk.s. ) 

MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in 
Chicago, under care of the association known as 
the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 
this association maintained a small hospital for 
the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was 
destroyed in the conflagration of that j-ear, and no 
immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, 
however, Slichael Reese, a Jewish gentleman 
who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- 
fornia, bequeathed .^07.000 to the organization. 
■With this sum, considerably increased by addi- 
tions from other sources, an imposing building 
was erected, well arranged and thoroughly 
equipped for hospital purposes. Tlie institution 
thus founded was named after its principal bene- 
factor. Patients are received without discrimi- 
nation as to race or religion, and more than half 
those admitted are charity patients. The present 
medical stall consists of thirteen surgeons and 
physicians, several of whom are eminent 
specialists. 

MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The 
main line of this road extends from Chicago 
to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities 
from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the 
Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. 
Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in 



Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the 
total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The 
company was chartered in 1840, and purchased 
from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit 
to Kalamazoo, 144 miles.of which construction had 
been begun in 1836. The road was completed to 
Michigan City in 1850, and. in May, 18.T2. reached 
Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the 
road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part 
of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt 
System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are 
operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the 
Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). 
The outstanding capital stock (1898) was §18,- 
738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn- 
ings in Illinois the same year, $484,002; total 
operating expenses, •§•'540,905; taxes, •§24,250. 

MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) 

MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- 
gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar 
struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted 
in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois 
Volunteers (first "Becker regiment"), and, on 
the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks 
later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained 
soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, 
but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 
24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. 

MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the 
Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of 
Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has 
several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- 
tion (1880). 845; (1890). 692; (1900), 719, 

MILBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- 
man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826. 
At the age of five years he almost totally lost 
sight in Ix)th eyes, as the result of an accident, 
and subsequent malpractice in their treiitment. 
For a time he was able to decipher letters with 
difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face 
of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 
12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's 
famil}' to Jacksonville. 111., and, five years later, 
became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a 
time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- 
ing, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per 
year. In 1845, while on a Missis-sippi steamboat, 
he publich' rebuked a number of Congressmen, 
who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance 
and gaming. This resulted in his being made 
Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 
1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Slont- 
gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried 
for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free 
Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



375 



lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, be 
took orders in tlie Episcopal Church, but returned 
to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice 
Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three 
times (1893, '95 and '97) elected to the same posi- 
tion in tlie Senate He is generally known as 
"the blind preacher"' and achieved considerable 
prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on 
"What a Blind Man Saw in Eui'ope." Among 
his published writings are. "Rifle, Axe and Sad- 
dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life'' 
(1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the 
Mississippi Vallej'" (1860). 

MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in 
the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight 
years, came to America with his parents, who 
settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school 
and worked on a farm until the beginning of the 
CiTil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 
1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- 
tain. After the war he read law with John I. 
Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in 
Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago 
— was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a 
nurhber of years, served as State's Attorney in 
Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from 
Illinois to the Republican National Convention, 
and the following year was appointed by Presi- 
dent Harrison United States District Attorney 
for the Northern District of Illinois. Since 
retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been 
engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 
he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- 
trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General 
Assembly. 

MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born 
at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at 
the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged 
in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In 
October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second 
Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- 
tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, 
Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, 
in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- 
tember, 1863, he was Colonel of the Sixty- 
first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg 
and at ChancellorsviUe, where he was again 
severely wounded. He commanded the First 
Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army 
Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made 
Brigadier-General, May 13, 1864, and Major- 
General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's 
: Station, in December of the same year. At the 
< close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of 



the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- 
guished himself in campaigns against the Indians ; 
became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- 
General in 1890, in the interim being in command 
of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 
1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- 
cago. Here be did much to give efficiency and 
importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 
1894, rendered valuable service in checking the 
strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the 
year he was transferred to the Department of the 
East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield 
in 1895, was placed in command of the army, 
with headquarters in W^asbington. Dui-ing the 
Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave 
attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban 
and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago 
during the siege conducted by General Shaffer, 
but took no active command in the field until the 
occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted 
with rare discrimination and good judgment, and 
with comparatively little loss of life or suffering 
to the troops. 

MILFORI), a prosperous village of Iroquois 
County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- 
road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- 
ing region; has water and sewerage systems, 
electric lights, two brick and tile works, three 
large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, 
good schools, a public library and a weekly news- 
paper. It is an important shipping point for 
grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; 
(1900), 1,077. 

MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military 
Tract. ) 

MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to 
a section of the State, set apart under an act of 
Congress, passed. May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for 
soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- 
ing the same year. Similar reservations in the 
Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now 
Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. 
The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were 
situated between the Illinois and Mississippi 
Rivers, and extended from the junction of these 
Streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- 
ian, to the nortliern boundary of Township 15 
north of the "Base Line.'' This "base line" 
started about opposite the present site of Beards- 
town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi 
about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- 
ern border of the "Tract" was identical with 
the northern boundary of Mercer County, whicli, 
extended eastward, reached the Illinois about 
the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 



376 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes 
a great bend towards the south, a few miles west 
of the city of Peru. The distance between the 
Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 
90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," 
from its northern boundary to the junction of 
the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- 
sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 
miles south of it, to tlie junction of the rivers. 
The "Tract" was surveyed in 18I5-16. It com- 
prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, 
each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an 
area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3..')00,000 acres— 
a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to 
military bounties. The residue consisted partly 
of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of 
fractional quarter-sections bordering on township 
lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, 
and partly of lands that were returned bj- the sur- 
veyors as unlit for cultivation. In addition to 
this, there were large reservations not coming 
within the above exceptions, being the overplus 
of lands after satisfying the military claims, and 
subject to entry and purchase on the same con- 
ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" 
thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, 
Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- 
Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, 
Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, 
Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of 
them as was necessary to meet tlie demand for 
bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite 
actively about 1823, and the development of some 
portions, for a time, was very rapid; but later, its 
growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- 
titles" and bounty-titles derived by purchase 
from the original holders. This led to a great 
deal of litigation, and called for considerable 
legislation ; but since the adjustment of these 
questions, tliis region lias kept pace with the most 
favored sections of the State, and it now includes 
some of the most important and prosperous towns 
and cities and many of the finest farms in 
Illinois. 

MIIJTI.V. Illinois, taught by the experiences 
of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing 
for protection of itS citizens against the incur- 
sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- 
tion, at an early date, of such measures as were 
then common in the several .States for the main- 
tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 
1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief 
of the army and navy of this State, " and declared 
that the militia of the State should "consist of 
all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- 



lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the 
State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and 
this classification was continued in the later con- 
stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all 
reference to the subject of color. In each there 
is the same general provision exempting persons 
entertaining "conscientious scruples against 
bearing arms," although subject to payment of 
an equivalent for such exemption. The first law 
on the subject, enacted by the first General 
Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment 
of a general militia system for the State; and the 
fact that this was modified, amended or wholly 
changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, 
•23, '25, •26, ^27, ^29, 'ZZ, ^37 and '39, shows the 
estimation in which the subject was held. While 
many of these acts were of a special character, 
providing for a particular class of organization, 
the general law did little except to require per- 
sons subject to militarj- duty, at stated periods, to 
attend county musters, which were often con- 
ducted in a very informal manner, or made the 
occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of 
July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), 
required an enrollment of "all free, white, male 
inhabitants of military age (except such as might 
be exempt under the Constitution or laws)'^; 
divided the State into five divisions by counties, 
each division to be organized into a certain speci- 
fied number of brigades. This act was quite 
elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and 
provided for regimental, battalion and company 
musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of 
election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the 
organization of volunteer companies. The ile.xi- 
can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this 
class of legislation, as also did the War of the 
Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- 
tant-General had existed from the first, its duties 
— except during the Black Hawk and Mexican 
Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged 
without stated compensation, the incumbent 
being merely Chief-of-staff to the Governor as 
Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion 
at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- 
tant part of the State Government, which it has 
since maintained. The various measures passed, 
during. this period, belong rather to the history of 
the late war than to the subject of this chapter. 
In 1865, however, the office was put on a different 
footing, and the important part it had played, 
during the preceding four years, was recognized 
by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- 
pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay 
and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



377 



of Illinois." During the next four years, its 
most important work was the publication of 
eight volumes of war records, containing a com- 
plete roster of the officers and men of the various 
regiments and other military organizations from 
Illinois, with an outline of their movements and 
a list of the battles in which they were engaged. 
To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- 
tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- 
records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. 
A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage 
of an act formulating a military code and provid- 
ing for more thorough organization. Modifying 
amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 
1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied 
male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 
and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are 
declared "subject to military duty, and desig- 
nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is 
made for the organization of a body of "active 
militia," designated as the "Illinois National 
Guard," to consist of "not more than eighty-four 
companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery 
and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- 
tary enlistments for a period of three years, with 
right to re-enlist for one or more years. The 
National Guard, as at present constituted, con- 
sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 
9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides 
the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. 
Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- 
loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- 
tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one 
or more regiments participating — each year, 
usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, 
when regimental and brigade drills, competitive 
rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act 
establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to 
consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- 
panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- 
sions each, was passed by the General Assembly 
of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of 
an officer with the rank of Commander. The 
commanding officer of each battalion is styled a 
"Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- 
mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their 
respective staffs — their organization, in other 
respects, being conformable to the laws of the 
United States. A set of "Regulations," based 
upon these several laws, has been prepared by the 
Adjutant-General for the government of the 
various organizations. The Governor is author- 
ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- 
sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution 
of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- 



ities of any city, town or county. This authorit)-, 
however, is exercised with, great discretion, and 
only when the local authorities are deemed unable 
to cope with threatened resistance to law. The 
officers of the National Guard, when called into 
actual service for the suppression of riot or the 
enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- 
pensation paid to officers of the United States 
army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive 
§2 per day. During the time they are at any 
encampment, the officers and men alike i-eceive 
$1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost 
of transportation to and from the encampment. 
(For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's 
office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- 
Atnerican War.) 

MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of 
Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; 
in early life came to Toulon, .Stark County, 111., 
where he finally engaged in the practice of law. 
At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in 
the Union army, but before being mustered into 
the service, received an injury which rendered 
him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical 
organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he 
was a man of decided ability and much influence. 
He served as State's Attorney of Stark County 
(1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative 
in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the 
following session being one of the most zealous 
supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- 
brated contest which resulted in the election of 
the latter, for the third time, to the United States 
Senate. By successive re-elections he also served 
in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General 
Assemblies, during the session of the latter being 
chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to 
A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during 
the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at 
Washington. In the early part of the summer 
of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- 
fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at 
Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. 

MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- 
tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, 
and described by his contemporaries as a highly 
educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a 
brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in 
Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but 
he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine 
Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and 
was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to 
locate in that section of the State. He was 
elected a Representative in the Eighth General 
Assembly (1832), his district embracing the 



378 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle 
and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- 
mon (as it then stood), and extending from the 
Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At 
this session occurred the impeachment trial of 
Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. 
Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment 
Committee, and delivering a speech of great 
power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three 
days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress 
from the Northern District, but was defeated by 
William L. 5Iay (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. 
Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim 
to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, 
died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. 
Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, saj's of him: 
"He was a man of remarkable ability, learning 
and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his 
"HLstory of Illinois," testifies that, "by common 
consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was 
regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawj-er 
of his day at the Galena bar." 

MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at 
New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; 
located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County. 111., in 
18,50, finally engaging in the banking business at 
that place. Having served in various local 
offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for 
the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg 
before the expiration of his term, Jul}' 7, 1877. 

MILLS, Lutlier Laflin, lawyer, was born at 
Nortli Adams, JIass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to 
Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public 
schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- 
versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was 
admitted to practice three years later, and, in 
1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- 
elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- 
nected with some of the most important cases 
ever brought before the Chicago courts. 
Although he has held no official position except 
that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar 
and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and 
his services, as an attorney and an orator, have 
been in frequent demand. 

MILLST.VDT, a town in St. Clair County, on 
branch uf Mol>ile it Ohio Railroad. 14 miles south- 
southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, 
churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, 
and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1.172. 

MILW.VIKEE & ST. PAIL R.MLWAY. (See 
Cliicitgi). MihrnuK-i'e ct St. Paul Jiailiraj/.) 

MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in 
Vermont, May 13, 1835; from 1834 to '51 he lived 



in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where 
he worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855 
he went to Central America and was with Gen- 
eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to 
Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 
1857 he was apixjinted, by Auditor Dulx)is, chief 
clerk in the Au<litor's office, .serving until 1864, 
when he was elected State Auditor as successor 
to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he 
gave attention to his private business. He was 
one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- 
field Iron Company. Died in 1879. 

MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the 
Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria 
Railroads. 26 miles southeast of Peoria; is in fine 
farming district and lias several grain elevators, 
some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. 
Population (\i>'M). 664; (I'JOIl). 746. 

MIXONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles 
north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of 
Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and 
the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding 
region is agricultural, though much coal is 
mined in the vicinitj'. The city has brick yards, 
tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain 
elevators, two private banks and two weekly 
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 
2,316; (HlOO). 2,.i46. 

MIXORITT REPRESEXTATIOX, a method of 
choosing members of the General Assembly and 
other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- 
resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. 
In Illinois, this method is limited to the election 
of members of the lower branch of the General 
Assembly — except as to private coqiorations, 
which may, at their option, apply it in the election 
of Trustees or Directors. In the api«)rtionment 
of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- 
lative Apportionment}, the State Constitution 
requires that the Senatorial and Representative 
Districts shall be identical in territory, each of 
such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- 
tor and three Representatives. The provisions of 
the Constitution, making specific application of 
the principle of "minority representation" (or 
"cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), 
declares that, in the election of Representatives, 
"each quaUfied voter may cast as man\' votes for 
one candidate as there are Representatives, or 
(he) may distribute the same, or equal parts 
thereof, among the candidates as he sliall see 
fit." (State Constitution, .\rt. IT. sections 7 and 
8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter 
power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



379 



votes for one candidate and one for another, or 
one and a half votes to each of two candidates, 
or he may distribute his vote equally among 
three candidates (giving one to each); but no 
other division is admissible without invalidating 
his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- 
ity representation have been proposed by various 
writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John 
Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most 
prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to 
be tlie simplest and most easy of application. 

MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, 
a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at 
an early day, and entered upon the practice of 
law; served as Representative in tlie Eighth, 
Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as 
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit 
Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- 
stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, 
being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. 
Walker. 

MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris- 
tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman 
Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the 
French explorers and did not a little toward the 
extension of French dominion. They were usually 
members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," 
founded by St. Francis, or the '"Jesuits," founded 
by Loyola. Bet%veen these two bodies of ecclesi- 
astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry ; the 
former having been earlier in the field, but hav- 
ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by 
Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between 
the two orders gradually involved the civil 
authorities, and continued until the suppression 
of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted 
of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers AUouez, 
Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- 
ges, Binueteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, 
the most conspicuous were Fathers Slembre, 
Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. 
Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and 
Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, 
were called secular priests. The first Catholic 
mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at 
the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the 
present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- 
quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by 
Allouez in 1677. (See Alloncz, Claude Jean.) 
The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- 
ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- 
tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained 
until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet 
and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was 



in charge of the mission, and the number of 
Indians among whom he labored was, that year, 
considerably diminished by the emigration of the 
Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about 
this time, labored among the Peorias, but was 
incapacitated by a wound received from the 
medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted 
in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station 
remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled 
by Father De\ille. Another early Catholic mis- 
sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the 
precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed 
with certainty, there is evidence that it was in 
existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. 
Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the 
savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and 
Lamoges. This mission was at first called the 
Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. 
It was probably the first permanent mission in the 
Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down 
to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- 
ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 
1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at 
Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a 
regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being 
Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher 
preached and administered the sacraments at 
Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having 
been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde 
in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 
1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the 
early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council 
of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been 
a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- 
tory. That body, following the example of some 
provincial legislative bodies in France, officially 
declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and 
decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- 
cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of 
its churches, as well as the banishment of its 
members. This decree the Louisiana Council 
undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the 
fact that that territory had passed under the 
jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem 
to have offered no resistance, either physical or 
legal, and all members of the order in Illinois 
were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- 
ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported 
to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis 
Meurin— was allowed to retm-n to Illinois ; and he, 
only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical 
authorit)- of the Superior Council as supreme, 
and to hold no communication with Quebec or 
Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart 
from spiritual results, were of great value. They 



380 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



perpetuated the records of early discoveries, 
reduced the langiuige, and even dialects, of the 
aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved 
the original traditions and described the customs 
of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's 
"Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- 
torj-," Wiusor"s "America," and Shea"s "Catholic 
Church in Colonial Days.") 

MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. (Indian name, "Missi 
Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are 
in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet 
above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca 
Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, 
and wliich is fed l)y a stream having its source 
within one mile of the heail waters of the Red 
River of the North. From this sheet of water to 
the mouth of the river, the distance is variously 
estimated at from 3,000 to 3,1G0 miles. Lake 
Itasca is in lat. 47' 10' north and Ion. 9r, 20' west 
from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- 
ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands 
into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as 
Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which 
ix)int it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- 
eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of 
St. Anthony, establisliing a complete barrier to 
navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than 
a mile tlie river descen<ls 00 feet, including a per- 
pendicuhir fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense 
water-power, which is utilized in operating Hour- 
ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- 
ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches 
the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it 
expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, 
bordered by picturesciue limestone bluffs, some 
400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- 
tion is southward, and it forms the boundary 
between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas 
and the northern part of Louisiana, on the 
west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- 
sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn 
ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of 
Mexico b}' three principal passes, or mouths, at 
the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines 
Parish, La., in lat. 29" north and Ion. 89 12' 
we.st. Its principal affluents on the right are the 
Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Slissouri, Arkan.sas 
and Red Rivers, and. on the loft, the Wisconsin. 
Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer 
than that part of the Mississippi above the [wint 
of junction, the distance from its source to the 
delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which 
exceeds that of any other river in the world. 
The width of the stream at St. Louis is alwut 
8,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 



feet, and at Xew Orleans about 2,500 feet. The 
mean velocity of the current between St. Louis 
and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and 
one-half miles per hour. The average depth 
below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in 
the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said 
to reach l.'JO feet. The jjrincipal rapids telow the 
Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the 
Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former 
having twentj'-two feet fall and the latter 
twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des 
Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, 
aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- 
vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, 
often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which 
are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- 
tant of these alx)ve the mouth of the Ohio, is the 
"American Ik)ttom," extending along the e;ist 
bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums 
have been sjient in the construction of levees for 
the protection of the lands along the lower river 
from overflow, as also in the construction of a 
system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- 
gation by deepening the channel. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRID(JE, THE, one of 
the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, 
spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui- 
siana, Mo. The construction company was cliar- 
tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was re;idy for 
the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 
3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago 
& Alton Raihvaj' Company, which holds all its 
stock and .$150,000 of its bonds as an investment, 
l)aying a rental of §60,000 per annum, to be applied 
in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 
C per cent on bonds. In 1894, $71,000 was i)aid for 
rental, .$16,000 going toward a sinking fund. 

MOBILE & OHIO R.VILROAD. This comixiny 
operates 100. 6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 
151. (i are le.ised from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- 
roail. (.See St. Louis d- Cairo Railroad.) 

MOLIXE, a flourishing manufacturing city in 
Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the 
Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite 
Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from 
Chicago, and tlie intersecting point of three 
trunk lines of railway. Moline. Rock Island and 
Davenport are connecteil by steam and street 
railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain 
water-power from the Mississippi. The region 
around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro- 
ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is 
an important manufacturing point, its chief out- 
puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- 
able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



381 



(pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, 
milling macliinery, and furniture. The city has 
admirable water-works, several churches, good 
schools, gas and electric light plants, a public 
library, five banks, tliree daily and weekly 
papers. It also has an extensive electric power 
plant; electric street cars and interurban line. 
Population (1890). 13,000; (1900), 17,248. 

MOLOXET, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General, 
was born in Ireland, in 1849; came to America in 
1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our 
Lady of the Angels" " at Niagara Falls, studied 
theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and 
studied law at the University of that State, 
graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 
111., where he sers-ed three years as State's Attor- 
ney of La Salle Countj', and, in 1892, was nomi- 
nated and elected Attorney-General on the 
Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 
1897. 

MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- 
ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- 
tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south 
of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, 
enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two 
banks, two newspapers, five churclies and two 
schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,026. 

MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren 
County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at 
point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- 
ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the 
Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is 
agricultural and coal yielding. The city has 
manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- 
pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- 
mouth College (United Presbyterian) was 
chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- 
tion, with that of Wairen County (also located 
at Monmoutli) aggregates .30.000 volumes. There 
are three national banks, two daily, three weekly 
and two other periodical pultlications. An ap- 
propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress 
for the erection of a Government building at 
Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460. 

MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
tution, controlled by the United Presb3'terian 
denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- 
mouth. It was founded in 18.56, its first class 
graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been 
Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, 
the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 
1897. In 1896 the faculty ■ consisted of fifteen 
instructors and the number of students was 289. 



The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully 
laid out. The institution confers four degrees — 
A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring 
of the first three, four j^ears' study is required; 
for the degree of B. L. , three years. 

MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born 
in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and 
came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His 
father having been elected Sheriff of Will County 
in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving 
as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he 
engaged in merchandising as the jiartner of his 
father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years 
later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, 
for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in 
which he is still employed. He has also been 
extensively engaged in the stone business some 
twenty years, being a large stockholder in the 
Western Stone Company and Vice-President of 
the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as 
a Republican, to the State Senate from the 
Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth 
and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving 
himself one of the most influential members of 
that body. 

MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — 
named for President Monroe. Its area is about ' 
380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and 
included within its boundaries several of the 
French villages which constituted, for many 
years, a center of civilization in the West. 
American settlers, however, began to locate in 
the district as early as 1781. The county has a 
diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The 
soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river 
bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and 
shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations 
of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. 
Population (1890), 12,948; (1900), 13,847. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, 
situated northeast of St. Louis and south of 
Springfield; area 702 square miles, population 
(1900), 30.836— derives its name from Gen. Richard 
Slontgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- 
cans were toward tlie close of 1816, county organi- 
zation being efliected five years later. The entire 
population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 
families. The surface is undulating, well watered 
and timbered. The seat of county government is 
located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important 
town. Here are situated car-shops and some 
manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in 
tlie county's history as pioneers were Harris 
Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey 



382 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights 
(Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and 
Henry), William McDavid and John Russell. 

MOXTICELLO, a city and the county-.seat of 
Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway 
between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee 
and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, 
and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the 
Waba-sh Railways. It lies within the "corn belt, " 
and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the 
surrounding country. Among the city industries 
are a foundry and machine siiops, steam flour and 
planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, 
and patent fence and tile works. The city is 
lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an 
excellent water system, numerous churches and 
good schools, with banks and three weekly 
papers. Population (18UU). X.iHo: (1900), 1,982. 

MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMIX.VUY, the 
second institution established in Illinois for the 
higher education of women — Jacksonville Female 
Seminary being the first. It was founded 
through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin 
Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at 
Godfrey, Madison County, and gave So3,000 
toward erecting and equipping the buildings. 
The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, 
with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron 
Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," 
being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- 
ceeded bj' Jliss Pliilena Fobes, and she, in turn, 
by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1S6G, who still 
remains in charge. In November, 1883, the 
seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; 
but the institution continued its sessions in tem- 
porary quarters until the erection of a new build- 
ing, which was soon accomplislied through the 
generosity of alumna- and friends of female edu- 
cation throughout the country. The new struc- 
ture is of stone, three stories in height, and 
thoroughly modern. The average number of 
pujjiLs is I.jO, with fourteen instructors, and the 
standard of the institution is of a high character. 

MOURE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was 
born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 
1817; after a brief season spent in two academies 
and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' 
Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west 
and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while 
giving his leisure to the study of law. He si)ent 
the next j-ear at Tremont as Deputy County and 
Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, 
DeWitt County, which has since been his home. 
In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, 



of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later, 
began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and 
Ls now one of the largest land proprietors in 
the State, besides being interested in a number 
of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. 
The only official position of importance he lias 
held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- 
astic collector of State historical and art treasures, 
of which he possesses one of the most valuable 
private collections in Illinois. 

MOOKE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- 
cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was 
almost immediately admitted to the bar, also 
acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. 
Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all 
the county offices on the organization of Cook 
Count}". Mr. Moore was one of the original 
Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained 
from the Legislature the first charter for a gas 
company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- 
vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, 
but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., 
wliere he died some years afterward. 

MOOKE, James, pioneer, was born in the State 
of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native 
State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later 
removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the 
Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- 
templated expedition of Col. George Rogers 
Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. 
After the Clark expe<lition (in which he served 
as Captain, by apiH)intment of (Jov. Patrick 
Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he 
remained until 1781, when he organized a party 
of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, 
spending the winter at K.'iskaskia. The following 
year they located at a point in the northern part 
of Monroe County, wliich afterwards received 
the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in 
Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute 
Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was 
a man of prominence and influence among the 
early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and 
influential family of his descendants have grown 
up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of 
the preceding, was lx>rn in Maryland in 1773, and 
brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. 
He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, 
who afterwards became State Trejisurer, and also 
served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- 
nois under the internal improvement system. 
Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and 
served in a company of rangers during the War 
of 1812; was also the first Count v Treasurer of 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



383 



Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833. — James B. 
(Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, ivas 
box-n in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- 
ents; in his early manhood he followed the 
business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and 
Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and 
other points; became a prominent Indian fighter 
during the War of 1812, and was commissioned 
Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to 
raise a company of mounted rangers; also 
served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- 
ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ; 
was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- 
tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the 
latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. 
James Moore, the iiioneer, was born in the old 
block-house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the 
first child born of American parents in Illinois; 
served as a "ranger" in the company of his 
brother, James B. ; occupied the oflSce of Clerk of 
the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge 
of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- 
torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional 
Convention of 1818, and served as Representative 
from Monroe County in the Second General 
Assembly, later filling various county oflSces for 
some twenty years. He died in 1848. 

MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- 
gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair Count)', 
111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- 
dree College in 1843. For thirteen years he was 
a teacher, during portions of this period being 
successively at the head of three litei'ary insti- 
tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a 
minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in 
the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- 
dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving 
as brigade commander during the last year of the 
war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its 
close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, 
but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur 
District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- 
gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 ; 
afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- 
field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States 
Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that 
city, July 11, 1883. 

MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1843-46) ; 
was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; 
came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, 
spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- 
ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower 
branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from 



the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, 
but before the clo.se of his term, in 1842, was 
elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas 
Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), 
of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, 
serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 
1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- 
sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 
18.50 he was elected to the same office, and con- 
tinued to discharge its duties imtil 1857, when he 
was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 
1863. 

MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- 
ware in 1760 ; removed to North Carolina in 1789, 
and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., 
where he served two terms in the Legislature. 
He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled 
in St. Clair County, 111.— besides a family of fif- 
teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen 
colored people — the object of his removal being 
to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in 
what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- 
ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where 
he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore 
became a prominent citizen, was elected to the 
Second Territorial House of Representatives, and 
was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- 
sions (1814-1.5). He was also Repre.sentative from 
St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third 
General Assemblies after the allmission of Illinois 
into the Union. In the last of these he was one 
of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery 
Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- 
ous and highly respected family of descendants, 
who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — 
William (Moore) , his son, served as a Captain in 
the War of 1812, and al.so commanded a company 
in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. 
Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth 
and Tenth Genei-al Assemblies; was a local 
preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- 
lege at the time of his death in 1849.— Risdon 
(Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon 
Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County 
in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in 
the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his 
term, being succeeded at the next session by 
Adam W. Snyder. 

MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of 
Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 23, 
1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- 
cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified 



384 



HISTOHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



himself for the practice of law, located the fol- 
lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since 
been his home. In 1858 he was employed in 
defense of tlie late Father Chiniqiiy, who recently 
died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits 
begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman 
Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- 
ing appearance and great independence of char- 
acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has 
generally acted politically in co-operation with 
the Democratic party, though strongly anti- 
slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate 
to the Literal Repulilican Convention at Cin- 
cinnati which nominated 5Ir. Greeley for the 
Presidency, and, in 1890, participated in the same 
way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- 
nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the s;ime office, in 
the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- 
racy" a vigorous support. 

MORAX, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Bridge]X)rt, Conn.. Oct. 7. 1839; receiveil 
his preliminarj- education in the di.strict schools 
of Wisconsin (to which State liis father's family 
had removed in 1846), and at an academy at 
Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 
1859. meanwliile supporting himself by teaching. 
In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany 
(N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- 
menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the 
front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was 
elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
and re-elected in 1885. At the e.xi)iration of his 
second term he resumed private practice. AVhile 
on the tench he at first hejird only common law 
cases, but later divided the business of the equity 
side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 
1886. he was a.ssigned to the bench of the Appel- 
late Court, of which tribunal he wiis. for a year, 
Chief Justice. 

MOR(iAN, Janios Dady, soldier, was born in 
Boston, Mass., Augu.st 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of 
age, went for a three years' trading voyage on 
the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a 
mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the ves.sel 
was burned. Morgan escai^ed to South America, 
and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. 
In 1834 he removed to (Juincy. 111., and engaged 
in mercantile pur.suits; aided in raising the 
"Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties 
(1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a 
company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- 
teers ; in 1861 tecame Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, 
and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment 
for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General 



in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded 
a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was 
brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- 
ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1863. 
After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 
111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company 
and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- 
dent, for some time, of the Society of the Array 
of the Cumterland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. 

MORGAN COUNTY, a central" county of the 
State. lying west of Sangamon, and borilering on 
the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- 
gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 
35,006. The earliest American settlers were 
probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who 
located on 5Iauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George 
Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- 
sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- 
ent site of the citj- of Jacksonville in 1821. 
Immigrants tegan to arrive in large numters 
ateut 1822, and. Jan. 31, 1823 the county was 
organized, the first election teing held at the 
bouse of James G. Swinerton. six miles south- 
west of the present city of Jacksonville. 01m- 
stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this 
choice was only temporary. Two years later, 
Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so 
continued. (See Jacksotivillc.) Cass County 
was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott 
County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was the 
most ])opulous county in the State. The county 
is nearly equally divided tetween woodland and 
prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois 
River on its western terder, there are several 
smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, 
Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous 
coal underlies tlie eastern part of the county, and 
tliin veins crop out along the Illinois River 
blulTs. Sandstone has also been quarried. 

MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook 
County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- 
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat 
of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the 
Univei-sity of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- 
partment of the Divinity School connected with 
the same institution. Population (1880), 187; 
(1890), 1.027; (1900), 2,329. 

MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph 
Smith. Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County. N. Y., 
August 6. 1830, styling themselves the "Church of 
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Memtership 
in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 
20,000 were outside of the United States. Their 
religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith 
in the Trinity and in the Bible (ivs by them 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



385 



interpreted). They believe, liowever, that the 
"Book of Mormon"— assumed to be of divine 
origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of 
equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- 
rior to them. Among tlieir ordinances are 
baptism and the layiug-ou of hands, and, in their 
church organization, they recognize various orders 
— apostles, i^rophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- 
ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of 
the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of 
Israel, the i-eturn and rule of Christ in person, 
and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- 
amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, 
though professedly not practiced under existing 
laws in the United States. The supreme power 
is vested in a President, who has authority in 
temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although 
there is less effort now than formerly, on the jiart 
of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. 
Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his 
followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, 
for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple ; 
but, within seven 3'ears, their doctrines and prac- 
tices excited so much hostility that they «-ere 
forced to make another removal. Their next 
settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the 
hatred toward them became so intense as to 
result in open war. From Missouri they 
recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city 
of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 
111. The charter granted by the Legislature was 
an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made 
the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon 
obtained commercial importance, in two years 
becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The 
Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in 
State politics, when there broke out a more 
bitter public enmity than the sect had j-et en- 
countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, 
and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a 
newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently 
assailed the prophet and threatened him with 
exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- 
struction of the printing office, and the editor 
promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- 
able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly 
justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, 
but he positively refused to appear before the 
Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter 
issued a second warrant, charging Smith with 
treason. This also was treated with contempt. 
The militia was called out to make the arrest, and 
the Mormons, who had formed a strong military 
organization, armed to defend their leader. 
After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers 



and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- 
render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where 
he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within 
twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a 
mob attacked the prison. Josepli Smith and his 
brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their 
adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, 
were wounded. Brigham Young (then an 
apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, 
after several months of intense popular excite- 
ment, in the following year led his followers 
across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in 
Utah. (See also Nauvoo,) There their history 
has not been free from charges of crime; but, 
whatever may be the character of the leaders, 
they have succeeded in building up a prosperous 
community in a region which they found a vir- 
tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. 
The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- 
fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it 
by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- 
ence to polygamy, and by contact with other 
communities. {See Smith, Joseph.) 

MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy 
County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. 
It is an extensive grain market, and the center of 
a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- 
able water-power here, and much manufacturing 
is done, including builders" hardware, plows, iron 
specialties, paper car- wheels, brick and tile, flour 
and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather. 
There are also a normal and scientific scliool, two 
national banks and three daily and weekly news- 
papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; 
(1900). 4,273. 

MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer, born 
at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted 
to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, 
continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two 
terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 
he removed to Chicago, took an active part in 
the incorporation of the city, and was elected its 
second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig 
candidate for Presidential Elector. Abraham 
Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 
1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for 
Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of 
the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- 
nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the 
American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for 
Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett 
party for the same office. He was vehemently 
opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 



380 



inSTOUKJAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BreckenridRp to the Presidency, believing tliat 
civil war wimld result in either event. A shadow 
was thrown across his life, in 1H«4, by his arrest 
and trial for alleged comi)licity in a rebel plot to 
burn and piUage Chicago and liberate the 
prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The 
trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, 
resulted in his aciiuittal. Died, in Kentucky, 
Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in 
his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him 
as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in .spite 
of his opposition to the abolition of slavery— a 
fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his 
acquittal of the charge of complicity with the 
Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his 
being in communii:ation with the leading con- 
spirators ap|)ears to have been conclusive. (See 
Ciimp Ddtit/Iiix ('ouxj)inicy.) 

MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, 
was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, 
labored on a farm and attended the district 
school in his youth, but completed his education 
in Chicago, graduating from the Union College 
of Law, and wiis admitted to practice in 1874, 
when he loc-ated at Watseka, Iro(iuois County. 
In 18H4 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the 
IIou.se of Representatives from the Inxiuois Dis- 
trict, and lias .since been re-elected in 1888, '94, 
'96, being one of the most influential members of 
his party in that body. In 189li he was appointed 
by Oovernor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank 
of Colonel, on his personal statT, hut resigned in 
1890. 

MORKIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- 
man, was l)orn at Bethel, Clermont County, 
Ohio, Jan. •2'3, 181'.J: educated at Miami Univer- 
sity, admitted to the bar in 183."i, and the next 
year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and 
President of the Board of Canal Commissioners 
(1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
bly (1840-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- 
crat in 18.50, and again in 18,')8, but opposed the 
admission of Kansas iiiuler the Lecompton Con- 
stitution; in 1^08 supported (ieneral (irant — who 
had been his friend in boyhood — for President, 
and. in 1870. was ai)pointed a member of the 
Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 
29, 1879. 

MORRISON, a city, the county seat of White- 
side County, founded in IS.'iS; is a station on the 
Chicago it Northwestern Railroad, Vil miles 
west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and 
stock-raising are the principal pursuit* in the 
surrounding region. The city hjis good water- 
works, sewerage, electric lighting and several 



manufactories, including carriage and refriger- 
ator works; also has numerous churches, a large 
graded school, a public library and adequate 
banking facilities, and two weekly papers. 
Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for 
winter market are carried on. Pop. (190(1), '2.308. 

MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, 
born in Barren County. Ky.. in l.'^'iO; was edu- 
cated in the common schools and the Masonic 
Seminary of his native State; admitted to the 
bar, and came to Illinois in 18.')1, locating at 
Jack.sonville, where he has become a leader of 
the bar and of the Republican pirty. which he 
a.ssisted to organize as a member of its first .State 
Convention at lUooniington, in 18.")G. He was also 
a delegate to the Repulilican National Convention 
of 1804, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was 
three times elected to the lower house of the 
General Assembly (1870, "78 and '82), and, by his 
clear judgment and incisive powers as a public 
speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that 
body. Of late years, he has given his attention 
solely to the practice of his profession in 
Jacksonville. 

MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli- 
tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- 
kaskia. 111., April 12, 1810; at the age of 16 was 
appointed a midshipman in the United States 
Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law 
with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to 
tlie bar, practicing .at Belleville. He was elected 
to the lower house of the General A.s.sembly from 
St. Clair County, in 1H44, and to the State Senate 
in 1848, and again in ■.")4. In 18.V2 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- 
lution of that party, allied himself with the 
Democracy, and was, for many yeiirs, its leader in 
Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- 
gress to fill the vacani-y caused by the resigna- 
tion of Lyman Trumbull, wlio had been elected to 
the United States Senate. In 1800 he was a can- 
didate before the Democratic State Convention 
for the nomination for Governor, but wasilefeated 
by James C. Allen. After that j-ear he tof)k no 
prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak 
of the Mexican War he was among the first to 
raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- 
sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment 
(t'olonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena 
Vista, the Legislature pre.sented him with a 
sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- 
poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted 
and introduced in the Legislature the charter of 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



387 



the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at 
St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. 

MORRISOX, William, pioneer merchant, came 
from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, 
as representative of the mercantile house of 
Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally 
established an extensive trade throughout the 
Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. 
Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New 
Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent 
with a stock of goods across the plains, with a 
view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at 
Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the 
agent, who appropriated the goods to his own 
benefit without accounting to his employer. 
He became the principal merchant in the Terri- 
tory, doing a thriving business in early days, 
when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point 
for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- 
scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to 
whom was due the chief part of the credit for 
securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- 
kaskia River at the town of that name. He died 
at Kaskaskia in 18.37, and was buried in the ceme- 
tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the 
preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was 
appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 
1801, retaining the position for many years, 
besides holding other local offices. He was the 
father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician 
and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is 
given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest 
son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing 
there several years, but finally returned to Prairie 
du Rocher, where he died in 1845. — James, 
another son, went to Wisconsin; William located 
at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis? 
another son, settled at Covington, Washington 
County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 
1851 ; then engaged in mercantile business at 
Chester, dying there in 18.56. 

MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, 
Interstate Commerce Commissioner, was born, 
Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- 
cated at McKendree College ; served as a private 
in tlie Mexican War, at its close studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 18.52 was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe 
County, but resigned before the close of his term, 
accepting the office of Repre.sentative in the State 
Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854 ; was 
re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as 
Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. 
In 1861 he assisted in ocganizing the Forty-ninth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- 



sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, 
Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort 
Donelson in February following, where he was 
severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 
1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, 
wlien he resigned his commission, but was de- 
feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as 
he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again 
elected to the General Assembly, and, two years 
later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- 
ville District, after which he served in that body, 
by successive re-elections, nine terms and imtil 
1887, being for several terms Chairman of the 
House Ways and Means Committee and promi- 
nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In 
March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him 
a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- 
mission for a period of five years; at the close of 
his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- 
son, for a full term of six j-ears, serving a part of 
the time as President of the Board, and retiring 
from office in 1898. 

MORRISONVILLE, a town in Christian 
County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 
miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- 
norther, st of Litchfield Grain is extensively 
raised in the surrounding region, and MorrLson- 
ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important 
shipping-point. It lias brick and tile works, 
electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded 
and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- 
tion (1890). 844; (.1900), 934; (1903, est.), 1,200. 

MORTOX, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles 
southeast of Peoria; lias factories, a bank and a 
newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. 

MORTOX, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- 
tor, was born in Virginia. August 1, 1801; came 
to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- 
ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in 
farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He 
served as a member of the House in the Tenth 
and Fifteenth General A.ssemblies, and as Senator 
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a 
Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State 
and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully 
representing the interests of his constituents. 
Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. 

MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, 
Germany, Feb. 27. 1837, and, until fifteen years 
of age, was educated in the public and Latin 
schools of his native country ; in the latter part 
of 1852, came to America, locating in New 
Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 



388 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in Louisiana University, under tlie ])receptorship 
of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of 
that State. In the early days of the Civil War 
he esiwused the cause of the Confederacy, serving 
some two years as an ofticer of the Twenty first 
Louisiana Kegiment. Coming north at the expi- 
ration of this period, he resided for a time in 
Quincy, 111., but, in IHbi), removed to Chicago, 
where he took a place in the front rank at the 
bar, and where he has resided ever since. 
Although in sympathy with the general princi- 
ples of the Democratic party. Judge Moses is an 
independent voter, as shown by the fact that he 
voted for General Grant for President in 1868, 
and supported the leading measures of the Repub- 
lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub 
lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter,"' 
established in 1890, and which is devoted to the 
interests of business corporations. 

MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at 
Niagara Falls, Canada, Sei)t. 18, 1825; came to 
Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, 
Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a 
teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk 
of the Circuit Court for Scott County in ly.'ie, and 
served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The 
latter year he became the private secretary of 
Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that 
period assisting in the organization of seventy- 
seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While 
serving in this capacity, in companj" with Gov- 
ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference 
of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- 
tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the 
Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a 
few da3"S after the issue of the preliminary proc- 
lamation of emancipation. Having received the 
appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor 
of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
trict, he resigned the position of private secretarj- 
to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen 
Representative in the Twenty-ninth General 
Assembly for the District composed of Scott, 
Pike and Calhoun Counties; served as a delegate 
to the National Republican Convention at Phila- 
ileli)hia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of 
Ifailroad and WarehoiLse Commissioners for 
three years (1880-83). He was then appointed 
Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and 
assigned to duty in connection with the customs 
revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- 
retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving 
until 1893. While connected with the Chicago 
Historical Library he brought out the most com- 
plete History of Illinois yet published, in two 



volumes, and also, in connection with the late 
Major Kirkland. edited a History of Chicago in 
two large volumes. Other literary work done by 
Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of 
Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the 
War Governor of Illinois." in the form of lectures 
or adilresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. 

MOl'LTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- 
man, w;is burn :U AVciihani. Ma.ss., Jan. 20, 1822, 
where he was educated in the public schools. 
After si)ending some years in the South, he 
removed to Illinois (1845). where he .studied law, 
and was admitted to the bar. commencing pnic- 
tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a 
member of the lower house of the General Assem- 
bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the 
Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State 
Board of Education from 18,59 to 1876. In l.'<64 
he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
Congre.ss for the State-at-large, being elected 
again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- 
trict, in 1880 and "82. During the pjist few years 
(including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton 
has acted in cooperation with the Republican 
party. 

MOrLTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small 
count}- in the eastern section of the middle tier of 
the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 
340 square miles, and jxipulatiou (by the cen.sus 
of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early 
"stamping grounds" " of the Kickapoos. who were 
always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The 
earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, 
but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. 
County organization was elTected in 1843, both 
Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a port ion 
of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal 
underlies the county, but agriculture is the more 
important imhistry. Sullivan is the county-seat, 
selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was alx>ut 
1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- 
nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil 
War) began the practice of law here. 

MOUXn-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One 
of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- 
sissippi Valley wiis once occupied by a [leople 
different in customs, character and civilization 
from the Indians found occupying the soil when 
the lirst white explorers visited it. is the exist- 
ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, 
of the origin and purposes of which the Indians 
seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. The.se 
works extend throughout the valley from the 
Allegheny to tlie Rocky Mountains, being much 
more numerous, however, in some portions than 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



389 



jn others, and also varying greatly in form. This 
fact, with the remains found in some of them, has 
been regarded as evidence that the purposes of 
their construction were widely variant. They 
have consequently been classified by archaeolo- 
gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while 
some seem to have had a purpose of which 
writers on the subject are unable to form any 
satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, 
still regarded as an unsolved myster}'. Some of 
the most elaborate of these works are found along 
the eastern border of the Slississippi Valley, 
especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear 
to belong to tlie defensive class, has led to the 
conclusion that this region was occupied by a race 
practically homogeneous, and that these works 
were designed to prevent the encroachment of 
hostile races from beyond the AUeghenies. Illi- 
nois being in the center of the valley, compara- 
tively few of these defensive works are found 
here, those of this character which do exist being 
referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- 
fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are 
numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form 
and structure give evidence that they were 
erected by a peaceful people, however bloody 
may have been some of the rites performed on 
tbose designed for a religious purpose. Their 
numbers also imply a dense population. This is 
especially true of that portion of the American 
Bottom opi>osite the city of St. Louis, which is 
the seat of the most remarkable group of earth 
works of this character on the continent. The 
central, or principal structui'e of this group, is 
known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound,'' 
being situated near the creek of that name which 
empties into the Mississippi just below the city 
of East St. Louis. It is al.so called "Monks' 
Mound, ' ' from the fact that it was occupied early 
in the present century by a community of Monks 
of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to 
the malarial influences of the climate, wliile the 
survivors -returned to the original seat of their 
order. This mound, from its form and com- 
manding size, has been supposed to belong to the 
class called "temple mounds," and has been de- 
scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures"' 
and the "best representative of its class in North 
America." The late William McAdams, of 
Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, 
in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- 
lowing description of this principal structui-e : 

"In the center of a great mass of mounds and 
earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid 
whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. 



It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a 
little longer north and south than east and west. 
Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, 
is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an 
orchard of considerable size. This terrace is 
approached from the plain by a graded roadway. 
Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west 
side, is another much smaller, on which are now 
growing some forest trees. The top, which con- 
tains an acre and a half, is divided into two 
nearly equal parts, the northern part being four 
or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, 
east and south, the structure still retains its 
straight side, that probably has changed but little 
since the settlement of the country by white 
men, but remains in appearance to-day the same 
as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, 
however, has its base somewhat serrated and 
seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms 
and the elements. From the second terrace a 
well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of 
the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost 
wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the 
surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical 
mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight 
sides." The approximate height of this mound 
is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, 
this was surmounted by a small conical mound 
some ten feet in height, from which human 
remains and various relics were taken while 
being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. 
Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient 
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published 
by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the 
contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. 
A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds 
in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- 
mates that the construction of this principal 
mound must have required the work of thousands 
of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, 
at the time of his visit, was occupied by the 
Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the 
structure was sown in wheat. He also found 
numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- 
sels, and concludes that "a populous city once 
existed here, similar to those of Mexico described 
by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites 
of temples or monuments to great men." Accord- 
ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two 
mounds of considerable size within two miles of 
the main structure, the group extending to the 
mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one 
hundred in all. Mcst of these are square, rang- 
ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are 
oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 



390 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the mounds are also a number of small lakes. 
evidently of artificial origin. From the fact 
that there were a number of conspicuous 
mounds on the ilis-souri side of tlie river, 
on the present site of the city of St. Louis 
and its environs, it is believed that they all 
belonged to the same system and had a common 
purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior 
size, being the center of the group — and probably 
Tised for sacrificial purposes. The whole number 
of these structures in the American Bottom, 
whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, 
was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two 
hundred, and the presence of so large a number 
in close proximity, lias been accepted as evidence 
of a large population in the immediate vicinity. 
Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous 
specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and 
implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves 
and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the 
Illinois River, as well as on the latter some 
twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the 
relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a 
burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in 
thirty years, he has unearthed more than a 
thousand of these, many of which closely 
resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. 
Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient 
cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, 
w^hen explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- 
ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in 
decay. These cists arc built up and covered with 
slabs of limestone, which here abound."'— Another 
noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior 
to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in 
Crawford County. As described in the State 
Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- 
five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area 
of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from 
fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones 
having a height of five to eight feet. From their 
form and arrangement these are believed to have 
been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- 
tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar 
construction and larger size, each surrounded 
by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing 
towards each other, indicating that they were 
defense-works. The location of this grouj) — a 
few miles from a prehistoric fortification at 
Jleroni, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to 
which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been 
given — induces the belief that the two groups, 
like those in the American Bottom and at St. 
Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor 
Engelman, in the part of the State Geological 



Survey devoted to JIassac County, alludes to a 
remarkable group of earthworks in the Black 
Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of 
"fortifications and mounds which probably 
belong to the same class as those in the Missis- 
sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other 
points farther up the Ohio." In the reiwrt of 
Government survey by Dan \V. Beckwith, in 1834, 
mention is made of a verj' large mound on the 
Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, 
now a part of Kankakee County. This had a 
base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of 
twenty feet, and contained the remains of a 
large number of Indians killed in a celebrated 
battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and 
the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near 
by were two other mounds, said to contain the - 
remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this 
ease, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably 
been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at ' 
a comparatively recent period. Rekited to the 
Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of 
construction, is a group of nineteen in numlier on 
the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy 
County. Within a circuit of three miles of 
Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 
3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed 
to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole 
Illinois Valley is full of the.se silent monuments 
of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of 
the conspicuous character of those found in the 
vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound 
Builders. — A verj' large and numerous grouj) of 
tliese monuments exists along the bluffs of the 
Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock 
Island and Mercer Counties, chietly between 
Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. 
Stevenson, in "The American' Antiquarian." a 
few years ago, estimated that there were 2. .500 of 
these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in 
groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter 
from fifteen to 1.50 feet, with an elevation of two 
to fifteen feet. There are also numerous Ijurial 
and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Cliilli- 
cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northea-stem 
part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- 
mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so 
many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; 
aii<l the fact that these are found chiefiy on Rock 
River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with 
the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of 
tliese is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within 
the jiresent limits of the city of Rockford — though 
some regard it as having more resemblance to an 
alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



391 



good state of preservation by the citizens, has an 
extreme lengtli of about 150 feet, by fifty in 
width at the front legs and thirty- nine at the 
hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height 
of a man. There are some smaller mounds in 
the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River 
some six miles below Rockford. There is also an 
animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo 
Daviess County, with a considerable group of 
round mounds and embankments in the immedi- 
ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar 
character on the north side of the Pecatonica in 
Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- 
port. The Rock River region seems to have been 
a favorite field for the operations of the mound- 
builders, as shown by the number and variety of 
these structures, extending from Sterling, in 
Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A 
large number of these were to be found in the 
vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- 
eastern part of Winnebago County. Tlie famous 
prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just 
beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to 
have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient 
Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash 
— appears to have had a close relation to the 
works of the mound-builders on the same stream 
in Illinois. 

MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski 
County, on the Ohio River, seven miles nortli of 
Cairo; is on a brancli line of the Illinois Central 
and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. 
Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- 
ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning 
and other factories. One of the United States 
National Cemeteries is located here. Tlie town 
has a bank and two weekly papers. Population 
(1890). 3,550; (1900), 2,705; (1903, est.), 3,500. 

MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat 
of Wabash County; is the point of junction of 
tlie Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
and the Southern Railroads, 183 miles northeast 
of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, 
Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- 
plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring 
mills, and some other manufactures. The town 
has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. 
Agriculture and lumbering are the principal 
pursuits of the people of the surrounding district. 
Population (1890), 3,370; (1900), 4,311. 

MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll 
County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; 
is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, 
stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- 



tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, 
good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly 
newspapers Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,965. 

MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young 
ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Can-oil 
County ; incorporated in 1853 ; had a faculty of 
thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- 
erty valued at §100,000, and a library of 5,000 
volumes. 

MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- 
ated on tlie Chicago & Iowa Divi.sion of tlie Clii- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles 
west by north from Chicago, and 34 miles south- 
west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris 
College and flourishing public school ; has hand- 
some stone and brick buildings, three churches 
and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048. 

MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, 
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the 
Wabash Railways, 68 miles soutlivi'est of Decatur; 
in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. 
Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1000), 2,93.5. 

MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- 
tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of 
Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. 
Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are 
leading industries. It is also an important ship- 
ping point for grain, and contains several 
elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 
1,125; (1890), 1,3.57; (1900), 1,643. 

MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county -seat of 
Brown County, midway between Quincy and 
Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- 
rounded by a rich farming countrj', and has ex- 
tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six 
churches and four schools (two large public, and 
two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- 
tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, 
brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured 
here, and three weekly newspapers are pub- 
lished. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655; 
(1900), 1,960. 

MOUNT VERNON, a city and county-seat of 
Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 
77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center 
of a rich agricultural and coal region ; has many 
flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a 
plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- 
tory, canning factory, and is an important ship- 
ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The 
Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division 
is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine 
school buildings, a Cai-negie library, two banks, 
heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. 
Population (1890), 3.23:i; (1900). 5.216. 



392 



ITIRTOHirAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



MOUNT VER\0> A. (JKAYVILLE RAILROAD. 

(See Ptorui. Decatur d- Eciinxvilli' liailtray.) 

MOWEA(|UA, a village of Shelby County, on 
the Illinois Central Railroail, 16 miles south of 
Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising 
section; has coal mine, three banks and two 
newspapers. Population (IS'.M)), 84S; (I'JOU), 1,478, 
Ml'DD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in 
St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 182i); his father 
ha\ ing clieil in \Ki-i, his mother removed to Pike 
County. 111., to free her children from the inllu- 
ence of slaver)-. In 1849, and apain in 18.50, he 
made the overland journey to California, each 
time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- 
tending into 18.01. In 18.54 he engaged in the 
commission business in St. Louis, as head of the 
firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash 
of 18.57; then removed to Cliicago, and. in 181)1. 
was again in prosperous business. While on a 
business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1800, 
he had an opportunity of learning the growing 
spirit of secession, being advised by friends to 
leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a 
mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army 
as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. 
Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was 
stationed succe.ssively at Cairo, Bird's Point and 
Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1«G2, le<l the 
advance of General McCIernand's division in the 
attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely 
wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. 
Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his 
regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable 
to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the 
staff of General McCIernand during the advance 
on Corintli, but. in October following, at tlie head 
of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to 
the command of General McPher.son. Early in 
1863 he was promofetl Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
soon after to a colonelcy, taking i)art in the 
movement against Vicksburg. June Hi. ho was 
again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, 
was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently 
participated in the operations in Southwestern 
Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864. he left 
Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to 
General McCIernand, but two dajs later, while 
approaching Alexamlria on board the .steamer, 
was shot thnnigli the head and instantly killed. 
He was a gallant soldier and greatlj- beloved by 
his troops. 

MULBER R V (; ROVE, a village of Bond County, 
on the Terre Haute it ImUanapolis (Vandalia) 
Rivilroad, 8 miles northea.st of (Jreenville; has a 
local newspaper. Pop (1890). 7.50; (1900). 632. 



Ml'LEIGAX, James A., .soldier, was torn of 
Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y. , June 2-5, 1830; in 
1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, 
after graduating from the University of St. 
Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of 
law. In 18.51 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- 
phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his 
return resumed his professional studies, at the 
s;ime time editing "The We.stern Tablet." a 
weekly Catholic jjaper. At the outbreak of the 
Reliellion lie recruited, and was made Colonel of 
tlie Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as 
the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- 
try, first in the West and later in the East, being 
severely wounded and twice captured. He 
declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to 
remain with his regiment. He was fatally 
WDUiided during a charge at the battle of Win- 
chester. While being carried otf the field he 
noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- 
dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he 
ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the 
command until it was obeyed. Before they 
returned he had been borne away by the enemy, 
and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26, 
1864. 

MUNJf, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was 
born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; grailuated 
at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught 
two years, meanwhile beginning the study of 
law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 18.55, he 
resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar 
in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- 
gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One 
Hundred and Twentj-sixth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, with the rank of Adjvitant. but the 
following year was a|)pointed Colonel of the First 
Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the 
service on account of declining health, he re- 
turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of 
"The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the 
State .Senate, serving four years; served as Presi- 
dential Elector in 1868; was the Republican nomi- 
nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year 
was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of 
Internal Revenue for the District including the 
.States of Illinois, Michigan and Wi.scon.sin. 
Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 
1875, in which he has since been engaged. He 
has been prominently connected with a number 
of import.ant ca.ses tofore the Chicago courts. 

MUXX, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- 
lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio 
at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, 
Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



393 



where he practiced law. During the War he 
served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Tliirty- 
ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's 
Attorney for Will County and State Senator in 
the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General 
Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He 
was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- 
ation from its organization. 

MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- 
gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 34, 1852; 
in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was 
educated in the high schools of that place ; at the 
age of fourteen he became clerk in a store ; in 
1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the 
next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit 
Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1883, when he 
was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 
1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- 
eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by 
Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois 
Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this 
position in 1893, and removed to East St. Louis. 
Two years later he was elected as a Republican 
to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first 
District, but was defeated for re-election by a 
small majorit)' in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat 
and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Jlurphy was appointed 
Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to 
succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. 

MURPHYSBORO, the county-seat of Jackson 
County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on 
main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis 
Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of 
the St. Louis Valley Railroaas, 53 miles north of 
Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. 
Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in 
the vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine 
shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, flour 
and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, 
three banks, two daily and three weekly news- 
papers, city and rural free mail delivery. Popu- 
lation (1890), 3.380; (1900), 6,463; (1903, est.), 7,500. 

MURPHYSBORO & SHAWXEETOWN RAIL. 
ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shmmeetown, St. 
Louis Souihi'ni and St. Louis, Alton & Terre 
Haute Railroads.) 

NAPERYILLE, acity of Du Page County, on 
the west branch of the Du Page River and on the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles 
■west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of 
Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, 
stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; 
is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an 
institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical 



Association; the college now has a normal school 
department. Population (1890), 3,316; (1900), 2,639 

NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on tlie Illi- 
nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch 
of the Wabash Railway, 31 miles west of Jackson- 
ville. Population (1890), 453; (1900), 398. 

NASHYILLE, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & 
Chester and tlie Louisville et Nashville Railways; 
is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east 
by south from St. Louis, It stands in a coal- 
producing and rich agricultural region There 
are two coal mines within the corporate limits, 
and two large flouring mills do a considerable 
business. There are numerous churches, public 
schools, including a high school, a State bank, 
and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 
2,223; (1890), 3,084; (1900), 2,184. 

NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the 
head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, 
between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It 
was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its 
early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of 
the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of 
French Icarians, who introduced the culture of 
grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of 
communistic order, but their experiment did not 
prove a success, and in a few years they gave 
place to another class, the majority of the popu- 
lation now being of German extraction. The 
cliief industries are agriculture and horticulture. 
Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are 
raised and shipped, and considerable native wine 
is produced. Population (1880), 1,403; (1890), 
1,308; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also 3Ior- 
mons. ) 

NAVKiABLE STREAMS (l»y Statnte). Fol- 
lowing the example of the French explorers, who 
chiefly followed the water-ways in their early 
explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- 
nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the 
principal streams, but later took especial pains to 
maintain their navigable character by statute. 
This was, of course, partly due to the absence of 
improved highways, but also to the belief that, 
as the country developed, the streams would 
become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, 
especially in the transportation of heavy commod- 
ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century 
after the organization of the State Government, 
one of the questions receiving the attention of 
tlie Legislature, at almost every session, was the 
enactment of laws affirming the navigability of 
certain streams now regarded as of little impor- 
tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 



394 



HISTORICAL EXCVCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



transportation. Legislation of tliis character 
began with the first General Assembly (1819), 
and continued, at intervals, with reference to 
one or two of the more important interior rivers 
of the State, as late as 1807. Besides the Illinois 
and Wabash, still recognized as navigable 
streams, the following were made the subject of 
legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a 
branch of the Big Muddj-, in Perry and Jackson 
Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of 
the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833) ; Big 
Muddy, to the junction of the East and West 
Forks in Jefferson County (ISS.j), with various 
subsequent amendments ; Big V'ermiUon, declared 
navigable (1831): Bon Pas, a branch of the 
Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- 
ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson 
County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable 
(1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsecpient 
acts in reference to improvement; Fo.\ River, 
declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), 
and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo- 
rated (185.5); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation 
& Manufacturing Company, incorporated (184T), 
with various changes and amendments (18.51-6.")) ; 
Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a 
point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819). 
with various modifying acts (1823-67); Macoupin 
Creek, to CarroIIton and Alton road (1M37); 
Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison 
Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- 
panj-, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts 
(1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable 
to Third Principal Meridian — east line ot Sanga- 
mon County — (1822), and the North Fork of same 
to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou 
of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike 
and Adams Counties (18.59); Spoon River, navi- 
gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), 
with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little 
Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated 
and river declared navigable to McCawley's 
bridge — probably in Clay County — (1826), with 
various subsequent acts making appropriations 
for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch 
of the Little Wabash), declared navigable 
to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and 
to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at 
various times declared a number of unim- 
portant streams navigable, including Big Creek 
in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler 
County, Lusk"s Creek in Pojje County, McKee"s 
Creek in Pike County. Seven Mile Creek in Ogle 
County, besides a number of others' of similar 
cliaracter. 



NF.VLE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was 
born in Fauquier County. Va., 1796; while yet a 
child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, 
Ky., and became a common soldier in the AVar of 
1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and l)egan 
tlie practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- 
ment raised in Sangamon anil Morgan Counties 
for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as 
Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing 
Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served 
as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, 
at Springfield. Died. August 7, 1840. 

SEECE, TVilliam H., ex-Congressman, was 
born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of 
Logan County. 111., but which was tlien witliin the 
limits of Sangamon ; was reareil on a farm and 
attended the public schools in McDonough 
Countj' ; studied law and was admitted to the 
bar in 18.58. anil has been ever since engaged in 
practice. His political career began in 1861, 
when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. 
cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the 
Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- 
stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again 
elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
bly, and. in 1878. to the State Senate. From 1883 
to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- 
trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated 
for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, 
Republican. 

XEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laus.) 

KEOJiA, a village of Cumberland County, at the 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western Railways. 20 miles southwest 
of Charleston; lias a bank, two newsp;ipeis. some 
manufactories, and ships grain, hay. fruit and 
live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (19(10). 1,126 

XEPOXSET, a village and .station on the Chi- 
cago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bm-eau 
County, 4 miles southwest of Jlendota. Popula- 
tion (1880), I„j2; (1890), .542; (I'.IOO). 516. 

NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
(See Louigvillc. Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- 
dated) Bailroail.) 

NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, 
on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- 
nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- 
kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis; has 
one newspajier and considerable grain trade. 
Population (1880), 603; (1890). 624; (1900), 856. 

NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, 
on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- 
field. Population d^iSO). 403; (1900), 533. 

NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- 
brar}', located in Chicago, endowed by AValter L. 



o 

C3* 



9Q 
O 



B 






cr 



O 



o 





Art Institute. 



Public Library. 

Armour Institute. 
PIBUC BUILDINGS. 



Court Honse. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



395 



Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who 
left half of his estate (aggregating over §3,000,000) 
for the puri^ose. The property bequeathed was 
largely in real estate, which lias since greatly in- 
creased in value. The library was established in 
temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section 
of a permanent building was opened in the 
autumn of 1893. By that time there had been 
accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. 
A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of 
eminent Americans, including many citizens of 
Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. 
Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. 
The site of the building occupies an entire block, 
and the original design contemplates a handsome 
front on each of the four streets, with a large 
rectangular court in the center. The section 
already completed is massive and imposing, and 
its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes 
of a librarj-, and at the same time rich and 
beautiful. When completed, the building will 
have a capacity for four to six million volmines. 
NEWBERRr, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was 
born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y. , Dec. 
23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a 
private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcj', and 
was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. 
In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second 
Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. 

NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and 
pliilanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., 
Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ance.stry. 
He was President Jackson's personal appointee 
to the United States Military Academy at West 
Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- 
nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in 
business at Buffalo, N. Y. , going to Detroit in 
1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After 
engaging in general merchandising for several 
years, he turned his attention to banking, in 
which he accumulated a large fortune. He was 
a prominent and influential citizen, serving 
several terms as President of the Board of Edu- 
cation, and being, for six years, the President of 
the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, 
Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of 
which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a 
free reference library in Chicago. (See Xewberry 
Library.) 

jVEW boston, a city of Mercer County, on 
the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of 
the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population 
(1890), 44.J; (1900), 703. 



NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County 
and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 
868. 

NEW BURNSIDE, a viUage of Johnson County, 
on the Cairo Division of tlie Cleveland, Cincin- 
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles 
northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; 
(1890), .'■>96; (1900), 468. 

NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, 
on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in 
farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, 
flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. 

NEWEIiL, John, Railway President, v.^as born 
at We.st Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being 
directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At 
the age of 16 he entered the employment of the 
Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen 
months later he was appointed an assistant engi- 
neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed 
in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section 
of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 
1850, he accepted a responsible position on the 
Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 
to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for 
roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during 
the latter year, held the position of engineer of 
the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he 
entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road Company, as Division Engineer, where his 
remarkable success attracted the attention of the 
owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railr oad 
(now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern 
system), who tendered him the presidency. This 
he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of 
the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years 
later, he accepted the position of Genei-al Superin- 
tendent and Cliief Engineer of the New York 
Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become 
Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but 
retired in September, 1874, to accept the position 
of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan 
Southern Railroad, of which he was elected 
President, in Maj', 1883, and' continued in office 
until the time of his death, which occurred at 
Young.stown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. 

NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician 
and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, 
Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- 
ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, 
the following year, for the practice of his profes- 
sion; soon afterward became interested in the 
publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still 
later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which 
Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 



396 



niSTOKICAL ENX'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the Uniteil States 
Army, and was stationed at I'oit Winnebago, 
but retired from tlie service, in is;32, and returned 
to Galena. Wiien the Black Hawk War broke 
out he volunteered his services, and, by order of 
General Scott, was placed in charge of a military 
hospital at Galena, of whicli he had control until 
the close of the war. The difliculties of the posi- 
tion were increased by tlie appearance of the 
Asiatic cholera among the troops, but lie seems 
to have discharged his duties with satisfaction 
to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide 
reputation for professional ability, and had an 
extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19. 1870. 

>'EWM.VS, a village of Douglas County, on the 
Cincinnati, Hamilton it Dayton Railway. .")2 miles 
east of Decatur; iias a bank, a newspaper, can- 
ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and 
large trade in agricultural products and live- 
stock. Population (ISiiO), !)»0; (lildO), 1,1C6. 

NEWSP.\I'ERS, EAKLY. The fir.st newspaper 
published in the Northwest Territory, of which 
the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- 
po.sed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest 
Territory." established at Cincinnati by William 
Maxwell, the first issue ajipearing in November, 
1793. This was also the first newspaper published 
west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 17flG it was 
sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name 
of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis 
(grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- 
lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 
1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" 
was the third paper in Northwest Territorj' (also 
within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1790. 
Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- 
torial Government on the removal of the capital 
to Chillicothe. in 1800. 

The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then 
including Illinoi.s) was established by Elihu Stout 
at Vincennes, l)egiiming publication. July 4. 1804. 
It took the name of "The AVestern Sun and Gen- 
eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The 
Western Sun.'' having had a continuous exist- 
ence for ninety-five years. 

The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- 
tory was "The Illinois Herald." but. owing to the 
absence of early files and other specific records, 
the date of its establishment has been involved 
in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- 
can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, wlio was after- 
wards a member of Congress and Governor of the 
State from 1834 to 1838). and its place of pub- 
lication Kaskaskia. at that time the Territorial 
capital. Duncan, wlio was a native of Kentucky, 



brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit 
with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, 
who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 
1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest 
Territory," in his "Pioneer History of lUinoLs," 
has fixed the date of the first issue of this 
l)aper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois 
was severed from Indiana Territory and placed 
under a separate Territorial Government. There 
is good reason, however, for believing that the 
Governor was mistaken in this statement. If 
Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — 
which is probable — -it does not seem to have been 
employed at once in the publication of a news- 
paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the 
third paper established in Illinois) says it "was 
for years only used for the public printing." 
Tlie earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known 
to be in e.xistence, is No. 3i of Vol. II. and bears 
date, April 18. 181 C. Calculating from these 
data, if the paper was issued continuous!}' from 
its establishment, the date of the first issue would 
have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence 
of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri 
Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- 
lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which 
was established in 1808. makes no mention of the 
Kaskaskia paper before 1814, altliough communi- 
cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was 
mo.st intimate. an<l these two were, for several 
years, the only papers published west of Vin- 
cennes, Ind. 

In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to 
Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the 
name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois 
Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been 
Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and 
afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, 
the first Attorney -General under the new State 
Government, and. for eight years, served as the 
only Representative in Congress from Illinois — 
for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- 
gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded 
to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. 
The size of the paper, which had been four pages 
of tliree wide columns to the page, was increased, 
by the new publishers, to four columns to the 
])age. On the removal of the State capital to 
Vandalia. in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was 
removed thither also, and continued under its 
later name, afterwards becoming, after a change 
of management, an opponent of the scheme for 
the calling of a State Convention to revise the 
State Constitution with a view to making Illinois 
a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



397 



The second paper established on Illinois soil 
was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- 
tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 3, 1818, with Henry 
Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- 
yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name 
of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to 
"The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, 
became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among 
others who were associated with the Shawnee- 
town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- 
wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, 
without doubt, the most prolific and popular 
writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- 
lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- 
sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under 
the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." 
He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- 
zines of that period, and autlior of several vol- 
umes, including "Legends of the West" and 
"Border Tales." During the contest over the 
slavery question, in 1823-24, "Tlie Gazette" 
rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery 
party by the publication of articles in opposition 
to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Jlorris 
Birkbeck and others. 

The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-24, the 
strongest and most influential opponent of the 
scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois— was 
"The Edwardsville Spectator," which began pub- 
lication at Edwardsville, Sladisou County, May 
23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and 
responsible editor, though he received valuable 
aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George 
Churchill, Kev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge 
Samuel D. Loekwood, Morris Birkbeck and 
others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold 
"The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 
182.5, and was afterwards associated with papers 
at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. 

The agitation of the slavery question (in part, 
at least) led to the establishment of two new 
papers in 1822. The first of these was "The 
Republican Advocate," which began publication 
at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the 
management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- 
ant to the United States Senatorship. After his 
election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" 
passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, 
after a period of suspension, established "The 
Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, 
removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" 
was established at Edwardsville. as an opponent 
of Warren's '^Spectator," the first issue making 
its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. 
Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme 



Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later 
it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, 
assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." 
Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The 
Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the 
pro-slavery party. 

With the settlement of the slavery question in 
Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- 
ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. 
At the close of this first period there were only 
five papers published in the State — all established 
within a period of ten years; and one of these 
("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) 
promptly ceased publication on the settlement of 
the slavery question in opposition to the views 
which it had g.dvocated. The next period of fif- 
teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish- 
ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be 
expected from the rapid increase of the State in 
population, and tlie ilevelopment in the art of 
printing during the same period. "The Western 
Sun," established at Belleville (according to one 
report, in December, 182.5, and according to 
another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph 
Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- 
lished in St. Clair County. This was followed 
by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock 
Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable 
Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," 
as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper 
Alton, when it took the name of "The Western 
Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, 
however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- 
session of the material upon which he had printed 
"The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to 
Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began 
the publication of the first paper at the present 
State capital, whicli he named "The Sangamo 
Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 
1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of 
the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, 
Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged 
in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- 
ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a 
short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- 
field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- 
nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. 
"The Sangamo Journal"— now "The Illinois 
State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- 
ous existence in the State — was established at 
Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- 
ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing 
date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same 
year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder 
of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 



398 



lIISTOniCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- 
ville. Another jwiper. established the same year, 
was "The Gazette" at VanUalia, tlien the State 
capital. (See Forqiter, Gconjv; Ford, Tliomas; 
Francis, Simeon.) 

At this early date the development of the lead 
mines about Galena had made that place a center 
of great business activitj'. On July 8, 1828, 
James Jones commenced the issue of "The 
Miners' Journal," the first paper at Galena. Jones 
died of cholera in 1833, and bis paper passed into 
other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver- 
tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- 
lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison 
Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- 
lisher, but appears to have been discontinued 
before the expiration of its first year. "The 
Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper 
by Philleo. in May, 1832, but ceased publication in 
September, 18:!G. "The Nortliwestorn Gazette 
and Galena Advertiser," founded in November, 
1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named 
afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy 
Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being 
now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- 
min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawj-ers of 
his time, was editor of this paper during a jjart 
of the first year of its publication. 

Robert K. Fleming, who has already been 
mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane 
in the publication of "The Republican Advocate,"' 
at Ka-skaskia, later published a paper for <i short 
time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his 
establishment to Edwardsville, where he began 
the publication of "The Corrector.'' The latter 
was continued a little over a year, when it was 
suspended. He then resumed the publication of 
"The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 
1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- 
lication of "The St. Clair Gazette." which after- 
wards passed, tlirough various changes of owners, 
under tlie names of "The St. Clair Mercur}'" and 
"Representative and Gazette." This was suc- 
ceeded, in 1839, by "Tlie Belleville Advocate," 
which has been published continuously to the 
present time. 

Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, 
afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- 
ent times published papers at various points 
in the State. His first enterprise was "The 
Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed 
to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close 
of his first year, sold out to Judge John 
York Sawj-er, who united it with "The Western 
Plowbov," which he had established a few 



months previous. "The Advocate" was removed 
to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who 
had been appointed State Printer), was con.soli- 
dated with "The Illinois Register," which had 
been establislied in 1836. The new paper took the 
name of "The Illinois Register and People's 
Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, 
and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- 
ter." 

Other papers establishetl Ijetween 1830 and 1840 
include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The 
Alton Spectator," the first paper published in 
Alton (January, 1834); "The Cliicago Demo- 
crat," by John Callioun (Nov. 20, 1833); "The 
Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land 
Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833); 
"The Alton American" (1833); "The AVhite 
County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville 
Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at 
Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and 
Wabash Advocate" (1^34); "The Illinois State 
Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville 
(183.5); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land 
Register," at Quincy (183.5); "The Rushville 
Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); 
"The Alton Telegraph" (183C); "The Alton 
Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- 
thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; 
"The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John 
Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published 
in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig'' 
(1838); "The Illinois Statesman." at Paris, Edgar 
County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). 
The second paper to be established in Chicago 
was "The Chicago American," whose initial 
number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. 
Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it 
passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., 
and, on April 9, 1H39, its publishers began the 
issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. 
"The Chicago Express" succeeded "The .Vmeri- 
can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner 
of "The Chicago Journal." The third Cliicago 
paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," 
founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived 
only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was 
afterwards a,ssociated with Warren, and became 
one of the most influential journalistic opponents 
of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in 
the latter part of that year, was a.s,sociated with 
the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in 
the preliminary steps for the issue of "The 
Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected 
by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's 
untimely death, in August. 1839, however, pre- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



399 



vented him from seeing the consummation of his 
plan, ahhough Eastman lived to carrj' it out in 
part. A paper whose career, although extending 
only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- 
nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its 
history closing with the assassination of its 
editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejo}', on the night of 
Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to 
protect his press from destruction, for the fourth 
time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was 
this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it 
undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free 
speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of 
the institution in whose behalf it was committed. 
That the development in the field of journal- 
ism, within the past sixty years, lias more than 
kept pace with the growth in population, is 
shown by the fact that there is not a county in 
the State without its newspaper, while every 
town of a few hundred population has either one 
or more. According to statistics for 1898, there 
were 605 cities and towns in the State having 
periodical publications of some sort, making a 
total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, S-l 
semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 
monthly, and the remainder at various periods 
ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. 

NEVVTOX, the county-seat of Jasper County, 
situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- 
tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central 
Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- 
corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the 
county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining 
and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in 
the surrounding region. The city has water- 
power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- 
facturing, but most of its factories are operated 
by steam. Among these establishments are flour 
and saw mills, and grain elevators. Thei'e are a 
half-dozen churches, a good public school system, 
including parochial school and high school, 
besides two banks and three weekly papers. 
Population (1890), 1.428; (1900). 1.630. 

NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, 
of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in 
Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses 
the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad 
(9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial 
control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total 
capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. 
Louis, in 1898, is 850,222,568, of which §19,425,000 
is in bonds. — (History.) The New York, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under 
the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 



Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun 
immediately, and the road put in operation in 
1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a 
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and 
reorganized by the consolidation of various east- 
ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, 
forming the line under its present name. The 
road between Buffalo, N. Y. , and the west line of 
Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its 
line in Illinois, it iises the track of the Chicago & 
State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as 
well as the owner of its capital stock. The main 
line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the 
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railwaj', which 
owns more than half of both the preferred and 
common stock. 

JflANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the 
Wabash Railway. 27 miles east of Springfield. 
Agriculture is the leading indu.stry. The town 
has three elevators, three churches, school, coal 
mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. 
NIC0L.4Y, John Geora:e, author, was born in 
Essingen, Bavaria. Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age 
was brought to the United States, lived for a 
time in Cincinnati, atteniling the public schools 
there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the 
office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- 
field, and, while still in his minority, became 
editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he 
became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. 
Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during 
Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, 
aided him as private secretary, also acting as a 
correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." 
After the election he was formally selected by 
Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- 
ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. 
Lincoln's assassination. Iri 1865 he was appointed 
United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 
1869; on his return for some time edited "The 
Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the 
United States Supreme Court in Washington 
from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- 
laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: 
A History," first published serially in "The Cen- 
tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; 
of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- 
paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous maga- 
zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C. 

NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came 
from Cherbourg. France, in 1618, and, for several 
years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- 
guage he learned and for whom he acted as 
interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake 
Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 



4on 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and 
Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, 
among whom he was received kindly. From the 
Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he 
learned of tlie Illinois Indians, some of whose 
northern villages he also visited. He subse- 
quently returnc^d to Quebec, where he w;is 
drowned, in October, 1042. He wa.s probably the 
first Cauca.siiiii to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. 

NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, 
born at Plainfield, Otsego County, X. Y., Feb. 4. 
1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 
to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed 
west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and 
Frankfort, Ind.. and at Owensburg. Ky., until 
1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1840 
he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the 
Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel 
Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the 
battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General 
Wool to the captaincj' of an independent com- 
panj' of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk 
of the House of Representatives at the session of 
1849, and the .same year was chosen County 
Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1H61. 
With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to 
'59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- 
♦ille Advocate." a paper originally Democratic, 
but which became Republican on the organiza- 
tion of the Republican party. In 1801 he was 
appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its 
organization having been delayed, he resigned, 
and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- 
nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving 
until May, 1864, when he resigned— in JIarch, 
1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- 
dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 6^5 
he was in command at Memphis, but later took 
part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- 
paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After 
the war he served as Representative in the 
General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-G6) ; 
as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb at Jacksonville: on the Commission for 
building the State Penitentiary at Joliet. and as 
Commissioner (by appointment of Governor 
Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers" Orphans' 
Home. His later years have been spent chiefly 
in the practice of his profession, with occasional 
excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- 
slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders 
of the Republican party in .Southern Illinois. 

NIXON, William Ponn, journalist. Collector of 
Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of 



North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 
1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now 
Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After 
devoting two years to teaching, h° entered the 
law department of the University oi Pennsyl- 
vania (18.55), graduating in 18.59. For nine years 
thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during 
which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio 
Legislature. In 1S08 he embarked in journalism, 
he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Xixon. with 
a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- 
icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- 
chased, and the two papers were consolidated 
under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In 
May, 1872. having disposed of his interests in 
Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- 
ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new 
venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 
lie and his brother. Dr. O. W. Xixon, secured a 
controlling interest in the paper, when the 
former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, 
which he continued to occupy until 1897, when 
he was appointed Collector of Customs for the 
City of Chicago — a position which he now holds. 

SOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on 
the "Big Four" main line and " 'F'risco" RaiL 
roads. 81 miles ea.st by north from .St. Louis and 
52 miles west of Mattoon; in impoitant grain- 
growing and hay-producing section ; has water- 
works, electric lights, three flour mills, two 
machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven 
churches, high school, two banks and three 
papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter 
and eggs. Population (1890), 1.305; (1900), 1.371. 

NOIIMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles 
north of liloomington and 124 southwest of Chi- 
cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & 
Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies 
in a rich coal and agricultural region, and luis 
extensive fiuil-tree nurseries, two canning fac- 
tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. 
It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, 
founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal 
University, founded in 1857; has city and rural 
mail deliverv Pop. (ISOOi. .3,4-59: (1900). 3.79.5. 

NORMAL UXIVERSITIES. (See Southern 
IlUiiois yormal University; State JS'ormal Uni- 
rerititi/. ) 

NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County 
and suburb of the city of Alton. Population 
(1880), 838: (1890), 762; (1900), 904. 

NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28, 
1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Xorthcott, whose 
loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



401 



Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern 
home and seek safety for himself and family in 
the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- 
missioned Colonel of a regiment and served 
through the war, being for some nine months a 
prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his 
literary education in the public schools, the 
younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval 
Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was 
engaged in teaching. IMeanwhile, he was prepar- 
ing for the practice of law and w-as admitted to 
the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- 
ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his 
home. In 1880. by appointment of President 
Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for 
the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's 
Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- 
cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on 
the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval 
Academy, and, by selection of the Board, 
delivered the annual address to the graduating 
class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- 
lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- 
trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of 
that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being 
elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the 
State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over 
his Democratic opponent. 

NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village 
in Peoria County, 2 miles north of the city of 
Peoria; annexed to the citv of Peoria in 1900. 

NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. 
The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific 
provision, by Congress, for the government of the 
country lying northwest of the Ohio River and 
east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest 
Territory), provided, among other things (Art. 
v.. Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed 
in the said Territory not less than three nor more 
than five States." It then proceeds to fix the 
boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- 
tion that there shall be three in number, adding 
thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- 
ever, and it is further understood and declared, 
that the boundaries of these three States shall be 
subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall 
hereafter find it expedient, they shall have 
authority to form one or two States in that part 
of the said Territory which lies north of an east 
and west line drawn through the southerly bend 
or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of 
this provision it has been claimed that the north- 
ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio 
should have been on the exact latitude of the 
southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the 



failure to establish this boundary was a violation 
of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- 
tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the 
following articles shall be considered as articles 
of compact between the original States and the 
people and States in the said Territory, and for- 
ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- 
sent." — In the limited state of geographical 
knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of 
the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- 
siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude 
of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The 
map of Mitchell (17.55) had placed it on the paral- 
lel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins 
(1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was officially estab- 
lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41 37' 
07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- 
ary of neither of the three States named was finally 
fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above 
quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where 
it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little 
north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 
10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), 
and that of Illinois at 42° 30' — about 61 miles 
north of the same line. The boundary line 
between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a 
bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter 
State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance 
by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. 
These included the annexation to Michigan of 
what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," 
lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, 
in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her 
southern border, which she demanded from 
Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- 
ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now 
exists, is universally conceded to have been due 
to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the 
Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. 
While it was then acquiesced in without ques- 
tion, it has since been the subject of considerable 
controversy and has been followed by almost 
incalculable results. The "enabling act," as 
originally introduced early in 1818, empowering 
the people of Illinois Territory to form a State 
Government, fixed the northern boundary of the 
proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati- 
tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. 
While the act was under consideration in Com- 
mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- 
ment advancing the northern boundary to 42" 
30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- 
plained) was to gain for the new State a coast 
line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political 
and commercial relations with the States east of 



402 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Xew York — 
thus "affording additional security to the per- 
petuitj- of the Union." He argued that the 
location of the State between the Mississippi, 
Wal)ash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the 
south — would bring it in intimate communica- 
tion with the Southern States, and that, in the 
event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it 
was important that it should be identified with 
the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left 
entirel}' to the waters of the soutli-flowing 
rivers. "Thus," said he, "a rival interest would be 
created to check the wish for a Western or South- 
ern Confederacy. Iler interests would thus be 
balanced and her inclinations turned to the 
North." He recognized Illinois as already "tlie 
kej' to the West," and he evidently foresaw that 
the time might come when it would be the Key- 
Stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- 
ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his 
argument that, in time, a commercial emiKiriuni 
would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would 
demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- 
nois River — a work which was realized in the 
completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
thirty years later, but which would scarcely have 
been accomplished had the State been practically 
cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium 
left to grow up in anotlier commonwealth, or not 
at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted 
without division, and. in this form, a few days 
later, the bill became a law. — The almcst super- 
human sagacity exliibited in Judge Pope's argu- 
ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the 
commercial and political history of the State 
since, but never more significantly than in the 
commanding position which Illinois occupied 
during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- 
zens in the Presidential chair and another leading 
its S.TO.OOO citizen soldiery and the armies of the 
Union in battling for the perpetuity of the 
Republic — a position which more than fulfilled 
every prediction made for it. — The territory 
affected by this .settlement of the northern 
boundary, includes all tliat part of the State 
north of the northern line of La Salle County, 
and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen 
counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake. McHenry, 
Boone, DeKalb, Lee. Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- 
son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with ])or- 
tionsof Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated 
at 8,500 square miles, or more tlian one-seventh 
of the present area of the State. It has been 
argued that this territory belonged to the State 
of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- 



nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts 
made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature 
and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between ISliO 
and 1843, to induce thejieopleof these counties to 
recognize this claim. These were, in a few 
instances, partially successful, although bo official 
notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- 
nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by 
Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- 
nois" when the subject was fresh in the public 
mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 
gave Congress power to organize a State north of 
the parallel running through the southern bend 
of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- 
nance requiring such additional State to bo 
organized of the territory north of thfit line." In 
other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, 
authorized the organization of an additional 
State north of and in (i. e., within) the line 
named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, 
but acted in accordance with it — in practically 
assuming that the new State "need not neces- 
sarily include the whole of the region north of 
that line." The question was set at rest by Wis- 
consin herself in the action of her Constitutional 
Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- 
stitution, in form recognizing tlie northern 
boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act 
of 1818. 

NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
created by Act of the Legislature, approved. A])ril 
16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- 
ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of 
August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. 
Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. 
After considering many offers and examining 
numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected 
the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, 
W'n miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox 
River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — 
this having been tendered as a donation by the 
citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the 
latter part of 1869, the system of construction 
cho-sen conforming, in the main, to that of the 
United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- 
ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wmg 
and rear building were so far advanced as to per- 
mit the reception of sixty patients. The center 
building was ready for occupancy in April. 1873, 
and the south wing before the end of the follow- 
ing year. The total expenditures previous to 
1876 had exceeded SC37.000, and since that date 
liberal apiiropriations have been made for addi- 
tions, repairs and improvements, including the 



z 
o 

a 
w 
to 
z 

a 
o 

w 

> 

O 

w 
5 

CO 

> 
z 

« 

M 
f 
O 





o 
•J 



o 

O 
H 



a 

2 



ai 
O 



en 

o 



z 

OS 

■n 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



403 



addition of between 300 and 400 acres to tlie lands 
connected with the institution The first Board 
of Trustees consisted of Charles X. Holden, 
Oliver Everett and Henry \V. Sherman, with Dr. 
E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and 
Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- 
ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his 
Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head 
of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, 
covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- 
bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, 
and he, by Dr. Loewy, in Jvme, 1893, and the 
latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- 
vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- 
pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in 
December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The 
total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was 
$882,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and 
buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- 
lishing the hospital, provision is made for the 
care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is 
both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- 
ber of patients under treatment, for the two years 
preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number 
of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average 
daily attendance for treatment, for the j'ear 1896, 
1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- 
trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, 
Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- 
dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- 
bago. 

NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, 
an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee 
County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction 
in branches related to the art of teaching. Its 
last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 
885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- 
tion from thirty -six teachers. The total value of 
property was estimated at more than §200, 000, of 
which §160.000 was in real estate and §43,000 in 
apparatus. Attendance on the institution has 
been affected by the establishment, under act of 
the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State 
Normal School at DeKalb (which see). 

NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- 
tution for the confinement of criminals of the 
State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site 
was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- 
prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was 
found necessary because of the inadequacy of the 
first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- 
tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a 
cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was 
thought, would meet the public necessities for 
many years to come. Its estimated cost was 



$550,000; but, within ten years, there had been 
expended upon the institution the sum of $984,- 
000. and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. 
Subsequent enlargements have increased the 
cost to over 81,600,000, but by 1877, the institution 
had become so overcrowded that the erection of 
another State penal institution became positively 
necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The 
prison has always been conducted on "the 
Auburn S3'stem," which contemplates associate 
labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- 
tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at 
night. The system of labor has varied at differ- 
ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract 
system"" and the "State account plan" being 
successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The 
whole number of convicts in the institution, at 
the date of the official report of 1895, ,was 1,566. 
The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, 
were reported at §2,121,308.86, of which SI, 644,- 
601.11 was in real estate. 

NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. 
Louis, Peoria d~ Northern Raihvay.) 

NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
institution for the education of teachers of the 
common schools, authorized to be established by 
act of the Legislature passed at the session of 
1893. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 
for the erection of buildings and otlier improve- 
ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, 
DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the 
erection of buildings commenced soon after — 
Isaac F. EUwood, of DeKalb, contributing §20,- 
000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- 
seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the 
appropriations and contributions, in land and 
monej', aggregated §175,000. The school was 
expected to be ready for the reception of pupils 
in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will 
accommodate 1,000 students. 

NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name 
formerh' applied to that portion of the United 
States nortli and west of tlie Ohio River and east 
of the Mississippi, comprising the present States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin. The claim of the Government to the land 
had been acquired partly through conquest, by 
the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark 
(which see), under the auspices of the State of 
"Virginia in 1778 ; partly through treaties with the 
Indians, and partly through cessions from those 
of the original States laying claim thereto. The 
first plan for the government of this vast region 
was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, 
in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 



404 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of ultimate passage. But three years later a 
broader scheme was evolved, and the famous 
Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the 
extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, 
passed the Continental Congress. Tliis act has 
been sometimes termed "The American Magna 
Charta," because of its engrafting upon the 
organic law the principles of human freedom and 
equal rights. The plan for the establishment of 
a distinctive territorial civil government in a 
new Territory — the first of its kind in the new 
republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too 
much power was not granted to the residents. 
All the officers were appointive, and each official 
was required to be a land-owner. The elective 
francliise (but only for members of the General 
Assembly) could first be exercised only after the 
population had reached 5,000. Even then, every 
elector must own fifty acres of land, and every 
Representative, 200 acres. More lilieral ])rovisions, 
however, were subsequently incorporated by 
amendment, in 1809. The first civil government 
in the Northwest Territory was established by act 
of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization 
of all the country west of the Ohio under the 
name "Illinois County," of wliich the Governor 
was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- 
ant" or "Comniandant-in-Cliief. " The first 
"Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, 
of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge 
the duties for only a .short period, being killed in 
the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the 
Illinois Country was almost without the semblance 
of an organized civil government, until 1788, 
when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the 
first Governor of Northwest Territory, imder the 
Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of 
this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- 
ana in 1800, when William Henrj- Harrison 
became the Governor of the latter, embracing all 
that portion of the original Northwest Territory 
except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's 
administration (1790) that part of the present State 
of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois 
Rivers on the west, and a line extending nortli 
from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the 
Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the 
present county of Tazewell, on the east, was 
erected into a county under the name of St. 
Clair, with three county-seats, viz.: Cahokia, 
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair 
County.) Between 1830 and 1834 the name Nortli- 
west Territory was applied to an unorganized 
region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, 
attached to Michigan Territory for governmental 



purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, 'Arthur; 
and Todd, John.) 

NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at 
Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 
1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- 
ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and 
collegiate departments, besides a theological 
school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- 
sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less 
than one-third of the latter being females, though 
both sexes are adiuitted to the college on an equal 
footing. The institution owns property to the 
value of $207,000, including an endowment of 
$85,00U. 

XORTHWESTERN (iRA>D TRUNK RAIL- 
W.VY. (See <'liic(i(jo <£■ Grand Trunk Railway.) 

NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- 
seo. Henry County, lU., incorporated in 1884; in 
1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 
pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one 
female. 

NORTHWESTERN I NIVERSITY, an impor- 
tant educational institution, established at 
Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it 
reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 019 
female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. 
It embraces the following departments, all of 
which confer degrees; A College of Liberal 
Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women 
exclusively) ; a Law School ; a School of Phar- 
macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- 
cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- 
ferred, constitutes the theological department of 
the L'niversity. The charter of the institution 
requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- 
bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the 
University is the largest and wealthiest of the 
schools controlled by that denomination. The 
College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical 
Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments 
(all professional) are located in Chicago. In the 
academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- 
vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- 
ate courses. The Medical School was formerly 
known as the Chicago Medical College, and its 
Law Department was originally the Union Col- 
lege of Law. both of which have been al)Sorbed 
by the L'niversity, as have also its schools of 
dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly 
independent institutions. The property owned by 
the University is valued at $4,870,000, of which 
$1,100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endow- 
ment funds. Its income from fees paid bj' students 
in 1898 was $215,288, and total receipts from all 
sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



405 



vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry 
Wade Rogers is President. 

NORTHWESTERIV UNIVERSITY MEDICAL 
SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 
1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake 
Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five 
months each, at first constituted a course, 
although attendance at two only was compul- 
sory. The institution first opened in temporary 
quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors 
and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample 
accommodations were needed, and the Trustees 
of the Lind University being unable to provide a 
building, one was erected by the faculty. In 
1864 the University relinquished all claim to the 
institution, which was thereupon incorporated as 
the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length 
of the annual terms was increased to six months, 
and additional requirements were imposed on 
candidates for both matriculation and gradu- 
ation. The same year, the college building was 
sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- 
dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- 
pital, was commenced. This was completed in 
1870, and the college became the medical depart- 
ment of the Northwestern University. The 
number of professorships had been increased to 
eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. 
Since tliat date new laboi-atory and clinical build- 
ings have been erected, and the growth of the 
institution has been steady and substantial. 
Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South 
Side Free Dispensarj- aflford resources for clinical 
instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted 
in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- 
cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and 
assistants. 

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S 
MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro- 
fessional education of women, located in 
Chicago. Its first corporate name was the 
"Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," 
and it was in close connection with the Chicago 
Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it 
severed its connection with the hospital and took 
the name of the "Woman's Medical College of 
Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine 
and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 
to 1870, but the experiment proved rejjugnant to 
the male students, who unanimously signed a 
protest against the continuance of the system. 
The result was the establishment of a separate 
school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- 
teen professors. The requirements for graduation 
were fixed aft four years of medical study, includ- 



ing three annual graded college terms of six 
months each. The first term opened in the 
autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty 
students. The original location of the school 
was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- 
porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal 
was effected to the "West Division," where (in 
1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was 
erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, 
and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the 
Northwestern University. The college, in all its 
departments, is organized along the lines of the 
best medical schools of the country. In 1896 
there were twenty-four professorships, all capably 
filled, and among the faculty are some of the 
best known specialists in the country. 

NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer, Congressman and 
Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt. , April 35, 
1813, and graduated! from Williams College in 
1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon 
became prominent in the affairs of Will County. 
His first public office was that of City Attorney, 
after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). 
Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was 
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1853, to Con- 
gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in 
his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At 
the expiration of his second term (1857) he was 
chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the 
unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He 
was once more elected to Congress in 1863, but 
disagreed with his party as to the legal status of 
the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson 
appointed him United States Attorney for tlie 
Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled 
until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he 
began private practice at Chicago, where he died, 
August 3, 1875, 

NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, 
on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- 
consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. 
Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. 

NOYES, George Clement, clergyman, was born 
at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by 
his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844. and, at 
the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the 
ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- 
sonville, graduating with first honors in the class 
of 1855. In the following autumn he entered 
Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, 
having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same 
j'ear, and installed pastor of the First Presby- 
terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 



400 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ten yc3ars, when he accepted a call to the First 
Presbyterian Church of Evanston. 111., then a 
small organization which developed, during the 
twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the 
strongest and most influential churches in Evans- 
ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an 
editorial writer and weekly correspondent of 
"The New York Evangelist,'' over the signature 
of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an 
active and very efficient member of the Board of 
Trustees of Knox College. Tlie liberal bent of 
his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted 
as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- 
brated trial of the latter for heresy before the 
Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that 
occasion winning encomiums from all classes of 
people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 
14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, 
and was deeply deplored, not only Ijy his own 
church and denomination, but by the whole com- 
munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a 
union meeting was held in one of the churches at 
Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration 
of his services were delivered by some dozen 
ministers of that village and of Chicago, while 
various social and literary organizations and the 
press bore testimony to his high character. He 
was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, 
and, during the last year of liis life, served as its 
President. Dr. Noyes was married, in IS.iS, to a 
daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored 
citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. 

0.\KLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- 
dalia Line and the Toledo. St. Louis & AVestern 
Railroad, 1.5 miles northeast of Charleston; is in 
grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has 
two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. 
Pop. (1«90), 9!)5;(l'J0(l), 1,198. 

OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and 
popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles 
west of the initial station of the Chicago & 
Northwestern Riilroad, on which it is located ; is 
also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- 
road. The place has numerous churches, pros- 
perous schools, a public library, telegraph and 
express offices, banks and two local papers. 
Population (1880), 1.888; (1890), 4,771. 

OBERLT, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- 
ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in 
Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 18.53, began learn- 
ing the printer's trade in the office of "The AVoos- 
ter (Ohio) Republican, ' ' completing it at Slemphis, 
Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 



1857. He worked in various offices, including 
the AVooster paper, where he also began the study 
of law, but, in 18G0. became part proprietor of 
"The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which 
he had been employed as an apprentice, and, 
later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave 
Memphis on account of his I'nion principles 
after tlie beginning of the Civil War, he returned 
to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers 
there during the next four years, but, in 1805, 
came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as 
foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years 
later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although 
the latter paper was burned out a few months later, 
it was immediately re established. In 1872 he 
was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth 
General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed 
by Governor CuUom the Democratic member of 
the R;iilroatl and Warehouse Commission, serving 
four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- 
cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other 
positions held by him included Mayor of the city 
of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- 
graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- 
phis (18GG); delegate to the Democratic National 
Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of 
the Democratic State Central Committee 
(1882-84). After retiring froiu the Railroad and 
Warehou.se Commission, he united in founding 
"The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he 
was editor some three years. During President 
Cleveland's administration he was appointed a 
member of the Civil Service Commission, being 
later transferred to the Commissionership of 
Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected 
in an editorial capacity with "The AVashington 
Post," "The Richmond (A'a.) State," "The Con- 
cord (N. H. ) People and Patriot" and "The AVash- 
ington Times." AAHiile engaged in an attempt to 
reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at 
Concord, N. II., .\pril 15, 1890. 

ODD FELLOWS. "AA'estern Star" Lodge, No. 
1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 
1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was 
instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at 
Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first 
Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- 
retary. AA'ildey Encampment. No. 1, was organ- 
ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, 
at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable 
Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches 
of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291 
members, and §25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the 
Lodges nuinliered 838, the membership .50.,544, 
with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $135,018.40 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



407 



was expended for relief. The Encampment 
branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations witli 
a membership of 6,813 and 8''3,S65. 25 revenue, of 
which 86,781.40 was paid out for relief. The 
Bebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423 
Lodges, with 22,000 members and 843.215.65 
revenue, of which §3,132.79 was for relief. The 
total sum distributed for relief by the .several 
organizations (1895) was $144,972..59. The Order 
was especially liberal in its benefactions to the 
sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to 
its members calling forth a generous response 
throughout the United States. (See Odd FeUoics' 
Orphans' Home.) 

ODD FELLOWS' ORPHA>'S' HOME, a benevo 
lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at 
Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters 
of Rebekah (see Odd FeUotrs), and dedicated 
August 19, 1893. The building is four stories in 
height, has a capacity for the accommodation of 
fifty children, and cost §36,. 524. 76, exclusive of 
forty acres of land valued at 88,000. 

ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and 
station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 
miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a 
grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880), 
908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. 

ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- 
ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central 
and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in 
fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, 
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. 

O'FALLOX, a village of St. Clair County, on 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, 
electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, 
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. 

OGDEX, William Butler, capitalist and Rail 
way Pi-esident, born at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 
1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- 
lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed 
to Chicago, where he established a land and trust 
agency. He took an active part in the various 
enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on 
the incorporation of the city, was elected its first 
Mayor. He was prominently identified with the 
construction of the Galena & Chicago Union 
Railroad, and, in 1847. became its President. 
While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful 
study of the canals of Holland, which convinced 
him of the desirability of widening and deepen- 
ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- 
structing a ship canal across the southern 
peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- 



dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the 
Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this con.soli- 
dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
way Company, of which he was elected Presiilent. 
In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific 
Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of 
the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became 
its President. He was largely connected with 
the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the 
success of which he was a firm believer. He 
also controlled various other interests of public 
importance, among them the great lumbering 
establishments at Peshtigo, Wis. , and, at the time 
of his death, was the owner of what was probably 
the largest plant of that description in the world. 
His benefactions were numerous, among the 
recipients being the Rush Medical College, of 
which he was President; the Theological Semi- 
nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical 
Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University 
of Chicago, the Astronomical Societj-, and many 
other educational and benevolent institutions 
and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in 
New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago d- 
Northwestern Railroad. ) 

OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was boru in Virginia 
in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the 
American Bottom within the present County of 
Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair 
County, about the site of the present town of 
0"Fallou, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected 
by his neiglibors to serve as Captain in their 
skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home 
in St. Clair County, in February, 1831. Captain 
Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- 
vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in 
Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. — 
Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native 
of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois 
with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in 
the AVar of 1813. He served as a Representative 
from St. Clair County in the Third General 
Assembly (1833), and again in the Seventh 
(1830), In the former being an opponent of the 
pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two 
terms in the Legislature he seems to have held 
no public office except that of Justice of the 
Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- 
dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 73 
years. 

OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of 
counties of the State and originally a part of Jo 
Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, 
and Lee County was carved from its territory in 



408 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and 
its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk 
"War immigration was slow, and life primitive. 
Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain 
was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded 
with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. 
Rock River flows across the coimty from north- 
east to southwest. A little oak timber grows 
along its banks, but, generally sijeaking. the sur- 
face is xmdulating prairie, with soil of a rich 
loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the 
limestones abound. An e.xtensive peat-bed has 
been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, 
the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other 
principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and 
Jlount Morris. 

OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and 
United States Senator, was born in Oldham 
Coimty, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the 
age of 8 j'ears; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to 
Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at 
farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting 
his leisure hours to the study of law. In 184.5 he 
was admitted to the bar and began practice at 
Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was 
commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- 
ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- 
ment), and served through the Mexican War, 
taking part in tlie siege of Vera Cruz and the 
battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a 
course of stu<ly at the Louisville Law School, 
graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in 
California, but returned to Decatur in 18.')1. In 
1858 he made an imsuccessful campaign for Con- 
gress in the Decatur District. In 18G0 he was 
elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 
resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the 
Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry 
(notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at 
Corinth) he rose to be MajorGeneral, being se- 
verelj' woundetl in the last-named battle. He 
resigned his commission on account of disability, 
in May, 1864, and the following November was 
elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he 
was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after 
his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the 
United States Senate, to which he was elected 
by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was 
elected Governor for the third time— being the 
only man in the history of the State who (up to 
the present time — 1899) has been thus honored. 
After the expiration of his last term as Governor. 
he devoted his attention to his private affairs at 
his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he 
died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal 



and political friends in all parts of the Union, 
who admired his strict integrity and sterling 
patriotism. 

OHIO, INUIAXA & WESTERN RAILWAY. 
(See Peoria <£• Eastern Railroad.) 

OHIO RITER, an affluent of the Mississippi, 
formed by the union of the Monongahela and 
Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point 
it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards 
wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above 
.sea-level. The l)eauty of the scenery along its 
banks secured for it, from the early French 
explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name 
of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to 
the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- 
ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, 
Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- 
ern boundarj- of West Virginia and Kentucky, 
until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 
37"^ N., anil alxiut 1.200 miles above the mouth of 
the latter stream. Tlie area which it drains is 
computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth 
is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current 
is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near 
Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- 
two feet within two miles, which is evaded by 
means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- 
boats can navigate its whole length, except in low 
stages of water and when closed bj- ice in winter. 
Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- 
berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and 
the (ireen Rivers, from tlie south, and the Wa- 
bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the 
north. Tlie principal cities on its banks are Pitts- 
burg, Wheeling. Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- 
ville. New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is 
crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and 
Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a 
variation of forty-two to fifty one feet between 
high and low water. Its length is 97,') miles, and 
its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See 
Itimidation.1, Remarkahlc.) 

OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- 
timore <i Ohio Southwestern Railroad.) 

OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- 
seat of Richland County. 31 miles west of Vin- 
cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., 
at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois 
Central and tlie Ohio River Division of the Cin- 
cinnati. Haniilton i^ Dayton Railroad; is in the 
center of the fruit belt and an important shipping 
point for farm produce and live-stock; has Hour 
mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair 
shops, banks, a public library, churches and five 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



409 



newspapers, one issuing daily and another semi- 
weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831 ; (1900), 
4,360. 

OMELVENY, John, pioneer and head of a 
numerous family which became prominent in 
Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who 
came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- 
ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi- 
nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope 
County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had 
preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for 
a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, 
carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 
from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet 
Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph 
County, where he served as a member of the 
County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a 
member of the Second General Assembly from 
Union County, having successfully contested the 
seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the 
certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edirard 
(Omelveny), another member of this family, and 
grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented 
Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 
1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. — 
Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- 
liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born 
in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern 
IlUnois, in 18.52, and engaged in the practice of 
law, being for a time the partner of Senator 
Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 18.58 he 
was elected a Justice of the Circuit Covu-t to 
succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to 
the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He 
gained considerable notoriety by his intense 
hostility to the policy of the Government during 
the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a 
member of the Peace Commission proposed to be 
appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to 
secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- 
federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the 
peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863'. 
In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, 
Cal., which has since been his home, and where 
he has carried on a lucrative law practice. 

ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west 
from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from 
Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, 
wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being 
among the products. It has a bank, eight 
churches, a graded school, a commercial college, 



and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,370. 

OJfEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 13 miles 
northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and 
furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, 
several clmrches, a graded school, and a weekly 
paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, 
where coal is mined about twenty feet below the 
surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. 

OQUAWKA, the count}- seat of Henderson 
County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 
15 miles above Burlington Iowa, and 32 miles 
west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, 
but has some manufactories. The town has 
five churches, a graded school, a bank and three 
newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010. 

ORDINANCE OP 1787. This is the name 
given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, 
for the government of the territory northwest of 
tlie Ohio River, comprising the present States of 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 
The first step in this direction was taken in the 
appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a 
committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- 
man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- 
ment of the region which had been acquired, by 
the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers 
Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity 
for some step of this sort had grown all the more 
urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the 
right of the United States to this region by the 
Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- 
ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on 
account of Clark's conquest under her auspices — ■ 
a right which she had exercised by furnishing 
whatever semblance of government so far existed 
northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted 
from Jefferson's committee proposed the division 
of the Territory into seven States, to which was 
added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there 
shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- 
ment of crime whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, 
however. Congress contenting itself with the 
passage of a resolution providing for future 
organization of this territory into States by the 
people — the measures necessary for temporary 
government being left to future Congressional 
action. While the postponement, in the reso- 
lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- 
bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been 
criticised, its introduction was significant, as 
coming from a representative from a slave State, 



410 



UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and being the first proposition in Congress look- 
ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject 
of sliivery. Congress having taken no further 
step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the 
condition of the country (thus left [jractieally 
without a responsible government, while increas- 
ing in population) became constantly more 
deplorable. An appeal from the people about 
Kaskaskia for some better form of government, 
in 1780, aided by the influence of the newly 
organized "Ohio Company,'" who desired to en- 
courage emigration to the lands which they were 
planning to secure from the General (iovernment, 
at last brought about tlie desired result, in tlie 
passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th 
day of July, 1787. While making provision for a 
mode of temporary self-government by the 
people, its most striking features are to be found 
in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — 
with which the document cjoses. These.»assert : 
(1) the right of freedom of worsiiip and religious 
opinion ; (2) the right to the Ijenefit of habeas 
corj'itx and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- 
sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- 
erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, 
being necessary to good government and the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall forever be encouraged"; (4) that 
the States, forme<l within the territory referred 
to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- 
acj' of the United States of .\merica. subject to 
the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- 
ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; 
(5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be 
formed therein and the conditions of their admis- 
sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant 
of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the 
introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- 
tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any 
qualification as to time. There lias been consider- 
able controversy regarding the authorship of this 
portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not 
necessary to enter here. While it has been char- 
acterized as a second and advanced Declaration 
of Independence — and probably no single act of 
Congress was ever fraught with more important 
and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable 
that a majority of the States supporting it and 
securing its adoption, were then, and long con- 
tinued to lie, slave States. 

OHEJiOX, the county-seat of Ogle County, 
situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis 
Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
road. 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- 
rounding region is agricultural; the town has 



water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel 
tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has 
two banks, water-works supplied by flowing 
artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weeklv news- 
papers ; has aLso obtained some repute as a summer 
resort. Pop.(1880),l,0S8; (1890), 1,.5C6; (1900),!.. 577. 

ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- 
section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago 
Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock 
Island it Pacific Railways. 19 miles southea.st of 
Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 024; (1900), r)84. 

OSItOKX, AVilliam Henry, Railway President, 
was Ixirn at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After 
receiving a high school education in his native 
town, he entered the counting room of the East 
India house of Peele. Ilubbell & Co. ; was subse- 
quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, 
finally engaging in business on liis own account, 
during wliich he traveled extensively in Europe. 
Returning to the United States in 1853, he took 
up his residence in New York, and, having mar- 
ried the daughter of Jonathan Stiirges, one of the 
original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroail, he soon after became a.sso- 
ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he 
was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on 
Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving 
in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 
11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all, 
twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- 
nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. 
Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises 
of an educational and tenevolent character in aid 
of the unfortunate classes in the State of New 
York. 

OSItORX, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, 
was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 
1832; graduated fiom the Ohio University at 
Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville. 
Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, w;us admitted to 
the bar and began practice iu Chicago. Early in 
the war for the Union he joined the "Yates 
Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of 
the (juota being full, was mustered into the serv- 
ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois 
Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- 
missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion 
to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment 
being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio 
Riiilroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall 
Jackson, and took part in many important en- 
gagements, incluiling the battles of Winchester, 
Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides 
the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At 
Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



411 



■wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He 
bore a conspicuous part in the operations about 
Richmond which resulted in the capture of the 
rebel capital, his services being recognized by 
promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. 
At the close of the war he returned to the prac- 
tice of law in Chicago, but, in 18T4, was appointed 
Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the 
Argentine Republic, remaining in that position 
until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his 
residence in Chicago. 

OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the 
Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of 
Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), G18. 

OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city 
of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- 
lage in 1838, and, as a citj', in 1853. It is located 
at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers 
and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the 
intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of 
Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. 
Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of 
glass is found in the vicinity and the place has 
«xtensive glass works. Other manufactured 
products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- 
roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons 
and carriages, agricultural implements, hay 
carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet 
work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city 
has some handsome public buildings including 
the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House 
for the Northern Division. It also has several 
public parks, one of which (South Park) contains 
a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches 
and numerous public school bviildings. including 
a high school. The city is lighted by gas and 
electricity, has electric street railways, good 
sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 
150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. 
It has one private and two national banks, five 
libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three 
German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. 
(1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. 

OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY 
RAILROAD. (See Chicacjo, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad.) 

OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, 
to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See 
Sacs and Foxes. ) 

OWEN, Thomas J. V., early legislator and 
Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 



1801 ; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 
1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- 
bly from Randolph County; the following year 
was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- 
cessor to Dr. Alexander "Wolcott, who had died in 
the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as 
Indian Agent imtil 1833; was a member of the 
first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- 
cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of 
the Government Commissioners who conducted 
the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other 
tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. 
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. 

PADDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa- 
chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he 
entered the Colonial Army, serving until the 
close of the Revolutionary War, and being in 
"Washington's command at the crossing of the 
Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- 
mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a 
year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- 
ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he 
located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- 
wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which 
became one of the most prosperous agricultural 
sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. 

PAIXE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., .soldier, was born in 
Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; 
graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 
1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, 
serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, 
Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced 
at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 
111., (1848-Gl), meanwhile serving in the lower 
branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly 
(18.53-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been 
Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- 
Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, 
became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). 
He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in 
April, 1861, and served through the war, being 
promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. 
The first duty performed by his regiment, after 
this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., 
where he was in command. Later, it took part 
in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 
the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, 
and also in the various engagements in Northern 
Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From 
November, 1863, to May, 1864, General Paine was 
guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, 
and, during a part of 1864, in command of the 
Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, 
April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 



412 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1882. A sturdy Union man, he i>erformed his 
duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiencj'. 

PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the 
Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 
ern Railroad, 2G miles northwest from Chicago. 
There are flour and planing mills here; dairying 
and farming are leading industries of the sur- 
rounding country. Population (1880), 731 ; (1890), 
891; (ISriO). 1.020. 

PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 
2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of 
Rol)inson. and 3.5 miles southwest of Terre Haute, 
on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, 
a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour 
mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment 
factory, and municipal light and power plant. 
Pop. (1S90), 732; (1900), 979. 

PALMER, Frank W., journalist, e.x-Congress- 
man and Public Printer, was l)orn at Mancliester, 
Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1S27; learned the 
printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards 
edited "The Jamestown Journal," and sert-ed 
two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 18.58 
removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The 
Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, 
and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having 
purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he 
edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to 
Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," 
remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- 
master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. 
Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, 
in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- 
ing in oflice until the acce.ssion of President Cleve- 
land in 1803, when he returned to newspaper work, 
but resumed his old place at the head of the 
Government Printing Hureau after the inaugura- 
tion of President McKinley in 1897. 

PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and 
United States Senator, was born in Scott County, 
Kj-. , Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to 
Madison County, 111., in 1831, and. four years 
later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 
as a student ; later taught and studied law, being 
admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was 
elected Probate Judge of ^lacoujiin County, also 
served in the State Con.stitutioual Convention of 
1847; after discharging the duties of Probate and 
County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to 
fill a vacancy, in 18.52, and re-elected in 18.54, as 
an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting liis vote for 
Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 
18.55, but resigned his seat in 185G; was President 
of the first Rei)ublican State Convention, held at 
Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a 



delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- 
phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
in 1839, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the 
Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of 
the National Peace Conference of 18C1 ; entered 
the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- 
dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in 
the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, 
a.ssuming the command of the Fourteenth Army 
Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was 
relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 
1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to 
command of the Militarj- Department of Ken- 
tuck}-, but, in September, 1866, retired from the 
service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- 
field. The following j-ear he was elected Gov- 
ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported 
Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- 
operated with the Democratic party. He was 
three times the unsucce-ssful candidate of his 
party for United States Senator, and was their 
nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 
1890 he was nominated for United States Senator 
by the Democratic State Convention and elected 
in joint .^e.ssion of the Legislature. March 11, 1891, 
receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and 
two Farmers' Mutual .Vlliance votes. He became 
an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as 
candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for 
President, although receiving no electoral votes, 
proving his devotion to principle. His la.st years 
■were occupied in preparation of a volume of 
personal recollections, which was completed, 
under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life." 
a few weeks before his death, which occurred at 
his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. 

PALMER, Potter, mercliant and capitalist, 
was born in Albiiiiy County. N. Y., in 1825; 
received an English education and became a 
junior clerk in a country store at Durham, 
Greene County, in that State, three years later 
being placed in charge of the business, and finally 
engaging in business on his own account. Com- 
ing to Chicago in 18.52, he embarked in the dry- 
goods business on Lake Street, establishing the 
house which afterwards became Field. Leiter & 
C9. (now Marshall Field & Co.). from which here- 
tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, 
which has since been immen.sely increa.sed by 
fortunate operations in real estate. Jlr. Palmer 
was Second Vice-President of the first Board of 
Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Hoiiore (Palmeri. 
wife of the preceding, is the daughter of II. H. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



413 



Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner 
and operator of Chicago. Slie is a native of 
Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly 
spent, though she was educated at a convent near 
Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family 
to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter 
Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized 
leader in many social and benevolent movements, 
but won the highest praise by her ability and 
administrative skill, exhibited as President of the 
Board of Lady Managers of the Worlds Colum- 
bian Exposition of 1893. 

PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on 
the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago 
& St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from 
Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank 
and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. 

PAN A, an important railway center and prin- 
cipal city of Christian County, situated in the 
southeastern part of the Count}', and at the inter- 
secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, 
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 
miles south by west from Decatur, and 43 miles 
southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- 
ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its 
mechanical establishments include two flouring 
mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two 
planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in 
coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has 
banks, several churches, graded schools, and 
three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. 
Population (1890), 5,077; (1000), 5,530. 

PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN 
RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio Soufh- 
irestern Railroad.) 

PARIS, a handsome and flourisliing city, the 
county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important 
railway center, situated on the "Big Four'' and 
the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Cliicago, 
and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in 
the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural 
region, and lias a prosperous trade. Its industries 
include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and 
planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product 
factories. The city has three banks, three daily 
and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten 
churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996; 
(1900), 6,105. 

PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre 
Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 

PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See 
Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 

PARKS, Gavion D. A., lawyer, was born at 
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; 



went to New York City in 1838, where he com- 
pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the 
bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here 
he successively edited a paper, served as Master 
in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County 
Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, 
acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rocji 
Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago 
& Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the 
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
ville; was elected Representative in 1852, became 
a Republican and served on the first Republican 
State Central Committee (1856) ; the same year 
was elected to the State Senate, and was a 
Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. 
In 1873 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- 
lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and 
afterwards acted with the Democratic party. 
Died, Dec. 28, 1895. 

PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at 
Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the 
printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came 
to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- 
lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his 
interest a few years later. Then, having offi- 
ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some 
years, in 1854 he again became associated with 
"The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at 
Alton, :March 31, 1875. 

PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- 
consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- 
lation (1880), 4.57; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340. 

PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and 
Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army 
of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden 
County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents 
to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- 
hood on a farm, receiving his education in the 
district school, with four terms in a high school 
at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter 
district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 
enlisted in what became Company C of the 
Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being 
mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at 
Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to 
tlie Army of the Cumberland, he participated 
with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the 
Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin 
and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the 
fact that he never fell out on the march, took 
medicine from a doctor or was absent from his 
regiment during its term of service, except for 
four months while recovering from a gun-shot 



iU 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



wound received at Chickamauga. He was pro- 
moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, 
and commissioned Second Lieutenant of liis old 
comi^any, of which his father was First Lieuten- 
ant for six uiontlis and until forced to resign on 
account of impaired liealth. Receiving his final 
discharge, June 28, 18C5, he returned to the farm, 
where he remained until 18G9, in the meantin)e 
being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 18G6, 
and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was 
elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the 
Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in 
January of the latter year, purchased an interest 
in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he 
remainetl associated some fifteen years, at first as 
the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his 
younger brotlier, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he 
was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster 
at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was 
elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive 
elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, 
Thirty -sixth and Thirty -seventh General Assem- 
blies, being frecjuently called upon to occupy tlie 
Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long 
Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a 
leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he 
was called to the service of the Republican State 
Central Committee (of which he had previously 
been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- 
tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until 
the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the 
secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign 
of 1892 he was a.ssociated with the late William 
J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of tlie 
Republican National Committee, and was en- 
trusted by him with many important and confi- 
dential missions. Without solicitation on his 
part, in 1894 lie was again called to assume the 
secretaryship of the Republican State Central 
Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- 
ential part in winning the brilliant success 
achieved by the party in the campaign of that 
j-ear. From 1803 to ISO.'J he served as Mayor of 
Waukegan; in 1S9G became Assistant .Vdjulant- 
General of the Grand Armj- of the Republic for 
the Department of Illinois — a position which he 
held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, 
and to which he has been re-appointed by succes- 
sive Department Commanders up to the present 
time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various 
public positions held bj' him, has given him an 
acquaintance extending to every county in the 
State. 

PATOK.V, a village of Marion County, on the 
Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 



15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and 
saw mills here; the surrounding country is agri- 
cultural Population (1S90), .")02; (1900), G40. 

P.VTTEKSO>, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman, was born in Blount County. Tenn., 
Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with 
his parents in 1822, his father dying two years 
later; at 18 had had only nine months" schooling, 
but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a 
year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as 
tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years 
more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago 
and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the 
Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which 
he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 
18.50 he received a call to the chair of Didactic 
Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. 
Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was .a 
similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- 
ship in 1873, he was. for several years, Professor of 
Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological 
Seminary of the Northwest; in 1876-78 served as 
President of Lake Forest University (of which he 
was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as 
lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He 
received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- 
lege, N. Y., in 18.'i4, that of LL.D. from Lake 
Forest University, and was Moderator of the 
Presbyterian General As.sembly (N. S. ) at Wil- 
mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., 
Feb. 24, 1894. 

P.iVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State 
-Vuditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, 
Nov. 8, 1835; removed to Illinois in 18.59, settling 
in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, 
followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- 
raiser. In Augu.st, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- 
eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and 
became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was 
severelv wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain 
and, having been captured, was confined in Libby 
Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville. 
Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring 
great hardship and suffering. Having been 
exchanged, he served to the close of the war as 
Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- 
eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate 
to the Republican National Convention of 1880, 
which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- 
dency, and was one of the famous "30G" who 
stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1883 
he was appointed by President Arthur Collector 
of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, 
and, in 1888, was nominated and electe<l State 
Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



415 



feated for re-election in tlie "land-slide" of 1892. 
General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. " 
councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- 
Comniander for the Department of Illinois in 

1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 

1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the 
National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the 
railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 lie received from 
President JIcKinley the appointment of Special 
Agent of the Treasury Department. His home 
is at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County. 

PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at 
the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee 
Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town 
has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 
595; (1903, est.), 1,000. 

PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- 
mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn 
(9 miles), where it forms a junction witli the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad. Tlie companj- was 
organized and procured a charter in December, 
1888, and the road completed the following year. 
The cost was §101,774. Capital stock authorized, 
§100,000; funded debt (1895), §.50,000. 

PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the 
junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwe.st of 
Earlville. The town is in a farming region, hut 
has a bank and one weekly paper. Population 
(1890), 63.5; (1900), 765. 

PAXTON, the county-.seat of Ford County, is 
situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- 
sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & 
Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from 
Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It 
contains a court liouse, two schools, water-works, 
electric light and water-heating system, two 
banks, nine cliurclies, and one dailj' newspaper. 
It is an important shiijping-point for the farm 
products of the surrounding territory, which is a 
rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile 
works and flour mills, factories for the manu- 
facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, 
brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 
2,187; (1900), 3,036. 

PAYSON, a village in Adams County, 15 miles 
southeast of Quincy ; tlie nearest railroad station 
being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana 
Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 
465. 

PATSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 
1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and. after 
passing through the common schools, attended 



Lombard Universit)', at Galesburg, for two years. 
He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1863, 
and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. 
From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston 
County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented 
his District in Congress, being elected as a 
Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his 
Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since 
retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro- 
fession in Washington, D. C. 

PE.VBODT, Selini Hobart, educator, was born 
in Rockiugliam County, Vt., August 20, 1829; 
after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a 
Boston Latin School, then engaged in various 
occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when 
he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- 
ing third in his class in 1852 ; was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the 
Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, 
remaining three years, when he spent five years 
in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of 
Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was 
teacher of physical science in Chicago High 
School, also conducting night schools for work- 
ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and 
Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 
1874; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- 
emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois 
Industrial University (now University of Illinois), 
at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical 
Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but 
resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody 
was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, 
and, on the expiration of his service there, 
assumed the position of Curator of the newly 
organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from 
which he retired some two j'ears later. 

PEARL, a village of Pike Countj% on the Kan- 
sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 
928; (liiOO), 722. 

PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was 
born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed 
to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and 
has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and 
banking business. He was a member of the lower 
house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in 
the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the 
expiration of his term in the latter, was elected 
Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 
1888. In 1893 he was a candidate for re-election. 



416 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



but was defeated, although, next to Governor 
Fifer, lie received the largest vote cast for any 
candidate for a political office on the Republican 
State ticket. 

PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware- 
house Commissioner, l)orn at Newlmryixjrt, 
Mass., in 18:i2— the son of a ship-carpenter; was 
educated in his native State and came to Illinois 
in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he 
was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of 
agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- 
pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- 
house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 
was elected Representative in the Thirty-first 
General Assembly from JIadison County, and 
was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and "82. He 
was appointed a member of the first Board of 
Live-Stock Commissioners in 188.5. .serving until 
1893, for a considerable portion of the time as 
President of the Board. Jlr. Pearson is a life- 
long Republican and prominent member of the 
^Masonic fraternity. His present home is at 
Godfrey. 

PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.l)., real-estate oper- 
ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt.. 
April 14, 1820; began teaching at 16 years of age, 
and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a 
two years' course. He then studied medicine, 
and, after practicing a short time in his native 
State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he 
remained from 1843 to 18.57. The latter year he 
came to Ogle County. 111., and began operating 
in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- 
ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this 
line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber 
lands in Jlichigan, is a Director in the Chicago 
Cit}' Railway Company and American Exchange 
Bank, besides being interested in other financial 
institutions. He has been one of the most liberal 
supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and 
a princely contributor to various benevolent and 
educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in 
ditferent parts of the country, aggregating over a 
million dollars. 

PECATO.MCA, a town in Pecatonica Townsliip, 
Winnebago Count}', on the Pecatonica River. It 
is on the Chicago & Northwe.stern Railway, mid- 
way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14 
miles from each. It contains a carriage factory, 
machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, 
six churclies, a graded school, and a weeklj' news- 
paper. Pop. (1890), l.O.W; (1900), 1,045. 

FECATOXICA RIVER, a stream formed by the 
confluence of two branches, both of wliich rise 
in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north 



of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs 
southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, 
until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the 
headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the 
river is about .50 miles. 

PECK, Ebeuezer, early lawyer, was born in 
Portland, Maine, Maj- 22, 1805; received an aca- 
demical education, studied law and was admitted 
to tlie bar in Canada in 1827, He was twice 
elected to the Provincial Parliament and made 
King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835, 
settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate 
(1838-40), and in the House (1840-43 and 1858-00); 
was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), 
Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-68), 
and member of the Constitutional Convention of 
1869 70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal 
friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was 
appointed a member of tlie Court of Claims, at 
Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 
1881. 

PECK, Fordiiiand Wythe, lawyer and finan- 
cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son 
of Pliilip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- 
chant of the metropolis of Illinois; was educated 
in the public schools, the Chicago University 
and Union College of Law. graduating from 
botli of the last named institutions, and being 
admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he 
engaged in practice, but liis father having died in 
1871, the responsibility of caring for a large 
estate devolved upon him and has since occupied 
his time, though lie has given much attention to 
the amelioration of the condition of the poor of 
his native city, and works of practical benevo- 
lence and public interest. He is one of the 
founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been 
President and a member of the Board of Control 
of the Chicago Athenajum, member of the Board 
of Education, President of the Chicago Union 
League, and was an influential factor in securing 
the success of the World's Columbian Exposition 
at Cliicago, in 1893, .serving as First Vice-Presi- 
dent of the Chicago Board of Directors. Chair- 
man of the Finance Committee, and meml>er of 
the Board of Reference and Control. Of late 
years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several 
important building enterprises of a semi-public 
cliaraeter, which have added to the reputation of 
Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- 
change Building and others in which he is a 
leading .stockholder, and in tlie erection of which 
he hiis been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was 
appointed, by President McKinley. the United 
States Commissioner to the International Expo- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



417 



sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late 
Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has 
followed his discharge of the duties of that 
position, has demonstrated the fitness of his 
selection. 

PECK, Georare R., railway attorney, born in 
Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken 
to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his 
father's farm; at 16 became a covmtry school- 
teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from 
debt ; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy 
Artillery, later becoming a Cajitain in the Tliirty- 
first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in 
"Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning liome 
at the close of the war, he began the study of 
law at Janesville, spending six j-ears there as a 
student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- 
tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 
1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independ- 
ence, when he was appointed by President Grant 
United States District Attorney for the Kansas 
District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to 
return to general practice. In 1881 he became 
General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 
1893. In 1895 he resigned liis position with the 
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept 
a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he 
still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the 
most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was 
chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- 
veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake 
Front Park, Chicago ; has also officiated as orator 
on a number of other important public occasions, 
always acquitting himself with distinction. 

PECK, John Slasoii, D.D., clergj'man and edu- 
cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; 
removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where 
he united with the Baptist Church, the same 
year entering on pastoral work, wliile prosecuting 
his studies and supporting himself by teaching. 
In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Auienia, 
N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- 
ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the 
same year. During the next nine years he trav- 
eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as 
an itinerant preacher and teacher, finallj' locating 
at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, where, in 1820, 
he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the 
education of teachers and ministers. Out of this 
grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton 
in 183.1, in securing tlie endowment of which Dr. 
Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- 
lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee 



for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted mvich 
time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- 
ical institution at Covington, Ky. , and, for two 
years following, wasCorre.sponding Secretary and 
Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- 
cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. 
Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- 
eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and 
Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- 
ging industry and thorouglily upright in conduct, 
for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early 
history of the State, probably no man exerted a 
larger influence for good and the advancement 
of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- 
zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Tliou.gh giving 
his attention so constantly to preaching and 
teaching, he found time to write much, not only 
for the various jiublications with which he was, 
from time to time, connected, but also for other 
periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- 
grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared 
in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- 
ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to 
be valued for the information they contain of the 
condition of the country at that time. He w;is 
an industrious collector of historical records in 
the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which 
were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years 
before his death. In 1852 he received the degree 
of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock 
Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. 

PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was 
born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a 
wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by 
indorsing for a friend. After some years spent 
in a mercantile house in New York, he came to 
Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- 
lowing year brought a stock of goods to the 
embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small 
backwoods hamlet — and, by trade and fortunate 
investments in real estate, laid the foundation of 
what afterwards became a large fortune. Ha 
died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident 
occurring about the time of the great fire of two 
weeks previous, from which he was a heavy 
sufi'erer iiecuniarily . Three of his sons, Walter L. , 
Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among 
Chicago's most substantial citizens. 

PEKIX, a flom-ishing city, the county-seat of 
Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- 
ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south 
of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. 
Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- 
pations in the surrounding country, but the city 
itself is an important grain market with large 



418 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



general shipping interests. It has several dis- 
tilleries, besides grain elevators, nialt-liouses, 
brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, 
marble works, plow and wagon works, and a 
factory for corn pro<lucts. Its banking facilities 
are adequate, and its religious and educational 
advantages are excellent. The city has a public 
library, park, steam-heating plant, three daily 
and four weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 
8,420. 

PEKIX, LIXCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. 
(.See Proria, Decatur <£• Erntisrille liaihray.) 

PELL, (Jilbert T., Representative in the Third 
Illinois General Assemblj' (1822) from Edwards 
County, and an opponent of the resolution for a 
State Convention adopted by the Legislature at 
that session, designed to open the door for the 
admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law 
of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders 
in opposition to the Convention .scheme, and very 
naturally sympathized with his fatherin-law. 
He was elected to the Legislature, for a second 
term, in 1828, but subsequently left the .State, 
dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to 
Australia. 

PEXNSYLVASIA RAILROAD. As to oper- 
ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet 
River; Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago; .South 
Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- 
ber of miles o^vned, leased and operated by tlie 
Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,9S7.21. of 
which only 01.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, 
however, a controlling interest in the stock of 
the Toledo, Peoria & AVestern Railway (which 
see). 

PEORIA, the second largest city of the State 
and the county-seat of Peoria County, is 100 miles 
southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- 
sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. 
The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, 
having a water frontage of four miles and extend- 
ing back to a bhiir. which rises 200 feet above the 
river level and about 120 feet above the highest 
point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or 
'79, although, as generally believed, the French 
missionaries had a station there in 1711. There 
was certainly a settlement there as early as 172ri, 
when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- 
teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same 
name as the village. From that date until 1812, 
the place was continuously occupied as a French 
village, and is said to have been the most impor- 
tant point for trading in the Mississii)pi Valley. 
The original village was situated alxnit a mile and 



a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- 
ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name 
of "La Ville de Maillet," froma Frencli Canadian 
who resided in Peoria, from 170.5 to 1801 (the time 
of his death), and wlio commanded a company of 
volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- 
lation of the old town removed to the new site, 
and the present name was given to the place by 
American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who 
were the occupants of the country when it was 
first discovered, but who had followed their cog- 
nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and 
Kask;iskia, about a century before American 
occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is 
estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- 
ings, with a ]X>i)ulation of between 200 and 
300, made up largely of French traders, 
hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable 
admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few- 
Americans. Among the latter were Thomas 
Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser 
of Governor Edwards; Michael Lii Croix, son-in- 
law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of 
Dubuque; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- 
port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; 
William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. 
Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- 
yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half 
the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas 
E. Craig, who had been directeil, by Governor 
Edwards, to jiroceed uj) the river in boats with 
materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same 
time, the Governor himself was at the head of a 
force marching ag;iinst Black Partridge's vil- 
lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- 
munication with Craig, who appears to have 
acted solely on his own responsibility. That the 
latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can 
now be little doubt. He alleged, by waj' of 
excuse, that bis boats had been tired upon from 
the shore, at night, by Indians or others, wlio 
were harbored by the citizens. The testimony 
of the French, however, is to the effect that it 
was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- 
gated by wine which tlio soldiers bail stolen from 
the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those 
who remained after the fire were taken by Craig 
to a point below Alton and put ashore. This 
occurred in the beginning of winter, and the 
people, being left in a destitute condition, were 
subjected to great suffering. A Congressional 
investigation followed, and the French, having 
satisfactorily established the fact that they were 
not hostile, were restored to their i>osses3ions. — In 
1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



419 



was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of 
Col. George Rogers Clark. It bad one (if not 
two) block-bouses, witb magazines and quarters 
for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 
1818, and was soon afterwards burned bj' the 
Indians. Although a trading-post had been 
maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 
1813, there was no attempt made to rebuild the 
town until 1819, when Americans began to 
arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- 
pany was established here by John Hamlin, the 
company having already had, for five years, a 
station at Wesley City, three miles farther down 
the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other 
products, and was the first to introduce keel- 
boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his 
cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he 
made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by 
water, going from the Des Plaiues to Mud Lake, 
and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago 
River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had 
but seven frame houses and twenty-one log 
cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 183.5 
(Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, 
as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale 
being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important 
railway and business center, eleven railroad lines 
concentrating here. It presents many attractive 
features, such as handsome residences, fine views 
of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- 
orate system of parks and drives. An excellent 
school system is liberally supported, and its public 
buildings (national, county and city) are fine and 
costly. Its churches are elegant and well 
attended, the leading denominations being 
Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- 
terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- 
pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. 
It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a 
young and flourishing scientific school affiliated 
with the University of Chicago, and richly en- 
dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia 
Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at 
least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. 
John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- 
lic diocese of Peoria, is ei'ecting a handsome and 
costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a 
school for the higher education of young men. — 
At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- 
tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- 
nois River valley for many miles, the State has 
located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is 
now in process of erection, and is intended to be 
one of the most complete of its kind in the world. 
Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for 



the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 
1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of 
the countr}-. It also has an extensive commerce 
witli Chicago, St. Louis and other important 
cities ; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 
554 manufacturing establishments, representing 
90 different branches of industry, with a capital 
of §15,073,567 and an estimated annual product of 
§55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- 
facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural 
implements, glucose and machine-shop products. 
Its contributions to the internal revenue of the 
country are second only to those of the New York 
district. Population (1870), 33,849; (1880), 29,359; 
(1890), 41, 024; (1900), .56,100. 

PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton 
County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name 
from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region 
when it was first discovered. As first organized, 
it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and 
Cook, with many others in the northern part of 
the State. At that time there were less than 
1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John 
Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return 
from Green Baj' (whither he had accompanied 
William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- 
ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), 
solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- 
ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a 
daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria 
County has been subdivided into thirty counties, 
among them being some of the largest and rich- 
est in the State. The first county officer was 
Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the 
Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 
1835. His commission from Governor Coles was 
dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he 
did not qualify until June 4, following, when he 
took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit 
Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. 
Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the 
first Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court, 
and served in that capacity until entering upon 
his duties as Probate Judge. Tlie first election 
of county officers was held, March 7, 1835, at the 
house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph 
Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- 
missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William 
Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer 
was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election 
of officers took place in 1836. The first court 
house was a log cabin, and the first term of 
the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John 
York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John 
Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 



420 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria 
Count}' is, at present, one of the wealthiest and 
most populous counties in the State. Its soil is 
fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially 
at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city 
(which see) . The area of the county is 615 square 
miles, and its population (1880), 55,3.53; (1890). 
70,378; (19C0), .88.008. 

PEORIA LAKE, an expatsion of the lUinois 
River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria 
County, which it separates from the counties of 
Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles 
long and 2^ miles broad at the widest part. 

PEORIA, ATLAXTA & DECATUR RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Terre Haute <{• reoria Railroml.) 

PEORIA, DECATUR & EVANSVILLE RAIL- 
WAY. The total length of this line, extending 
from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 
miles, all owned by the conipanj', of which 273 
miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, 
southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River — is 
single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. 
Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the 
tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of 
which it is one- fourth owner. Between Hervey 
City and Midland Junction it lias trackage privi 
leges over the line owned jointly by tlie Peoria. 
Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Ilauto & 
Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between MiiUaiui 
Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of 
the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having 
terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The 
rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. — 
(History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur 
& Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- 
dation of several lines built under separate char- 
ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 
chartered in 1867, built in 18('i!)-71. and o|)crated 
the latter year, was leased to the Tt)ledo, Wabash 
& Western Railway, but sold to representatives 
of the bond-holders, on account of default on 
interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, 
Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, 
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from 
Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, 
completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, 
and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- 
cago & Cireat Southern; in Januarj-. 1874, the 
Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, 
and. in 1877. having been sold under foreclosure, 
was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- 
ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands 
of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur 
Railway having acquired a controlling interest 
during the same year, the two lines were con- 



solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatut 
& Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- 
ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was 
consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & 
Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- 
ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois 
Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter 
corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, 
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of 
the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both 
consolidations, however, were set aside by decree 
of tlie United States District Court, in 1876, and 
the partially graded road and franchises of the 
Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, 
to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles 
of the line from Olney to Ne«-ton, were completed 
during the month of September of tliat year, and 
the entire line, from Grayville to Matt(X)n, in 
1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of 
foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
Railway Company, which had already acquired 
the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing 
the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the 
hands of one corporation. A line under the name 
of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in 
Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, 
with the Illinois corporation under the name of 
the latter, and completed from Grayville to 
Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio 
River Railroad — cliartered, in 1809. as the Dan- 
ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- 
structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to 
West Liberty, in 1878-81 : in the latter year was 
changed to standard gauge and completed, in 
1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The .s;ime 
year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
xinder foreclosure, in February, 188(5, and reorgan- 
ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio 
River Railroad ; wivs consolidated with the Peoria, 
Decatur & Evansville Riiilway. in 1893. and used 
as the Chicago Division of that line. The property 
and franchises of the entire line passed into tht 
hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) 
under tlieir management. 

PEORIA, PEKIX & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria ct .87. Loin'.s Rail- 
road of Illinois. ) 

PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a 
short line, 46.7 miles in lengtli. ojierated by the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- 
pan}-. extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 
III. It was incorporated, Feb. 12. 1853, com- 
pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock 
Island in perpetuity. April 14, 1854. tlie annual 
rental being §125,000, The par value of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



421 



capital stock is 51,500,000. Annual dividends of 
8 per cent are guaranteed, pa3'able semi-annu- 
ally. (See Chicago, Mock Island & Pacific 
Railway. ) 

PEORIA & EASTERJf RAILROAD. Of this 
line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total 
length is 350J2 miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois 
— 123 being owned bj' the Company. That por- 
tion within this State extends east from Pekiu to 
the Indiana State line, in addition to which the 
Company has trackage facilities over the line of 
tlie Peoria & Pekiu Union Railway (9 miles) to 
Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is 
single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound 
steel rails and ballasted almost wholly witli 
Kravel. The capital stock is 810,000,000. In 189.5 
it had a bonded debt of 813,603,000 and a floating 
debt of 81,261,130, making a total cajjitalization 
of 824,864,130.— (History.) The original of this 
corporation was tlie Danville, Urbana, Bloonaing- 
ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, 
in Jul)', 1869, with the Indianapolis, Cra.wfords- 
ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation 
taking tlie name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- 
ton & Western — and was opened to Pekiu the 
same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a 
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and 
reorganized as tlie Indiana, Bloomington & 
Western Railway Company. Tlie next change 
occurred in 1881, wlien it was consolidated witli 
an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific 
Raikoad), again undergoing a slight cliange of 
name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- 
ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 
it again got into finaucial straits, was placed in 
charge of a receiver and sold to a reor.ganization 
committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name 
of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- 
pany. The final reorganization, under its present 
name, took place in February, 1890, when it was 
leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. 
(See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway. ) 

PEORIA & HANNIBAL R.ULEOAD. (See 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 

PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 

PEORIA & PEKIN DNION RAILWAY. A line 
connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which 
are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, 
and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, 
Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- 
field Railroads, between the two cities named in 



its title, giving it control of two lines, which are 
used by nearly all the railroads entering both 
cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The 
mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, 
second tracks and sidings increasing the total to 
nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, 
about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The 
total cost of construction was 54,350,987. Its 
total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ- 
ing 81,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of 
82,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal 
amounts (eacli 2,500 sliares) by the Wabash, tlie 
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Cliicago, 
Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- 
panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & 
Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals 
are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and 
tlie Iowa Central Railways. 

PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (,See 
Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of I-llinois.) 

PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest 
from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank 
and a newspaper. Tlie surrounding country is 
agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003. 

PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the 
intersection of the Wabash, Chesapeake & West- 
ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population 
(1890), 360; (1900), 660. 

PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno 
visited the valley of tlie Fox River (of Wisconsin) 
and the country around the great lakes, at various 
times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, 
as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- 
ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which 
was attended bj- fifteen Frenchmen and repre- 
sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at 
which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession 
of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- 
ing region and "all the country southward to the 
sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. 
Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, 
and, for several j-ears, was Commandant in the 
Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was 
intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ- 
ings were not published until 1864, but have 
always been highly prized as authority. 

PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank 
and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890), 
705; (1900), 042. 

PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwe.st quarter 
of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and 
a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized 
as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Oliver 
H. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 



422 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



although nat prairies occupy a considerable por- 
tion, intersijersed with '-post-oak flats." Limestone 
is found in tlie southern, and .sandstone in the 
northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth 
of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at 
several points, easily mined, some of it being of 
a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some 
extent, and the chief agricultural output is 
wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a 
central position and a population of about 1,300. 
Duquoir is tlie largest city. Beaucoup Creek is 
the principal stream, and the county is crossed 
by several lines of railroad. 

TERU, a city iu La Salle County, at the head 
of navigation on tlie Illinois River, which is liere 
spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 
miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- 
tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is 
connected by street cars with La .Salle, one mile 
distanl. which is tlie terminus of tlie Illinois & 
Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- 
mining region, is an important trade center, and 
hasseveral manufacturing estal.lisliments. includ- 
ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid 
factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, 
tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, 
foundries and machine shops. Hour and saw mills, 
clock factory, etc. Two national bank.s, with a 
combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru, 
and one daily and one weekly paper. Population 
(1870), 3,650; (1880), 4,682; (1890), 5,550, (1900) 
6,863. '' 

PESOTUM, a village in Cliaiiipuign County, on 
the Illinois Central liailroad. 5 miles south of 
Tolono. Population (1890). 575. 

PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and 
the county-seat, on tlie Sangamon River, at the 
intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago 
Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest 
of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- 
ville. The town was surveyed and platted by 
Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the .seat of the 
"Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, 
two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches! 
The manufactures include woolen goods, brick 
and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattre.s.ses, and 
canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,342, (1900), 2,807. 

PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist. wa.s born 
in Ma.ssaoliu.S(.tts, gia.luated at Brown Univer- 
sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced 
law in his native State until 1837, when he set- 
tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847. was elected to the 
bench of the Si.xteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, 
and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 18.56. 



PHILLIPS, David L, journalist and politician 
was born where the town of Marion, Williamson 
County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to 
St. Clair County in cluldhood, his father settling 
near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, 
and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church! 
and, after a brief course with the distinguished 
Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years 
later entered the ministry, serving churches in 
Washington and other Southern Illinois counties 
finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro.' 
Though originally a Democrat, his advanced 
views on slavery led to a disagreement with his 
church, and he withdrew; then accepted a posi- 
tion as paymaster in the construction department 
of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being 
transferred to that of Land Agent for tlie South- 
ern section, in this capacity visiting dillerent 
parts of the State from one end of the main line 
to the other. About 18.54 lie became dissociated 
with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- 
zette, " a Democratic paper, which, during his con- 
nection with it (some two years), he made an 
earnest opponent of the ICansas-Nebragka Bill. 
At the Anti-Xebraska E.litorial Convention 
(which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 18.56, lie 
was appointed a member of their State Central 
Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the 
first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- 
ington in May following, where he served as 
^ Ke-Pre.sident for his District, and was nomi- 
nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont 
ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the 
unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress 
in the Southern District, being defeated by John 
A. Logan; was again in the State Convention of 
18G0, and a delegate to the National Convention 
which iiomiuated Abraham Lincoln for President 
the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
United States Marshal for the Southern District 
in 1861, and reappointed in 1865, but resigned 
after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- 
ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of 
"The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining 
this relation until 1878, at intervals performing 
editorial service; also took a prominent part in 
organizing and equipping the One Hundred and 
Ninth Regiment IlUnois Volunteers (sometimes 
called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, 
was one of the committee of citizens sent to 
escort the remains of President Lincoln to 
Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican 
movement at Cincinnati in 1872. but, in 1876. 
was ill line with his former party associates, and 
served iu that year as an unsuccessful candidate 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



423 



for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo- 
sition to William M. Springer, early the following 
year receiving the appointment of Postmaster 
for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. 
Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. 

PHILLIPS, tJeorge S., author, was born at 
Peterborough, England, in January, 1816; gradu- 
ated at Cambridge, and came to the United 
States, engaging in journalism. In 184.5 he 
returned to England, and, for a time, was editor 
of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal 
of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- 
ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, 
and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over 
the nom dc jylume of "January Searle" for "The 
Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor 
of "Tlie New York Sun" for several years. His 
mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an 
asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally Jj'ing at Morris- 
town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the 
author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of 
travel and biography. 

PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and 
jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., 
May 23, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the 
Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and %vas 
admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized 
a company of volunteers, of which he was 
chosen Captain, and which was attached to the 
Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was 
successively advanced to tlie rank of Major, 
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on 
account of disability, in August, 1864, but was 
brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the 
war. His military record was exceptionally 
brilliant He was wounded tliree times at 
Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- 
mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- 
lantry and efficient service. At the termination 
of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and 
engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, 
he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- 
urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he 
was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial 
Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was 
assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of 
the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a 
Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy 
created by the death of Justice John SI. Scholfield, 
his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected 
to succeed himself. Judge Phillips' present term 
will expire in 1906. 

PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in 
Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- 
cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 



1813; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois 
Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois 
as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- 
tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 
1823, when he resigned, being succeeded on the 
bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. 
In 1823 he was a candidate for Governor in the 
interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- 
ment of the State Constitj|tiou, but was defeated 
by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery 
partj-. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave 
Lau-s.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" 
to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is 
said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. 
The date of his death is unknown. 

PIAXKKSHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami 
tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their 
brethren, vmderwent many mutations of orthog- 
raphy, the tribe being referred to, A'ariously, as 
the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs, " tlie "Pi-an-gie-shaws," 
the "Pi-an-qui-shaws, " and the "Py-an-ke- 
shaws. " They were less numerous than the 
Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest 
among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La 
Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, 
their warriors numbered l.'iO. Subsequent to the 
dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) 
occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- 
nois, having villages on the Vermilion and 
Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations 
toward the whites were friendly, the French 
traders having intermarried with women of the 
tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- 
ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little 
difliculty in securing their allegiance to the new 
government which he proclaimed. In the san- 
guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), 
which marked Western history during the years 
immediately succeeding the Revolution, the 
Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- 
petrated upon peaceable colonists, liad so stirred 
the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included 
in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was 
unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The 
Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for j^rotec- 
tion, and the President issued a special procla- 
mation in their behalf. After the cession of the 
last remnant of the Miami territory to the United 
States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- 
vation, and its last remnant finally found a home 
in Indian Territory. (See also 3Iiamis; Weas.) 

"PIASA BIRD," LEGEND OF THE. When 
the French explorers first descended the Upper 
Mississippi River, they found some remarkable 
figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 



4ii 



HISTORICAL ENrYCLOPEDIA OF ILTJXOIS. 



above the site of the present city of Alton, which 
excited tlieir wonder and continued to attract 
interest long after the country was occupied bj- 
the whites. The account given of the discov- 
ery by Marquette, who descended the river from 
the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as 
follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing 
the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for 
their height and length, we saw two monsters 
painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at 
first, and upon wliich the boldest Indian dare not 
gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns 
on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red 
eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat 
like a man's, the body covered with scales, and 
the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of 
the body, passing over the head and down be- 
tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. 
Green, red and black are the colors employed. 
On the whole, these two monsters are so well 
painted that we could not believe any Indian to 
have been the designer, as good painters in 
France would find it hard to do as well. Besides 
this, they are painted so high upon tlie rock that 
it is hard to get conveniently at tliem to paint 
them." As the Indians could give no account of 
the origin of these figures, but had their terror 
even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- 
quette himself, they are supiMjsed to lia\e been 
the work of some prehistoric race occupying the 
country long before the arrival of the aborigines 
whom Martpiette and his companions found in 
Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures 
were intended to represent a creature, part beast 
and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers 
of the inhabitants by swooping down upfin them 
from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is 
said to have olTered himself a victim for his 
people, and when the monster made its a])pear- 
ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, 
discharged their arrows at it, killing it just 
before it reached its prej'. In this manner the 
life of the chief was saved and his people were 
preserved from further depredations; and it was 
to commemorate tliis event that tlie figure of the 
bird was painted on the face of the clilT on whose 
summit the chief stood. This story, told in a 
paper by Mr. John Rus-sell, a pioneer author of 
Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this count rj- 
and in Europe, about the close of the first 
quarter of the present century, as the genuine 
"Legend of the Pia.sa Bird." It is said, however, 
that Mr. Rus,sell. who was a [xipular writer of 
fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely 
from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics 



anil human remains are said, by the late Williann 
McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have 
been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems 
a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when 
pa.ssing the spot, were accustomed lo discliarge 
their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the 
figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this 
celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1!S40 
to 1S4.'), but have since been entirely quarried 
away. 

PIATT COUXTV, organized in 1.S41. consist- 
ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its 
area is 4-10 square miles; population (1900), 17,706. 
The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. 
Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose 
family the county was named, was tlie first 
Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River 
flows centrally through the county from north- 
east to southwest, and several lines of railroad 
afford transportation for its products. Its re- 
sources and the occupation of the people are 
almost wholly agricultural, the surface being 
level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the 
county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. 
Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and 
Bement (l.T.'ii). 

PICKETT, Tlioma>) Johnson, journalist, was 
born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent 
six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family 
removed to Peoria; learned the printer's trade in 
the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- 
tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and 
established "The Republican" (afterwards "The 
Trau.scriiit") ; was a memlier of the Anti-Nebraska 
Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 23, 
18.J6, serving on the Committee on Resfilution.s, 
and being appointed on the State Central Com- 
mittee, which called the first Republican State 
Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- 
ing, and was there appointed a -delegate to the 
National Convention at Philadelphia, which 
nominated (ieneral Fremont for President. 
Later, he published pai>ers at Pekin and Kock 
Island, at the latter place being one of the first to 
name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency; was 
elected State Senator in 1S6(I, and. in 1862. com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth 
Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, 
to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois 
(100-days' men), and sen-ing at Camp Douglas 
during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the 
war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky.. 
published a paper there called "The Feileral 
Union." was appointed Postmaster, and. later. 
Clerk of the United States District Court, and 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



425 



was the Eepublican nominee for Congress, in that 
District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, 
he at different times conducted several papers in 
that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. 
Died, at Ashland. Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. 

PIERSON, David, pioneer banker, was born at 
Cazenovia, N. Y., Julj- 9. 180G; at the age of 13 
removed west with his parents, arriving at St. 
Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- 
tled near CoUinsville, Madison County, 111., where 
the father having died, they removed to the vi- 
cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here 
they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson 
went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- 
mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 
1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- 
ing, still later being engaged in the pork and 
grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- 
ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, 
also engaged in milling, and, in 1803-63, erected 
a woolen factory, which was destroyeil by an 
incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery 
Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on 
the organization of that party in 1856, served for 
a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a 
delegate to the National Republican Convention 
at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- 
date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- 
ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and 
unswerving jiatriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous 
in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal 
contributors to the establishment of the Langston 
School for the Education of Freed men at Holly 
Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at 
Carrollton, May 8, 1891.— Oman (Pierson), a son 
of the subject of this sketch, was a member of 
the Thirty-second General Assembly (1881) from 
Greene Count}-, and is present cashier of the 
Greene Count.y National Bank at Carrollton. 

PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born 
about 1798; served as an itinerant Methodist 
preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 
and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jerse)-- 
ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- 
tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a 
candidate for the State Senate against Thomas 
Carlin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. 
Louis in 18."i8, and died there in 1874. 

PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western por- 
tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and 
Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square 
miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. 
Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came 
about 1820, and. in 1821, the county was organ- 
ized, at first embracing all the country north and 



west of the Illinois River, including the present 
county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally 
organized abovit one fourth of the counties of the 
State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun 
County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of 
justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to 
Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in 
sonie portions is hilly, and diversified with prai- 
ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals 
and hay are the staple products, while coal and 
Niagara limestone are found in abundance. 
Population (1890), 31,000; (ISOO), 31,595. 

PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and 
judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 
1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, 
began farming in Livingston County. He began 
the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to 
the bar. commenced practice at Pontiac. He 
represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in. 
1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth 
Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and 
again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of 
the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 
and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot 
received from strikers on the line of the Chicago 
& Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting 
in his being permanently disabled physically, in 
consequence of which he declined a re-election to 
the bench in 1891. 

PINCKNEYVILLE, a city and the county-seat 
of Perry County, situated at the intersection of 
the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the 
Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles 
west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is 
carried on in the immediate vicinity, and fiour, 
carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among 
the manufactured pmdiicts. Pinckneyville has 
two banks — one of which is national — two weekly 
newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high 
school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; 
(1900), 2,357. 

PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & 
ST. L(»UIS R.^ILR(>AD, one of the Pennsyl- 
vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of 
road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the 
remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 
miles. The Compan}' is the outgrowth of a con- 
solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & 
St. Louis Railway with the Chicago, St. Louis & 
Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the 
Jeffersonville. Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. 
The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls 
the entire line through ownership of stock. 
Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601; 



12C, 



IIISTOKK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA UF ILLINOIS. 



funded debt. $48,433,000: floating debt, §2.214.703 
—total capital S'JS. 000,584. — (History.) The 
Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- 
bracing the Illinois division of thi.s line, was made 
up of various corporations organized under tlie 
laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- 
nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern 
Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of 
the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered 
in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern li^vilway 
of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line 
(organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- 
port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- 
dated line was lea.sed to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati 
& St. Louis Railway Company, and operated 
under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & 
Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and 
Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under 
the present name, in 1890. (See Penytsylvania 
Railroad.) 

I'lTTSm R(i, FOKT WAY.VE & (HIC.^CJO 
KAILROAI). (See Pittdmrg. Fort ]Vayi,c d- Chi- 
cayii Hailiray.) 

PITTSBURG, FORT WAY>E ic CHICAGO 
RAILWAY, the total length of this line is 
nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles 
arc within Illinois. It was operated b}' the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Comjjany as lessee. The entire 
capitalization in 1898 was §52,549,990; and the 
earnings in Illinois. §472.228. — (History.) The 
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the 
result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the 
Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and 
the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, 
under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & 
Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through 
its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under 
foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present 
title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 
1869. (See l^i'misylvania Hailrnail.) 

PITTSFIELD, the county-seat of Pike County, 
situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the 
Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of 
Quinoy, and about the same distance south of 
west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings 
include a hand.some court house and graded and 
high school buildings. The city has an electric 
light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a 
National and a State bank, nine churches, and 
four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1800), 2,295; 
(1900). 2.293. 

PLAIXFIELD, a village of Will County, on the 
Elgin. Joliet & Ea.stern Railroad and an interur- 
ban electric line. 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is 



in a dairying section; has a bank and one news- 
paper. Pop. (1890). 852; (190(1). 920. 

PL.VXO, a city in Kemlall County, situated 
near the Fo.x River, and on the Chicago. Purling- 
ton & Quincy Railroad. 14 miles west-southwest 
of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- 
cultural implements and bedsteads. The cit}- has 
banks, several churches, graded and high schools, 
and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; 
(1900). 1,634; (1903, e.st.), 2,250. 

PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon 
County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio 
S. W. Railroad. 16 miles uortliwest of Spring- 
field; in rich farming region; lias coal-shaft, 
bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. 
Population (1890), 518; (1900). 575. 

PLEASANTS, George Washiugtoii, jurist, was 
born in Harrod.sburg. Ky.. Nov. 24, 1823; received 
a cla.s.sical education at Williams College. Mass., 
graduating in 1842 ; studied law in New York 
City, and was admitted to tlie bar at Rochester, 
N. Y.. in 1845, establishing himself in i)ractice at 
Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 
1849, In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, 
and, after residing there two 3-ears, came to Illi- 
nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since 
been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a 
Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion which met at Springfield in January follow- 
ing, and, in 1807. was chosen Judge for the Sixth 
(now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by 
successive re elections until June. 1897, retiring 
at the close of his fifth term— a record for length 
of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- 
tory of the State. The hist twenty years of this 
period were spent on the Appellate bench. For 
several years past Judge Pleasants has been a 
sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- 
ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a 
judicial officer and a man, liis reputation stands 
among the highest. 

PLUMB, Ralph, .soldier and ex-Congressman, 
was born in Chautawiua County, N. Y., March 29, 
1810. After leaving school he became a mer- 
chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for 
eighteen yejirs. From New York he removed to 
Ohio, where he was elected a member of the 
Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. 
During the Civil War he served four years in the 
Union army as Captain aiul Quartermaster, being 
brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He 
made his home at Streator, where he was elected 
Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- 
mining and has lieen connected with several 
important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



427 



represented the Eighth Ilhnois District in Con- 
gress, after which he retired to private life. 

PLTMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on 
the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 
miles northeast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich 
farming district; has two banks, electric lights, 
water- works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 854. 

POINTE DE SAIBLE, Je.in Baptiste, a negio 
and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first 
settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. 
He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, 
but is described by his contemporaries as "well 
educated and handsome," though dissipated. He 
appears to have been at the present site of Chi- 
cago as early as 1794, his house being located on 
the north side near the junction of the North and 
South branches of the Chicago River, where he 
carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. 
About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French 
trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman 
of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died 
soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed 
owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- 
ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated 
with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, 
before the latter came to Chicago. 

POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection 
of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- 
port and 12 miles north of Dixon. The 
surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and 
stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for 
large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural 
implements (including harvesters) and buggies 
are manufactured here. The city has banks, one 
weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven 
churches, a graded public and high school, and a 
public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. 

P0NTL4C, an Ottawa chief, born on the 
Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While jet 
a young man he became the principal Chief of 
the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatoraies. 
He was always a firm ally of the French, to 
whose interests he was devotedly attached, 
defending them at Detroit against an attack of 
the Northern tribes, and (it is generallj- believed) 
leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. 
He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the 
French and Indian War, although at first strongly 
disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, 
the British officer sent to take possession of the 
western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries 
to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to 
unite in a league for the extermination of the 
English. His proposals were favorably received, 



and thus was organized what is commonly 
spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He 
himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. 
The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- 
tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac 
thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable 
to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian 
settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and 
besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finallj' a 
boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed 
at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made 
an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a 
desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three 
months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, 
where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another 
movement. Although Detroit had not been 
taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. 
Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, 
besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. 
The garrisons at all these points were massacred 
and innumerable outrages j^erpetrated elsewhere. 
Additional British troops were sent west, and 
the Indians finally brought under control. 
Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was 
signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained 
implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in 
heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in 
purpose, he applied to the former (and last) 
French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. 
Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-oi)eration 
and support in another raid against the British. 
Being refused aid or countenance, according to a 
story long popularly received, he returned to the 
vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- 
dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of 
a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several 
volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- 
ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- 
breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, 
asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an 
impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- 
nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, 
in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near 
the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it 
is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian 
trader, of the truth of this last storj', that he 
caused a monument, which he had erected over 
the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. 
Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring 
at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, 
resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the 
tragedy of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' (See Starved Rock. ) 
POA'TIAC, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Livingston County. It stands on the 
bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 



428 



IIISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of intersection of the Chicaffo & Alton, the 
Wabash and the Illinois Central Rai!roaJs. It is 
33 miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 
93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- 
rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- 
raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four hanks 
and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily 
editions), numerous churclies and good soliools. 
Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, 
among tlie principal establishments being flour- 
ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and 
candy factories and a foundry. The State Re- 
formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. 
Pop. (1890), 3,784; (1800), 4,266. 

POOL, Orvnl, merchant and banker, was born 
in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, 111., 
Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Sliawneetown from seven 
years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's 
trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods 
business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- 
way becoming his partners in 1846. In 18.'30 he 
retired from tlie dry goods trade and became an 
extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. 
In 1871 he established the Gallatin County 
National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- 
dent. Died, June 30, 1871. 

POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, 
librarian and historical writer, was born at 
Salem, Ma.ss. , Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale 
College in 1849, and, at the clo.se of his sophomore 
year, was appointed a.ssistant librarian of his col- 
lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- 
umes. Here he prepared and published the first 
edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical 
Literature." A second and enlarged addition 
was published in 1853, and secured for its author 
wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 18."i2 
he was made Librarian of the Boston Slercantile 
Library, and, from 18.')0to 1809, had charge of the 
Boston Atlien;viim, then one of the largest li- 
braries in the United States, which he relintiuislied 
to engage in expert library work. He organized 
libraries in several New England cities and 
towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and 
the Cincinnati Public Library, finally bec-oming 
Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 
1873, he as.sumed cliarge of the Chicago Public 
Library, tlien Iwing organized, and, in 1^87, 
became Librarian of the Newberry Library, 
organizing this institution and remaining at its 
head until his death, which occurred. March 1, 
1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him 
by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. 
Poole took a prominent part in the organization 
of library associations, and was one of the Vice- 



Presidents of the International Conference of 
Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice 
was much sought in relation to library architec- 
ture and management. He wrote much on topics 
connected with his profession and on historical 
subjects, frequently contributing to "The North 
.American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- 
ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl." and was 
later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He 
was Presiilent of tlie American Historical Society 
and member of State Historical Societies and of 
otlier kindred a.s,sociations. 

POPE, .Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of 
Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born 
at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high 
honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- 
ton, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John 
Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, 
later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, JIo. In 
1808 he became a re.sident of Kaskaskia and, the 
next year, was appointed the first Territorial 
Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was 
strong and profound and his intellect quick and 
far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained 
and {liscijjlined by study. In 1816 he was elected 
a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved 
himself, not only devoted to the interests of his 
constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was 
largely in.struniental in securing the passage of 
the act autliorizing the formation of a State 
government, and it was mainlj' through his 
efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was 
fixed at lat. 42° 30' north, instead of the southern 
liend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of 
Illinois into the Union, he was made United 
States Judge of the District, which then embraced 
the entire State. This office he filled with dig- 
nity, impartiality and acceptabihty until his 
death, at tlie houKs of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- 
cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 18.50. 
Pope County wjts named in his honor. — Gen. John 
(Pope), son of the preceding, was bom in Louis- 
ville, Ky.. March 16, 1822; graduated at the United 
States Military Academy. 1842, and appointed 
brevet Second Lieutenant of Topugraphiral 
Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the 
northeast boundary survej-, and in the Mexican 
War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant 
for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena 
Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- 
dition in ^linnesota. was in charge of topograph- 
ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53), 
and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific 
Railway (l.'!53-.")9). meanwhile experimenting on 
the feasibilitv of artc.«ia:i wplls on the "Staked 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



429 



Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- 
ous friend of Abraliam Lincoln in the political 
campaign of 18G0, and was court-martialed for 
criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a 
paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, 
the proceedings being finally dropped on the 
recommendation of tlie (then) Secretary of War, 
Josei^h Holt. In 18G1 he was one of the officers 
detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. 
Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, 
was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and 
assigned to command in Missouri, where he per- 
formed valuable service in protecting railroad 
communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- 
ing an important victory over Sterling Price at 
Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1863 
had command of the land forces co-operating 
with Admiral Foots, in the expedition against 
New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the 
capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 
125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- 
ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- 
ing participated in the operations against Corinth, 
he was transferred to command of the Army of 
Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- 
dier-General in the regular armj'. Here, being 
forced to meet a greatly superior force under 
General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which 
led to his falling back on Washington and a 
request to be relieved of his command. For fail- 
ure to give him proper support. Gen. Fitzjohn 
Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having 
been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- 
ever disqualified from holding any office of trust 
or profit under the United States Government — 
although this verdict was finally set aside and 
Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of 
Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- 
sequejit service was performed chiefly against 
the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he 
took command of the military division of Mis- 
souri, and, in June following, of the Department 
of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern 
States and Territories, from which he was 
relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, 
under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- 
bama and Florida ( 1867-68) ; the Department of the 
Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 
84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to 
his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope 
published "Explorations from the Red River to 
the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" 
(1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. 

POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern liorder of 
the State, and contains an area of about 360 



square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel 
Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before 
the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of 
Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county- seat 
was first located at Saudsville, but later changed 
to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Beuoni Lee and 
Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners ; 
Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, 
Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- 
ney, and Samuel Omelveney. Treasurer. The 
highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- 
eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation 
of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are 
bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by 
a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- 
ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, 
at times, during a part of the year and are 
covered with cypress timber. The remains of 
Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and 
some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- 
stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found 
here and tliere. Mineral springs (with copperas 
as tlie chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is 
found in limited quantities, among the rocks 
toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are 
found in the north. The chief agricultural 
products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- 
lation (1890), 14,016; (1900), 13,585. 

PORT BYROX, a village of Rock Island County, 
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee it St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock 
Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, 
academy, public scliools, and a newspaper. Pop. 
(1900), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for 
the Insane is located at Watertown, tivelve miles 
below Port Byron. 

POKIER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- 
man, was born at Hadley, Ma.ss., iji 1804; gradu- 
ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied 
theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- 
naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The 
same year he made the (then) long and perilous 
journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the 
Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a 
missionary. In 1883 he came to Chicago, where 
he remained for two years, organizing the First 
Presbyterian Church of Cliicago, with a member- 
shiji of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had 
pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- 
ington. While in Chicago he was married to 
Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers 
in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at 
Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago 
Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was 
commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 



430 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. 
The next live 3-eais were divided between labors 
at Brownsville, Tex., in tlie service of the Sani- 
tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du 
Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain 
in the regular army, remaining in the service 
(with occasional leaves of absence) until 1883, 
when he was retired from active service on 
account of advanced age. His closing years were 
spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and 
Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1S93, at 
the age of 89 years. 

POSEY, (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and 
Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 
9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part iu Lord Dunmore's expe- 
dition against the Indians, and, later, in various 
engagements of the Revolutionary War, being 
part of the time under the immediate command 
of Washington; was with General Wayne in the 
assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' 
surrender at Yorktown ; also serve<l, after the war, 
with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- 
west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he 
served in the State Senate, for a time being 
presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; 
later (1812), was elected United States Senator 
from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as 
Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the 
home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at 
Shawneetown, 111., March 18, 1818, where he lies 
buried. At the time of his death General Posey 
was serving as Indian Agent. 

POST, Joel S., lawj-er and soldier of the Mexi- 
can War; was bom in Ontario (now Wayne) 
County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed 
with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., 
remaining there until 1839, when he came to 
Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- 
menced the studj- of law with Judge Charles 
Emnierson, of Decatur, ami was admitted to the 
bar in 1841. In 1840 he enlisted in tlie Mexican 
War, anil served 'as Quartermaster of the Fourth 
Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected 
to the State Senate, and, at the following session, 
was a leading supporter of the measures which 
resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- 
mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later 
years were spent at Decatur, where he died, 
June 7, 1886. 

POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- 
man, was l>orn at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., 
March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from 
Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law 
School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted 
to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil 



War lie enlisted, and w;vs commi.ssioned Second 
Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. 
He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- 
peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious 
service, until he attained the rank of brevet 
Brigadier-General. He participated in many 
imjwrtant battles and was severely wounded at 
Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- 
mand in Western Texas. After the close of the 
war he entered the diplomatic service, being 
appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary 
in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his 
home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a 
member of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the 
Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected 
to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- 
lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- 
election until his death, which occurred in 
Washington. Jan. 6, 1895. 

POST, Truman Marfelliis, D.l)., clergyman, 
was born at Middlebury, Vt.. June 3, 1810; gradu- 
ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal 
of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at 
5Iiddlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. 
After a winter spent in Washington, listening to 
the orators of the time in Congress and before the 
Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt 
and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, 
first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at 
Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the 
bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of 
Classical Languages in Illinois College, and 
later that of History; then began the study of 
theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the 
pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- 
sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate 
of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, 
and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, 
of which the former furnished the nucleus. For 
a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he 
continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- 
lege for a short period each j-ear; also held the 
professorship of Ancient and Modern History in 
Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 
was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism 
in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- 
eral years, Professor of Ecclesitistical Ilistorj' in 
Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid 
diction and his noble style of oratory caused 
him to bo much sought after as a public lecturer 
or platform speaker at college commencements, 
while his pnrity of life and refinement of charac- 
ter attracted to him all with whom he came in 
personal contact. He received the degree of 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



431 



D.D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre- 
quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" 
and other religious publications, and, besides 
numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he 
was the author of a volume entitled "The SkeiJ- 
tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856). 
He resigned his pastorate in January-, 18S'-2, but 
continued to be a frequent sjieaker, either in the 
pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the 
period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, 
Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was 
one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- 
nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable 
portion of the time, President of the Board. 

POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, 
one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or 
Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- 
ous family of the Algonquins. The other 
branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. 
The latter, however, retained the family name, 
and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- 
beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially 
identical. This interchanging of names has been 
a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- 
tinction was analogous to that existing between 
genus and species, although a confusion of 
nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors 
more or less serious. Tnese three tribes early 
.separated, the Pottawatomies going south from 
Green Bay along the western shore of Lake 
Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are 
making a fire, " and the word is a translation into 
the Pottawatomie language of the name first 
given to the tribe by the Sliamis. These Indians 
were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was 
divided into four branches, or clans, called by 
names which signify, respectively, the golden 
carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- 
ing to the ' 'Jesuit Relations, ' ' the Pottawatomies 
were first met by the French, on the north of 
Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of 
a century later (1G66) Father Allouez speaks of 
them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. 
The same Father described them as idolatrous 
and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility 
and as being kindly disposed toward the French. 
This friendship continued imbroken until the 
expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. 
About 1678 they spread southward from Green 
Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of 
the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the 
Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the 
Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, 
and advancing, on the east, into the country of 
the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the 



Maumee. They fought on the side of the 
French in the French and Indian War, and 
later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac 
to capture and reduce the British posts, and 
were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet 
that a considerable number of their warri- 
ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- 
canoe. During the War of 1813 they actively 
supported the British. They were also prominent 
at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of 
them, "They were foremost at all treaties where 
lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's 
share of all presents and annuities, particularly 
where these last were the price paid for the sale 
of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- 
mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 
1832 and 1S33, and were among the last of the 
tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their 
final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 
1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced 
with those of the Cliippewas and Ottawas, and 
formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all 
their lands, wherever located, to the United States, 
for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in 
Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through 
the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this 
reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands 
passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- 
bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then 
estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- 
ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- 
homa. 

POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- 
gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris 
N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist 
itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- 
ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied 
for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and 
subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, 
began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching 
at intervals in public schools. Having a ju-edi- 
lection for the natural sciences, he spent much 
time in making collections, which he placed in 
various Illinois institutions. Entering the army 
in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois 
Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the 
Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted 
Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of 
Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as 
sufiiciently recovered, and continued in active 
service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became 
Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum 
in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
but resigned to accept a similar jJOsition in the 
State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 



432 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



greatest work in connection with science by 
leading a class of pupils to the mountains of 
Colorado for the study of geolog}-, which he fol- 
lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of 
the caflon of the Colorado Rirer than had ever 
before been attempted. Tliis led to provision by 
Congress, in 1870, for a topo.i^raphical and geo- 
logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, 
whicli was appropriately i)laced under his direc- 
tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the 
Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the 
Smithsonian Institute, and. again in 1881, was 
assigned to the directorship of the United States 
Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the 
Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the 
Smithsonian Institute in Washington Citj-, 
where (1899) he still remains. In 188G Jfajor 
Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- 
berg University, and that of LL. D. from Har- 
■vard the same year. He is also a memlier of the 
leading scientific associations of the country, 
while his reports and addresses fill numerous 
volumes issued by the CfOvernment. 

POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- 
facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 182.5; 
came to America in 1830, was educated in the 
common schools of Tennessee, and ;185G-C1) was 
manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- 
ton. Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West 
Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced 
through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel 
and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge 
at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and 
confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- 
change he led a cavalry division in the Army of 
the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in 
October, 18C4; after tlie war settled in West Vir- 
ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector 
in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and 
foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the 
Grand Army of the Republic for the Department 
of Illinois during 1895-96. 

TRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough 
County, on the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy 
Riiilroad. 23 miles so\itlivvest from Galesburg and 
17 miles nortbea.st of Macomb: has a carriage 
factory, flour n;ill, elevators, lumber and stock 
yards, a nursery, .a bank, four churches and two 
weekly papers. Pop (1890), 812; (1900), 818. 

PR.VIRIE I)U POXT, (in English, Bridge 
Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile 
south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, 
located on the banks of a creek, on which was 
the first mill, operated liy water-power, in that 
section, having been erected bj' missionaries 



from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village 
contained fourteen families. In 18-U it was 
inundated and nearly destroyed. 

PR.VIRIE dn ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of 
the Rock), an early French village in what is 
now Monroe County, which began to spring up 
near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chart res), and by 
1722 had grown to te a considerable settlement. 
It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about 
four miles northeast of the fort. Like other 
French villages in Illinois, it had its church and 
priest, its common field and commons. 5Iany of 
the houses were picturesque cottages built of 
limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; 
j'et, near the outlet of a creek which runs through 
the bluff, maj' be seen the vestiges of a water mill, 
said to have been erected by the Jesuits during 
the days of French occupation. 

PRENTICE, William S,, Methodist Episcopal 
clergj-man, was born in St. Clair County. 111., in 
1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, 
and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin- 
ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — 
tlie latter part of his life, serving as Presiding 
Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference 
of 1860. and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the 
end of his lifp. During the latter part of his life 
his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. 

PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was 
born at Belleville. Wood County. Va., Nov. 23, 
1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- 
souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where 
he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the 
commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- 
ant of a company sent against the Mormons at 
Xiiuvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in 
the Mexican War. In 1800 he was an unsuccess- 
ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the 
outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services 
to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel 
of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost 
immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and 
placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until 
relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. 
At the battle «jf .Shiloh, in April following, he 
was captured with most of his command, after a 
most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, 
but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- 
General of Volunteers. He was a member of the 
court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, 
and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the 
Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 
3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28. 
1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President 
Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



433 



years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- 
dence is at Bethany, Jlo., wliere he served as 
Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- 
dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by 
President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. 

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. {See Elections.) 
PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- 
cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of 
wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- 
pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick 
and disabled persons, and to provide them, while 
inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations 
of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and 
forms of the Presb3'terian Church " Rush Med- 
ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site 
(see Rush Medical College), and through generous 
subscriptions, a well-planned building was 
erected, callable of accommodating about 250 
patients. A corridor connects the college and 
hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises 
eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and 
surgeons. 

PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- 
terian society in Illinois was organized bj' Rev. 
James McGready, of Kentuckj', in 1810, at 
Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills 
and Daniel Smith, also Presbj'terians, liad visited 
the State in 1814. as representatives of the Massa- 
chusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no 
society. The members of the Sharon church 
were almost all immigrants from the South, and 
were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two 
other churches were estaljlislied in 1819 — one at 
Shoal Creek, Bond Count}-, and the other at 
Edwardsville. In lS2o there were but three 
Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen 
Bliss, John Bricli and B. F. Spilman. Ten years 
later there were 80 churches, with a menabersliip 
of 2,500 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of 
churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as 
sliown by the United States census) there were 
less. In the latter 3'ear there were 405 ministers 
and 52,945 members. Tlie Synod of Illinois is the 
highest ecclesiastical coui-t of the denomination 
in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the 
church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- 
Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- 
burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of 
the denomination is "The Interior," founded by 
C3rus H. McCormick, and published weekly at 
Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The 
Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction 
(1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 
483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of 
63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) 



PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was 
born near Lexington, Ky., came to Sladison 
Count}', 111. , in 1808 ; was employed for a time in 
the drug business in St. Louis, then ojiened a 
store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received 
from the first County Court of Madison County, 
a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served 
as one of the three Delegates from Madison 
County to the Convention which framed the first 
State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
elected a Representative in the First General 
Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of 
Edwardsville for a number of j-ears. In 1825 he 
i-emoved to Adams County and laid out an addi- 
tion to tlie city of Quincy; was also engaged 
there in trade with the Indians. In 183G, while 
engaged on a Government contract for the re- 
moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- 
gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. 
—George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, 
and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to 
have been the first white child born in Edwards- 
ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, 
came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 
1818, ■('Mliere he was engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness with his brother and, later, on his own 
account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- 
lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of 
State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary, 
and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. 

PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawj-er, was born 
in Frankhn County, Ga., Sept. 21, ISOO; in early 
childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky 
and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu- 
ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, 
began the practice of law; was the first Supreme 
Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison 
County Probate Court, Representative in the 
General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to 
General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, 
State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit 
(1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- 
sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- 
nois (1842). Clerk of the House of Representatives 
for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same 
at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. 

PRINCE, David, physician and surgeon, was 
born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., 
June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to 
Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the 
academy there ; began the study of medicine in 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New- 
York, finishing at the Ohio iledical College, Cin- 
cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 



434 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



half, with the celebrated surgeon. Dr. Muzzj-. In 
1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two 
years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical 
Department of Illinois College; later, spent five 
years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on 
surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, 
returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established 
himself in practice there, devoting special atten- 
tion to surgery, in whidi lie liad already won a 
wide reputation. During the latter part of the 
Civil "War he served, for fourteen months, as 
Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, 
and. on the capture of a portion of his brigade, 
voluntarily surrendered himself that he might 
attend the captives of his command in Libby 
Prison. After the close of the war he was 
employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- 
mis.sion. in writing a medical history of the war. 
He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- 
gate to the International Medical Congress in 
London, and again as a member of the Copen- 
hagen Congress of 1X84 — at each visit making 
careful inspection of the hospitals in London, 
Paris. aii<l Berlin. About 1867 he established a 
Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of 
surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he 
gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly 
devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited 
and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he 
stood in the front rank of his profession, and his 
death was mourned by large numbers who had 
received the benefit of his ministrations without 
money and without price. He was member of 
a number of leailing professional associations, 
besides local literary and .social organizations. 
Died, at Jacksonville. Dec. 19, 1889. 

PKINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West 
Bloomlield. Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8. 1832; 
attended .school at Payson, 111., and Illinois Col- 
lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 
1852; studied law at Vuinc_y. and after admission 
to the bar in 1^53, began dealing in real estate. 
In 1801 he offered his services to Governor Yates, 
was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry 
and. a few months later, commissioned Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- 
ing part, iis second in command, in the celebrated 
"Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1863, 
serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel 
of his regiment, in 18C4. After the war he gave 
considerable attention to engineering and the 
construction of a system of water-works for the 
city of Quincy. where he now resides. 

PRIXCE, (jeorge W., lawyer and Congressman, 
born in Tazewell County, III., March 4, 1854; was 



educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- 
lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He 
then studied Liw and was admitted to the bar in 
1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the 
following year; served as chairman of the Knox 
County Republican Central Committee in 1884, 
and, in 1888. was elected Representative in the 
General Assembly and re-elected two years later. 
In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for 
Attorney -General of the State of Illinois, but was 
defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at 
a special election, held in April, 1895, he was 
chosen Repre.sentative in Congress from the 
Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused bj- the 
death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had 
occurred in January preceding. In common with 
a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was 
re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 
16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in 
November, 1898. 

PRIXCETOX, a city and the county-seat of 
Bureau County, on the Chicago. Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west -southwest of 
Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric 
lights, graded and high schools, numerous 
churches, three newspapers and several banks. 
Coal is mined five miles ea.st, and the manufac- 
tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- 
ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince- 
ton is po])ulated with one of the most intelligent 
and progre.ssive communities in the State. It 
was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater 
part of his life in Illinois. 

PRIXCETOX ic WESTERX R.VILWAY. (See 
Chic(Uiit <t' .\ort}t western linilinii/. > 

PRIXCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, oc 
the Atchiscm, Ti)peka & Santa Fe and the Rock 
Islaiul & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of 
Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- 
tural region. Population (1890), 041; (1900), 73^ 

PROPIIETSTOWX, a town in Whiteside 
County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch 
of the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy Railroiid. 45 
miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu- 
factures, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. 
(1890), 094; (190(1). 1,143. 

PROPORTIONAL REPRESEXTATIOX. (See 
Miiioriti/ Heprescntdtidn. ) 

PRof ESTAXT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The 
pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the 
Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop 
of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi- 
lee CoUege. (See Hiase, Rev. Philander.) The 
State at present is organized under the provincial 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



435 



system, the prorince comprising the dioceses of 
Chicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head 
(1898) is the Et. Rev. WilUani E. McLaren, Bishop 
of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- 
field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with 
C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- 
ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with 
residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of 
the church in Illinois is not great, although 
between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost 
doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen 
parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member- 
ship of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had 
increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 
9,842 communicants. The United States Census 
of 1890 showed the following figures: Parishes, 
197; clergymen, 150, membership, 18,609. Total 
contributions (1890) for general church and mis- 
sion work, §373,798. The chief educational insti- 
tution of the denomination in the West is the 
Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See 
also Religious Denominations.) 

PRYOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early 
steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 
10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of 
the Revolution, who emigi'ated to Kentucky about 
1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then 
a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the 
son located where Golconda, Pope County, now 
stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a 
boatman, which he pursued some forty years. 
At this time he held a commission as a "Falls 
Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended 
the Ohio River from New Orleans. During bis 
long service no accident happened to any steamer 
for which he was responsible, although the Mis- 
sissippi then bristled witli snags. He owned and 
commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was 
sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of 
Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- 
ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, 
no lives were lost. The salient features of his 
character were a boundless benevolence mani- 
fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- 
played not only in the face of dangers met in his 
career as a boatman, but in his encounters with 
robbers who then infested portions of Southern 
UUnois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot 
and popular commander not excelled by any of 
his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope 
County, Oct. 5, 1851, leaving one daughter, now 
Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, 111. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- 
ENTS OF. (See SnperintendeiUs of Public 
Instruction.) 



PUGH, Isaac C, soldier, was born in Christian 
County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 
1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby 
County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County, 
where the subject of this sketch resided until his 
death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh 
served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk 
War of 1832 ; then, with the rank of Captain and 
Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with 
Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon 
the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and 
being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- 
dier-General in August, 1864, when his regiment 
was consoUdated with the Fifty-third. He took 
part with his regiment in the battles of Fort 
Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations 
around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter. 
In the year of his retirement from the army 
(1864) he was elected a Representative in the 
Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, the fol- 
lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon 
County, serving four years. 

PUtJH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born 
in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, 111., 
finally locating at Springfield in 1823, and being 
the second lawyer to establish himself in practice 
in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth, 
Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was 
defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- 
wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. 
Pugh is described bj' his contemporaries as a man 
of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit. 

PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern 
county and one of the smallest in the State, 
bordering on the Ohio River and having an area 
of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 
14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 
1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who 
had aided the Americans during the Revolution. 
The soil is generally rich, and the svu'face varied 
with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio 
Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal 
crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the 
bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat 
and was conceded a population, by tlie census of 
1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of 
the carboniferous formation extends under the 
soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of 
iron have been found and sulphur and copperas 
springs abound. 

Pl'LLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of 
the South Division) of the city of Chicago, 13.8 
miles south of the initial station of the IlUnois 



436 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com- 
panj' began the erection of buildings here in 1880. 
and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family 
settled in the future manufacturing city. AVithin 
the next few years, it became the center of tlio 
largest manufacturing establishments in the 
countr}', including the Pullman Car Works, the 
Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive 
steel forging works, emi)loying thousands of 
mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- 
ing cars, l)esides ordinary passenger coaches and 
freight cars, were manufactured here every year, 
not only for use on the railroads of the United 
States, but for foreign countries as well. The 
town was named for the late George M. Pullman, 
the founder of the car-works, and was regarded 
as a model city, made up of comfortable Iiomes 
erected b}' the Palace Car Company for tlie use of 
its employes. It was well supplied with school- 
houses, and churches, and a public library was 
established there and opened to the public in 
1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- 
cago in 1890. 

Pl'LL.M.VK, George Mortimer, founder of the 
Pullman Palace Car Compiiny, was born at Broc- 
ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu- 
cational advantages in Iiis boyhood and, at 
fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a 
clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the 
cabinet-making business at Albion. His father, 
who was a house-buiMer and house-mover, hav- 
ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the 
responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- 
ing secured a contract for raising a number of 
buihlings along the Erie Canal, made necessary 
by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this 
way acquired some capital and experience which 
was most valuable to him in after years. Com- 
ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising 
the grade of the streets in the business portion of 
the cit}' had been in progress for a year or two, 
lie found a new field for the exercise of his 
inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- 
formations in a number of the principal business 
blocks in that part of the city. As earlj- as 1858, 
Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to 
devising some means for increasing the comforts 
of niglit-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he 
remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of 
sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton 
Road. From 1800 to 18G3 lie spent in Colorado 
devoting his engineering skill to mining; but 
returning to Chicago the latter year, entered 
upon his great work of developing the idea of the 
sleeping-car into practical reality. The first 



car was completed and received the name of the 
"Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the 
funeral train which took the remains of Abraham 
Lincoln to Springfield, 111., after his assassination 
in April, 1805. Tlie development of the "Pull- 
man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the 
dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- 
ing up of the great industrial town which bears 
his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- 
cago, constituted a work of gradual development 
ivhich resulted in some of the most remarkable 
achievements in the histprj' of the nineteentli 
century, both in a business sense and in promot- 
ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub- 
lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of 
workingmen. He lived to see the results of his 
inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use 
upon the principal railroads of the United States 
and introduced upon a number of important lines 
in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with 
a number of other enterprises more or less closely 
related to the transportation business, but the 
Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with 
wliicli he was most closely connected, and by 
which he will be longest I'emembered. He was 
also associated with some of the leading educa- 
tional and benevolent enterprises about the city 
of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal 
manner during his life and in his will. His 
death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at 
his liome in Cliicago, Oct. 19, 1897. 

PURPLE, Xorinan H., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and 
was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., 
settled at Peoria, 111., in 1830, and the following 
j-ear was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the 
Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced 
the greater ]>ortion of the State east of Peoria. 
In 18-14 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 
1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Justice of 
the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
who liaii resigned. As required by law, he at the 
same time served as Circuit Judge, his district 
embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and 
his home being at Quincy. After the adojition of 
the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and 
resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois 
Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, 
made a compilation of the general laws, gener- 
ally known to the legiil profession as the "Purple 
Statute.s. " He subsequently undertook to com- 
pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to "03, 
and was engaged on this work when overtaken 
by death, at Chicago.' Aug 9, 1803. He was a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



437 



and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- 
nent at tlie Chicago bar. 

PUTERBAUGH, Sabin D., judge and author, 
was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834: 
at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- 
well County, 111; settled in Pekin in 1853, where 
he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. 
At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- 
sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh 
Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous 
engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- 
sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. 
Resigning his commission in 1862, he took up his 
residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice 
and began the preparation of his first legal work 
— "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 
1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. 
IngersoU, which continued until 1867, when Mr. 
Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. 
He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- 
vate practice and pursue his work as an author. 
His first work, having alread}' run through three 
editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan- 
cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of 
which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery 
Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he 
was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- 
can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1893. Leslie D. 
(Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is 
Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. 

PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the 
State, both as to area and population, containing 
only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. 
It lies near the center of the north half of the 
State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel 
Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin 
within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who 
was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 
1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen 
of Chicago. The county was created by act of 
the Legislature in 1835, although a local govern- 
ment was not organized until some years later. 
Since that date, Bureau, Marshall and Stark 
Counties have been erected therefrom. It is 
crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The 
surface is moderately undulating and the soil 
fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat 
and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is 
mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- 
seat. 

QUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois, 
and the county-seat of Adams County. It was 
founded in 1822— the late Gov. John Wood erect- 
ing the first log-cabin there— and was incorporated 



in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti- 
ful in the State, the principal part of the city being 
built on a limestone bluff having an elevation 
of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi 
for a long distance. Its location is 113 miles west 
of Springfield and 364 miles southwest of Chi- 
cago. Besides being a principal shipping point 
for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the 
converging point of several important railway 
lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, 
Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as 
well as north and south, connections. At the 
present time (1904) several important lines, or 
extensions of railroads already constructed, are in 
contemplation, which, when completed, will add 
largely to the commercial importance of the city. 
The city is regularh' laid out, the streets inter- 
secting each other at right angles, and being 
lighted with gas and electricity. Water is 
obtained from the Mississippi. There are several 
electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine 
railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a 
wagon bridge has been added within the past two 
years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant 
public buildings, including a handsome county 
court-house, a Government building for the use 
of the Post-office and the United States District 
Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 
is located here, embracing a large group of cot- 
tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, 
besides hospital and administration buildings for 
the use of the officers. The city has more than 
thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public 
and two college), with excellent schools and 
other educational advantages. Among the 
higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock 
College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis 
Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are 
two or three national banks, a State bank with a 
capital of $300,000, beside two private banks, four 
or five daily papers, with several weekly and one 
or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a 
shipping point by river and i-ailroad have made it 
one of the most important manufacturing cen- 
ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed 
a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, 
having an aggregate capital of §6, 187,845, employ- 
ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual 
product valued at 810,160,492. The cost of 
material used was §5.597,990, and the wages paid 
§3,383,571. The number of different industries 
reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- 
tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- 
tories, agTicultural implement works, cigar and 



438 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- 
yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, 
paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and 
artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27,268; 
(1890), 31,494; (I'JOO). 36,2.52. 

QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago. BitiliiKjtim <t Qiiinc;/ Railroiid.) 

QL'IXCY Jt CHICAKO RAILROAD. (See Chi- 
cago. Biirlingloti <{■ Qiiiiicy Hnitriiiul.) 

(}l I.NCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See 
\Vuh(tsii Railroad. ) 

qriNCY & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago, Burlington it- l^uinci/ Railroad.) 

RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhen- 
ish Pru.ssia. Juno 20, ISIST; learned tlie trade of a 
currier with his father and came to the United 
States in 18.")3. finally locating at Belleville. 111., 
where, in \6'>~, he l)ecanie a teacher in the pub- 
lic schools ; in 1873 was made Superintendent of 
schools for that citj', and, in 1882, was elected 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction on 
the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination 
in 1886; was nominated a second time in l.SHO. 
and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Iiiglis in 
1894. In the administration of his office. Pro- 
fessor Raab showed a comnieiulable freedom from 
partisanship. After retiring from the office of 
State Superintendent, he resumed a position in 
connection witli the public schools of Belleville. 

RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French 
traveler and trader, who is said to have reached 
the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the 
West in 16.")8-.j9. The period of his explorations 
extended from Hi.W to 1684. of which he prepared 
a narrative which was published by the Prince 
Society of Boston in 188."). under the title of 
"Radisson"s Voyage.s." He and his brother-in- 
law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of 
planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See 
Clionort. Medard.) 

RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- 
SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed 
by the executive (by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate), under authority of an act ap- 
proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the 
provisions of the Constitution anil laws in relation 
to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's 
powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The 
following is a summary of its powers and duties: 
To e.stablish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- 
table to shipper and carrier alike; to recpiire 
yearly reports from railroads and warehou.ses; 
to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and 



unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce 
prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- 
tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles; to 
hear and decide all manner of complaints relative 
to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; 
to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- 
tem, to be approved by the Commission ; to 
enforce pro|>er rules for the inspection an<l regis- 
tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- 
cipal offices of the Commission are at the State 
capital, where monthly sessions are lield. For 
the purpose of properly conducting the grain 
in.spection department, monthly meetings are 
also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain 
Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. 
Here all business relating to this department is 
discussed and necessary special meetings are 
held. The inspection department has no revenue 
outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its 
maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival 
("inspection in") are twenty-five cents per car- 
load, ten cents i)er wagon-load, and forty cents 
per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For 
inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees 
are fifty cents per 1,000 busliels to vessels; 
tliirty-five cents per car load. an<l ten cents per 
wagon load to teams. While tliere iire never 
wanting some cases of friction between the trans- 
l)ortation companies and warehousemen on the 
one hand, and the Commis.sion on the other, 
there can be no question that the formation of 
the latter has been of great value to the receiv- 
ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the 
State generally. Similar regulations in regsird to 
the inspection of grain in warehouses, at Kast St. 
Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The first 
Board, created under tlie act of 1871. consisted of 
Gustavus Koerner. Richard P. Jlorgim and Davitl 
S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other 
Boards have been as follows; 1873-77 — Henry U. 
Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James 
Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson; 
1877-83— William M. Smith. George M. Bogue and 
John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by 
William H. Robinson); 1883-8.5— Wm. N. Brain- 
ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton; 18.'<.5-89 
— John I. Rinaker. Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. 
Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason 
Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler. I.saac N. 
Phillips and AV. S. Crini (succeeded. 1891, by John 
R. Tanner) ; 1893-97— W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F. 
Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by 
George W. Fithian); 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley, 
Charles S. Rinnells and James E. Bidwell. (See 
also Orain Inspection.) 



I— I 
93 
O 

w 

k 

m 



O 
f 

r; 

z 
o 



03 

o 
f 

c 

w 

> 

d 

> 



?3 
W 

X 
o 

w 

!C 
C 

2 
O 





o 

H 
O 

z 

i 
ij 



w 
o 



o 

Q 



-J3 

Oi 

o 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



439 



RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing 
railroad sj'stein of Illinois had its inception in the 
mania for internal improvement whicli swept 
over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan 
adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being 
that the State should construct, maintain, own 
and operate an elaborate sy.stem. Lines were to 
be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton 
to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from 
Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville 
to Jlount Carmel, from Bloomington to Pilack- 
inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. 
The experiment proved extremely unfortunate 
to the financial interests of the State, and laid tiie 
foundation of an immense debt under which it 
staggered for many years. The Northern Cross 
Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- 
field, was the only one so far completed as to be in 
operation. It was sold, in 18-17, to Nicholas H. 
Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the 
higliest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of 
the existing Wabash system. The first I'oad to 
be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- 
itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for 
the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the 
Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This 
was the second line completed in the State, and 
the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent 
development of the railway system of Illinois 
was at first gradual, then steady and finally 
rapid. A succinct description of the various 
lines now in operation in the State may be found 
under appropriate lieadings. At present Illinois 
leads all the States of the Union in tlie extent of 
railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of 
main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 
100 square miles of territory and 35 miles for each 
10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population 
(1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one 
of the 103 counties of the State is traversed by at 
least one railroad except tliree — Callioun, Hardin 
and Pope. Tlie entire capitalization of the 111 
companies doing business in the State in 1896, 
(including capital stock, funded debt and current 
liabilities), was §3,669.164,143— equal to 867,556 
per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased 
lines paid dividends of from four to eight per 
cent on common, and from four to ten per cent 
on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid 
aggregating 835,331,753. The total earnings and 
income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the 
State, aggregated §77,508,537, while the total 
expenditure within the State was §71,463,367. 
Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 
798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 



mineral products. The number of passengers 
(earning revenue) carried during tlie year, was 
83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- 
ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire 
amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for 
the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the 
first special charter was granted for the con- 
struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — • 
after which all corporations of this character 
came under the general incorporation laws of the 
State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 
— 293 special charters for tlie construction of 
railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides 
numerous amendments of charters already in 
existence. (For the history of important indi- 
vidual lines see each road under its corporate 
name. ) 

RALSTON, Virgil Toungr, editor and soldier, 
was born. July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was 
a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), 
after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- 
ticed for a time; also resided some time in Cali- 
fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "Tlie 
Quincy Wliig, " and represented that paper in the 
Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. 
(See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 
1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- 
teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on 
account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa 
regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from 
wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. 

RAMSAY, Riifus N., State Treasurer, was born 
on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; 
received a collegiate education at Illinois and 
McKeudree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- 
versity ; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon 
abandoned the law for banking, in which he was 
engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting 
his business to the latter place about 1890. He 
served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and- 
tvpo terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the 
General As.sembly, and, in 1892, was nominated 
as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died 
in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. 

RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the 
intersection of the Illinois Central and tlie Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western Railroads, 13 miles north of 
Vandalia; the district is agricultural; lias one 
newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. 

RANDOLPH COUNTY, Ues in the southwest 
section of the State, and borders on the Missis- 
sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for 
Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair 
County in 1795, being the second county organ- 



440 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ized in tlie territorj- which now constitutes the 
State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- 
nois historj-, Kandolph County has been a pivotal 
point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and 
Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, 
which subsequently became tlie center of French 
influence in the Mississippi VaUey. In 1722 
Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. 
It wa-s in Randolph County tliat Fort Chartres 
was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. 
George Rogers Clark's expedition for the .seizure 
of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the 
capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration 
began with the close of the Revolutionary War. 
Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- 
bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge 
family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. 
Toward the close of the century came Shadracli 
Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) 
■with his uncle of the same name, and the 
Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of 
whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- 
ernor. (See Bond, Shadracli; Menard, Pierre.) 
In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while 
its surface is diversified. Timber and building 
stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- 
erable area. Chester, the county -seat, a city of 
3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade 
and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. 
The county is crossed bj' several railroad lines, 
and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- 
ulation (1800), 2.5,049; (1900), 28,001. 

RA>'SOM,((Jen.) Thomas Ednard GreenHeltl, 
soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; 
educated at Norwich University, an institution 
under charge of his father, who was later an 
officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- 
tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he 
entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; 
in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm 
of A. J. Gallowaj- & Co., Chicago, soon after 
removing to Fayette County, where he acted as 
agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under 
the first call for volunteers, in April. 18(11, he 
organized a company, which having been incor- 
porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected 
Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment 
for the three-years' service, was commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- 
mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, wliere he 
was severely wounded and won deserved pro- 
motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. 
L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Sliiloh. Here 
Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by 
his bravery, and though again wounded while 



leading liis regiment, remained in command 
through the day. His service was recognized by 
promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a 
prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in 
the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded 
the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about 
Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and 
his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago. Oct. 29, 
1804, having previously received the brevet rank 
of Major-General. General Ransom was con- 
fessedlj' one of the most brilliant officers contrib- 
uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and 
was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one 
of the ablest volunteer generals in their coni- 
manils. 

R.VNTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at 
tlie junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy 
branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign 
and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has 
a national bank, seven churches, opera house, 
graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, 
flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many 
handsome re.'iidences. Pop. (1900), 1,207. 

R.\SLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born 
in Fi-ance, in 16.')8; at his own request was 
attached to the French missions in Canada in 
1689, and, about 1G91 or "92, was sent to the Illi- 
nois Country, where he labored for two years, 
traveling much and making a careful study of 
the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts 
descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of 
life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- 
nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, 
where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki 
language in three volumes, which is now pre- 
served in the library of Harvard College. His 
influence over his Indian parishioners was grejit, 
and his use of it, during the French and Indian 
War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- 
chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his 
head. On August 12. 1724, he was slain, with 
seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his 
escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- 
wock by a force of EngUsh soldiers from Fort 
Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the 
next day by the Indians. In 183:!. the citizens of 
Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- 
ory on the spot where he fell. 

RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- 
many in 1828; entered journalism and came to 
America in 18.51, being employed on German 
papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 
accejited the position of editor-in-chief of "The 
Chicago Staats Zeitung," which he continued to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



441 



fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for 
the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 
24, 1891. While employed on papers in this 
country during the Civil War, he acted as the 
American correspondent of papers at Berlin, 
Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central 
Europe. He served as delegate to both State and 
National Conventions of the Republican party, 
and, in 1869, received from President Grant the 
appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for 
the Chicago District, but, during the later years 
of his life, cooperated with the Democratic 
• party. 

RATJCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary 
expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828. and 
graduated in medicine at the Universitj' of Penn- 
sj-lvania, in 1849. The following year he removed 
to Iowa, settling at Burlington. lie was an 
active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, 
and, in 18.51, prepared and publislied a "Report 
on the Medical and Economic Botanj' of Iowa," 
and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic 
remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for 
Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1800 he filled 
the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany 
at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the 
same position in 18.59 in the Cliicago College of 
Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- 
izers. During the Civil War he served, until 
1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the 
Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, 
being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of 
the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in 
reorganizing the city's healtli service, and, in 
1867, was appointed a member of the new Board 
of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 
1876. Tlie latter year he was chosen President of 
the American Public Health Association, and, 
in 1877, a member of the newly created State 
Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first 
President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- 
tinued in that office during his connection with 
the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention 
to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- 
mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council 
of tlie Mississipiji, and in securing the adoption 
of a system of river inspection by the National 
Board of Health. He was a member of many 
scientific bodies, and the author of numerous 
monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the 
domain of sanitary science and preventive med- 
icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra- 
mural Interments and Their Influence on Health 
and Epidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi- 
cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North 



America," and a series of reports as Secretary of 
the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, 
Pa., Marcli 24, 1894. 

RAIIM. (lien.) Green Berry, soldier and author, 
was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111. , Dec. 3, 
1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
1853, but, three years later, removed with his 
family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities 
rendering him olmoxious to the pro-slavery party 
there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at 
Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil 
War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- 
sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- 
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, 
advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning 
his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 
1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi 
campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the 
battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of 
Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. 
He also rendered valuable service during the 
Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- 
cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an 
attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman 
in tlie "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in 
the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 
1866 General Raum became President of the jiro- 
jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise 
of which he had been an active promoter. He 
was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South- 
ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- 
ing one term, and the same year presided over the 
Republican State Convention, as he did again in 
1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the 
National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago 
the last two years just mentioned. From August 
2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Ramn served as 
Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- 
ton, in that time having superintended the col- 
lection of §800,000,000 of revenue, and the 
disbursement of 830,000,000. After retiring from 
the Commissionership, he resumed the practice 
of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed 
Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the 
close of President Harrison's administration, 
when he removed to Chicago and again engaged 
in practice. During tlie various political cam- 
paigns of the past thirtj' years, his services have 
been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, 
and he has canvassed a number of States in the 
interest of the Republican party. Besides his 
official reports, he is author of "The Existing 
Conflict Between Republican Government and 
Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a 
number of magazine articles. 



442 



HISTORICAL EKCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



RAl'M, John, pioneer and earlj- legislator, was 
born in Humnielstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and 
died at Golconda, 111., March U, 1869. Having 
received a liberal education in his native State, 
the subject of this sketch settled at Shawneetown. 
111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope 
County, in 1826. He had previously .served three 
years in the War of 1S12, as First Lieutenant of 
the Sixteenth Infantry, and. while a resident of 
Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as 
Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator 
from the District composed of Pope and Johnson 
Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), 
as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had 
resigned. The following 3'ear he was appointed 
Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and 
was also elected Clerk of the County Court the 
same year, holding both offices for many years, 
and retaining the County Clerkship up to his 
death, a period of thirty-five j-ears. He was 
married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and 
was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and 
Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the 
■volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil 
"War. 

RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier. Secretary of 
"War, was born at East Cialena, Feb. 13, 1831, the 
son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- 
burner. The son, after irregular attendance on 
the district schools and a year passed at Mount 
Mon-is Academy, began the study of law. He 
was admitted to the bar at Galena in 18.j4, and at 
once began practice. In 18.j7 he was elected City 
Attorney of Galena, and nominated on tlie Doug- 
las electoral ticket in \>^G0. At the outbreak of 
the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, 
coercive measures, and it is siiid that it was 
partly through his influence that Cieneral Grant 
early tendered his services to the Government. 
He sen'ed on the staff of the latter from the time 
General Grant was given command of a brigade 
imtil the close of the war, most of the time being 
its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, 
in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 
186.^, a Major-General. His long service on the 
staff of General (iiant indicates the estimation 
in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on 
the assumption of the Presidency by General 
Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre- 
tary of War, but consumption had already 
obtained a hold uixm his constitution, and he sur- 
vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 
1869. 

RAY, Charles 11., journalist, was born at Nor- 
wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 12, 1821; 



came west in 1843, studied medicine and began 
practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating 
in Tazewell County, 111., also being iissociated, 
for a time, with the publication of a temjxirance 
paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to 
Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The 
Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with 
which he remained until 1854. He took strong 
ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at 
the session of the Legislature of 185.5, served as 
Secretarj' of the Senate, also acting as corre- 
spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few 
months later became as.sociated with Joseph 
Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and 
management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray 
assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. 
Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful 
writers ever connected with the Illinois press, 
and his articles exerted a wide iulluence during 
the period of the organization of the Republican 
party, in which he was an influential factor. He 
was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb- 
raska editors held at Decatur. Feb. 22, 1856, and 
served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- 
lutions. (See AntiXebraska Editorial Coin-tn- 
tioii.) At the State Republican Convention held 
at Bloomington. in May following, he was 
api)ointed a niembi^r of the State Centi-al Com- 
mittee for that year; was al.so Canal Trustee by 
appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 
1857 to I8OI. In November, 1863, he severed his 
connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in 
oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- 
cially dis.i.strous. In 1865 he returneil to the pai)er 
as an editorial writer, remaining only for a .short 
time. In 1868 he a.ssumed the management of 
"The Chicago Evening Post."' with which he 
remained identified until his death. Sept. 23, 
1870. 

RAY, Lyman IJeecher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt., 
August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 18.52, and 
luis since been engaged in mercantile business in 
this State. After filling several local offices he 
was elected to represent (irundy County in the 
lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
Asseml>ly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen 
State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and 
lieing one of the recognized party leaders on the 
floor. In 1888. he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring 
in 1893. His lK)nie is at Morris. Grundy County. 

RAY', William H., Congressman, was lxirn in 
Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1812; grew to 
manhood in his native State, receiving a limited 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



443 



education; in 1834 removed to Rushville, 111., 
engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as 
a banker ; was a member of the first State Board 
of Equalization (1867-09), and, in 1872, was 
elected to Congress as a Republican, representing 
his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 
1881. 

RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, 
on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 
50 miles southwest of Decatur; has electric lights, 
some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- 
siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit 
grown in the surrounding country. Population 
<1880), 543; (1890). 841; (1900), 90(3. 

RATMOXD, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman 
and educator, was born in New York City, 
August 29, 1811, being descended from a family 
of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- 
monde""), who were expelled from France on 
account of their religion. In his youth he 
learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, 
at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the 
Methodi.st Episcopal Church at the age of 17, 
later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy 
at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards 
became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New 
England Conference and, three years later, began 
pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- 
pj'ing pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, 
on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- 
wards President of McKendree College and of the 
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship 
of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there 
until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of 
systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the 
latter institution continuing until 1895, when he 
resigned. For some three j-ears of this period he 
served as pastor of the First Methodist Church 
at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. 

REAVIS, Log:an Uriah, journalist, was born 
in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., 
March 20, 1831; in 1855 entered theofHce of "The 
Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest 
in the paper and continued its publication under 
the name of "The Central Illinoian," until 1857, 
when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- 
ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and 
conducted it until 1860, when he sold out for the 
last time. The remainder of his life was devoted 
chiefly to advocating the removal of the National 
Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and 
the publication of pamphlets and books on the 
subject; also published a "Life of Horace 



Greeley," another of General Harney, and two 
or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, 
April 25, 1889. 

RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- 
ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- 
torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, 
wlio has left the most detailed account of them in 
his "Pioneer Hi.story of Illinois," they consisted 
of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom 
were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of 
them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to 
Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds 
describes them as passionate and impulsive, but 
possessed of a high standard of integrity and a 
chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the 
oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the 
family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after 
coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian 
campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he 
was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Jlis- 
souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to 
St. Louis. — Steplien, another of the brothers, 
was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company 
of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles 
commanded one of the two regiments organized 
by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition 
against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. 
— Nelson, still another brother, served in the 
same expedition on the staff of Governor 
Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a 
member of the expedition sent to strengthen 
Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- 
age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. 
During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain 
Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor 
(afterwards President) in an expedition on the 
Upper Jlississippi, in which they came in conflict 
with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in 
which Captain Rector again disj^layed the cour- 
age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of 
March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party 
on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to 
Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians 
and, though severely wounded, was carried away 
by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem- 
ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first 
Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, 
when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was 
reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three 
years.— Thomas, one of the younger members, 
had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody 
Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in 
which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A 
portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- 
sas, where they became prominent, one of their 



444 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



descendants serving as Governor of that State 
durinj; the Civil War period. 

RED Bl'D, acity in Randolph County, on the 
Mobile iV Ohio Riiilroad, some 37 miles south- 
southeast of St. Lxjuis, and 21 miles south of Belle- 
ville: has a carriage factory and two flouring 
mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five 
churches, a graded school and a weekly news- 
paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169. 

REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; gradu- 
ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- 
ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in 
that institution and as Principal of a High 
School at Chillicothe. In 18.54 he came to Blooni- 
ington. 111., and. as a member of the School 
Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system 
of that cit3"; also has served continuoush-, for 
over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the 
time President of the Board. In the meantime, he 
had begun the practice of law, served as City 
Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- 
ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth 
Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days" emergency regi- 
ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out. 
with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel 
Reeves was subsequently connected with the 
construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & 
Missi.ssippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois 
Central), and w;vs aLso one of the founders of the 
Law Department of the Wesleyan L'niversity. 
In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- 
ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 
1891 — iluring the latter part of his incumbency 
being upon the A]>pellate bench. 

REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and 
lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 
1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and 
was rejireil on a farm; later became a teaclier 
and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; 
in 1894 he was nominated by the Rei)ublicans of 
the Eleventh District f6r Congress, as successor to 
the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, 
receiving a majority over three competitors. 
Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 
1898. 

REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison 
for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 
years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of 
reformation. It is the successor of the "St.ate 
Reform School," which was created bj' act of 
the Legislature of 1S67, but not opened for the 
admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at 
Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, 



which was incre;\sed to 324 in 1890. The results, 
while moderately successful, were not altogether 
satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- 
struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a 
scale adequate Jo accomplish what was desired, 
and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. 
Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 
j-ears. The law establishing the present reforma- 
tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- 
tences, and a release uix)n parole, of inmates 
who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, 
may be safely granted conditional liberation. 
The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) 
those l>etween the ages of 10 and 16. and (2) those 
between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is 
composed of five members, not more than three of 
whom shall be of the same partj-, their term of 
office to be for ten years. The course of treat- 
ment is educational (intellectually, morally and 
industrially), schools being conducted, trades 
taught, and the inmates constantly impressed 
with the conviction that, only through genuine 
and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can 
they regain their freedom. The reformatory 
influence of the institution may be best inferred 
from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 
inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and 
became fugitives, 6 were returned to the 
Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in 
employment and regularly reporting. Among 
the industries carried on are painting and glaz- 
ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- 
ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, 
tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the 
Reformatorj- contain a vein of excellent coal, 
which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, 
thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, 
which can be employed in the construction of 
additional needed buildings. The average num- 
ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for 
which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from 
simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- 
ous offenses known to the criminal coile. with 
the exception of homicide. The number of 
inmates, at the teginning of the year 1895, was 
812. An institution of a similar character, for 
the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was 
established under an act of the Legislature 
pa.ssed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- 
eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile 
Female Offenders.) 

RELKJIOIS DENOMIXATIOXS. The State 
constitution contains the familiar guarantj- of 
absolute freedom of conscience. The chief 
denominations ha\*e grown in like ratio with the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



445 



population, as may be seen from figures given 
below. The earliest Cliristian services held were 
conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested 
the sincerity of their convictions (in many 
instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either 
through violence or exposure. The aborigines, 
however, were not easily Christianized; and. 
sliortly after the cession of Illinois b}- France to 
Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- 
ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence 
upon the red men, although the Frencli, who 
remained in the ceded territory, continued to 
adliere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- 
sionaries.) One of the first Protestant sects to 
hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- 
copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 
1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the 
American Bottom in 1796. (For history of 
Methodism in Illinois, see MeViodist Ejnscopal 
Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, 
however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — 
who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David 
Badgley and Joseph Chance followed liim in 
1796, and the first denominational association 
was formed in 1807. (As to inceptioh and growth 
of this denomination in Illinois, see also Baj}- 
tists.) In 181-1 the Massachusetts Missionary 
Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. 
Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years 
later (1816), the First Presbj'terian Church was 
organized at Sliaron, by Rev. James McGready, 
of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians. ) The 
Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide 
of immigration that set in from the Eastern 
States, early in the "30's. Four churches were 
organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of 
the denomination in the State, if gradual, has 
been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About 
the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- 
times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). 
They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and 
warm hearted, and did not require belief in any 
particular creed as a condition of membership. 
The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. 
(See Disciples of Christ.) The Protestant Episco- 
palians obtained tlieir first foothold in Illinois, in 
1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- 
secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from 
the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) 
The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German 
or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be 
inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four 
churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri 
Synod, only four use tlie English language. They 
are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- 



ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See 
Lutlierans.) There are twenty-six other religious 
bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who 
have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- 
cording to the census statistics of 1890, these 
twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, 
number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- 
lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78 
churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 
members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 
121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; 
Friends ("Quakers") 3,655 members, 35 churches; 
Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 
ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 
churches, 73 ministers; Evangelical Association, 
15,904 members, 143 churches, 153 ministers; 
Cumberland Pre.sbyterians, 11.804 members. 198 
churches, 149 ministers; Metliodist Episcopal 
(South) 3,937 members, 34 churches, 33 minis- 
ters: Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 
ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- 
ans), 663 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; 
Primitive Methodist, 330 members, 2 churches, 2 
ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 
91 churclies, 106 ministers; Reformed Church in 
United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 
ministers; Reformed Church of America, 3,200 
members, 34 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed 
Episcopalians, 3,150 members, 13 churches, 11 
ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- 
bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 
1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- 
bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day 
Baptists, 330 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; 
Univer.salists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 
ministers; Unitarians, 1,335 members, 19 
churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 
30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; 
United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 
260 ministers; United Pre.sbyterians, 11,350 mem- 
bers, 303 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan 
Methodists, 1,100 membei-s, 16 churches. 33 min- 
isters. (See various Churches under their proper 
names; also Roman Catholic Church.) 

REND, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, 
and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, 
Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass., 
in boyhood, and graduated from the high school 
there at 17; taught for a time near New York 
City and later in Maryland, where he began a 
course of classical study. The Civil War coming 
on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New 
York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a 
non-commissioned officer, and participating in the 
battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern HiU, 



446 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Antietam, Fredericksburg and Cljancellorsville. 
After the war he came to Chicago and secured 
employment in a railway surveyor's office, later 
acting as foreman of the Xorthwestern freight 
depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, 
which was conducted with such success that he 
became the owner of some of the most valuable 
mining properties in the country. Meanwhile 
he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of 
miners and other classes of laborers, and has 



sought to promote arbitration and conciliation 
between employers and employed, as a means of 
averting disastrous strikes. He was especially 
active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to 
bring about an understanding between the 
miners and the operators. For several years 
lie held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of 
the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by 
the demands of his private business, to tender 
his resignation. 



REPRESEMATIYES IX CONGRESS. 

Tlio following table |)resents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and lenclh of 
termor terms of service of llliuuis Kepreseutatives in tlie lower House of Congress, from the ori;anizatioa of Ithuols 
as a Territory down to the present time; (U, Democrat; \V, Whig; K, Republican: U-B, Greenback; T, ropulist). 



Name. 


Residekck. 


DiST. 


Term. 


Reuarks. 




Kaakaakla 

Kdwardsville 

Kaskaskia 

Shawneetown 

Kaskaskla 

Jackson* Morgan Cos 

Jacksonville 

Sprlnglield 

Belleville 


Territory 

Territory 

Territory 

State 

State 


lal-2-H 


Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 
Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 


Benjamin Stephenson 

Nathaniel Pupe 

John McLean 


18I4-l(i ... 


i8it;-is 


I8i8-iy 

1819-27 


Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and "29. 


Joseph Duncan 


1827-13 




Third 




Elected Governor: resigned. 

To succeed Duncan. 

Died; term completed by Reynolds. 


William L. May.D 


Third 

First 

First 


18*4-39 

1833-34 

1834-37 




Belleville 

Belleville 

Mt. Vernon 

Belleville 




First 


1839-43 




Zadoc Casey. D 


Second 

First 

Tdird 

Eighth 

First 


1833H3 




Adam W. Snvder D 


1837-39 






1839-43 
















1843-49 




John A. McClernand, IJ .. 


Shawneetown 


Second 

Sixth 

Third 


1843-51 






I859-G2 


Resigned, Dec. , '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapi>. 






Orlando B. FUkliu. D . 




Third 

Fourth 

Second 


1851-53 












John W'entworlh 1) 




1853-55 






Chicago 


First 


18ti5-ti7 




Stephen A. Douglas, D 


Fifth 


1843-47 


El'dU.8.Sen..Apr..'47;suc.byVV.A.RIchardaou 
Res'd.Aug., '56; term illled by Jacob C. Davis. 


Rushvllle andQulncy 


Fifth 


1847-56 




Sixth 


Joseph P. Hoye, D... 




Sixth , 

Seventh 

Seventh 

Sixth 








184.1-45 








1845-4*! 

l?y<»-51 


Resigned, Dec.. '46; succeeded by John Henry. 


Edward D. IJiiker, W 


Gale:.a 




Seventh 

Sixth 


Feb. to Mar., 1847. 
1847-49 


Served Baker^ unexpired term. 




Freeport 






Seventh 

First 






Wllhani 11. Biss*Mt. D 


Belleville 

Belleville 

Marshall 


1849-53 




WilUain 11. Bissell.D 


Eighth 


18o.1-.S.^ 




l^niolhv 11. YouMK D 


Third 

Seventh 

Sixth 


1849-51.. 






Peiershurg 

Petersburg 

Marion 

Marion 

Belvidere 

Galena 


1849-51 




Thomas L. llnrris, D 


1855-58 .. . 


Died, Nov. 24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Uodges. 


Willi.s Alien, D 




Willis vVllen.D 


Ninth 


1853-55 .. . 




Richards. Malotiev. I> 








Thoui|Mon Campbell, D 

Richard Vales. \V 


Sixth 






Seventh 

Sixth 






Richard Yates. W 


Jacksonville 


I8A.1-55 




K. B. Washhurne, R 




1853-63 




K. B. Washburue, R 


Oaleua 


Third 


I8fi3-69... 

185.1-57 


( Reslgnd. March 9, '69 to accept French mia- 
l sion: term lilted by U. a Burchard. 


J&sseO. Norton, R, 


Joliet 


Third 

SiXlll 


Jesse O. Norton, R 


Juliet 


184Mt-f>5 . 






Knoxvilie 


Kourlh 

Seventh 

State-at-large . 


IS53-57 






Palestine 


1853-57 








1863-65 

1855-57 














Fifth 


1856-57 


To nil unexpired term of Richardson. 
Chosen V . S. S.Mittior; reslgiic<l. 
Filled Trumbull's unexpired term. 


Lyman Trumbull, B 

J. L. 1». Morrison. D 


Belleville 

Belleville 


Eighth 

Eighth 

Ninth 


1855 


Samuels, Marsliall.D 




1855-59 




McLeansboro 

McLeansboro 

Chicago 

St Charles 


Kleventh 

Nineteenth.... 
Second 






Samuels. Marshall, D. .. . 


1873-75 












1863-73 




Owen LoveJoy.R 

Owen LovhJov, R 


Princeton 


Third 


1857-03 




Fifth 


1863-65 


Died, Mar.. "64; term filled by E.C.Ingersoll. 


William Kellocg. R 




Fourth 


1857-63 


l!Miac X. Morris. D 


Quincy 

Carrollton ... 

Lawrenceville 


Fifth 

Sixth 


1357-61 




Charles D. Uodges, D .... 


Jan. to Mar.. 1859.. 
1857-59 


Filled unexpired term of Tboa. h. Harris. 


Aaron Shaw, D 


Seventh 









HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



447 



Aaron Shaw. D 

JamtfS C. Robinson. D. 
James C. Robinson, D. 
James C. Robinson, D. 
James C. Robinson, 1>. 
Philip B. Foul<e. D .. 
Joli n A. Logan, R 

• D 



John A, LiOgan, 
Isaac N. Arnold, R.. 



RKSIIiENCt:. 



LawrenceviUe . 

Marshall 

Marshall 

ypriiigfield 

Springfield 

Belleville 

Benton 

Carbondale 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Marion 

Marion 

Jerse.vville 

Jei-seyville 

Oquawka 

Peoria 

Sullivan 

Sullivan 

Sullivan 

Lewistown 

Waterloo 

Waterloo 

Waterloo 

Shelby ville 

Shelby ville 

Shelby ville ..., 

Monmouth 

Ottawa 

Charleston — 

Springfield 

Shelby ville.... 

Belleville 

Belleville 

Belleville 

Vienna 

Chicago 

CarroUton 

Metropolis 

Freeport 

Freeport 

Rock Island 

Rock Island . . . 

Decatur 

Petersburg... 

Belleville 

Carmi 

Evanston 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Princeton 

Joliet 

Hillsboro . 



Sixteenth.. 
Seventh ... 
Eleventh.. 

Eighth 

Twelfth... 
Eighth .... 
Ninth 



Isaac N. Arnold, K, 

William J. Allen. D 

William J. Allen, D 

A. L. Kiiapp, 1) 

A. L. Knapp. D 

Charles M. H arris, R 

Ebon C. Ingersoll, R 

John R. Eden, D 

John R. Eden, D 

John R. Eden, D 

Lewis W. Rosri, D 

William R. Morrison, J).... 
William R. Morrison, D ... 

William R. .Morrison, D 

S. W. Moulton.R 

S. W. Moulton, D 

S. W. Moulton, D 

Abner C. Harding, R 

Burton C. Cook, R 

H. P. H. Bromwell.R 

Shelby M. Cullom, R 

Anthony Thornton, D 

Jehu Baker, R 

Jehu Baker, R 

Jehu Baker, P 

A.J. Kuykendall, R 

Norman B. Judd, R 

Albert G. Burr, D 

Green B. Raum, R 

Horatio C. Burchard, R — 
HoralioC. Burchard, P. — 

John B. Hawley, R 

John B. Hawley, R 

Jesse H. Moore, R 

Thomas W. McNeeley, D. 

JohnB. Hay, R 

John M. Crebs. D 

John L. Beveridge, R 

Charles B. Farwell, R 

Charles B. Farwell, R 

Charles B. Farwell, R 

Brad. N. Stevens, R 

Henry Snapp, R 

Edward Y. Rice. D 

John B. Rice, R 

B. G. CaulHeld. D 

Jasper D. Ward, R 

Stephen A. Hurlbut, R 

Franklin Corwin, R 

Greenbury L. Fort, R 

Granville Biirriere, R 

Willin n II l!;iv. R 

Robi-rt 5t. Krjaiip, D 

Robert M. Knapp, D 

John McNulta, R 

Joseph G. Cannon, R 

Joseph G. Cannon, R 

Joseph G. Cannon, R 

Joseph G. Cannon. R 

James S. Martin, R 

Isaac Clements, R 

Carter H. Harrison, D 

John V. Le Movne, D 

T.J. Henderson, R 

T.J. II..|l,l,TSOII. R 

Ale.vaiid.T I'linipbell, G.B. 
Richard II. Whiting, R.... 

John C. Bagbv, D 

Scott Wike, b 

Scott Wike, D 

William M. Springer. D. . 

William M. Springer, D. . -, „ ^ . 

Adlai E. Stevenson, D Bloominglon i, •' "".V 

Adiai E. Stevenson. 1> Bloomington , IhirteeiitU . . 

'Carlyle ; Sixteenth — 

Chester* j Eighteenth.. 

Mt. Veriion.'.' |.! Nineteenth.. 

Chicago jFlrst 

Chicago [Second 

Chicago jThird 

Rockford I Fourth 

Morris Seventh 

Lewis ton Ninth 

Warsaw iTenth 



Chicago First 



State-at-large. 

Second . . 

First 

Ninth 

Thirteenth 

Fifth 

Tenth 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Seventh 

Fifteenth 

Seventeenth... 

Ninth 

Twelfth 

Seventeenth.., 
Eighteenth — 
State-at-Iarge 

Fifteenth 

Seventeenth .. 

Fourth 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Eighth 

Tenth 

Twelfth 

Eighteenth.... 
Twenty-first . 
Thirteentii — 

First 

Tenth 

Thirteenth 

Third 

Fifth 

Fourth 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Ninth 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth... 
State-at-large 

First 

Third 

Thirti 

Fifth 

Sixth 

Tenth 



Chicago 
Chicago 

Belvidere 

Peru 

Lacon 

Canton 

Rushville 

Jerseyville 

Jersey vine 

Bloomington 

Tuscola and Danville. 

Danville 

Danville 

Danville 

Salem 

Carbondale 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Princeton AGeneseo. 

Princeton 

La Salle 

Peoria 

Rushville 

Pittsfield 

Pittsfleld 

Springfield 

Springfield. 



First, 

Second 

Fourth 

Seventh 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Tenth 

Eleventh 

Eleventh 

Thirteenth... 
Fourteenth ... 

Fifteenth 

Fifteenth 

Twelfth 

Si.xteenth 

Eighteenth... 

Second 

Third 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Seventh 

Ninth 

Tenth 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth. .. 



1883-85... 
1859-63... 
18113-65.., 
1871-73.. 
1873-75 . . 
1859-63.. 
1859-62.. 
1869-71.. 
1861-63.. 
1863-65.. 
1862-63.. 
1863-65.. 
1861-63.. 
1863-65.. 
1803-65.. 
1864-71... 
1863-65.. 
1873-79.. 
1885-87.. 
1863-69... 
1863-65... 
1873-83.. 
1883-87... 
1865-67... 
1881-83... 
1883-85... 
1865-69... 
1865-71... 
1805-69... 
1865-71... 
1865-67.. 
1865-69... 
1887-89... 
1897-99... 
1865-67... 
1867-71... 
1807-71 . . 
1867-69... 

J-73.., 

1873-79... 
1869-73... 
1873-75.., 
1869-73.. 
.__ 1-73.. 
1869-73.. 
1869-73.. 
1871-73... 
1871-73... 
1873-76.., 
1881-83.. 
1871-73.. 
1871-73., 
1871-73.. 
1873-74., 
1874-77.., 
1873-75.. , 
1873-77.., 
1873-75.., 
1873-81.., 
187.3-75.. 
1873-75.. 
1873-75.. 
1877-79.. 
1873-75.. 
1873-83.. 
1883-91 . 
1893-95.. 

1895 

1873-75.. 
1873-75.. 
1875-79. 
1876-77. 
1875-83. 
1883-95. 
1875-77. 
1876-77.. 
1875-77.. 
1875-77.. 
1889-93. 
1875-83. 
1383-95. 
1875-77=. 
1879-81. 



William A, J Sparks. D, 
William Hartzell.D .. 
William B. Anderson, D 

William AUlrich, R 

Carter H Harrison. D .. 

Lorenz Brentano, R 

William Lathrop. R. . .. 

Philip C Hayes. R 

Thomas A Boyd. R 

Benjamin F Marsh, R. . 



1875-83.. 
1875-79. 
1875-77., 
1877-83., 
1877-79.. 
1877-79.. 
1877-79.. 
1S77-81 . 
1877-81 . 
1877-83.. 



Served Logan's unexpired term. 



Served McClernand's unexpired term. 



Res'd, Apr. '62; term filled by W. J. Allen. 
Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; term 
filled by John L. Beveridge. 



1864-'65 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term . 



Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. 



Filled unexpired term of Washburne. 



Served unexpired term of Logan. 

May, '76, seat awarded to J. "V". Le Moyne. 



Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. 



Died Dec, '74; succeeded by B. G. Caulfield. 
From 1.S74-75 served out Rice's term. 



Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 



448 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Xame. 



Residence. 



Bt^lijuniln F. Maptli, H Warauw 



BriiJiiriilN F. MurKti. K 

Thomiw K.Tipton. R 

R. W. ToiviislicMnl. 1) 

Ooorff© R. Davis. R 

OeorBe R. Duvis, K 

llirain Barln-r. R 

John C. SlH-Twiii, R 

R. M. A. lliiwk.R 

JameH \V..sinKieuni. D... 

A. P. Fonytlie. (i. B 

JolinIL Tliuniaa, R 

John R. TJionias. R 

William fulli-ii,R 

Wllliiiin Cullpn.R 

I^ewis K. Pay.ion,R 

Ij4'\viM K. Pav.soil. R 

John H. Lewis. R 

Dielrlch C. Smith. R 

R. W. Dunham, R 

John F. I'inerty. R 

<«i'orep K. Adams. R 

RtMilifii K11w(mk]. R 

llDlicrtR. Ultt.R 

Hol)i>rt R, Hltt. R 

N. K. Worthlngtun, 1> 

William II. Neece. D 

James M. Ri^RS, 1) 

Jonathan H. Rowell.R... 

Prank l..awl*'r. V 

James H. Ward. V 

Alnert J. Hopkins. R 

Alhcrt J. Huiikins.R 

Ralph Plumh, R 

SI I a.s Ci. I..aii<li'S. D 

Wilharii K. Mason, R. 

Philip. Sidney Post. R 

■William H.Gest, R 

Georgo A. Anderson, D 

Edward Lane. I) 

A bner Taylor, R 

Charles A. Hill. R 

Geo. W. Flthlan. D 

Williams. Korman. I) 

James H. Williams. 1) 

James It. Williams, D 

GeoriteW. (Smith. R 

GeoriteW.. Smith, H 

Lawrence E. McGanti. II. . 
Allan O. Durborow, Jr., D 
WalterC. Newberry, D... 

Lewis Hteward. Ind' [ Piano' 

Herman W. Snow. R Sheldon 

BenJaminT. Cable. 1) Rock Island... 

Owenhcott. D Bloomington.. 

Samuel T. Busey, D Urbana 

Joh 11 C. Black, I) Chicago 

Andrew J. Hunter. 1) 'Paris 

Andrew J, HuiitiT. I) Paris 

J. Frank Aidrlch.R Chicago 

Julius Gold/.ler. I> Chicago 

Robert A. Cliilds. R Hinsdale 

Hamilton K. Wheeler. R... Kankakee 

John J. .McUannold. D Mt. Sterling .. 

Benjamin F. Funk. R i Bloomington.. 

William L<»rimer, R IChicago 

Hugh R. Belknap. R jChicago 

Charles W, Woodman, R. .!chicago 

Geo. K. White. R 'Chicago 

Kdward 1-). Cooke. R IChlcago 

George R Foss, R Chicago 

George W. Prince,R ,Galesburg 

Walter Reeves. R Streator 

Vespiuilan Warner, R Clinton 

J. V.<Jrair. R Pekin 

Finis K. Downing, 1) Virginia 

James A. Connolly, R Sprliigtield 

Frederick Remann. R Vandalia 

Wni. F. L. Hadley.R Edwardsvllle . 

Benson Wtiod, R, EflTlngham 

Orlando JJurrell, R |Carml 

Kverett J. .Murphy, R East St. Louis 

James It. Miiiin, It 'Chlcaco 

Daniel W. Mills, 11 Ichlcago 

Thomas M. ,Iett. D Hillsboro 

James It. Campbell, D {.vlcLeansboru.. 

George P. Foster. R Chicago 

Thoma-s Cusack, D i Chicago 

Edgar T. Noonan, li Chicago 

Henry s. Ilcmteil. It Chicago 

W. E. Williams. 11 PltLslleld 

B. F. Caldwell, D Chatham 

Joseph B. Crowley. I) Robinson 

W. A. Rodenberg, R East Si. Louis 



Warsaw 

Bloomington 

Sbawneetown 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Geneva and Elgin.. 

Mt. Carroll 

Quincy 

Isabel 

Metropolis 

Metropolis 

Ottawa 

Ottawa 

Pontiac 

Pontlac 

Knoxville 

Pekin 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Sycamore 

Mt. Morris 

Mt. Morris 

Peoria 

Macomb 

Winchester 

Bloomington 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Aurora 

\urora 

streator 

Mt. Carmel 

Chicago 

Galesbnrg 

Rock Island 

Quincy 

Uillsboro 

Chicago 

Joliet 

Xewlon 

Xashvllle 

Carmi 

Carml 

Murphyshoro 

Murphysboro 

Chicago 

Cliiciigo 

'Chicago 



Eleventh 

Fifteenth 

Thirteenth... 

Nineteenth... 

Second 

Third 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Eleventh 

Fifteenth. 

Eighteenth... 

Twentieth 

Seventh, 

Eighth 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Ninth 

Thirteenth 

First 

Second 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth 

Ninth 

Tenth 

leventh 

Twelfth 

Fourteenth 

Second 

Third 

Fifth 

Eighth 

Eighth 

Sixteenth 

IThlrd 

I Tenth 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Seventeenth. .. 

First 

Eighth 

ISixteenth 

Eighteenth.... 
ICigliteeiith.... 

.N'iiieteentli 

TwiMitictli 

Twenty-sec' nd 

Second 

iThird 

Fourth 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Eleventh 

Fourteenth 

Fifteenth 

Slate-at-large. 
State-at-Iarge. 
Nineteenth — 

First 

Fourth 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Twelfth 

Fourteenth.... 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Tenth 

Eleventh 

Thirteenth 

Fourteenth .... 

Sixle<'ilth 

Seveiileenth... 
Eighteenth.... 

Ki::llteeiith 

Nineteenth. ... 

Twentieth 

Twentv-lirst .. 

First 

Second 

Eighteonth 

Twentieth 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

sixth 

Sixteenth 

Seven teen 111... 
Nineteenth — 
iTwenty llrsl... 



Died, '82; succeeded by R. R. Hitt. 



, Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. 



1883-87.. 
1883-87. 
1883-87.. 
1683-91.. 
I8S5-91.. 
1885-87.. 
1885-95.. 
1895—.. 
1885-89.. 
1885-S9.. 
1887-91.. 
1887-94,. 
1887-91.. 
1887-89., 
1887-95.. 
1889-93.. 
18S9-9I., 
1889-95.. 
1889-95.. 
1889-95.. 
1899—.. 
1889-95.. 
1895-.. 
1891-95.. 
1691-95. 
1891-93.. 
1891-93,. 
1=91-93.. 

-.91-93.. 
1891-93.. 
1891-93.. 
U93-95.. 
1893-95.. 

897-99.. 
1893-97.. 
1893-95.. 
1893-95.. 
1893-95.. 
1893-95.. 
1893-95.. 
1895—.. 
1895-99.. 
1895-97.. 
1895-99.. 
1805-98.. 
1895-.. 
1895—.. 
1895-.. 
1895-.. 
1895—.. 
1895-97.. 
1895-99.. 
1895-... 
lo95-... 
1895-97.. 
1895-97.. 
1895-97.. 
1897—.. 
1897-.. 
1897—.. 
1897-99.. 
1899-.. 



Died, Jan. 6, 1895. 



.\warded8eat Bftercon. with L. K. McOaiin. 



t. 



Died, June 4, '98; suc'd. by Henry S. Uouiell. 



Died, July 14, T^: suc'd. by W. F. L. Uadley. 
Elected to till vacancy. 



18S)9— ., 
1898-., 
1899—.. 
1899-. 
I899-. 
1899—., 



.Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



449 



REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court 
and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish 
ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 
1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 
111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his 
life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- 
mon school education, and a two years' course of 
study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied 
law and began practice. In 1813-13 he served as 
a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, 
winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The 
Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to 
Cahokia, where he began the practice of 
law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the 
first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring 
from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in 
the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 
1830, in 1833 personally commanding the State 
volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk 
War. Two weeks before the expiration of his 
term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- 
gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- 
cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, 
and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- 
crat. He also served as Representative in the 
Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the 
Eighteenth (1853-54), being chosen Speaker of the 
latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or 
Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- 
perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to 
the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- 
cratic candidates. For some years he edited a 
daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- 
lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds 
acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," 
from the time spent in a Tennessee College at 
that early day, this was not sustained by either 
his colloquial or written style. He was an 
ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early 
days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- 
ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson 
Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of 
"secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense 
prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- 
tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as 
shown by his devotion to temperance, and his 
popularity among persons of opposite political 
opinions. Although at times crude in style, and 
not always reliable in his statement of historical 
facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered 
a valuable service to posterity by his writings 
relating to the early history of the State, espe- 
cially those connected with his own times. His 
best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- 
nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal 



Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My 
Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at 
Belleville, May 8, 1865, 

REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and 
President of State Board of Agriculture, was born 
at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated 
from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 
1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law 
School, and soon afterward began practice. He 
removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- 
nebago County, later, successively in Marion 
Count}', in Springfield and in Chicago. From 
18G0 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- 
cultural Society, and, vipon the creation of the 
State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected 
its President, filling that position until 1888, 
when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- 
ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public 
or semi-public character, having been President 
of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during 
the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the 
Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector 
from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- 
State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, 
from the date of its organization (1873) until its 
final dissolution. His most important public 
service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- 
in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's 
Columbian Exposition of 1893. 

REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- 
lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; 
at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated 
in the high school there, within a month after 
graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- 
fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he 
rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of 
Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was 
a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On 
his return home after nearly four years' service, 
he entered the law department of the Chicago 
University, graduating therefrom and beginning 
practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been 
prominent in public life, having served as a 
member of both branches of the General Assem- 
bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the 
Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of 
the G. A. R. , and, in 1875, was elected Senior 
Vice-Commander of the order for the United 
States. 

REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was 
born in Fayette County, Pa. , Slarch 4, 1813 ; after 
graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1833, was 
connected with various institutions in that State, 
as well as President of Capital University at 



450 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was 
President of the Illinois State University at 
Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- 
cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- 
ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant 
Episcopal Cliurch in 1804, and served several 
parishes until his death. In his early life he 
founded, and. for a time, conducted several reli- 
gioiis publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides 
issuing a number of printed addresses and otlier 
publislied works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- 
cago, Sept. 5, 1876. 

RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier 
and .steamboat captain, was born in Ilarrisburg, 
Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell 
County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- 
er's trade, and. on the breaking out of the 
Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. 
Returning home he engaged in the river trade, 
and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on 
the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In 
April, 1861. he was conunissioned Captain of a 
company of three months' men attached to the 
Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the 
reorganization of the regiment for the three- 
years' service, was comniis-sioned Lieutenant- 
Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- 
nelcy, as successor to Col. Ricliard J. Oglesby, wlio 
had been promoted BrigaJierCJeueral. After 
serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in 
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- 
pelled by rapidly declining healtlx to resign, when 
he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to 
his farm near that city. During the latter years 
of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at 
Shawneetown. Jan. 6, 1^79. 

RHOADS, Joshua, M.ll., A.M., ])hysician and 
educator, was born in I'liiUulelphia, Sept. 14, 
1806; studied medicine and graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania with the degree of 
M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from 
Princeton; after several years spent in practice 
as a physician, and as Principal in .some of tlie 
public schools of Pliiladeliihia. in 1839 he was 
elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution 
for the Blind, and, in 1850. took charge of the 
State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 
111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 
1874. when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. 
RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in 
Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820. was educated in 
the common schools and at ShurtlefT College, 
after which he read law with John M. Palmer at 
Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, 
at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder 



of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- 
teenth General Assembly, serving one term. 
Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- 
ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 
1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the 
Eigliteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and 
again in 1867. He was also a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the 
election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- 
sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a 
Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. 

RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of 
Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, 
Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, 
and, coming to Chicago in 1847. built and opened 
there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from 
the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of 
Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected 
in 1807. He was also prominent in the early 
stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to 
raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected 
to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, 
before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- 
folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election 
to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was 
chosen to succeed him. 

RICHARDSOX, William A., lawyer and poli- 
tician, bom in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 
1811, was educated at Transylvania L^niversity, 
came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler 
County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; 
was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature 
in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to tlie House 
again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter \ 
year being also chosen Presidential Elector on 
the Polk and Dallas ticket, and. at the succeeding 
session of the General Assembly, .serving as 
Si>eaker of the House. He entered tlie Mexican 
War as Captain, and won a Majority through 
gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 
(when he resigned to became a candidate for 
Governor), he was a Democratic Re])resentative 
in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered 
Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen 
United States Senator to fill the unexpired term 
of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic Convention of 1868, but 
after that retired to private life, acting, for a 
short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." 
Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. 

RICHLAND COrXTY, situated in the south- 
east quarter of the State, and biis an area of 361 
square miles. It was organized from Edwards 
County in 1841. Among the early jiioneers may 
be mentioned the Evans brothers, Tliaddeus 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



451 



Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas 
Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, 
James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 
there were but thirty families in the district. 
The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- 
house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some 
years later, James Laws erected the first brick 
house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, 
in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by 
Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was 
opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- 
cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- 
tists in 1823, and services were conducted by 
William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time 
the mails were carried on horseback by Louis 
and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- 
sell established a line of four-horse stages. The 
principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- 
ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a 
buffalo and Indian trail about wliere the main 
street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as 
the county-seat upon the organization of the 
county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house 
there. The chief branches of industry followed 
by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- 
. growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 
15,019; (1900). 10,391. 

RIDfiE FAR5I,a villageof Vermillion County, 
at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Cliicago 
& St. Louis and tlie Toledo, 8t. Louis & Western 
Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Lnuis; has 
electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank 
and two papers. Pop. (1900). 9:S ; (1904), 1.300. 
"RIDGELV, a manufacturing and mining sub- 
urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive 
rolling mill is located there, and there are several 
coal-.shafts in the vicinity. Population(lyOO), 1,169. 

RIDGELT, Charles, manufacturer and capi- 
talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. IT, 183G; was 
educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- 
lege; after leaving college spent some time as a 
clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally 
becoming a member of the firm and successively 
Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was 
Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but 
later has affiliated with the Republican party. 
About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- 
field Iron Company, of whicli he has been Presi- 
dent for many years ; has also been President of 
the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, 
for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- 
road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of 
Illinois College. 

RIDGtELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was 
born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after 



leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the 
dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis 
to assume a clerksliip in the branch of the 
United States Bank just organized there. In 
1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was 
established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely 
became its cashier, and, when it weut into liqui- 
dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind 
up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- 
dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, 
but this having gone into liquidation a few years 
later, he went into the private banking business 
as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, 
became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the 
strongest financial institutions in the State out- 
side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- 
nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became 
one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross. 
Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system, 
extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), 
when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying 
therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- 
field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the 
beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the 
builders and principal owner of the Springfield 
gas-light system. His business career was an 
eminently successful one, leaving an estate at 
his death, Jan. 81, 1888, valued at over 82,000,000. 

RIHGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the 
Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of 
Sliawneeto'vn : has a bank and one newsjiaper. 
Pop. (1S90\ ,523; (1900), 839; (1903, est), 1,000. 

RIDiJU'AY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and 
politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 
ISOG. His father having died when he was but 4 
years old and his mother when he was 14, his 
education was largely acquired through contact 
with the world, apart from such as he received 
from his mother and during a j'ear's attendance 
at a private school. When he was 6 years of age 
the family removed to Shawneetown, where he 
ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- 
barked in business as a merchant, and the firm 
of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the 
most prominent in Soutliern Illinois. In 1865 the 
partners closed out their business and organized 
the first National Bank of Sliawneetown, of 
which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, 
Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of 
the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- 
eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 
1874, served as its President. He was an ardent 
and active Republican, and served as a delegate 



452 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



to every State and National Convention of liis 
l)arty from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 lie was elected 
State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent 
of Public Instruction on the same ticket being 
defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- 
ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- 
ernor. Three times he consented to lead the 
forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate 
for Congress from an impregnably Democratic 
stronghold. For several years he wa.s a Director 
of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- 
cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the 
Southern Illinois Normal Universitj- at Carbon- 
dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, 
Nov. 17, 1897. 

RIG(iS, James M., ex-Congressman, was bom 
in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he 
received a common school education, supple- 
mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a 
practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was 
elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he 
represented Scott County in the lower house of 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was 
State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and 
again in 1884, lie was the successful Democratic 
canditlate for Congress in the Twelftli Illinois 
District. 

RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North 
Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford 
County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that 
county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). 
In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where lie 
continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. 

RI>'AKKR, ,I<ihn I., lawyer and Congressman, 
born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an 
orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 
1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in 
Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated 
at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating 
from the latter in 1851 ; in 1852 beg-an reading 
law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he 
recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second 
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- 
sioned Colonel. Four mouths later he was 
wounded in liattle. but served witli his regiment 
through the war, and was brevetted Brigtidier- 
General at its close. Returning from the war he 
resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- 
ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- 
lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party 
as a Presidential Elector — the latter j-ear for the 
State-at-large — and. in 1874. accepted a nomina- 
tion for Congress ag-ainst William R. Morrison, 
largely reducing the normal Democratic major- 



ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 
lie was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate 
for the Republican nomination for Governor. In 
1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- 
date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, 
although bis opponent was awarded the certifi- 
cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on 
the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the 
Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for 
General Rinaker, and lie was seated near the 
close of tlie first session. He was a candidate 
for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly 
Democratic District. 

RIPLEY, Edward Pajson, Railway President, 
was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), 
Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his motlier's 
side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward 
Payson. After receiving his education in the 
higli school of his native place, at the age of 17 
he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a 
wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. 
About the time he became of age, he entered into 
the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a 
clerk in the freight department in the Boston 
ofTice. but. a few years later.assumed a responsible 
position in connection witli the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy line, finallj' becoming General 
Agent for the business of that road east of 
Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at 
Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept 
the position of General Freiglit Agent of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which 
he remained twelve years, serving successively as 
General Traffic JIanager and General Manager, 
until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become 
Third Vice-President of the Chicago. Milwaukee 
& St. Paul line. Tliis relation was continued 
until Jan. 1, 1896, wlien Mr. Ripley accepted 
the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
Fe Railroad, which (1899) lie now holds. Mr. 
Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the 
location of the AVorld's Columbian Exposition at 
Chicago, and, in April. 1891, was chosen one of 
the Directors of the Exjiosition. serving on the 
Executive Committee and the Committee of 
Ways and Means and Transportation, being Cliair- 
nian of the latter. 

RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des 
Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has 
lianiLsome parks, several churches, a bank, 
two local jiapeis and numerous fine residences. 
Population (1890). 1,000; (1900). l,.>il. 

RIVERTOX, a village in Clear Creek Town- 
ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



453 



Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6;4 
miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four 
churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- 
lation (1880), 705; (1890), 1,137, (1900), 1.511; (1903, 
est), about e. 000. 

RITES, John Cook, early banker and journal- 
ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 
1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he 
grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. 
He received a good education and was a man of 
high character and attractive manners. In his 
early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- 
nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank 
at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to 
Shawneetown and held a position in the bank 
there; also studied law and was admitted to 
practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship 
in the Fourth Auditor's OfBce in Washington, 
he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became 
associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the 
establishment of "Tlie Congressional Globe" (the 
predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of 
which he finally became sole proprietor, so 
remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, 
although a native of Virginia and a life-long 
Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- 
uted liberally of his means for the equipment of 
soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for 
the support of their families, during the Civil 
War. His expenditures for these objects have 
been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince 
George's County, Md., April 10, 18G4. 

ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on 
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 36 
miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; 
has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. 
Population (1880), 355; (1890). 831; (1900). 966. 

ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was 
born in Bath, Maine, in 1819 ; came to Cook 
County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- 
hood, established the first exclusive wholesale 
grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- 
ness until 1850. He then went to California, 
establishing himself in mercantile business at 
Sacramento, where he remained seven years, 
meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. 
Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the 
war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor 
Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- 
ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving 
General Grant the first duty he performed in the 
office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival 
from Galena. Later, he was assigned to dut}' as 
Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank 
of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary 



afl'airs vmtil the close of the war, when he was 
appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, 
and, still later. President of the Board of Tax 
Commissioners for that State. Other positions 
held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- 
lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also 
one of the publishers of "The New Era," a 
Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent 
actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the 
Collectorship, he was appointed by the President 
United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- 
can outrages on the Rio Grande border; was sub- 
sequently identified with Texas railroad interests 
as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio 
Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the 
Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being 
thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to 
California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, 
April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. 

ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and 
educator, was born in a small village of Wales, 
England., Sept. 23, 1833; received his primary 
education in that country, but, removing to 
America during his minority, graduated from 
Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton 
Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- 
ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, 
in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary 
of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, 
the next year being offered the Presidency of 
Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he 
accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- 
sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 
he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 
1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma 
Mater. He has traveled extensively in the 
Orient, and was a member of the first and third 
councils of tlie Reformed Churches, held at Edin- 
burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons 
and frequent contributions to Englisli, Ameri- 
can, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts 
has published a Welsh translation of the West- 
minster shorter catechism and a collection of 
letters on the great preachers of Wales, which 
appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree 
of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of 
LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. 

ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the 
county -seat of Crawford County, 35 miles north- 
west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of 
Paris, 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the 
heart of a fruit and agricultural region The 
city has water-works, electric lights, two banks 
and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 
1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about '2,000. 



454 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ROBIXSOX, James C, lawyer and former 
Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 
1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 
1850. He served as a private during the Mexican 
War, and, in 18.J8. was elected to Congre.ss as a 
Democrat, as he was again in 1860, "02, "70 and 
'72. In 18C4 he was the Democratic nominee for 
Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained 
considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- 
nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. 

ROBIXSOX, John M., United States Senator, 
born in Kentucky in 1793, was literally educated 
and became a lawyer by ijrofession. In early life 
be settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He 
was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and 
personally popular. Through his association 
with the State militia he earned the title of 
"General." In 1830 he was elected to the United 
States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John 
McLean. His immediate predecessor was David 
Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, 
who served one month but faileil of election by 
the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- 
elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. 
In 1843 he was elected to a seat uixjn the Illinois 
Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of 
the same year, within three months after his 
elevation. 

ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an 
intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern 
and the Chicago, (Juilington & yuincy Railways. 
It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles soulli of 
Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. 
It is in a rich agricultural and .'^tock raising 
region, rendering Rochelle an important sliip 
ping ptiint. Among its industrial establish- 
ments are water works, electric lights, a flouring 
mill and silk underwear factory The citv has 
throe biink.'^, live churches and three newspnpers. 
Pop (ISfl.i) 1.7.S9; (1900), 2,073; (1903). 2.r)l)ll. 

ROCnrSTEIJ, a village and early settlement 
in Sanf;:unon Count)', laid out in 1819; in rich 
ngncnltiiral district, on the Baltimore A: Ohio 
Southwestern Railroad, 7,'i miles soutlieast of 
Springfield; has a bank, two churches, onescliool, 
and a newspaper. Population (190l)) 365 

ROCK F.VLLS, a city in Whiteside County, on 
Rock Riveraud the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroail; has excellent water-power, a good 
public school system with a high school, hanks 
and a weekly newsptvper. Agricultural imple- 
ments, barbell wire, furnitiiie. flour and paper are 
its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable 
feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rod- 
River at this point. Pop. (inno). '7. 176. 



ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing 
city, the county-seat of Winnebago County ; lies 
on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of 
Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- 
western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, 
Jlilwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent 
water-power is secured by a dam across the river, 
and communication between the two divisions of 
the city is facilitated by three railway and three 
highwaj' bridges. Water is provided from live 
artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the 
river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- 
gressive. The assessed valuation of projierty, in 
1893, was 50,531.235. Churches are numerous and 
schools, both public and private, are ahundant 
and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed 
§7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing 
e.stablishments. which employed 5,223 persons and 
turned out an annual product valued at §H.yy8,- 
904. The [)riucii)al industries are the maiuifac- 
ture of agricultural implements and furniture, 
though watches, silver-plated ware, pajier, flour 
and grape sugar are among the other products. 
Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. 

ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 
111., incorix)rated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty 
of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches 
taught include tlie classics, music and fine arts. 
It has a library of 6.150 volumes, funds and en- 
dowment aggregating §50.880 and property 
valued at $240,880, of which §1.50,000 is real 
estate. 

ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- 
seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi 
River, 183 miles west by south from Chicago ; is 
the converging point of five lines of railroad, and 
the western terminus of tlie Hennepin Canal. 
The name is derived from an island in the Missis- 
sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which 
belongs to the United States Government and 
contains an arsenal and armory. The river 
channel north of the island is navigable, the 
southern channel having been dammed by the 
Government, thereby giving great water power 
to Rock Island and Molina. A combined railway 
and highway bridge spans the river from Rock 
Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, 
while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile 
below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- 
strong during the Black Hawk War, anil was also 
a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- 
ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- 
gion of nuich picturesque scenery and has exten- 
sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- 



niS'J'OrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



455 



ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; 
also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing 
daily editions. Pop. (1890). 13,634; (1900), 19,493. 

ROCK ISLAXD COUNTY, in the northwestern 
section of the State bordering upon the Missis- 
sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern 
boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an 
area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- 
ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in 
the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to 
three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort 
Armstrong. It has always remained a military 
post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal 
and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- 
ments were made near Port Byron bj' John and' 
Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George 
Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island 
and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- 
riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak ; and 
among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- 
lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and 
George Davenport. The country was full of 
Indians, this being the headquarters of Black 
Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk 
War. (See Black Hatck, and Black Haivk War.) 
By 1829 settlers were increased in number and 
county organization was effected in 183.5, Rook 
Island (then called Stejihenson) being made the 
county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first 
County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr. , the first Treas- 
urer. The first court was held at the residence 
of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The 
county is irregular in shape, and the soil and 
scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the 
water-power inexhaustible, and the county's 
mining and manufacturing interests are very 
extensive. Several lines of railway cross the 
county, affording admirable transportation facili- 
ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock 
Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- 
cipal cities in the county, though there are 
several other imjiortant points. Coal Valley is 
the center of large mining interests, and Milan is 
also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one 
of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- 
siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- 
town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the 
Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; 
(1890), 41,917; (1900), .55,249, 

ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a 
standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- 
ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is 
lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- 
road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it 
a, total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 



121.10 miles. — (History.) The company is a 
reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & 
Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was 
sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter 
Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, 
of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria 
and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- 
nies — the new organization taking the latter 
name. The road was opened through its entire 
length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and 
reorganization under its present name taking 
place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable 
Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island 
& Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- 
cember of the same j'ear, sold under foreclosure in 
1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- 
road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for 
the entire period being commuted at §450,000. — 
(Financial.) The cost of the entire road and 
equipment was §2,654,487. The capital stock 
(1898) is 81,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other 
forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital 
invested to §2,181,066. 

ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- 
ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a 
southerly direction, a part of its course being very 
sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary 
of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting 
the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside 
and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi 
three miles below the city of Rock Island. 
It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is 
partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, 
furnish abundant water-power. The principal 
towns on its banks are Rockford. Dixon and 
Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its 
beaut}' and fertility. 

ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at 
the junction of two branches of the Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 
13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of 
paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, 
and local paper. Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936. 

ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, 
soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, 
to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- 
ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, 
Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., 
where he gave much attention to geological 
research and made some extensive natural his- 
tory collections. From 1848 to '53 he resided at 
Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite 
science, wrote for the press and, for two years 
(1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal," still 



456 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



later eiliting the newly estaljlislied "Constitu- 
tionalist"" for a few months. During a part of 
this period lie was lecturer on natural science at 
Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before 
the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, 
wliich was immediately followed by the passage 
of tlie act establishing tlie State Geological 
Department. A majority of l)Oth liouses joined 
in a request for his appointment as State (ieolo- 
gist, but it was rejected on partisan groun<ls — 
he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- 
ton in Ifi.j'i. Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- 
tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural 
Science in the State Normal University, and also 
a Trustee of the Illinois We.sleyan University. 
Having identified himself with the Democratic 
party at tliis time, he became its nominee for 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
1800, but. on the inception of the war in 1801, he 
promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised 
three companies (mostly Normal students) wliicli 
were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- 
mal) Regiment; was elected Captain and succes- 
sively ijromoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. 
Having been dangerously wounded in the assault 
at Vicksburg, on May 23, 1803, and compelled to 
return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the 
combined vote of botli parties, was re-elected 
four years later, became editor of "Tlie Blf)om- 
ington Pantagraph"' and, in 1870, was elected to 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where 
he won distinction by a somewhat notable 
humorous speech in opposition to removing tlie 
State Capital to Peoria. In 18T1 lie was ap- 
pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- 
nois, .serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat 
prolific author, having produced more than a 
dozen works wliicli liave appeareil in book form. 
One of tliese, ""Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois 
in Early Days,"' first apjwared as a prize serial in 
"The Alton Courier" in 1852. Others of his more 
noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the 
Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten 
Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His 
Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or tlie Trail of tlie 
Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems."' 
He died in Chicago, Nov 0, 1893. 

IJOGEKS, (ieorge Clarke, soldier, was born in 
Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was 
educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- 
moved to the latter State early in life. While 
teaching he studied law and was admitted to the 
bar in 1800; was the first, in 1801, to raise a com- 
pany in Lake Couiitj' for tlie war, which was 
mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; 



was chosen .Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; 
was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to 
leave the field, and led his regiment in the final 
charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and 
soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at 
Hatchie. At Cliampion Hills he received three 
wounds, from one of wliicli he never fully re- 
covered ; took a prominent jiart in tlie operations 
at AUatoona and commanded a brigade nearly 
two years, including the Atlanta "campaign, 
retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois 
and in Kansas. 

ROGEKS, Henry Wade, educator, lawj-er and 
author, was born in Central New York in 1853; 
entered Hamilton College, but the following 
year became a student in Michigan University, 
graduating there in 187-t, also receiving the 
degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 
1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship 
in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was 
made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge 
Coolej', at the age of 32. Five years later he was 
tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the 
Northwestern L'niversity, at Evanston, being the 
first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- 
ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same 
year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon 
him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Bar Association, has served 
for a number of years on its Committee on Legal 
Education and Admission to the Bar, and was 
the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- 
cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- 
man of the Conference on the Future Foreign 
Policy of the Uiiiteil States, held at .Saratoga 
Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- 
gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian 
Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and 
was for a time associate editor of "The American 
Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the 
author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," 
which has pa,s.sed through two editions, and has 
edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," 
besides doing much other valuable literary work 
of a similar character. 

RO(iERS, John Gorin, jurist, was Ixirn at 
Glasgow, Ky.. Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early 
Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- 
lege, Danville. Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- 
sity, graduating from the latter institution in 
1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For 
sixteen years he practiced in his native town, 
and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



457 



attained professional prominence. In 1870 he 
was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit 
Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated 
re-elections, until his death, which occurred 
suddenlj', Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the 
expiration of the term for which he had been 
elected. 

ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles 
north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the 
Cliicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two 
weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- 
car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence 
suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. 

ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green 
Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 
1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He 
assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of 
the flat-boat with which the latter descended the 
Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. 
Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built 
a number of houses in Springfield, where he has 
since continued to reside. 

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest 
Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- 
nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early 
Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- 
ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; 
Early 3Iissionaries; Gravicv; Marquette.) The 
church went hand in hand with the represent- 
atives of the French Government, carrying in 
one hand the cross and in the other the flag of 
France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- 
trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to 
the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred 
years, the self-sacriflcing and devoted Catholic 
clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the 
early French settlers and the natives. They were 
not without factional jealousies, however, and a 
severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the 
order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the 
confiscation of their property. (See Early 3Iis- 
sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the 
country by the English, with the contemporane- 
ous emigration of a considerable portion of the 
French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many 
congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included 
in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was 
constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- 
pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that 
date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. 
But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose 
and rare administrative ability. New parishes 
were organized as rapidly as circumstances 



would permit, and the growth of the church has 
been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one 
parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are 
reported 698 parishes, 704 clergymen and a . 
Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also 
Seligiuus Denoniinat ions. ) 

ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 31 
miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of 
three divi.sions of tlie Chicago & Alton Railroad ; 
is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region : 
city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- 
yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light 
plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good 
school buildings, one daily and two weekly 
papers. Pop. (1890). 3,360; (1900), 3,351. 

ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of 
the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., 
was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to 
America in childhood, his father settling in 
Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- 
hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but 
finally returned to the paternal home in Greene 
County, where, on the location of the Jackson- 
ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- 
tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch 
with the main line. 

ROOT, Georg-e Frederick, musical composer 
and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass., August 
30, 1830. He was a natural musician, and, while 
employed on his father's farm, learned to play on 
various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- 
ton, where he began his life-work. Besides 
teaching music in the public schools, he was 
employed to direct the musical service in two 
churches. From Boston he removed to New 
York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purjioses of 
musical study. In 1853 he made his first public 
essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell," 
which became popular at once. From this time 
forward his success as a song-writer was assured. 
His music, while not of a high artistic character, 
captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly 
to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in 
Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal 
and wrote those "war songs" which created and 
perpetuated his fame. Among the best known 
are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the 
Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." 
Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the 
Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and 
"The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he 
composed several cantatas and much sacred 
music, also publishing many books of instruction 
and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 



458 



ni.STOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



mental music. In 1872 the University of Chicago 
conferred on him the degi'ce of Mus. Doc. Died, 
near Portland, Maine, August 0, 1895. 

ROOTS, Bonajuh Guernsey, civil engineer, 
and educator, was born in Onondaga County 
N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools 
and academies of Central Xew York; began 
teaching in 1827, and, after spending a j'ear at 
sea for the benefit of his liealth, took a course in 
law and civil engineering. He was emj)loyed as 
a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of 
Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- 
nois and obtained employment on the railroad 
projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under 
the "internal improvement system" of 1837. 
AVlien that was suspended in 1839, he settled on 
a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry 
County, and soon after opened a boanling school, 
continuing its management until 1846, when he 
became Princijial of a seminary at Sparta. In 
1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in 
charge of surveys and construction, later as land 
agent and attorney. He was prominent in the 
introduction of the graded .school system in Illi- 
nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- 
mal Scliool at Bloomington and the University of 
Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the 
State Board of Education from its organization, 
and served as delegate to the National Repuli- 
lican Convention of 1808. Died, at his lionie in 
Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep 
(Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland 
County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois 
the same year and educated in his father's school, 
and in- an academy at Carrollton and the Wes- 
leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 
17 belonged to a coq)s of engineers employed on 
a Southern railroad, and, during the war. served 
as a civil engineer in tlie construction and repair 
of military roads. Later, he was Deputj' Sur- 
veyor-General of Nebniska; in 1871 became Chief 
Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of 
the Iron Mountain) Railway; tlien engaged in 
the banking biusiness in Arkansas, first as cashier 
of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the 
Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of 
which his brotlier, Logan H., was President. — 
Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- 
roa, Perry County, III, March 22, 1841, was edu- 
cated at home ami at the State Normal at 
Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal 
of a high school at Diiquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in 
the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving 
through the war and acting as Chief Commissary 



for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," 
and participating in the great review in Wash- 
ington, in May. 1805. After the conclusion of 
the war he was appointed Collector of Internal 
Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was 
elected from tliat State to the Fortieth and 
Forty-first Congresses (1808 and 1870)— being, at 
the time, the youngest member in that body — and 
was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- 
dent Grant. He finallj- became President of the 
Merchants" National Bank at Little Rock, with 
which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, 
suddenly, of congestion of the brain, May 30, 
1893. leaving an estate valued at nearly one and 
a half millions, of which he gave a large share to 
charitable purposes and to the city of Little 
Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- 
provement of its parks. 

ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born 
at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 18.50. 
The foundation of his education was secured in 
the public schools of his native place, and, after 
a term in the Normal University at Normal, III, 
at the age of 18 he took charge of a country 
school. Soon lie was chosen Principal of the 
Golconda graded schools, was later made County 
Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a 
second term. During his second term he was 
admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of 
Sujierinteiident, was elected State's Attornej' 
without opposition, being re-elected for another 
term. In 1889, bj' appointment of Governor 
Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the 
Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next 
year, when he was transferred to the Board of 
Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- 
tiary at Chester, which position he continued to 
occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- 
tary of State on tlie Republican ticket, his term 
extending to January, 1901. 

ROSEVILLE, a viUage in Warren County, on 
the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton iV- Quincy Riiilroad, 17 miles northwest of 
Buslmell; has water and electric-light plants, two 
banks, public library and one newspai>er Region 
agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900). 1.014. 

ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton 
County, III, July 18, 1823; was educated in the 
common schools and at Illinois College. Jackson- 
ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; 
the following ye;ir enlisted in the Fourth Illinois 
Volunteers for the Mexican War, liecame First 
Lieutenant and was commended for services at 
Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- 
portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



459 



eral Taylor. After the war he served six years 
as Probate Ju(ige. lu May, 1861, he enlisted in 
the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel 
of the Seventeentli Illinois Volunteers, serving 
with it in Missouri and Kentucky; was commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the 
capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- 
ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command 
of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. 
He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was 
appointed bj- President Johnson Collector of 
Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has 
been three times a delegate to National Repub- 
lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- 
date for Congress in a Democratic District. 
Since the war he has devoted his attention 
largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- 
farm in Iowa. In his later years was President 
of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. 
KOSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at 
Monson, Hampden County, Mass. , April 24, 1792 ; 
removed with his father's family, in 1S0.5, to 
Pittsfleld, Mass., where he remained until his 
twentieth year, when he was commissioned an 
Ensign in the Twent3'-first Regiment United 
States Infantry, serving through tlie War of 
1813-14, and participating in the battle of Sack- 
ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- 
ice he acted as drill-master at various points. 
Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the 
business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- 
while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- 
pany consisting of himself and four brothers, 
with their families and a few others, started for 
the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- 
ing the headwaters of the Allegheny overland, 
they transferred their wagons, teams and other 
property to flat-boats, descending that stream 
and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they 
disembarked and, crossing the State, reached 
Uijper Alton, where they found only one house, 
that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their 
families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded 
north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, 
until they reached a point in the western part of 
the present county of Pike, where the town of 
Atlas was afterwards located. Here they 
erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful 
prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing 
their families thither a few weeks later. They 
suffered the usual privations incident to life in a 
new country, not excepting sickness and death 
of some of their number. At the next session of 
the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- 
lished, embracing all that part of the State west 



and north of the Illinois, and including the 
present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross 
settlement became the nucleus of the town of 
Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates 
in 182.3, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and 
becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, 
so remaining from 1834 to 1833, when the seat of 
justice was removed to Pittsfleld. During this 
period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- 
nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- 
ously or successively, the offices of Probate 
Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the 
Peace, and others of a subordinate character. 
As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by 
Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the 
Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at 
Beardstown with twice the number of men 
called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower 
branch of the General Assembly, also serving in 
the Senate during the three following sessions, a 
part of the time as President pro tem. of the last- 
named body. While in the General Assembly he 
was instrumental in securing legislation of great 
importance relating to Military Tract lands. 
The year following the establishment of the 
county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- 
zen of that place, which he had the privilege of 
naming for his early home. He was a member 
of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a 
delegate to the National Republican Convention 
of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- 
dent the first time. Beginning life poor he 
acquired considerable propertj' ; was liberal, pub- 
lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome 
donation to the first company organized in Pike 
County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. 
Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. 

ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, 
on the Chfcago & Ea.steru Illinois Railroad, 19 
miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, 
water-works, tile and brick-works, two lianks and 
two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (IflflO), 1,43.3. 

ROUNDS, Sterlina: Parker, public printer, 
was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 27, 1828; about 
1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- 
osha, Wis. , and, in 184.5, was foreman of the State 
printing office at Madison, afterward working in 
offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going 
to Chicago in 18.51. Here he finally establislied 
a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an 
electrotype foundry and the manufacture of 
presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's 
Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was 
continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- 
pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 



400 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Washington, serving until 188"). wlien lie removed 
to Omaha, Neb., and wa.s identified with '"The 
Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 
17. 1887. 

ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in 
Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was 
brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew 
to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War 
of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- 
moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in 
Madison County, where he taught school for two 
years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette 
County about the time of the removal of the 
State capital to Vandalia. On the organization 
of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed 
to office there and ever afterwards resided at 
Hillsbot-o. For a number of years in the early 
liistory of the county, he held (at the same time) 
the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners 
Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Countj' 
Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public. 
Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides 
that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 
1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing 
Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served 
as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 
1847, and the next year was elected to the State 
Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from 
the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge 
without opposition, was re-elected to the same 
office in 1861, and again, in 186.5, as the nominee 
of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted 
for his sound judgment and .sterling integrity. 
Died, at Hillsboro. March 4, 1873. 

ROl'TT, John L., soldier and Governor, was 
born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought 
to Illinois in infancy and educated jn the com- 
mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was 
elected and served one term as .Sheriff of McLean 
County; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of 
Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. 
After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- 
ington, and was appointed by President Grant, 
successively, United States Marslial for the 
Southern District of Illinois. Second As.sistant 
Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of 
Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a 
State, he was elected the first Governor under the 
State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- 
ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. 
He has been extensively and successfully identi- 
fied with miniuK enterprises in Colorado. 

ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was 
born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a 



graduate of Eureka College and of the Law 
Department of the Chicago University. During 
the War of the Rebellion he served three years as 
company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois 
Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- 
ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, 
was a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from 
the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times 
re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home 
is at Bloomington. 

ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- 
wall, England, in 1830, came to the United 
States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near 
Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of 
thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the 
service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois 
Volunteers and was successively promoted 
Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel: was 
wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and 
Allatoona, esjiecially distinguishing lumself at the 
latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for 
gallantry. After the war he returned to his 
stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal 
Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- 
resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- 
bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the 
Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation 
with the Eighth Di.strict by President Cleveland. 
Died, in Chicago. July 13, 1887. 

RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- 
cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the 
charter having been prepared the previous year 
by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. 
The extreme financial depression of the following 
year prevented the organization of a faculty 
until 1843. The institution was named in honor 
of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, 
medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the 
latter half of the eighteenth century. The first 
faculty consisted of four professors, and the first 
term ojjened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of 
twenty-two students. Three years' study was 
required for graduation, but only two annual 
terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at 
the college itself. Instruction was given in a 
few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. 
The next year a small building, costing between 
§3,000 and §4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- 
ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of S15.000. 
The constant and rapid growth of the college 
necessitated the erection of a new building in 
1867, the cost of which was §70,000. This was 
destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing 
$,54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



461 



added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was 
located on a portion of the college lot, and the 
two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- 
dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. 
Shortly afterwards. Rush College became the 
medical department of Lake Forest University. 
The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- 
sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors 
of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- 
ance. The length of the annual terms is six 
months, and four years of study are required for 
graduation, attendance upon at least three col- 
lege terms being compulsory. 

RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler 
County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 
miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern 
terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The 
town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, 
the seat of justice being removed from a place 
called Beardstown, about five miles eastward 
(not tlie present Beardstown in Cass County), 
-where it had been located at the time of the 
organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. 
At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- 
ton, in lienor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- 
wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, 
grain and fruit-growing region, and contains 
several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick 
and tile works; also has two banks (State and 
private) and a public library. Four iieriodicals 
(one daily) are published here. Population 
(1880), 1,662; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,293. 

RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, 
was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and 
educated in the common schools of his native 
State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- 
ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support 
himself, during his college course, by teaching 
and by the publication, before he had reached his 
20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic 
History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- 
ation he taught for a short time in Georgia ; but, 
early in the following year, joined his father on 
the way to Missouri. The next five years he 
spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" 
on the Missouri River. During this period he 
published, anonymously, in ''The St. Charles Mis- 
.sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The 
Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), 
which gained a wide popularitj- and was early 
recognized by the compilers of school-readers as 
a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught 
a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia 
(then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent 



two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper 
Alton, which afterwards became Shui'tleff College. 
In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating 
at a point near the Illinois River to which he 
gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- 
censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- 
pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his 
calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to 
which he was an almost constant contributor 
during the last twenty-five years of his life. 
About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called 
"The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part 
of Greene County, but now in Jersey County — to 
wliich he afterwards continued to be a contribu- 
tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor 
of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was 
also, for several years. Principal of tlie Spring 
Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., 
meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as 
Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the 
author of a number of stories and sketches, some 
of which went through several editions, and, at 
the time of his death, had in preparation a his- 
tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of 
Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He 
was an accomplished linguist, being able to read 
with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and 
Italian, besides having considerable familiarity 
with several other modern languages. In 1862 
he received from the University of Chicago the 
degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was 
buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale. 

RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- 
ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a 
nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see MuUigan, 
James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- 
General on the staff of the latter in the Civil 
War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The 
Chicago Evening Post." and was advanced to 
the position of city editor. Subsequently he was 
connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- 
gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- 
cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of 
that village to Chicago, and has been one of the 
South Park Commissioners of the city last named. 
After the purchase of "Tlie Chicago Times" by 
Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on 
the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland 
appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. 
At the expiration of his term of office he resumed 
editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- 
icle," the organ of the Democratic party in 
Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. 

RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- 
dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, 



462 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- 
nois, settling at Edwardsville, and fiually at 
Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- 
dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1800, a member of 
the National Republican Convention at Chicago, 
which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. 
In September, 18G2, he was commissioned Colonel 
of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and 
participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in 
the operations about Vicksburg— also leading in 
the attack on Arkansiis Post, and subsequently 
serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of 
fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 
186-1, one week before his promotion to the rank 
of Brigadier-General. — Reuben C. (Rutherford), 
brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y. , 
Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New 
Hampshire; received a degree in law when quite 
young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- 
turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he 
lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and 
other Stiites after coming west in 1849. During 
1854-55, in co-oi)eration with Prof. J. B. Turner 
and others, he canvassed and lectured extensivelj' 
throughout Illinois in support of the movement 
which resulted in the donation of public lands, 
by Congres.s, for the establi.sliment of "Industrial 
Colleges" in the several States. The establish- 
ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, 
was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he 
located at Quincy. where he resided some thirty 
years; in 1861, served for several months as the 
first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was 
later associated with the State Quartermaster's 
Department, finally entering the secret service of 
the War Department, in which he remained until 
1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- 
General. In 1880, General Rutherford removed 
to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. — 
iieorge V. (Rutherford), another brother, was 
born at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to 
the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- 
struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- 
ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War 
became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the 
State of nUnois, at Springfield, under exGov. 
John Wood, but subsequently entered the 
Quartermaster's service of the General (iovern- 
ment in Washington, retiring after the war with 
the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned 
to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872. when 
he engaged in manufacturing business at North- 
ampton, Ma.ss., but finally removed to California 
for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. 
Helena, Cal., August 28, 1872. 



RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on 
tlie Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La 
Salle; has a bank, five churches, schixjl, and a 
newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. 
(1890), 509; (1900). 893; (1903). 1,093. 

RUTLEDUE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, 
.-Vrmy Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va., 
June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 13 
years and, at 21. became a memter of the Illinois 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
serving various churches in the central and west- 
ern parts of tlie State — aLso acting, for a time, as 
Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College 
at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- 
lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- 
teers. Returning from the war, he served as 
pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, 
Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and 
other points; from 1881 to '84 w;is Chaplain of 
the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. 
Rutledge w;i,s one of the founders of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, and served for many years 
as Chaplain of the order for the Department of 
Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he 
has occupied a supernumerary relation since 
1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. 

RUTZ, Edward, State Treiisurer, was born in 
a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 
5. 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a 
farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California 
in 1857, and, early in 1801, enlisted in the Third 
United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving 
with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge 
in 1804, and taking part in every battle in wliich 
his command was engaged. After his return in 
1865, he located in St. Clair County, and wa-s 
elected County Surveyor, served three consecu- 
tive terms as County Treasurer, atul was elected 
Suite Trea.surer three time.s— 1872, "76 and "80. 
About 1892 he removed to California, where he 
now resides. 

RT.iX, Edward (i., early editor and jurist, 
born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, 
Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, 
but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, 
came to New York and engaged in teaching 
while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- 
moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the 
bar and was. for a time, associated in practice 
with Ilugli T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan 
iissumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- 
cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he 
conducted for over a year, and which is remem- 
bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on 
Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



463 



aroused the hostility of some members of the 
Cliicago bar by his ruliugs ujion the bench. 
About 1843 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., 
where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew 
H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), 
and was connected with a number of celebrated 
trials before the courts of that State, including 
the Barstow- Bash ford case, which ended with 
Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor 
of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was api^ointed Chief 
Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, 
which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He 
was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, 
was an intense opponent of the war policy of the 
Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, 
he appears to have been a man of much learning 
and recognized legal ability. 

RTAX, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in 
childhood; was educated for the priesthood in 
Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro- 
fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, 
Ky. In 1878 ho removed to Illinois, attaching 
himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having 
charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 
1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, 
within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- 
bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop 
of the see of Alton, the prior inciimbent (Bishop 
Baltes) having died in 1886. 

SACS AXD FOXES, two confederated Indian 
tribes, who were among the most warlike and 
powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. 
The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- 
kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- 
ing "those of red earth." The French called 
them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their sjjelling of 
the name given them by other tribes, the mean- 
ing of which was "Foxes," and which was 
bestowed upon them because their totem (or 
armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. 
They seem to have been driven westward from 
the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of 
Niagara and Slackinac, to the region around 
Green Baj*, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- 
ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- 
ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, 
Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably 
an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- 
longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed 
a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, 
•on what is now known as the Sac River, near 
Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot 
be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally 



uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe 
originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the 
authenticity of this claim, historical authorities 
differ wideh". Subsequent to 1670 the history of 
the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their 
characteristics, location and habits are described 
at some length by Father AUouez, who visited 
them in 1666-07. He says that they were numer- 
ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, 
avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That 
they were cordially detested by their neighbors 
is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the 
Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly 
to the French, who attached to themselves other 
tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had 
well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and 
Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on 
terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 
1718, however, they were virtually in possession 
of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, 
four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- 
tinsand Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, 
driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the 
Illinois River. They abstained from taking part 
in the border wars that marked the close of the 
Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- 
ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At 
that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed 
the country as far we.st as Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
and as far north as Prairie du Cliien. They 
offered to co-operate with the United States 
Government in the W^ar of 1812, but this offer 
was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under 
the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the 
side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved 
their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island 
they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large 
part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body 
of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk 
War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government 
divided the nation into two bands, removing both 
to reservations in the farther West. One was 
located on the Osage River and the other on the 
south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the 
northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- 
vations, there is little doubt, many of them have 
silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, 
where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, 
the net and the spear of the himter. A few 
}-ears ago a part of these confederated tribes 
were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. 

SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort 
in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has 
an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 
419; (1903, "est.), 550. 



464 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western, tlie Chicago & Eastern Ilhnois and tlie 
Illinois .Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. 
Louis, and IG miles northeast of Centralia; in 
agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- 
try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of 
fruit. The city has tlour-mills, two hanks and 
three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493; 
(1900), 1.C42. 

SAlJXE COrXTY, a southeastern county, 
organized in l.St7, having an area of 380 square 
miles. It derives its name from the salt springs 
which are found in everj- part of the county. 
The northern portion is rolling and yields an 
abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- 
ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily 
timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, 
sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are 
the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are 
extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and 
humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of 
the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes 
excellent farming lands. In some localities a 
good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, 
is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. 
In the southern half of the county are the Eagle 
Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of 
some 450 to ."iOO feet above the level of the Mis- 
sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to 
have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth 
to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- 
sas. The highest laud in the county is 864 feet 
above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills 
are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found 
in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- 
nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The 
county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, 
which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- 
quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid 
out in 18.59. Population of the county (1880), 
1.5,040; (1890), 19,342; (1900), 21,085. 

SALIXE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- 
fluence of twu branches, both of wliich flow 
through portions of Saline Countj-, uniting in 
Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- 
ton County and runs nearly south, while the 
South Fork drains part of Williamson County, 
and runs east through Saline. The river (which 
is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs 
southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below 
Shawneetown. 

SALT MAXUFACTURE. There is evidence 
going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin 
•C!ountj% were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- 



ants in the making of salt, long before the advent 
of white settlers. There have been discovered, at 
various points, what appear to be the remains of 
evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay 
and pounded shells, varj-ing in diameter from 
three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en- 
couraging the manufacture of sjilt from these 
springs. Congress granted to Illinois the use of 
30 square miles, the fee still remaining in the 
United States. These lands were leased by the 
State to private parties, but the income derived 
from them was comparatively small and • fre- 
quently difficult of collection. The workmen 
were mostly sLives from Kentucky and Tennes- 
see, who are especially referred to in .\rticle VI., 
Section 2. of the Constitution of 1818. The salt 
made brought S.5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped 
in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- 
sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while 
many purchasers came hundreds of miles on 
horseback and carried it away on pack animals. 
In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the 
General Assembh' having decided to erect a peni- 
tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to 
donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- 
mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the 
Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply tlie 
proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature 
might by law direct." The sale was made, one- 
half of the proceeds set apart for the building of 
the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- 
ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of 
the State. The manufacture of salt was carried 
on, however — for a time by lessees and subse- 
quentlj- by owners — until 1873, about which time 
it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased 
to be profitable on account of competition with 
other districts possessing superior facilities. 
Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County 
about 1824. The manufactiu-e has been success- 
fully carried on in recent years, from the product 
of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. 

SAXDOVAL, a village of Marion County, at 
the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Oliio 
Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The 
town has coal mines and some manufactures, 
with banks and one newspaper. Population 
(1H80V .504; (1S90), 834; (1900), 1,258. 

S.VXDSTOXE. The quantity of sandstone quar- 
ried in lUiunis is com]>aratively insignificant, its 
value Ixung less than one-fifth of one per cent of 
the value of the output of the entire country. 
In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list 
of States producing this mineral, the total value 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



465 



of the stone quarried being but $17,896, repre- 
senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi-om ten quar- 
ries, which emplo3-ed fort}' -six hands, and had an 
aggregate capital invested of §49,400. 

SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- 
porated in 1878, on the Chicago, Burhngton & 
Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. 
The principal industries are the manufacture of 
agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- 
ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two 
private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly 
papers. Pop. (1890), 3,516; (1900), 2,530; (1903), 
2,865. 

SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, 
organized under act of June 30, 1831. from parts 
of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing 
the present counties of Sangamon, Ca.ss, Menard, 
Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, 
McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It 
was named for the river flowing through it. 
Though reduced in area somewhat, four years 
later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was 
reduced to its present limits by the setting apart 
of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) 
Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed 
to have been the first white settler, arriving 
tliere in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton 
Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by 
William Dreunan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, 
Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located 
on the present site of the city of Springfield in 
1818, and was there at the time of the selection 
of that place as the tem])orary seat of justice in 
1831. Other settlements were made at Auburn, 
Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population 
began to flow in rapidlj'. Remnants of the Potta- 
watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, 
but soon moved north or west. County organi- 
zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of 
County Commissioners being composed of Wil- 
liam Drennan, Zaohariah Peter and Samuel Lee. 
John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the 
first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, 
Sheriff; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and 
Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United 
States Land Office was established at Springfield 
in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the 
first sale of lands taking place the same year. 
The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- 
tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous 
coal, which is mined in large quantities. The 
chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, 
Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the 
county is 800 square miles. Population (1880), 
53,894; (1890), 61,195; (I'JOO), 71,593. 



SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of 
the North and South Forks, of which the former 
is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork 
rises in the northern part of Champaign County, 
whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, 
thence westward through Sangamon Covmty, 
forming the north boundary of Christian County, 
and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles 
above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 340 
miles long, including the North Fork. The 
South Fork flows through Christian County, and 
joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of 
Springfield. In the early history of the State the 
Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, 
and its improvement was one of the measures 
advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1833, when he 
was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- 
cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 
1833 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the 
''Talisman," ascended the river to a point near 
Springfield. The event was celebrated with 
great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel 
encountered so much difficulty in getting out of 
the river that the experiment was never 
repeated. 

SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- 
tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 
1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County, 
N. Y., where his father became a contractor on 
the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon 
the same work. The latter subsequently became 
a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his 
own account, being known as "the boy contract- 
or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile 
business, and a year spent in the construction of a 
canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and 
soon after became an extensive contractor on the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock 
excavation at Lockport. He was also connected 
with the Rock River improvement scheme, and 
interested in a line of stages between Chicago 
and Galena, which, having been consolidated 
with the line managed by the firm of Fink & 
Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage 
Company, extending its operations throughout 
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa 
and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the 
Western Division, for a time, with headquarters 
at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the 
firm of Sanger, Camp & Co. , contractors for the 
construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division 
of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon Vkhich he 



466 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was employed for several years. Other works 
with wliich lie was connected were the North 
Missouri Railroad and the construction of the 
State Penitentiary at Joliet. as member of the 
firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of 
convict lalx)r. In 1863 Mr. Sanger received from 
Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, 
a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to 
staff duty in Kentucky anil Tennessee. After 
the war he became largely interested in stone 
quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive 
contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, 
Cal., March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the 
benefit of his health.— James Yoiin^ (Sanger), 
brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, 
Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time 
in a large mercantile establisluiieut at Pittsburg, 
Pa., later being associated with his father and 
elder brother in contracts on tlie Erie Canal and 
similar works in Pennsylvania. Ohio and Indi- 
ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's 
family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- 
lished a large supply store, and engaged in 
bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a 
later period, in connection with his father and 
his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently 
connected with the construction of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal — the aipieduct at Ottawa and 
the locks at Peru being constructed by them. 
About 18.50 the Construction Companj-, of which 
he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading 
members, undertook the construction of the Ohio 
& Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
ern) R;iilroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., 
and were prominently identified with other rail- 
road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and 
California. Died, Julj- 8, 18(i7. when consum- 
mating arrangements for the performance of a 
large contract on the Union Pacific Rjiilroad. 

SAXITARY COMMISSION. (See nUuoi.i San- 
itary Com mission. ) 

SAMTARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See 
Chieai/o Drainage Canal.) 

SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed 
known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a 
British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born 
in Canada about 1780: received an education 
from the Jesviits at Detroit, and was able to 
speak and write Englisli and French, besides 
several Indian dialects; was a friend of Tecum- 
seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a 
devoted friend of the whites. He took up his 
residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, 
was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a 



subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- 
was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern- 
ment, in consideration of his services, built for 
him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, 
which he occupied until his departure with his 
tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, 
made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by 
the Government to Sauganiish, Shabona and 
other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,240 
acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set 
apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving 
the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
Sept. 28, 1841. 

SAVAGE, George S. F., D.l)., clergyman, was 
torn at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- 
ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at 
Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; 
was ordained a home missionary the same year 
and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 
111., for four years being corresponding editor of 
'"The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational 
Herald." For ten years he was in the service of 
the American Tract Society, and. during the Civil 
War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work 
in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western 
Secretary of the Congregational Publishing 
Society, remaining two years, after which he be- 
came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- 
logical Seminar}'. He has also been a Director 
of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit 
College since 1850, and. for several ye;irs, editor 
and publisher of "The Congregational Review." 

SAYA>'XA,a city in Carroll County, situated 
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- 
lington i\: Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount 
Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, 
Iowa. It is an important shippiiig-jioint and con- 
tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, 
flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public 
library, churches, two graded schools, township 
high school, and two daily and weekly news- 
papers. Pop. (1800), 3,097; (1900), 3,335. 

SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on 
the Lake Erie tfe Western Railroad, 26 miles east 
of Bloomington; district agricultural; county 
fairs held here; the town hiis two banks and two 
newspapers. Pop. (1890). 851; (1900). 879. 

SCATES, Walter Keniiett, jurist and soldier, 
was born at Soutii Boston, Ilalifa.x County. Va., 
Jan. 18, 1808: was taken in infancy to Hopkins- 
ville, K}'., where he resided until 1831. ha\-ing 
meanwhile lejxrned the printer's trade at Njish- 
ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he 
removed to Frankfort. Franklin County, HI., 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



467 



where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 
1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, 
he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- 
ment, but resigned at the close of the same year 
to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial 
Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- 
town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges 
added to the Supreme Court bench, the others 
being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, 
Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that 
year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson 
County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat 
upon the bench to resume practice. The same 
year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
vention and Chairman of the Committee on 
Judiciary. In June, 18.54, he again took a seat 
upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to 
succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 
1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 
1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, 
received a IMajor's commission and was assigned 
to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was 
made. Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered 
out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President 
Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at 
Chicago, whicli position he filled until July 1, 
1869, when he was removed by President Grant, 
during the same period, being ex-officio custodian 
of United States funds, the office of Assistant 
Treasurer not having been then created. Died, 
at Evauston, Oct. 26, 1886. 

SCAMMOX, Jonathan Young, lawyer and 
banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 
1812; after graduating at Waterville (now Colbj-) 
University in 1831, he studied law and was 
admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 remov- 
ing to Chicago, where he spent tlie remainder of 
his life. After a year spent as deputy in tlie 
office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during 
which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- 
utes, he was appointed attorney for tlie State 
Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became 
reporter of the Supreme Court, whicli office lie 
held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- 
ated with several prominent law5'ers, his first 
legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & 
Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 
1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- 
fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- 
lent character, his most important financial 
venture was in connection witli the Chicago 
5!arine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- 
ducted an extensive banking business for many 
years, and of which he was the President and 
leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive. 



public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the 
main promoters and organizers of the old Galena 
& Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to 
run west from Lake Michigan; was also promi- 
nently identified with the founding of the Chi- 
cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) 
Chicago University, and one of the founders of 
the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- 
nomical Society — being the first President 
of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of 
830,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in 
which he caused to be placed the most power- 
ful telescope which had at that time been brought 
to the West. He also maintained the observatory 
at his own expense. He was the pioneer of 
Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a 
staunclx Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. 
In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- 
cago American," a paper designed to advance 
the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency; 
and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" 
espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started 
"The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, 
for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- 
chief. He was one of the first to encourage the 
adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine 
in Chicago, and was prominently connected with 
the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College 
and the Halxnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in 
botli for many years. As a member of the Gen- 
eral Assembly he secured the passage of many 
important measures, among them being legisla- 
tion looking toward the bettering of tlie currency 
and the banking system. He accumulated a 
large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 
1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, 
March 17, 1890. 

SCARBITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- 
necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, 
in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison 
County. His sons afterward became influential 
in business and Methodist church circles. Died, 
Dec, 12, 1847. 

SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the 
uniformity of surface which characterizes a 
country containing no mountain ranges, but 
which is made up largely of natural prairies, 
there are a nmuber of localities in Illinois where 
scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and 
rugged character, may be found. One of the 
most striking of these features is produced by a 
spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- 
tains of Missouri, projected across the southern 
part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 



468 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Tower in Jackson County, tlirougli the northern 
part of Union, ami through portions of William- 
son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. 
Grand Tower, the initial ix)int in tlie western 
part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, 
standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, 
and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- 
water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark 
for navigators ever since the discovery of the 
Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles 
above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point 
immediatel}' on the river bank, formed by some 
isolated hills about three miles long by a mile 
and a half wide, which have withstood the forces 
that excavated the valley now occupied by the 
Mississippi, About half a mile from the lower 
end of tliis hill, with a low valley between them, 
is a smaller eminence known as the "Devirs 
Bake Oven." The main cliaiu of bluffs, known 
as the "Back Bone," is about live miles from the 
river, and ri.ses to a lieight of nearly 700 feet 
above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more 
than 400 feet above the level of the river at 
Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland 
bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of 
the Mobile & Ohio EailroatI, in the northern part 
of Union Count)-, with an elevation above tide- 
water of 98.J feet. The highest point in this 
range of hills is reached in the northeastern part 
of Pope County — the elevatiiin at that i)oint (iis 
ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University 
at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some 
striking scenerj- in the neighborhood of Grafton 
between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as 
well as some distance up the latter stream — 
though the landscape along the middle section of 
the Illinois is generally monotonous or only 
gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few 
otlier points, where bluffs rise to a considerable 
height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at 
Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, 
including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the 
site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). 
This rock rises to a perpendicular heiglit of 
about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the 
ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, 
about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo 
Rock," an isolated ridge of rock alx)ut two miles 
long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once 
an island at a period when the Illinois River 
occupied the whole valley. Additional interest 
is given to both these localities by tlieir iLssoci- 
ation with early history. Deer Park, on tlie Ver- 
milion River — some two miles from where it 
empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved 



Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused 
by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this 
point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, 
for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- 
dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a 
dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this 
point to about 150 feet in diameter at tlie base, 
with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring 
of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at 
certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall 
iwurs from the cliffs into a little lake at tlie bot- 
tom of the chasm. There is much other striking 
scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox 
Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of 
the earliest explorers in this region was Mount 
Juliet, near the city of that name. It is first 
mentioned by St. Cosine in ICilS. and ha.s been 
variously known as Mon jolly, Mont Jolie, Mount 
Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in 
early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 
1,300 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The 
American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion 
that, originally, it was an island in the river, 
which, at a remote period, swept down the valley 
of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite 
rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were 
accustomed to hold their councils at its ba.se. — 
The scenery along Rock River is not striking 
from its boldness, but it attracted the attention 
of early explorers by the picturesiiue beauty of 
its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. 
The highest and most abrupt elevations are met 
with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin 
State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about 
three miles south of Galena and two miles from 
the Mississippi, has been a lamlmark well known 
to tourists and river men ever since the Upper 
Jlississippi began to be navigated. Towering 
above the surrounding bluffs, it re;iches an alti- 
tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of 
Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these 
mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- 
ea-sterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and 
Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among 
them. There are also some castellated rocks 
around the city of Galena which are verj- strik- 
ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the sy.stem 
already referred to, is believed to be the highest 
elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis- 
consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, 
has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- 
tral R;iilroad at .Scale-s" Mound Station, and, 1,2.57 
feet above the Gulf of Mexico. 

SCHAl'MBEIUv, a village in Schauraberg 
Township, Cook County. Population, 573. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



469 



SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, 
was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. 
Being sentenced to death for his participation in 
tlie attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to 
America in 1849, going from Nev\^ York to Cleve- 
land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- 
nection with his brother, he establislied a German 
daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely 
anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- 
ence, especially among persons of German birth. 
In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became 
editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he 
vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on 
its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude 
and articles gave such offense to the partisan 
friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was 
threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. 
He early took advanced ground in opposition to 
slavery, and was a member of the convention of 
Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, 
and of the first Republican State Convention, held 
at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the 
National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 
1860, participating in the nomination of both 
John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the 
Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the 
Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was 
appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at 
Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 
1863, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats 
Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of 
Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On 
retiring from this office he engaged in banking, 
subsequentlj' becoming President of the National 
Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated 
for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President 
Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, 
whicli he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- 
dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving 
for a number of years as a member of the Repub- 
lican State Central Committee. 

SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, 
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 
1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 
1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ; 
graduated from the United States Military Acad- 
emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson 
and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- 
vice and served two years in Florida, after wliich 
he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at 
West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War 
he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor 
of Physics in Washington University at St. 
Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned 
to duty and was appointed mustering officer; 



then, by permission of the War Department, 
entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, 
serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the 
early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's 
Creek. His subsequent career included the 
organization of the Missouri State Militia (1863), 
command of the Army of the Frontier in South- 
west Missouri, command of the Department of 
the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the 
Atlanta campaign and cooperation with Sher- 
man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston in North Carolina— his army having 
been transferred for this piupose, from Tennessee 
by way of Washington. After the close of the 
war he went on a special mission to Mexico 
to investigate the French occupation of that 
country ; was commander of the Department of 
the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by 
appointment of President Johnson, from June, 
1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- 
net he was commissioned a full Major-General 
and held various Division and Department com- 
mands until 1886, when, on the deatli of General 
Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the 
Army, with headquarters at Washington. 
He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 
1895. His present home is in Washington. 

SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark 
County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of 
an education in the common schools during boy- 
hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the 
higher branches through toilsome application to 
text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 
20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., 
graduating two years later, and beginning prac- 
tice at ^Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses 
at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of 
a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. 
In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 
1860, was chosen to represent his county in the 
Legislature. After serving one term he returned 
to his professional career and succeeded in build- 
ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- 
sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the 
Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became 
Solicitor for tlie Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he 
was elected to fill the vacancy on tlie bench of the 
Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand 
Division, caused by the resignation of Judge 
Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- 
sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 
1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- 
land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- 
ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he 
not insistently declined to accept the honor. 



470 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive 
scliool-liouses of Illinois were built of logs, anil 
were extremely rude, as regards both structure 
and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers 
rarely erected a special building to be used as a 
school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned 
dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one 
end of a settler's cabin not uuf requentlj" answered 
the purpose, and the church and the court-house 
were often made to accommodate the school. 
When a school-lK)u.se, as such, w;ts to be built, the 
men of the district gathered at the site selected, 
bringing their axes and a few other tools, with 
their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to 
constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a 
nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public 
lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a 
cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- 
sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls 
were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light 
and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from 
which rose a chimnej', usually built of sticks and 
mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted 
by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with 
clay mortar. S.^metimes, but only with great 
labor, stone was substituted for mortar made 
from the clay soil. The chimneys were always 
wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes 
extending across one entire end of the building. 
The fuel used was wood cut directly from the 
forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to 
the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be 
cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the 
width of the chimney. Occasionally there was 
no chimney, the fire, in some of the most jjrinii- 
tive structures, being built on the earth and the 
smoke escai)ing through a hole in the roof. In 
such houses a long board was set up on the wind- 
ward side, and shifted fiom side to side as the 
wind varied. Stones or logs answered for 
andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no 
one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were 
made of roughly split clapboards, held in place 
by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- 
ports starting from "eaves poles." Tlie space 
between the logs, which constituted the walls of 
the building, was filled in with blocks of wood 
or "chinking." and the crevices, both exterior 
and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in 
which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its 
adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one 
or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the 
admission of light : and, as glass could not always 
be procured, niin and snow were excluded and 
light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over 



this space a Ixiard, attached to the outer wall by 
leather hinges, was sometimes susi>euded to keep 
out the storms. The placing of a gliiss window 
in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 
1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- 
narily the floor was of the natural earth, although 
this was sometimes covered with a layer of claj-, 
firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious 
school- houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors 
made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had 
"ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually 
matle of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which 
was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The 
seats were also of puncheons (without backs) 
supported on four legs made of pieces of poles 
inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, 
except the advanced pupils who were learning to 
write. For their convenience a broader and 
smoother puncheon was fa.stened into the wall 
by wooden pins, in such a way that it would 
slope downward toward the pupil, the front being 
supported by a brace extending from the wall. 
When a pupil was writing he faced the walL 
When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- 
self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. 
These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with 
the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the 
teaclier (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or 
"piggin," of water, witli a gourd for a drinking 
cup. Rough and unc:outh as these structures 
were, they were evidences of public spirit and of 
appreciation of the advantages of education. 
They were built and maintained by mutual aid 
and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men 
of the State and Nation obtained tliat primary 
training which formed the foundation of their 
subsequent careers. (See Education.) 

SCHUYLER COUXTY, located in the western 
portion of the State, has an area of 430 square 
miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. 
The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and, 
auiong the etirliest pioneers, were Calvin Uobart, 
William 11. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The 
county was organized from a portion of Pike 
County, in 1S2.), the first Commissioners being 
Thomas Blair, Thoniiis McKee and Samuel Hor- 
ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the 
county-seat, .selected a site in the eastern part of 
the county alnjut one mile west of tlie present 
village of Pleasant View, to which the name of 
Beardstown was given, and where the earliest 
court was held, Jutlge John York Sawyer presid- 
ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris JIc- 
Cartney, Sheriff. Tliis location, however, proving 
unsatisfactorj-, new Commissioners were ap- 






HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



471 



pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected 
the present site of the city of Rushville, some 
five miles west of the point originally chosen. 
The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, 
in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name 
was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim 
Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The 
surface of the county is rolling, and tlie region 
contains excellent farming land, which is well 
watered by tlie Illinois River and numerous 
creeks. Population (1890), 16,013;' (1900), 16,129. 

SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was 
born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated 
from the United States Military Academy in 1871, 
and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 
Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, 
meantime studying law and medicine, being 
admitted to the bar in 1873, and graduating in 
medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by 
reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- 
tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave 
of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as 
second in command, sailed from New York in the 
"Eothen,'' June 19, for King William's Land. 
The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found 
and buried the skeletons of manj- of Franklin's 
party, besides discovering relics which tended to 
clear up the mystery of their fate. During this 
period he made a sledge journey of 3,2.51 miles. 
Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition 
up the Yukon River. After a brief return to 
army duty he tendered his resignation in 188.5, 
and the next year led a special expedition to 
Alaska, under the au-spices of "The New York 
Times," later making a voyage of discovery 
among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- 
ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where 
he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- 
zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He 
received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the 
Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from 
the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia; also 
published several volumes relating to his re- 
searches, under the titles. "Along Alaska's 
Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under 
Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; 
and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, 
Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. 

SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in 
Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son 
of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy 
he accompanied his father to Galena, where the 
latter established a newspaper, and wliere he 
learned the printer's trade. After graduating 
from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit 



College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. 
Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- 
culture, at the same time contributing short 
articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he 
was a compositor in AVashington. His first news- 
paper venture was the publication of a .weekly 
newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to 
Illinois, conjointlj' with his father he started 
"The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, 
removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The 
Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he 
withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in 
conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- 
cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately 
secured a controlling interest. His journalistic 
and executive capability soon brought additional 
responsibilities. He was chosen President of the 
American New.spaper Publishers' Association, of 
tlie Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press 
— the latter being an organization for the collec- 
tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to 
journals throughout the United States and Can- 
ada. He was also conspicuously connected with 
the preliminary organization of the World's 
Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the 
Press Committee. In 1898 he started an evening 
paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." 
Early in 189.5 lie purchased "The Chicago Times," 
intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," 
but before the final consummation of his plans, 
he died suddenly, while on a business visit in 
New York, April 14, 1895. 

SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born 
in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his 
father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his 
mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- 
trict schools was supplemented bj- private tuition, 
and his early education was the best that tlie 
comparatively new country afforded. He read 
law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 
1848, removed to McLean County, which con- 
tinued to be his home for nearly fiftj' years. He 
served as County School Commissioner from 1849 
to 1852, and, in the latter year, waselected County 
Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- 
lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently 
speaking from the same platform with Abraham 
Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the 
Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to 
succeed David Davis on the elevation of the 
latter to the bench of the United States Supreme 
Court, and was re-elected in 18G7. In 1870, a 
new judicial election being rendered necessary 
by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge 
Scott was chosen .Justice of the Supreme Court 



472 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



for a term of nine years; was re-elected in 1879, 
but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter 
years of his life were devoted to his private 
affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. 
Shortly before liis death Judge Scott publi.slied a 
volume containing a History of the Illinois 
Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the 
early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and 
early lawyers of the State. 

SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist 
and real-estate operator, was born at Le.xington, 
Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College 
in 1846, then spent several j'ears looking after his 
father's landed interests in Oliio, when lie canie 
to Illinois and invested largely in lands for liini- 
self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa 
in 1856; lived in Springfield in 18T0-72, wlien he 
removed to Bloomington, where he organized the 
McLean County Coal Company, remaining ;is its 
head until his death; was also the founder of 
"The BUwmington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at 
Bloomington, May 21, 1891. 

SCOTT, Owen, journalist and e.x-Congressman. 
was born in Jackson Townsliip, Effingham 
County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, 
after receiving a thorough common-school edu- 
cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight 
years. Superintendent of Schools for his native 
county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to 
the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later. 
to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- 
cation was "The Effingham Democrat," wliicli he 
left to become proprietor and manager of "The 
Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher 
of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- 
cal. Before removing to Bloomington ho filled 
the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- 
ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of 
Internal Revenue. In 1890 lie was elected as a 
Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District 
to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a 
candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his 
Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- 
ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor 
of "The Bloomington Leader." 

SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of 
the State adjoining the Illinois River, and lias an 
area of 248 stjuare miles. The region was origi- 
nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who 
ceded it to the Government by the treaty of 
Edwardsville, July 30, 181!!. Six months later 
(in January. 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled 
near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their 
names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, 
Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen. John Scott and 



Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the 
county, John Scott the second and Adan^ Miller 
the third. About the same time came Stephen 
M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white 
woman in the county. Other pioneers were 
Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- 
more, Jes.se Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The 
country was rough and the conveniences of civi- 
lization few and remote. Settlers took their com 
to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton 
for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, 
and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized 
from the best citizens, who meted out a rough 
and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally 
shooting a de.sperado at his cabin door. Scott 
County was cut off from Morgan and organized 
in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of 
it being originally timbered, and it is well 
watered by the Illinois River and niunerous 
small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. 
Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 
10,304; (1900). 10,4-55. 

SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near 
Cape (iirardeau. Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to 
Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at 
McKendree College; studied law and came to 
Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, 
but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in 
"The Chicago Tribune," whidi had been estab- 
lislied during the previous year. In 1852 he 
withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- 
tion with William Rross (afterwards Lieuten- 
ant-Governor), established "The Dailj- Demo- 
cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The 
Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The 
Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one 
of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he 
was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the 
city of Cliicago. serving until 1865, when, having 
sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in 
the banking business as a member of the firm of 
Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, 
soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 
21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had 
gone in hojies of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a 
finished and able writer who did much to elevate 
the standard of Chicago journalism. 

SCRO(;(iS. Goorife, journalist, was born at 
Wilmington, Clintim. County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 
— the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, wlio came to 
Champaign County, 111., in 1S51, and, in 1858, 
took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 
1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the 
location of the State University at Champaign, 
afterwards serving as a member of the first Board 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



473 



of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the 
age of 15, became au apprentice in his father's 
printing office, continuing until 1862, when he 
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
Twenty -fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being 
promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Ma jor 
and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on 
the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James 
D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- 
tant of the Sixtieth lUinois. He participated in 
the battles of Perry ville, Cbiekamauga, Mission 
Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in 
the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, 
N. C. He remained in the service until July, 
1865, when he resigned; then entered the Uni- 
versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- 
while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and 
Union," of which he finallj' became sole propri- 
etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp 
on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow- 
ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General 
Assemblj', but, before the close of the session 
(1879), received the appointment of United States 
Consul to Hamburg. Germany. He was com- 
pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on 
account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, 
Oct. 15, 18S0. 

SEATOXVILLE, a village in Hall Township, 
Bureau County. Population (1900^, 909. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is 
a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from 
its admission into the Union down to the present 
time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 
1818-23; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-33; David 
BlackweU, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 
1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by 
the Senate); George Forquer, 1825-28 ; Alexander 
Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 
(served three months — resigned to take a seat on 
the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull. 184143; 
Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 
1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander 
Starne, 1853-57 ; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon 
Tyndale. 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; 
George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 
1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; M^iUiam H. 

Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . 

Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only 
Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial 
period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and 
the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- 
stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of 
State was filled by appointment by the Governor, 
by and with the advice and consent of the 



Senate, but without limitation as to term of 
office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by 
that of 1870, that officer was made elective by 
the people at the same time as the Governor, for 
a terra of four 3'ears. 

SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early 
in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at 
various points in the Northwest, organizations of 
persons disaffected toward the National Govern- 
ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- 
ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first 
they were known by such titles as "Circles of 
Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. 
But they had kindred aims and their members 
were soon united in one organization, styled 
"Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets 
having been partially disclosed, this body ceased 
to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, 
changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) 
by an organization of similar character, called 
the "American Knights." These societies, as 
first formed, were rather political than military. 
The "American Knights" had more forcible 
aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the 
order was re organized under the name of "Sons 
of Liberty." The last named order started in 
Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- 
zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, 
acquiring mvieh more strength and influence than 
its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- 
ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme 
Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- 
mander, " "secretary of state," and "treasurer." 
Each State represented formed a division, under a 
' ' deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided 
into military districts, under "major-generals." 
County lodges were termed "temples." The 
order was virtually an officered army, and its 
aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- 
chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three 
degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy 
taken at each initiation svirpassed, in binding 
force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath 
taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of 
slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive 
policy by the Government in dealing with seces- 
sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its 
methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- 
ments and resist a draft ; to aid and protect 
deserters ; to disseminate treasonable literature ; 
to aid the Confederates in destroying Government 
property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- 
riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, 
claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 
000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 



474 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



acts were committed, but the organization, hav- 
ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- 
banded in 186.>. (See Camp Douglas Conspiract/. ) 
SELBY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway 
County, Ohio. July 20, 1825; removed with his 
parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but. 
at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, wliere 
he Sj)ent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison 
County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory 
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
but left the institution during his junior j-ear to 
assume the editorship of '"The Morgan Journal," 
at Jacksonville, with which he remained until 
tlie fall of 1858, covering the period of the 
organization of the Republican party, in which 
"The Journal" took an active part. He was a 
member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known 
as Republican) State Convention, which met at 
Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in 
the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and 
presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska 
editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a 
line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- 
lican party. (See Anti-Xcbratiica Editorial 
Convention.) Tliis body apjwinted the first 
Republican State Central Committee and desig- 
nated the date of the Bloomiugtou Convention 
of May 29, following, which put in nomination 
the first Republican State ticket ever named in 
Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following 
November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 
1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of 
the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was 
widely circulated. (See Canal iScrip Fraud.) 
Going South in the fall of 1859, he was eng;iged 
in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the 
last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the 
fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his 
Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and 
falselj- charged with having been connected with 
the "underground railroad," in letters from 
secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- 
sonal and political enmity he had incurred while 
conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, .some 
of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator 
Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders 
as vouchers for their characters. He at once 
invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- 
tees of the institution, of which he was the 
Principal, when that bodj- — although composed, 
for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis 
of te.stimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- 
sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions 
declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- 
tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into 



his hands. Returning North with his family in 
July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- 
missary and transportation branches of the ser- 
vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 18G2, 
he became a&sociate editor of "The Illinois State 
Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- 
ber, 1805. The next six montlis were spent as 
Assistant Deputy Collector in tlie Custom House 
at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 
1866, he soon after became identified with the 
Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The 
Evening Journal" and, later, on, "The Repub- 
lican." In May, 1808, he assumed the editorship 
of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming 
part proprietor of that paper, but, in Jainiary, 
1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour- 
nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- 
etors. In 1880 he was appointed b\' President 
Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed 
by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1880. Mean- 
while he had sold his interest in "The Journal." 
but the following year organized a new company 
for its purchase, when he resumed his former 
positioo as editor. . In 1889 he disposed of his 
holding in "The Journal," finally removing to 
Chicago, wliere he has been employed in literary 
work. In all he has been engaged in editorial 
work over thirty-five j"ears, of which eighteen 
were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 
Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater 
with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been 
twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- 
field, who died in November. 1805, leaving two 
daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- 
cock, of Quincy. by whom he had two children, 
both of whom died in infancy. 

SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was 
born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch 
descent; after learning the tanner's trade, studied 
law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing 
to Jlissouri four years later, where he was ad- 
mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, 
he began practice at Edwardsville. hut later 
became a citizen of Alton. During the Black 
Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He 
was thrice elected to the lower house of the 
Legislature (1832, "34 and '36), and was Speaker 
during the last two terms. In 1833 he was 
elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but 
served onh- until the following j-ear. and, in 
1837, was appointed Minister to Granada. South 
America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- 
wards elected. United States Senator to fill the 
unexpired term of Samuel McRolierts, at the 
expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private 



niSTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



475 



life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey 
County, just south of which lie owned a large 
estate on the Mississippi bhiffs, where he died. 
Dec. 30, ISGG. 

SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La 
Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of 
Ottawa. It has a graded school, several 
churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain 
warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and 
one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. 

SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, 
was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, 
Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years 
of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. 
He received a grammar school education at Fond 
du Lac, and, in 1804, began the studj' of medi- 
cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College 
in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as 
resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, 
he began practice at Ashford, Wis. , but removed 
to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending 
physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he 
visited Europe, graduated the following year from 
the University of Munich, and, on his return, 
became Professor of the Principles of Surgery 
and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College 
in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- 
tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. 
Senn has achieved great success and won an 
international reputation in the treatment of 
difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the 
author of a number of volumes on different 
branches of surgery which are recognized as 
standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- 
chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- 
iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University 
of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- 
berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was 
appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois 
National Guard, and has also been President of 
the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
National Guard of the United States, besides 
being identified with various other medical 
bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- 
American War, he was appointed, by President 
McKinlej', a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank 
of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the 
military branch of the service at Camp Chicka- 
mauga and in the Santiago campaign. 

SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- 
Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born 
in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844 ; in April, 



1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a 
private soldier under the fir.st call for troops 
issued by President Lincoln; at the close of his 
term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to 
recruit a company which afterwards was attached 
to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he 
was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the 
rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to 
tlie Seventy -second with a commission as Captain 
of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- 
mander of his regiment, then constituting a part 
of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated 
in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring 
Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- 
ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin 
he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, bj' a 
piece of shell which broke his leg. His re,giment 
took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, 
and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and 
men, it returned with only 333, all told, although 
it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known 
as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old 
when he received his first commission, and 21 
when, after participating in the Mobile cam- 
paign, he was mustered out with the rank of 
Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war 
he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing 
a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 
1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a 
member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., 
stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 
1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector 
on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, 
and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison, 
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over 
five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department 
Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic 
for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to 
the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, 
which he held at the time of his death. He had 
also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- 
tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, 
and, during most of the time. President of the 
Board. Towards the close of the j-ear 1898, he 
was appointed by President McKinley a member 
of the Commission to investigate the conduct of 
the Spanish-American War, but, before the Com- 
mission had concluded its labors, was taken with 
"the grip," which develaped into pneumonia, 
from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. 
SEYMOUR, Oeorge Franklin, Protestant Epis- 
copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5, 
1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, 
and from the General Theological Seminary 
(New York) in 1854. He received both minor 



47G 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and major orders at the liands of Bishop Potter, 
being made deacon in 1854 and ordained ])riest in 
1855. For several years he w;is engaged in mis- 
sionary work. Dm"ing this period lie was promi- 
nently identified with the founding of St. 
Stephen's College. After serving as rector in 
various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor 
of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- 
nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of 
the institution, still retaining his professorship. 
Racine College conferred upon him the degree of 
S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 
1878. In 1874 he was elected Bisliop of Illinois, 
but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- 
ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of 
Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- 
crated Bishop at Trinity Church. N. Y., June 11. 
1878. He was a prominent member of the Third 
Pan-Anglican Council (London. 1885), and has 
done much to foster the growth and extend the 
influence of his cliurcli in Ids diocese. 

SHABBOXA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. 
Population (1890), 502; (1900), 587. 

SHABONA (or Shabbona). an Ottawa Cliief. 
was born near the JIaumee Hiver, in Ohio, about 
1775. and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to 
the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he 
accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell 
(see Hatiganash) to the homes of the Pottawato- 
mies and other tribes within the present limits of 
Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- 
ation in driving the white settlers out of the 
countrj'. At the battle of the Thames, he was by 
the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he 
and Caldwell, losing faith in their Britisli allies, 
soon after submitted to the United States tlirough 
General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed 
to Black Hawk in 18;i'2. an<l did much to thwart 
the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- 
ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, 
who had a village on the Illinois River east of 
the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for 
some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to 
Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he 
remained till 1837, when he removed to Western 
Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a 
reservation near by; hostilities began l)etween 
them, in which a .son and nephew of Shabona 
were killed. He finally returned to his old home 
in Illinois, but found it occupied bj- whites, who 
drove him from the grove that bore his name. 
Some friends then bought for him twenty acres 
of land on JIazon Creek, near Jlorris, where he 



died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble 
specimen of his race. A life of him has been 
publi.shed by N. Matson (Chicago. 1878). 

SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles 
southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade 
center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- 
lation (1890t. ,591; (1900). 678. 

SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in 
Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at 
the Montgomery Academj-, studied law and was 
admitted to tlie bar at Goshen in that State. In 
1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He 
has held various important public oflSces. He 
was a member of the first Internal Improvement 
Convention of the State; was chosen State's 
Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he 
served two terms; served four years as Judge of 
the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; wiis elected to 
the Thirty fiftli Congress in 1856, and to the 
Forty -eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. 

SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- 
land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- 
fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; 
graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after 
admission to the bar, began practice at Mount 
Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower 
house of the General Assembly, being re-elected 
in 1872, '76 and '78, He was Speaker of the 
Hou.se (luring the session of 1877, ami one of the 
Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- 
ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- 
dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the 
Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, 
and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth 
Circuit. 

SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat 
of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles 
from its moutli and at the terminus of the Shaw- 
neetown Divi.sions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
we.stern and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; 
is one of the oldest towns in the State, having 
been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number 
of prominent men who resided there at an early 
day. Coal is extensively mined in that .section, 
and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping 
points for lumber, coal and farm products 
between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being 
open the year round. Some manufacturing is 
done here; the city has several mills, a foundry 
and machine shop, two or three banks, several 
churches, good schools and two weekly papers. 
Since the disiistrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- 
neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a 
substantial scAle. which is now believed to furnish 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



477 



ample protection against the recurrence of similar 
disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903, est.), 2,200. 

SHEAHA>', James W.j journalist, was born in 
Baltimore. Md., spent his early life, after reaching 
manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional 
Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings 
of tlie Illinois State Constitvitioual Convention at 
Springfield. Through the influence of Senator 
Douglas he was induced, in 18.14. to accept the 
editorshiji of "The Young America" newspaper 
at Chicago, which was soon after changed to 
"The Chicago Times." Here he remained until 
the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been 
sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a 
Buchanau-Breckenridge organ, he established a 
new paper called "Tlie Morning Post." This he 
made representative of the views of the "War 
Democrats" as against "The Times," which was 
opposed to the war. In Jlay, 186.5, he sold the 
plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago 
Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few 
months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as 
chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago 
Tribune," which he retained until his death, 
June 17, 1883. 

SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bvireau 
County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valu- 
able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. 
Population (1890). 993; (1900), 1,265. 

SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of 
the State, and contains an area of 776 square 
miles. The tide of immigration to this county 
•was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and Nortli 
Carolina, although later it began to set in from 
the Northern States. The first cabin in the 
county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is 
now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold 
Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in 
what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, 
which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, 
the pioneer merchant of the county, and father 
of the first white child born within its limits. 
Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi 
Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early 
settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, 
with tlie tails dangling at the backs, and lie was 
regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed 
buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. 
The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville 
made the county-seat. Both county and town 
are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- 
tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the 
first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and 
Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the 



first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, 
and limestone and sandstone are also found. The 
surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. 
Tlie Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow 
through the central and southeastern portions. 
The county lies in the very heart of the great 
corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- 
tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of 
railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 
191; (1900). 32,126. 

SHELBYVILLE, the county-.seat and an incor- 
porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia 
River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast 
of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- 
sively, and there is considerable coal mining in 
the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- 
ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one 
National and one State bank, one daily and four 
weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an 
Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded 
scliools, and a public library. Population (1890), 
3,162; (1900), 3,.546. 

SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the 
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 
& St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks 
and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. 
Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. 

SHELDOX, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in 
Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams 
College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law 
School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. 
Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at 
Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to 
Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was 
elected Circuit Judge of tlie Sixth Circuit, which 
afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the 
Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when 
he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, 
presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- 
elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- 
ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 
13, 1897. 

SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was 
born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated 
at Rochester Theological Seminary in 18.59; dur- 
ing the Civil War was special correspondent of 
"The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- 
nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- 
German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also 
served as special American correspondent of 
"The London Times," and was a contributor to 
"Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 
he became a lecturer on Jlodern English Liter- 
ature and Rhetoric in Chicago Universit}' and, 



478 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



four years later, accepted a similar position in 
Allegheny College; also spent four years in 
Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great 
Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the 
"Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, X. Y., of 
which he was President until his deiith, early in 
1888. "The Dickens Reader." "Character Read- 
ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George 
Eliot" were among the volumes i-ssued by him 
between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, 
Jan. 24, 1888. 

SHEKXAX, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, 
■was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining 
there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and 
began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- 
eral years later he opened the first stone quarries 
at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years 
in the service of Chicago as a public official. 
From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company 
of militia; for two years served as Chief of the 
Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 
1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was 
chosen Maj-or, his administration being marked 
by the first extensive public improvements made 
in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did 
much to secure a better water supply for the 
city. He was esiiecially interested in promoting 
common school education, being for several years 
a member of the City School Board. He was 
Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of 
Northwestern University. Retired from active 
pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a 
serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman) 
brother of the ]>receding and early Chicago mer- 
chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. 
After spending several years in a mercantile 
house in Montpelier, Vt.. at the age of twenty he 
came west, fir.st to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 
1836, to Chicago, opening a drj'-goods store there 
the next spring. With various partners Mr. 
Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- 
ness until IS.'iS, at the same time being extensively 
engaged in the provision trade, one half the entire 
transactions in pork in the city passing through 
Lis hands. Next lie engaged in developing stone 
quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively 
interested in the marble business, continuing in 
this until a few years after the panic of 1873, 
when he retired in consequence of a shock of 
paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15. 1898. 

SHERM.W, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at 
Fairfield, Vt., June is, 1S32 — his family being 
distantly related to Roger Slierman, a signer of 
the Declaration of Independence, and the late 
Gjn. \V. T. Sherman; gained his education in the 



common schools and at Middlebury College, 
where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but 
soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the 
Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and 
served until captured on the eve of the battle at 
Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp 
Douglas, Cliicago. awaiting exchange. During 
tliis period he commenced reading law and, hav 
ing resigned his commission, graduated from the 
law department of Cliicago University in 1864 
In 18T6 he wius electeil Representative in the 
General Assembly from Cook County, and re- 
elected in 1878, and the following 3'ear appointed 
Master in Chancery of the Uniteil States District 
Court, a position wliich he still occupies He has 
repeatedly been called upon to deliver addres.ses 
on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one 
of these being before the alumni of his alma 
mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with 
the degree of LL.D. 

SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States 
Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated 
to the United States at the age of sixteen and 
began the practice of law at Kaskiiskia in 1833. 
He was elected to the Legislature in 1836. and 
State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a 
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 
184."), was made Commissioner of the General 
Land Office. In July, 1846. he was commissioned 
Brigadier-General in the Jlexican War gaining 
the brevet of Jlajor-General at Cerro-Gordo, 
where lie was .severely wounded. He was again 
wounded at Cliapultepec, and mustered out in 
1848. The same year he was appointed Governor 
of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in 
the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and 
he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he 
removed to Jlinnesota, and, in 18.'i8, was chosen 
United States Senator from that State, his term 
expiring in 1859, when he established a residence 
in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War 
(18(il) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, 
but at once hastened to Washington to tender liis 
.services to the Governmnet. He was commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- 
tinction until March. 1863. when the effect of 
luMiiyrous wounds cau.sed liini to resign. He sub- 
sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at 
CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that 
State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was 
elected L^nited States Senator to fill out the unex 
pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in 
office— serving only six week.s, but being the only 
man in the history of the country who filled the 
office of United States Senator from three differ- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



479 



ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 
1879. 

SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the 
Cliicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- 
east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- 
ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 390. 

SHIPMAN, George E., M.D,, physician and 
philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 
1820 ; graduated at the University of New York 
in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at 
Peoria, 111., but, in 1846, located in Chicago, where 
he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic 
Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the 
first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he 
established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at 
his own expense, giving to it the latter years of 
his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. 

SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, law3'er and philan- 
thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington 
County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- 
lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth 
College, graduating from the latter in 18.j1 ; 
taught two j-ears in Washington City, meanwhile 
reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane 
Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar 
in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at 
Davenport, Iowa, where he remained teii years. 
In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- 
cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. 
Mr. Shorey was prominent in the estaljlisliment 
of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of 
the first Library Board ; was also a prominent 
member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a 
Director in the new University of Chicago and 
deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- 
cago, March 4, 1899. 

SHORT, (Rev.) William P., clergyman and 
educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to 
Morgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon 
a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered 
McKendree College, spending his senior year, 
however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomiugton, 
where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile 
accepted a call to the Slissouri Conference Semi- 
nary at Jackson, Mo. ; where he remained three 
years, when he returned to Illinois, serving 
churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a 
part of the time being Presiding Elder of the 
Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected 
President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- 
ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when 
he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois 
State Institution for the Blind at the same place, 
but resigned earlv in 1897. Dr. Short received 



the degree of D.D.. conferred upon him by Ohio 
Wesleyan University. 

SHOUP, (Jeorge L., United States Senator, 
was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836, came 
to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- 
farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- 
rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile 
business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- 
pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of 
First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third 
Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate 
to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. 
Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- 
cantile anil mining business, first in Nevada and 
then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- 
torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed 
Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was 
chosen the first Governor of the State, in October 
of the same year being elected to the United 
States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second 
term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one 
of the few Western Senators who remained faith- 
ful to the regular Republican organization, during 
the political campaign of 1896. 

SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in 
Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some 
years in Scott County in that State, and was 
educated in the local schools, at Maysville and 
Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- 
lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He 
returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, 
in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the 
employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, 
with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 
he became a member of the firm of Abbott, 
Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), 
where he remained until his appointment as 
United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. 
Died, in Chicago, Deo. 13, 1898. 

SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- 
Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, 
Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he 
was reared b}- an uncle. At the age of 15 he 
became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- 
caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- 
companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y. .working 
for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that 
city, then known as Governor Seward's "home 
organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published 
and distributed — during his leisure hours — a 
small weekly paper called "The Auburniau." At 
the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- 
ployed, for a year or two. in editing and publisli- 
ing "The Cajmga Chief," a temparance journal. 



480 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



In lf*."il he entereil namilton College, but, before 
the completion of liis junior year, consented, at 
the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, 
to assume editorial control of '"The Syracuse 
Dailj' Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Clii- 
cago, to accept an editorial position on "The 
Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming 
editor-in-cliief and President of the Journal Com- 
pany. From 18G.5 to 1870 (first by executive 
appointment and afterward by popular election) 
he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- 
tentiarj- at Joliet, resigning tlie office four years 
before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he 
was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- 
lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he 
abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, 
dying in Cliicago, May 5, 1800. His home during 
the latter years of his life was at Evanston. 
Governor Shuman was author of a romance 
entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous 
addresses before literary, commercial and scien- 
tific associations. 

SHl'MWAY, Dorice D^Tight, merchant, was 
born at WiUianisburg, 'Worcester County, Mass., 
Sept. 28, 1813. descended from French Huguenot 
ancestrj-; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and 
to Jlontgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a 
daughter of Hiram Rountree. an earlj- resident 
of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian 
County; was engaged for a time in merchandis- 
ing at Taylorville, but retired in 18.')8, thereafter 
giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 
1846 he was cliosen Representative in the General 
Assembly, .served in the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of 
Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870.— Hiram 
P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was 
born in Jlontgomery County, 111., June, 1842; 
spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County 
and in liis father's store at Taylorville; took an 
academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- 
tile busine.ss; was Repre.sentative in the Twenty- 
eighth Genei-al Assembly and Senator in the 
Thirty sixth and Tliirty-seventh, afterwards 
removing to Springfield, where he engaged in 
the stone busine.ss. 

SHIRTLKFF COLLEGE, an institution 
located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- 
lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated 
as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special 
charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- 
rated in 183.5, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- 
nois and JIcKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- 
leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock 
Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, 



by Rev. John M. Peck. This l>ecame the "Rock 
Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was 
imited with an academy at Upper Alton. This 
was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- 
lefT") College. As far as its denominational 
control is concerned, it has always lieen domi- 
nated bj- Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original 
idea was to found a school for teaching theology 
and Biblical literature, but this project was at 
first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis 
and Jolin Ru.s.sell were among the first instruc- 
tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the 
college §10,000. and the institution was named in 
his honor. College classes were not organized 
until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class 
graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over 
$126,000, in addition to §12.j,000 worth of real and 
personal jiroperty. About 25.5 students were in 
attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate 
departments, the college also maintains a theo- 
logical school. It has a faculty of twenty 
instructors and is co-educational. 

SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- 
cago Division of the Waba.sh Railway, 105 miles 
south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a 
weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. 
Population (1890). 404; (1900), 444. 

SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was bom 
at Westfield. Mass., in 181S; learned the trade of 
a wliip maker and afterwards engaged in mer- 
chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law 
at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the 
bar, came west, finally settling at Xauvoo, Han- 
cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude 
during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense 
to a section of the community. In 1847 he was 
an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, 
but was elected in 1S.50, and re-elected in 18.52. 
In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and. in 1855. was 
elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench 
of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 
1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, 
where he died. June 18, 1897. 

SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the 
Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- 
ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric 
light jilant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. 

SIDNEY, a village of Champjiign County, on 
the main lineof the Waba.sh Railway, at the junc- 
tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- 
east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a 
bank anil a newspaper. Po|)uIation. (1900), 564. 

SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was 
born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



481 



America in early manhood, and was the first phy- 
sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, 
which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth 
General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married 
a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making 
the joiirney from Golconda to Philadelpliia for 
that purpose on horseback. He had a family of 
five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising 
to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, 
being President of a Jledical College at Memphis, 
Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 
1808. 

SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist 
preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but 
removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence 
to St. Clair C'oimty, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- 
mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the 
first Representative from that county in the 
Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- 
sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who 
voted against the Convention resolution designed 
to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave 
State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard 
County, but finally removed to Morgan. 

SlJfGER, Horace JI., capitahst, was born in 
-Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago 
in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of 
repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus 
employed he became one of the proprietors of 
the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the 
firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when 
they became the property of the Western Stone 
Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
Republican during the Civil War, and served as a 
member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly 
(1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- 
missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the 
Republican County Central Committee in 1880. 
He was also associated with several financial 
institutions, being a director of tlie First National 
Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- 
cago, and a member of the Union League and 
Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 
28, 1896. 

SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born 
at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at 
the Winchester (Va.) Academy, and removed to 
Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, 
Brown County, and, some twenty years later, 
near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, 
and was prominent in political and commercial 
affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- 
able attention to stock-raising. He was elected 
Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, 



being identified to some extent with the "Mor- 
mon War" ; was a member of the Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in 
the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- 
cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 
1880. In 1883 he ran as an independent Demo- 
crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of 
his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of 
the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous 
leaders of the "peace party." He constructed 
the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) 
and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, 
being President of both companies. His death 
occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. 

SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- 
ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, 
taken by his parents to Jlissouri ; enlisted in the 
War of 1812, but, soon after the war, ;3ame to 
Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now 
Christian County, locating on land constituting 
a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 
he reuroved to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 
13, 1872. 

SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- 
ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- 
bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, 
came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 
1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master 
in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United 
States District Attorney under President Tyler. 
As member of the House Finance Committee in 
the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he 
aided influentially iu securing the adoption of 
measures for refunding and paying the State 
debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court 
of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook 
County, but declined a re-election in 18.53. Origi- 
nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent 
opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a 
liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- 
ing the rebellion. He liberally aiiled the United 
States Sanitary Commission and was identified 
with all the leading cliarities of the city. 
Among the great bvisiness enterprises with which 
he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- 
cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railways (in each of which he was a Director), 
the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, 
the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. 
Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- 
viving son was killed in tlie trenches before 
Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. 

SKINNER, Otis Ainswortli, clergyman and 
author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 



482 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



taught for some time, became a Universalist 
minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston 
and New York between 1831 and 1S57; then 
came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- 
bard University at Galesburg, but the following 
year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at 
Naperville, Sept. 18, 18G1. He wrote several vol- 
umes on religious topics, and, at different times, 
edited religious periodicals at Baltimore. Haver- 
hill, Ma.s.s., and Boston. 

SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 
1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria 
County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 
he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, 
and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. 
Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, 
and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, 
removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- 
mon War" he .served as Aid-de-camp to Governor 
Ford. In 1848 be was elected to tlie lower house 
of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a 
sliort time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for 
the district including Adams and Brown Coun- 
ties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then) 
Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- 
ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, 
resigning this position in April, 1858, two months 
before the e.\piration of his term. He was a 
large land owner and had extensive agricultural 
interests. He built, and was tlie first President 
of the Carthage & Quiucy Kailroad. now a part 
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He 
was a prominent member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the 
Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. 

SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early 
history, including date and place of birth, are 
unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative 
from Washington County in the Second General 
Assembly, and, in 1826. was re-elected to the 
same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 
he was elected one of the three Congressmen 
from Illinois, representing the First District. 
After attending the first session of the Twenty- 
third Congress, while on his way home, he was 
attacked with cholera, dying near Vinoennes, 
Ind., July 11. 1834. 

SLADE, James P., ex-State Suiwrintendent of 
Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany 
County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837. and spent his boy- 
hood with his parents on a farm, except while 
absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 
111., where he soon became connected with the 
public schools, serving for a number of years as 



Principal of the Belleville High School. While 
connected with the BelleviUe schools, he was 
elected County Superintendent, remaining in 
office some ten j-ears; later had charge of Almira 
College at Greenville, Bond County, served six 
years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. 
Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the 
Republican party. On retirement from the 
office of State Superintendent, he resumed his 
place at the head of Almira College, but. for the 
past few years, has been Superintendent of 
Schools at East St. Louis. 

SLAVERY ACilTATIOX OF 1823-24. (See 
Slavery and Slave Laws.) 

SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves 
were first brought into the Illinois country by a 
Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 
1722. At that time the present State formed a 
part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was 
regulated by French royal edicts. When Great 
Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the 
French and Indian War, the former subjects of 
France were guaranteed security for their per- 
sons "and effects," and no interference with 
slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of 
Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), 
the French very generallj' professed allegiance to 
that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession 
to the L^nited States. Virginia expressly stipulated 
for the protection of the "rights and lilierties" 
of the French citizens. This was construed as 
recognizing the right of property in negro 
slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, wliile pro- 
hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- 
served to the settlers (reference being especially 
made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- 
kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, 
their laws and cu.stoms. now (then) in force, 
relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- 
erty. " A conservative construction of tliis clause 
was, that wliile it prohibited the extension of 
slavery and the importation of slaves, the status 
of those who were at that time in involuntary 
servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- 
changed. There were those, however, who denied 
the con.stitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, 
on the ground that Congress had exceeded its 
powers in its passage. There was also a party 
which claimed that all children of slaves, born 
after 1787, were free from birth In 1794 a con- 
vention was held at Vincenues, pursuant to a call 
from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- 
gress was adopted, praying for the repeal— or. at 
least a modification — of the sixth clause of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



483 



Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- 
mittee, to which this petition was referred, 
reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- 
tee recommended the suspension of the operation 
of the clause in question for ten years. But no 
action was taken by the National Legislature, 
and, in 1807,' a counter petition, extensively 
signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress 
left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note 
that some of the most earnest opponents of the 
measure were Representatives from Southern 
Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being 
one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State 
then prepared what is popularly known as the 
"Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts 
adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, 
and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- 
lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating 
to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into 
this Territory," and gave permission to bring 
slaves above 15 j'ears of age into the State, when 
they might be registered and kept in servitude 
within certain limitations. Slaves under that 
age might also be brought in, registered, and held 
in bondage until they reached the age of 3.5, if 
males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered 
slaves were to serve their mother's master until 
the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The efl'ect 
of this legislation was rapidly to increase the 
number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- 
hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — 
that is to sa}-, after its adoption. In 1822 the 
slave-holding party, with their supporters, began 
to agitate the question of so amending the 
organic law as to make Illinois a sla^e State. To 
effect such a change the calling of a convention 
was necessary, and, for eigliteen months, the 
struggle between "conventionists" and their 
opponents was bitter and fierce. The question 
was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 
1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes 
for such convention and 6,640 against. This 
decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- 
ing in Illinois for all future time, though the 
existence of slavery in the State continued to be 
recognized by the National Census until 1840. 
The number, according to the census of 1810, was 
168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then 
the number began to diminish, being reduced in 
1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which 
shows any portion of the population held in 
bondage), it was 331. 

Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- 
where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," 
and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the 



scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1823 — in 
an article in the first number of "The Genius of 
Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- 
test, says there were, at its beginning, only three 
papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Vau- 
dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The 
Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of 
these, at the out.set, favored the Convention 
scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The 
management of the campaign on the part of the 
pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. 
West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, 
and a paper was established by the name of "The 
Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. 
Among the active opponents of the measure were. 
George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. 
Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- 
nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James 
Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- 
tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris 

Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of 

Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; 
William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards 
editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- 
janlin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell 
and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County, Still 
others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United 
States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- 
liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), 
John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- 
quer, Col. Thomas JIather. Thomas Ford. Judge 
David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. 
Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest 
as coming from one who probably had more to do 
with defeating the scheme, with the exception of 
Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- 
ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and 
detailed accounts of this particular period are to 
be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late 
E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- 
nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- 
dress before the Chicago Historical Society 
(1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. 
(See also, Coles, Edward; Warren.Hooper; Brown, 
William H.; Churchill, George; LipinncoU, 
Tliomas,- and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this 
volume. ) 

SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was 
born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. 
At the age of 17, having received a fair academic 
education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- 
delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a 
wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned 
to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the 
same time studying law, and being admitted to 



484 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, 
going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- 
kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which 
continued to be his home the remainder of his 
life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, 
and re-elected in IH.jO. ".W, and ''>(>. serving three 
times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. 
He was one of the members of tlie first State 
Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 
18.07, and took a prominent part in the founding 
and organization of the State educational insti- 
tutions. In 18.j7 lie was elected to the bench of 
the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 
18C1, but declined a re-election for a third term. 
Died, Jan. lb, 1H87. 

SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, 
Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an 
old New England family, whose ancestors came 
to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- 
cated in the public schools and at Middlebury 
College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1860. 
After graduation he sjtent a year as a teacher in 
Newton Academy, at Slioreham, Vt. . coming to 
Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of 
law, being admitted to tlie bar in 1868. Tlie next 
twenty-tive years were spent in the practice of 
his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- 
ing as the attorney of several important corjw- 
rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the 
Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected 
in 1897, his term of service continuing until 
1903. 

SMITH, (Dr.) Charles (iilnian, physician, was 
born at Exeter, N. II., Jan. 4, ISiS, received his 
early education at Phillips Academy, in his native 
place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- 
sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study 
of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but 
completed his course at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 18.'>1. After two years spent, as 
attending physician of the Alms House in South 
Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Cl\icago, where 
he soon acquired an extensive practice. During 
the Civil War he was one of six physicians 
employed by the Government for the treatment 
of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. 
In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of 
observing the management of hospitals in Ger- 
many, France and England, on his return l)eing 
invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College 
in Chicago, and also l)ecomiiig consulting phy- 
sician in the Women's and Cliildreus Hosi)ital, 
as well as in the Pre.sbyterian Hospital — a position 
which he continued to occujiy for the remainder 
of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- 



ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, 
Jan. 10. 1894. 
SMITH, DaYid Allen, lawyer, was born near 

Richmond, V^a., June 18, 1809; removed with his 
father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 
went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., 
where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and 
Iiegan practice. His father, dying about 1831, left 
him the owner of a number of .slaves whom, in 
1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- 
pated, giving bond that they should not become 
a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to 
Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his 
death. Col. John J. Hardin was his i)artner at 
tlie time of his deatli on the battle-field of Bueua 
Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous 
patron of Illinois College, for a (piarter of a cen- 
tury, but never lield anj- political office. As a 
lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the 
interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- 
lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- 
ally to the support of the Government dur- 
ing the war for tlie Union. Died, at Anoka. 
Minn., July 13. 186.j. where he hud gone to 
accompany an invalid son. — Thomas ^Villiam 
(Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at 
Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear- 
water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at 
Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served 
as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, 
until, broken in health, he returned home to 
die. 

SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was 
born at Ostfricslaiul, Hanover, April 4. 1840. in 
boyhood caifie to the United States, and. since 
1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell 
County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- 
nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, 
and, while so serving, was severelj- wounded at 
Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- 
dred and Thirtj-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was 
mustered out of service asCaptiiin of Company C 
of that regiment. His bu.sine.ss is that of Ixiuker 
and manufacturer, besides which he has hail con- 
siderable experience in the construction and 
management of railroads. He was a member of 
the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was 
elected Representative in Congress from what 
was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- 
lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- 
wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- 
well) having been attached to the district for 
many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he 
was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- 
election. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



485 



SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and 
early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention 
to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- 
lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit 
the institution at the end of two years, because 
of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, 
and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided 
until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- 
land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- 
cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a 
considerable portion of the present site of Mil- 
waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the 
Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, 
whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was 
really the owner of the company, although Alex- 
ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. 
Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue 
§1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely 
as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first 
private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- 
ested in a storage and commission business in 
Chicago, with a 5Ir. Webster as partner. lie 
was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago 
Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & 
Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of 
construction, by loans of money ; was also a 
charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, 
organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- 
sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- 
consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates 
above mentioned, 5Ir. Smith sold out tlie com- 
pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two 
Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- 
powered him to issue §3,000,000 in currency. The 
notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into 
circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George 
Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. 
Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, 
meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, 
but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- 
ments in railroad and other American securities, 
which netted him large profits. The amount of 
capital which he is reputed to have taken with 
him to his native land has been estimated at 
§10,000,000. though he retained considerable 
tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about 
Chicago. Among those who were associated 
with him in business, either as employes or 
otherwise, and who have since been prominently 
identified with Chicago business affairs, were 
Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkhani (after- 
wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. 
Willard, now of Newport, R. I. , and others. Mr. 
Smith made several visits, during the last forty 



years, to the United States, but divided his time 
chiefly between Scotland (where he was the 
owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. 

SMITH, (ieorg'e W., soldier, lawyer and State 
Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 
8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- 
legiate education, but his father's business 
embarrassments having compelled the abandon- 
ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went 
to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 
1856 he returned to Albany and began the study 
of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. 
In October of that year he removed to Chicago, 
where he remained continuously in practice, with 
the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was 
serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he 
filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- 
tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in 
the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second 
Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he 
was seriovish' wounded and captured. After 
four days" confinement, he was aided by a negro 
to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, 
but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- 
tated for service. On his return to duty he 
joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- 
paign, and was officially complimented for his 
bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he 
was again severely wounded, and was once more 
personally complimented in the oflScial report. 
At Kenesaw Mountain (Jime 27, 1864), Capt. 
Smith commanded the regiment after the killing 
of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- 
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on 
the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and 
was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- 
mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 
1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in 
June following, was mustered out. Returning 
to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- 
fession, and gained a prominent position at the 
bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, 
after the expiration of his term, in January, 
1869, held no public office. General Smith was, 
for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- 
ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. 
Died, in Chicago, Sept, 16, 1898. 

SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 
1846. When he was four years old, his father 
removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a 
farm. He attended the common schools and 
graduated from the literary department of Mc- 
Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his 
youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 



486 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later determined to study law. After reading for 
a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law 
Department of tlie Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- 
sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year lie 
was admitted to the har in Illinois, and has since 
practiced at Murphyslwro. In 1880 he was a 
Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was 
elected a Republican Representative to Congress 
from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has 
been contiuuouslj' re-elected, now (1899) serving 
his sixth consecutive term as Representative 
from the Twenty-second District. 

SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General, was born in JelTerson 
County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- 
goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 
111., in 18G1 being proprietor of a hotel in the 
latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth 
Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry 
and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted 
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in ISfii; led his 
regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg. and 
was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- 
moted Brigadier General in August, 1803, for 
gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade 
of the Fifteenth Array Corps at Chattanooga and 
Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam 
paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in 
the "Slarch to the Sea." After the surrender of 
Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army 
Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and 
resigned in 18(i(), liaving declined a commission 
as Colonel in the regular army; about 18(i!l was 
ai)pointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant 
Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of 
failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, 
Nov. 8, 187G. Cieneral Smith was one of the 
founders of the Society of the Army of the 
Tennessee. 

SMITH, (iiistavns Adolphns, soldier, was born 
in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two 
brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, 
where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. 
In Decemlwr, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., 
but soon after located at Siiringtield. where he 
resided some six years. Then, returning to 
Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage 
manufacture, doing a lai'ge business with the 
Soutli, but losing hejivily as the result of the 
war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat 
on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early 
took ground in favor of the Union after the tiring 
on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the 
colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor 



Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp 
of recruiting and instruction. Having been 
assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 
1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- 
mont at Carthage in that State, and made a 
forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking 
part in tlie campaign in Arkiinsas and in tiie 
battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot 
under him and was severely (and, it was supix>sed, 
fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. 
Being compelled to return home, he received 
authority to rai.se an independent brigade, but 
was unable to accompany it to tlie field. In Sep- 
tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- 
General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious 
conduct," but was unable to enter into active 
service on account of his wound. Later, he was 
assigned to the command of a convalescent camp 
at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. 
Thomas. In 186-t he took part in securing the 
second election of President Lincoln, and, in the 
early part of 186.'), was commissioned by Gov- 
ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the 
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on 
account of his wounds, was assigneil to court- 
martial duty, remaining in the service until 
January, 1866, when he was mustered out with 
the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During 
the second year of his service he was presented 
with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of 
his regiment (the Thirtj'-fiftli), for brave and gal- 
lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from 
the army, lie engage<l in cotton planting in Ala- 
bama, but was not successful; in 1868. canvassed 
Alabama for General Grant for President, but 
declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- 
gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General 
Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing 
Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he 
continued to resiile. 

SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- 
Goveruor and ex-State Treiusurer, was born in 
Philadeli)hia. Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he 
wah apprenticed to a carjienter ami builder. In 
18.j4 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, 
for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he 
finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth 
Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- 
ity from Governor Yates, raised a comjiany. of 
wliich he was diosen Cajitain. and which was 
incorp<irated in the Xinety-sixth Illinois Infan- 
try. Of tliis regiment he wivs soon elected Major. 
After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, 
and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



487 



sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among 
other battles) in the second engagement at Fort 
Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, 
Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff 
duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- 
ing through the Tullahoma campaign, and par- 
ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout 
Mountain and Slissionary Ridge. Being promoted 
to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- 
ment, and was given command of a brigade. In 
the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- 
ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody 
engagements, and being severely wounded at 
Kenesaw Mountain. In February. ISO.'i, he was 
brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- 
General. Soon after his return to Galena he was 
appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, 
but was legislated out of office in 1873. In 1873 
he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. 
In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of 
the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- 
tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he 
was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, 
and held the office for several years. In 1872 and 
'76 he was a delegate to the National Republican 
Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was 
elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. 
In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- 
ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight 
Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- 
guished member of the Order of Nobles of the 
Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected 
with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- 
ing" in Chicago. 

SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in 
Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer 
who had served under Napoleon, and after the 
downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. 
The subject of this sketch received an academic 
education and became a jeweler ; in 18G1 entered 
the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth 
Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of 
Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh 
and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- 
General in November, 1862, and placed in com- 
mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ; 
led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army 
Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being 
transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in 
the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta 
and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received 
the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers 
in January, 186.5, and, on his muster-out from the 
volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- 
seventh United States Infantry, being transferred, 



in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services 
at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- 
nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- 
adier and Major-General in the regular army. 
In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing 
in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. 

SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon 
sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Deo. 23, 1805. In 
1815 his parents removed to Palmyi-a, N. Y., and 
still later to Manchester. He early showed a 
dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to 
locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. 
In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his 
pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. 
His story of the revelation of the golden plates 
by the angel Moroni, and of the latter"s instruc- 
tions to him, is well known. With the aid of 
Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared 
the "Book of Mormon," alleging tliat he had 
deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, 
through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This 
was published in 1830. In later years Smith 
claimed to have received supplementary reve- 
lations, which so taxed the crSklulity of his fol- 
lowers that some of them apostatized. He also 
claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, 
etc. He soon gained followers in considerable 
numbers, whom, in 1833, he led west, a part 
settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in 
Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five 
years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to 
their friends in Missouri, whence they were 
finally expelled after many conflicts with the 
authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled 
to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of 
Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here 
was begun, in the following year, the erection of a 
great temple, but again he aroused the hostility 
of the authorities, although soon wielding con- 
siderable political power. After various unsuc- 
cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and 
a number of his followers were induced to sur- 
render themselves under the promise of protection 
from violence and a fair trial. Having been 
taken to Carthage, the coimty-seat, all were dis- 
charged under recognizance to ajjpear at court 
except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were 
held under the new charge of "treason," and were 
placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling 
against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called 
out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is 
evident that the feeling among the latter was in 
sympathy with that of the populace. Most of 
the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, 
one company being left on duty at Carthage, 



488 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



from whom only eight men were detailed to 
guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob 
of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, 
ai>{)eared before the jail on the evening of June 
27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a 
feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brotlier 
Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who 
had remained with them, was wounded. The fate 
of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him 
the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse 
to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons: Nauvoo.) 

SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman 
and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 
29, 1819, educated at Xew Hampton Literary and 
Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- 
ating from the latter in 1843; served a year as 
Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, 
Vt., followed by four years of jiastoral work, 
when he assumed the pastorate of the First Ba])- 
tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he 
remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to 
Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- 



rnytL 



he was associafli for the remainder of his life. 
Meanwhile he a.ssisted in organizing three Bai)tist 
churches in Chicago, serving two of them as 
pastor for a considerable [jeriod ; made an ex- 
tended tour of Europe in ISGi), attending the 
Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and 
one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- 
sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist 
Theological Seminary; was also the author of 
several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, 
near Chicago, Feb. -I, 1890. 

SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was 
born in Augusta. Oneida County, N. Y., March 
18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 
14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began 
reading law anil was admitted to the bar on com- 
ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, 
Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a 
Judge, served later in both branches of the 
Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President 
of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, 
retaining the siime position in the reorganized 
corporation when it became the Chicago & 
Northwestern. In 185G Mr. Smith came to Chi- 
cago and resided there till his death, on Palm 
Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway 
circles and in the councils of the Democratic 
party, being the recognized representative of Mr. 
Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- 
paign of 1870. 

SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawj-er, 
was born at Petersborough, X. H., June 12, 1802; 



was educated and admitted to the bar in his 
native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and 
engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to 
the General Assembly from Madison County, 
and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to 
the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, 
serving three successive terms. During the Civil 
War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the 
rank of Major, and wiis stationed at St. Louis. 
He was largely interested in the construction of 
water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in 
railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- 
nent Jhison and a public-spirited citizen. Died, 
at Alton. Dec. 20. I.SOT. 

SMITH, Samuel Ijsle, lawyer, was born in 
Philadeli)hia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a 
wealthy family, enjoyed sujx'rior educational 
advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law- 
School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- 
ing a degree. In 1830 he came to Illinois, to look 
after some landed interests of his father's in the 
vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next 
two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again 
coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, 
for a time, occupied an office with the well-known 
law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was 
elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig 
meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of 
the principal speakers, establishing a reputation 
as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in 
the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was 
active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and 
was also a prominent speaker at the River and 
Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a 
keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- 
ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- 
larity, both at the bar and on the lecture 
platform, and had the promise of future success, 
which was unfortunately marred by his convivial 
habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. 
Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of 
Philad(>li)liia. an eminent clergyman of the 
Episcopal Church. 

SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- 
ton County, X. Y. . May 12, 1829; studied law and 
was admitted to the bar at .\lbion, in that State, 
in 1851; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered 
into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- 
iam W. Farwell. botli of whom were afterwards 
elected to places on the bench — the first in the 
Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 
1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior 
Court of Cook County, serving until 1.S85, when 
he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of 
Trade. He was the Republican candidate for 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



489 



Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 
1885, and is believed by many to have been 
honestly elected, though defeated on the face of 
the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, 
but so much delay was incurred and so many 
obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order 
into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- 
test in disgust, although making material gains 
as far as it had gone. During his professional 
career he was connected, as counsel, with some of 
the most important trials before the Chicago 
courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- 
cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. 
Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6. 1898. 

SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and 
politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 
1784, served for a time in the United States navy, 
was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, 
was admitted to the bar in his native State in 
180o, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at 
Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent 
figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for 
the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by 
Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the 
State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 
he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" 
party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution 
which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during 
this period being the editor of the leading organ 
of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected 
one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was im- 
peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppre.ssive 
conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- 
ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a 
two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. 
The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- 
tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, 
four being excused from voting. During the 
Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- 
General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he 
was charged by his political opponents with 
being unable to divest himself of his partisan 
bias, and even with i^rivately advising counsel, in 
political causes, of defects in the record, which 
they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was 
also a member of the first Board of Commission- 
ers of the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal, appointed in 
1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. 

SMITH, William Henry, journalist, Associ- 
ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia 
County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age 
was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he 
enjoyed the best educational advantages that 



State at the time afforded. After completing his 
school course he began teaching, and, for a time, 
served as tutor in a Western college, but soon 
turned his attention to journalism, at first as 
assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- 
nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, 
city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with 
which he was connected in a more responsible 
position at the beginning of the war, incidentally 
doing work upon "The Literary Review." His 
connection with a leading paper enabled him to 
exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- 
ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting 
to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, 
in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the 
election of John Brough as a Union candidate for 
Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- 
gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he, was 
nominated and elected Secretary of State, being 
re-elected two years later. After retiring from 
office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as 
editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which 
he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- 
ern Associated Press, with headquarter!;, at first 
at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success 
in this line was demonstrated by the final union 
of the New York and Western Associated Press 
organizations under his management, continuing 
until 1S93, when he retired. Jlr. Smith was a 
strong personal friend of President Hayes, by 
whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of 
Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties 
he found time to do considerable literary work, 
having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair 
Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles 
Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. 
After retiring from the management of the 
Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- 
tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well 
advanced at the time of his death, which took 
place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 
1896. 

SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder 
and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., 
May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's 
family to Lexington, McLean County, III. , where 
they settled. A few years later he bought forty 
acres of government land, finally increasing his 
holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of 
fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural 
pursuits the business of a merchant. Having 
early identified himself with the Republican 
party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- 
ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 



490 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, 
devoted his time and means liberally to the re- 
cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- 
ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the 
sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the 
lower house of the Legislature, and was reelected 
in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as 
Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor 
CuUom a nienil>er of the Railroad and Warehouse 
Commission, of which body he served as President 
until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial 
temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- 
larity. Died, March 2,'j, 1886. 

SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- 
neer, was boni at Tarlton, Pickaway County, 
Ohio, July 22, IHIiO: graduated at Ohio University 
in 1849, and. at the United States Military Acad- 
emy, in 18.53, having among his classmates, at the 
latter, Generals McPlierson, Scholield and Sheri- 
dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he 
first found employment as an engineer on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- 
ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graliani in engineer 
service on the lakes; a year later took charge of 
a select school in Buflfalo; in lMr)7 made the first 
surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara 
Falls, then went into the service of extensive 
locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., 
in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also 
superintending the construction of a bridge 
across the Savannah River. The war intervening, 
he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- 
Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- 
tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in 
June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the 
Thirteenth Ohio Vi)lunteers, participating in the 
West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shilohand 
Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted 
Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding 
divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall 
of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in 
the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the 
First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. 
Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry 
Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and 
Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on 
account of imjjaired health. During the war 
General Smitii rendered valuable service to the 
Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- 
edge of engineering. On retiring to private life 
he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since 
has been emi>loyed by the Government on some 
of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and 
has also planneil several of the most important 
railroad bridges across the Missouri and other 



streams. He has been much consulted in refer- 
ence to municipal engineering, and his name is 
connected with a number of the gigantic edifices 
in Chicago. 

SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction 
in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville. 
Population. 303; (IKOO), 314 

S>" APP, Henry, Congressman, bom in Livings- 
ton Count}-, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois 
with his father when 11 years old. and, having 
read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 
1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty 
years before entering public life. In 1868 he was 
elected to the State Senate and occu])ied a seat in 
that iKjdy until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- 
second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) 
Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, 
who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 18'J."). 

SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born 
in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was 
reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for 
five years, while yet in his minority becoming a 
resident of Illinois. For several years he was a 
school teacher, meanwhile studying law and 
iieing admitted to the bar. Early in the war he 
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the 
rank of Captain. His term of service having 
expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with 
the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close 
of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago 
High School, and later served in the General 
Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- 
ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- 
crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in 
Congress, liut wiis defeated by his Re|)ublican 
opponent in ls92. 

SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of 
Customs at Chicago, was b<jrn in Ireland in 1804; 
at the age of eight years was brought to New 
York, where he learned the printer's trade, 
and worked for some time in the same oftice 
with Horace Greele}-. At 16 he went back to 
Ireland, remaining two years. Imt, returning to 
the United States, began the study of law ; was 
also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, 
came to Chicago, and was soon after associated 
with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- 
nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. 
As early as 1X40 he became prominent as a leader 
in the Democratic party, and. in 1846. received 
from President Polk an appointment as first Col- 
lector of Customs fur Chicago (having previo\isly 
served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



491 



attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was 
re-appointed to the CoUectorsliip by President 
Pierce, serving two j'ears. During the "Jlormon 
War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his 
own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was 
commissioned Colonel, but tlie disturbances were 
brought to an end before the order to march. 
From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his 
practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats 
of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- 
tain the Government by stimulating enlistments ; 
was also a member of the Convention which 
nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. 
Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. 

SJfYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and 
early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, 
Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the 
occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, 
attending scliool in the winter. In 1815. he emi- 
grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled 
in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being 
offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling 
mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He 
formed tlie friendsliiji of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, 
and, through tlie latter"s encouragement and aid, 
studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- 
tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he 
was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, 
and re-elected for two successive terms. He 
served through the Black Hawk War as private. 
Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to 
Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress 
by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated 
in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated 
him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was 
elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- 
cratic nominee for Governor. The election was 
held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he 
died at his home in Belleville. His place on the 
ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was 
elected. — William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- 
ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 
12, 1825; educated at McKendree College, studied 
law witli Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was 
admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a 
time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, 
during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and 
Adjutant of the Fiftli Illinois Volunteers. From 
1850 to "54 he represented his county in the Legis- 
lature; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- 
teson. State's Attorney, wiiich position he filled 
for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the office of Secretarj- of State in 1850, and, 
in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- 
fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- 



cuit in "73, '79 and "85. He was also a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, 
at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. 

SOLDIERS' AXD SAILORS' HOME, a State 
charitable institution, founded by act of the 
Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, 
Adams County. The object of its establish- 
ment was to provide a comfortable home for 
such disabled or dependent veterans of the 
LTnited States laud or naval forces as had 
honorabh' served during the Civil War. It 
was opened for the reception of veterans on 
March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- 
ings having been about §350,000. The total num- 
ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 
2,813; the number in attendance during the two 
previous years 988, and the whole number present 
on Nov. io, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at 
that time was §393,636.08. Considerable appro- 
priations have been made for additions to the 
buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- 
ture. The General Government pays to the State 
§100 per year for each veteran supported at tlie 
Home. 

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an 
institution, created bj' act of 1865, for the main- 
tenance and education of children of deceased 
soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract, 
one mile nortli of Normal, was selected as the 
site, and the first principal building was com- 
pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- 
aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000, 
the site having been donated. Repairs and the 
construction of new btuldings, from time to 
time, have considerablj- increased tliis sum. In 
1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, 
by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- 
diers who had died after the close of the war. 
The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 
572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. 

SOLDIERS' WIDOW S' HOME. Provision was 
made for the establishment of this institution by 
tlie Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, 
approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20,000 for 
the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings 
and furnishing the same. It is designed for the 
reception and care of tlie mothers, wives, widows 
and daughters of such honorably discharged 
soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as 
may have died, or may be physically or men- 
tally unable to provide for the families natu- 
rally dependent on them, provided that such 
persons have been residents of the State for 
at least one year previous to admission, and 
are without means or ability for self-support. 



492 



IIISTOiacAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



The affairs of the Home are managed by a 
board of five trustees, of whom two are men atul 
three women, the former to be members of tiie 
Grand Army of the Republic and of different 
political parties, and the latter memliers of the 
Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- 
tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a 
site of seventeen acres, where it was formally 
opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 
1896. with twenty-six applications for admit- 
tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- 
ment by the erection of additional cottages. 

SOKEXTO, a village of Bond County, at the 
intersection of tlie Jacksonville & St. Louis and 
the Toledo, St. Louis & Wastern Railways, 14 
miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a 
newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and 
mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. 

SOU LARD, James (Jaston, pioneer, born of 
Frencli ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 1."), 1798; 
resided there until 1821, when, having married 
the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he 
received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near 
the present city of St. Paul, then under command 
of Col. Snelling. who was his wife's brother-in- 
law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- 
ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 
1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years 
later they returned t<j St. Louis, where, being an 
engineer, he was engaged for several years in 
surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family 
to Galena, for the ne.xt si.x years had charge of a 
store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men 
of that locality. Towards the close of this period 
he received the appointment of County Recorder, 
also holding the position of County Surveyor and 
Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His 
later years were devoted to farming and horti- 
culture, his death taking place. Sept. 17, 1878. 
Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage 
in freighting between Galena and Chicago. 
"The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes 
mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to 
Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the 
paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that 
has ever passed from the Mississippi River to 
Chicago." Great results were predicted from 
the e.xchange of commodities between tlie lake 
and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. 
Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born 
at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. 
Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the 
Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army 
until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- 
ants have maintained their connection with the 



army ever .since, a son being a prominent artillery 
ollicer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard 
was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and sur\-ived 
lier husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena, 
August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena 
nearly seventy years, and at tlie date of her 
death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that 
city's oldest resident. 

SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA 
RAILROAD. (See Cliicarjo A- Western Indiana 
lidilruad.) 

SOUTH DAXVILLE, a suburb of the city of 
Danville. Vermilion County. Population (1890), 
799; (I'.IOO), 898. 

SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (.See 
Loiiisrille <{■ XaxJiriUe Railrooil.) 

SOUTH ELCilN, a village of Kane County, 
near the city of Elgin. Population (1900), •'>1.3. 

SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 
located at Albion, Edwards County, incorjwrated 
in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 
pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. 
Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and 
fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- 
paratory studies and business education. Its 
property is valued at Sl6,.'>00. 

SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
located at Anna, Union County, founded by act 
of the Legislature in 18G9. The original site com- 
prised 290 acres and cost a little more than 
§22. 000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- 
zens of the county. The construction of build- 
ings wiis begun in 1809, but it was not until 
JLirch, 1875, that tlie north wing (the first com- 
pleted) was read}- for occupancy. Other jxirtions 
were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- 
cliased 160 additional acres in 1883. The fii-st 
cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly -SOSJ.OOO. 
In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- 
stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt; the 
patients being, meanwhile, careil for in temixirary 
wooden barracks. The total value of lands and 
buildings belonging to the State, June 30. 1894, 
was estimated at .5738.580. and, of property of all 
sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were 
later converted into a permanent wanl, additions 
made to the main buildings, a detached building 
for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, 
numerous outbuildings put u]) and general im- 
provements made. A second fire on tlie night of 
Jan. 3. 1895, destroyed a large jiart of tlie main 
building, inflicting a loss upon the State of 
•$175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by 
the Legislature of that year. Tlie institution has 
capacitj' for about 7.')0 patients. 




< 

Z 

o 
> 

O 
H 
< 

05 
O 



w 

< 

c« 

O 
Z 

J 
J 

b. 
O 



a 

a 

M 

3 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



493 



SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNITER. 
SITY, established in 1S69, and located, after 
comi>etitive bidding, at Carbondale. which offered 
lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the 
value of 8329,000, but which later depreciated, 
throvigh shrinkage, to §75,000. Construction was 
commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main 
building was completed and appropriately dedi- 
cated in July, 1874. Its cost was §365,000, but it 
was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- 
arj-, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost 
of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction 
are given — classical and scientific — each extend- 
ing over a period of four years. The conditions 
of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 
years of age, and shall possess the qualifications 
enabling him to pass examination for a second- 
grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so 
may enter a preparatory department for six 
months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach 
in the public schools, not less than half the time 
of their attendance at the University, receive 
free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, 
while others pay a tuition fee. The number of 
students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 
720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in 
the southern half of the State, with represent- 
atives from eight other States. The teaching 
faculty for the same year consisted, besides the 
President, of sixteen instructors in the various 
departments, of wliom five were ladies and 
eleven gentlemen. 

SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located 
near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- 
tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding 
of the Northern Penitentiarj-. (See Northern 
Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- 
lishment required the Commissioners to select a 
site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and 
timber, and having a high elevation, with a never 
failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were 
purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- 
ings commenced. The first appropriation was of 
§200,000, and §300,000 was added in 1879. By 
March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and 
their labor was utilized in the completion of the 
buildings, which ai'e constructed upon approved 
modern principles. The prison receives convicts 
sent from the southern portion of the State, and 
has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In 
connection with this penitentiary is an asylum 
for insane convicts, the erection of which was 
provided for by the Legislature in 1889. 

SOUTH GROTE, a village of De Kalb County. 
Population (1890), 730. 



SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of 
Customs and Street Railway President, was born 
at Athens," Bradford Count}% Pa., April 15, 1833; 
early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, 
and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 
1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought 
the property of the New York Lumber Company 
at the mouth of the Jlenominee River in Wiscon- 
sin, where, with different partners, and finally 
practicallj' alone, he has carried on the business 
of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever 
since. In 1881 lie was ajjpointed, by President 
Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 
1889, received fi'om President Harrison an 
appointment as one of the Government Directors 
of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was 
a zealous supporter of the Government during 
the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable 
aid in the construction and equipment of Camp 
Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the 
returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants 
in pa3'ment, when no funds in the State treasury 
were available for the purpose. He was associ- 
ated with William B. Ogden and others in the 
project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon 
Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 
1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded 
to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving 
until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the 
General Government. He has also been identified 
with many other public enterprises intimately 
connected with the development and prosperity 
of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President 
of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having 
control of the North and West Chicago Street 
Railway Systems. 

SPALDIMt, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, 
was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated 
in the United States and in Europe, ordained a 
priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- 
upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as 
assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation 
of colored people, and built for their use the 
Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned 
to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was 
appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made 
Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- 
ferred from Louisville to New York, where he 
was attached to the missionary parish of St. 
Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little 
fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When 
the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the 
choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, 
and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that 
year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 



494 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



administration has been characterized by both 
energy and success. He has devoted much atten- 
tion to the subject of emigration, and ha.s brought 
about tlie founding of many new settlements in 
tlie far "West. He was also largelj- instrumental 
in bringing about the founding of the Catholic 
University at Washington. H3 is a frequent 
contributor to the reviews, and the author of a 
number of religious works. 

SPAJiISH INVASION OF HJ-INOIS. In the 
month of June, ITT'J, soon after the declaration 
of war lietween Spain and Great Britain, an expe- 
dition was organized in Canada, to attack the 
Spanish posts along the Mis.sis.sippi. Simultane- 
ously, a force was to bo dispatclied from Pensa- 
cola against New Orleans, then commanded by 
a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo do 
Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to 
British Commandants, all through the Western 
country, to cooperate with both expeditions. De 
Galvez, having learned of the scheme through 
intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack 
by becoming the assailant. At the head of a 
force of 670 men, he set out ami captured Baton 
Rouge, Fort JIancliac and Natchez, almost with- 
out opposition. The British in Canada, being 
ignorant of wliat liad been going on in the South, 
in February following dispatched a force from 
Mackinac to sujiport the expedition from Pensa- 
cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American 
rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia 
were contemplated jioints of attack, as well as 
the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. (ienevieve. 
This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick 
Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain 
Hesse was i)laced in charge of the expedition, 
wliich nmnbered some 7."iO men, including a force 
of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. Tlie 
British arrived before St. Louis, early on the 
morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards 
by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers 
Clark, having been apprised of the project, 
arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, 
twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his 
presence and readine.ss to co-operate with the 
Spani.sh, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of 
the exi)edition. The accounts of what followed 
are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. 
Louis shore being variously estimated from seven 
or eight to sixty -eight — the last being the esti- 
mate of Capt. Sinclair in his oflicial report. All 
agree, however, that the invading party was 
forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- 
gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, 
with a force of 3.'j0 and a party of Spanish allies, 



pursued the retreating invaders as far as the 
Rock River, destroj-lng many Indian villages on 
the way. This movement on the part of the 
British served as a pretext for an attempted re- 
pri.sal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid 
of a number of Cahokian.s, early in 1781. Starting 
early in January, this latter e.xix^dition crossed 
Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. 
Jo.seph, at the heiid of Lake Michigan, which liad 
been captured from the English by Thomas Brady 
and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- 
manded by Don Eugenio Pourre. and supported 
by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort 
was easily taken and the British Hag replaced by 
the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded iis 
of but little moment, at the time, the post being 
evacuated in a fe%v days, and the Spaniards 
returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious 
international complications, and the "conque.st'' 
was seriousl}- urged by the Spanish ministrj- as 
giving that country a right to the territorj- trav- 
ersed. This claim was supported by France 
l)efore the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but 
was defeated, through the combined efforts of 
Slessrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American 
Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- 
ations with England. 

SPARKS, (Capt.) David 1!., manufacturer and 
legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 
1823; in 1836, removed with liis parents to Ma- 
coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the 
Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, 
New Mexico. In IS.'iO he made the overland trip 
to California, returning the next j-ear by the 
Isthmus of Panama. In 18.w he engaged in the 
milling business at Staunton, Macoupin Coimty, 
but. in 1860, made a third tiip across the iilains 
in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was 
erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, 
and which was the second steam-engine in that 
region. He returned home in time to vote for 
Stephen A. Doughis for President, the siime year, 
but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks 
later, when tlie advocates of secession began to 
develop their jjolicy after the election of Lincoln. 
In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for .500.000 vol- 
unteers following the first battle of Bull Run. and 
was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois 
Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr). serving two and a 
half years, during which time he took part in 
several hard-fouglit battles, and being present at 
the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service 
he became a.ssociated with his former j)artner in 
the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, 
but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



495 



ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- 
pal owner in 1881, and which has since been 
greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one 
of the most extensive establishments of its kind 
in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the 
House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State 
Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 189.5 and 
'97; was also strongly supported as a candidate 
for the Republican nomination for Congress in 
1896. 

SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was 
born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 
years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- 
nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. 
Thrown on his own resources, he found work 
upon a farm, his attendance at the district 
schools being limited to the winter mouths. 
Later, lie passed through McKendree College, 
supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, 
graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge 
Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 
1851. His first public office was that of Receiver 
of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he 
was appointed bj" President Pierce in 1853, re- 
maining until 185G, when he was chosen Presi- 
dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The 
same year he was elected to the lower house of 
the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in 
the State Senate for the unexpired term of James 
M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a 
Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 
to 1883. In 1885 lie was appointed, by President 
Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land 
Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 
1887. His home is at Carl3-le. 

SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. 
(See Ceiitralia & Chester Railroad.) 

SPEED, Joslina Fry, merchant, and intimate 
friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the 
local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- 
town, K3'., after which he spent some time in a 
wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. 
About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he 
engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- 
ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham 
Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of 
sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln 
removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. 
Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the 
friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a 
most devoted character, continued until the 
death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson 
County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- 
lature in 1848, but was never again willing to 



accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 
1851 he removed to Louisville, %vliere he acquired 
a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. 
On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he 
heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, 
during the war, was entrusted with many deli- 
cate and important duties in the interest of the 
Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently 
visited in Washington. His death occurred at 
Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an 
older brother of the preceding, was a prominent 
Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a 
leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- 
gate to the National Republican Conventions of 
1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- 
ney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866, 
wlien he resigned on account of disagi-eement 
with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the 
age of 75 years. 

SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows 
southward through Stark County into Peoria, 
thence southwest through Knox, and to the south . 
and southeast, through Fulton County, entering 
the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 
150 miles long. 

SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator 
and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, 
Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an 
early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 
1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., 
wliere he preached and taught school; in 1847 
became President of Hillsboro College, whicli, in 
1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- 
nois State University, now known as Concordia 
Seminar}'. Later, he served for a time as Super- 
intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, 
but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the 
Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- 
cessive resignations and appointments, held the 
positions of Cliaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- 
try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, 
Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 
1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the 
United States Army. This position he resigned 
while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23, 
1867. During a considerable part of his incum- 
bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as 
Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, 
performing important service in caring for non- 
combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes 
of war. After the war he served, for a time, as 
Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery 
County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding 
of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 



406 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



its Board of Control at the time of his death. He 
was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of 
Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth 
General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the 
Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of 
Illinois for two consecutive terms (l890-'92). 
He was also member of the Stephenson Post, 
No. 30, G. A. R.. at Springfield, and served as its 
Chaplain from January, 1884, to liis death, which 
occurred at Spriiifilield, Oct. 21, 1802. 

SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- 
man, Justice of United States Court, was born in 
Sullivan County, Ind., May ^0, 1836. In 18i8 lie 
removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., 
was fitted for college in the public liigh school at 
Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. 
Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining 
three years, wlien he removed to the Indiana 
State University, graduating there in 1858. The 
following year he was admitted to the bar and 
commenced practice in Logan Coimty, but soon 
after removed to Springfield. He entered public 
life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention 
of 1802. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon 
County in the Legislature, anil, in 1874, was 
elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois 
District as a Democrat. From that time until 
the close of the Fifty-tliird Congress (1895), he 
served in Congress continuously, and was recog- 
nized as one of the leaders of his party on the 
floor, being at the head of many important com- 
mittees when tliat jjarty was in the ascendancy, 
and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- 
nation for S|>t'aker, in 1893. In 1894 lie was the 
candidate of his party for Congress for the 
eleventh time, Ijut was defeated bj- liis Repub- 
lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 
President Cleveland appointed him United 
States District Judge for Indian Territory. 

SPRINGFIELD, tlie State capital, and the 
county-seat of Sangamon Count}-, situated five 
miles soutli of tlie Sangamon River and 185 miles 
southwest of Chicago; is an important railway 
center. The first settlement on the site of the 
present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. 
On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first 
Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary 
county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- 
zation of wliich had been authorized bj- act of 
the Legislature in January previous, and the 
name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the 
selection was made permanent. The latter year 
the first sale of lanils took place, the original site 
being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and 
Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the 



siime time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to 
a section in the northwest quarter of the present 
city — this being the "hey-day" of the South 
Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but 
the change was not popularlj- accepted, and the 
new name was soon dropped. It was incoqw- 
rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 
6, 1840; and re-incoqxjrated, mider the general, 
law in 1882. It was made the State capital by 
act of tlie Legislature, passed at tlie session of 
1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the 
Legislature first convened there in December of 
the latter year. The general surface is flat, 
though there is rolling ground to the west. The 
city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- 
ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and 
electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine 
churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- 
ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the 
best paved and handsomest cities in the State. 
The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four 
square miles, but has since been enlarged by the 
annexation of the following suburbs: North 
Springfield, April 7, 1891; AVcst Springfield. Jan. 
4, 1S98; and .South Springfield and the village of 
Laurel. April 5, 1898. These additions give -10 
tlie i)resent city an area of 5.84 square miles. 
The population of the original city, according to 
the census of 1880, was 19,743. and, in 1890. 24.9ti3, 
while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last 
census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The 
latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- 
lation of 33,375— population by census (1900). 
34,1.59. Besides the State Hou.se, the city has a 
handsome L^nited States Government Building 
for United States Court and iK>st-offiee purjxj.ses, 
a county courthouse (the former State caiiitol), 
a city hall and (.State) Executive Mansion. 
Springfield was tlie home of Abraham Lincoln. 
His former residence has been donateil to the 
State, and his tomb and monument are in the 
beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the 
city. Springfield is an important coal-mining 
center, and has many iniixirtant industries, 
notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- 
sive manufactories of agricultural implements 
and furniture. It is also the permanent location 
of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings 
have been erected on the F.iir Grounds' north of 
the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- 
ing and one evening — published liere, besides 
various other puMications, Pop. (1900), 34 159. 

spri\(;fifi.i), kffingham & south. 

E.VSTERX R.VILROAI). (.See SM-ohia, /»(/i<in- 
apolis <fc Eastern Railroad. ) 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



497 



SPRIXiFlELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- 
ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio 

Southwestern Railroad. ) 

SPRINOFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria cfc St Louis 
Hailroad of Illinois.) 

SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in 
Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & 
Northwestern, the Cliicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 
tlie Chicago, Burlington et Qiiiney, and the 
Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 
miles soutliwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- 
mining region and has important manufacturing 
interests as well. It has two banks, electric 
street and interurban railways, and two news- 
papers. Population (1890), 3,887: (1900), 6,214. 

ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for 
young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage 
of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- 
rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers 
giving instruction in the preparatory and higher 
branches, including music and fine arts. It 
reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate 
valued at §15,000. 

ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young 
men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 
1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; 
in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with 
forty-five pupils, and property valued at $61,100, 
of which §,54,000 was real estate. Instruction is 
given in the classical and scientific branches, 
besides music and preparatory studies. 

ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, 
at the crossing of the Chicago & Ea.stern Illinois 
and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The 
town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a 
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. 

ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both 
sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago 
& Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western 
Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles 
south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent 
water-power, which is being utilized by a number 
of important manufacturing enterprises. The 
city is connected with Chicago and many towns 
in tlie Fox River valley by interurb,,n electric 
troUej' lines; is also the seat of tlie State Home 
for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,675. 

ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the 
Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry 
at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 
1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- 
sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, 
Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at 



Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, 
where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- 
came prominent in public affairs. He served with 
distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising 
to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding 
General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, 
later, was censured by Washington for his hasty 
evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated 
by a military court. His Revolutionary record, 
however, was generall}' good, and even distin- 
guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the 
Continental Congress, and presided over that 
body in 1787. He served as Governor of the 
Northwest Territory (including the present State 
of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive 
he was not successful, being unpopular because 
of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he 
suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the 
valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In 
this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, 
and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again 
vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His 
first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 
1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which 
was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- 
ferson removed him from the governorship of 
Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be 
the Governor after its separation from Indiana 
and Illinois. The remainder of his life was 
spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his 
decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- 
sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at 
Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. 

ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- 
ized within the territory comprised in the pres- 
ent State of Illinois — the whole region west 
of the Ohio River having been first placed under 
civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois 
County," by an act of the Virginia House of 
Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months 
after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George 
Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George 
Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off 
by an order »i Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- 
sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," 
in April, 1790 — more than two years after his 
a.ssumption of the duties of Governor of the 
Northwest Territory, which then comprehended 
the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole 
region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's 
order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines 
the boundaries of the new county — which took 
his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the 
mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 



498 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



running tlience southerly in a direct line to the 
mouth of the little river above Fort Miissac upon 
the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its 
junction with the Mississippi; thence up the 
Mississippi to the mouth of tlie Illinois, and so up 
the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with 
all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and 
Mississippi." The "Little Micbilliniackanack,"' 
the initial point mentioned in this descrijjtion — 
also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- 
naw," the latter being the name by wliich the 
stream is now known — empties into the Illinois 
River on the south side a few miles below 
Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries 
of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, 
indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- 
raphy of the "Illinois Country" e.xisting in 
that day, as a line drawn south from tlie mouth 
of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the 
Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed 
the longitude of the present city of Springfield, 
striking the Mississippi about tlie northwestern 
corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west 
of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- 
ernor St. Clair's order was, of coui'se, to include 
the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the 
new county ; and, if it liad had the effect intended, 
the eastern border of the county would have fol- 
lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, 
along the eastern border of JIarion, Jefferson, 
Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, 
reaching the Ohio River about the present site of 
Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing 
about one-half of the area of the present State of 
Illinois. For all ])ractical purposes it embraced 
all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- 
tion in which the white settlements were located. 
(See iS7. Clair, Arthur; also IlUnuis Coiuitry.) 
The early records of St. Clair County are in the 
French language ; its first settlers and its early 
civilization were French, and the first church to 
inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the 
Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court 
under the common law were had in 179G. The 
first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, 
and, as there was no penitentiary, the wliipping- 
post and pillorj- played an important part in the 
code of penalties, these punishments being ini- 
partially meted out as late as the time of Judge 
(afterwards Governor) Rej^nolds. to "the lame, the 
halt and the blind." for such offenses as the lar- 
ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three 
places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- 
kia — were named a,s county-seats by Governor St. 
Clair; but Randolph County having been set off 



in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the 
older county, so remaining until 1S13, when 
Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At 
that time it was a mere cornfield owned by 
George Blair, altliough settlements had previously 
been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. 
Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a 
log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 
1814, and, the same j'ear, George E. Blair estab- 
lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr o])ened a store, 
and, in 1817, additional improvements were 
inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from 
Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells 
and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- 
ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- 
ville was incorporated in 1819. In \S2~) Governor 
Edwards bought the large landed interests of 
Etienne Personeiiu, a large French land-owner, 
ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh 
life into its development. Settlers began to arrive 
in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought 
with them their slaves, the right to hold whicli 
was. for many j-ears. a fruitful and perennial 
source of strife. Emigrants from Germany 
began to arrive at an early day, and now a large 
proportion of the population of Belleville and St. 
Clair County is made up of that nationality. The 
count}-, as at present organized, lies on the west- 
ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- 
ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 
sfjuare miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid 
by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and 
about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- 
siderable wheat is raised. The |)rincipal towns 
are Belleville. East St. I^mis. Lebanon and Mas- 
coutah. Population of the county (1880), 01,800; 
(1890), 06..J71; (1900). 8C,G85. 

ST. JOHX, an incorporated village of Perry 
County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile 
north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- 
factured here. Population about 500. 

ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway, 10 miles east of Cliampaign; has inter- 
urban railroad coimection. Pop. (1900), 637. 

ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPIT.VL, (Chicago), founded 
in 1860, by tlie Sisters of Charity. Having been de- 
stroyed in the fii'e of 1871, it was rebuilt in the 
following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en- 
larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- 
ments. It can accommodate about '2')0 patients. 
TheSistersattend totlienui-sing. and conduct the 
domestic and financial affairs. Tlie medical staff 
comprises ten |>liysicans and surgeons, among 
whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



499 



ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 

(See Cliieago & Alton Railroad. ) 

ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- 
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE 
RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an 
extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre 
Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original 
corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, 
work begun in 1852, and the main line from 
Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, 
March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown 
branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was 
chartered in 1852, and completed between the 
points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. 
This corporation secured authority to construct 
an extension from lUinoistown (now East St. 
Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 
1856, giving the first railroad connection between 
Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, 
these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and 
the Belleville & lUinoistown) were consolidated 
under a single charter by special act of the Legis- 
lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line 
taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. 
Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became 
financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure 
and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the 
St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 
1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. 
Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the 
Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an 
Indiana corporation) guariiuteed by certain other 
lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by 
the insolvency of the lessee and some of the 
guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went 
into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold 
under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its 
interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- 
cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which 
the main line is now operated. The proi^erties 
officially reported as remaining in the hands of 
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 
June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 
miles), included the following leased and subsidi- 
ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo 
Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, 
(50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 
miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 
miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- 
way (53.50 miles). All these have been lessed, 
since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- 
nois Central. (For sketches of these several 
roads see headings of each. ) 



ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL- 
ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- 
field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 
102. 1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to 
Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in 
Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard 
gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails.— (His- 
tory. ) The road was originally incorporated 
under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & 
Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton 
in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & 
Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the 
receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under 
the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was 
transferred to a corporation known as the St. 
Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In 
June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield 
Raih-oad Company was organized, with power to 
build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and 
from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In 
October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed 
by a reorganization under the present name (St. 
Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made 
on the interest and, in June following, it was 
again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom 
it was operated until 1898. The total earnings 
and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were 
§318,815, operating expen.se.s, §373,270; total 
capitalization, §4,853,526, of which, §1,500,000 
was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income 
bonds. 

ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN 
RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, 
extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, 
111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. 
It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly 
with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- 
ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, 
Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was 
built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, 
Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, 
which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. 
The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, 
and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- 
pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a 
short time it was operated in connection with 
the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was 
reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois 
Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to 
standard in 1887. Having made default in the 
payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure 
in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- 
holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. 
Louis. Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, 
in whose name the line is operated. Its business 



500 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings 
in 1898 were §65.583 and tlie expenditures §69.112. 
Its capital stock was §740,900; bonded debt, 
§978.000, other indebtedness increasing the total 
capital investment to §1,816,736. 

ST. LOUS, JACKSONVILLE i CHICAGO 
RAILKOAI). (See Chicdqn & Alton Riiilnidtl.) 

ST, LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE k SPRINGFIELD 
RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Cliicayu c£- .S7. Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOnS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- 
BANY RAILROAD. (See Loiiisi-ille, Evansrille 
& St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a coqx)- 
ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and 
unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, 
the St. Louis & Peoria and the Xortli and South 
Railways, and to extend the same due north 
from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence 
to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Jlis- 
sissippi. The line e.xtends from Springfield to 
Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities 
over the Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad 
and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) 
to St. Louis.— (History.) This road has been 
made up of tliree sections or divisions. (1) The 
initial section of the line was constructed under 
the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of 
Illinois, incorporated in 1885, anil opened from 
Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1HS7. It passed 
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
closure in 18S9, and reorganized, in 1800. as the St. 
Louis & Peoria Uaihoad. The St. Louis & Eiist- 
em, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen 
Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893; the 
following year, bought tlie St. Louis & Peoria 
line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) 
between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North 
& South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized 
in 1H90, as successor to tlie St. Louis & Chicago 
Railway Company, proceeded in the construction 
of the line (.50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- 
field, which was subseiiuently le;ised to the Chi- 
cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the 
management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
Louis Railway. The latter corporation having 
defaulted, the property p;vssed into the hands of 
a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- 
ber, 1896, the proiHM-ty reverted to the proprietary 
Companj-. which took possession, Jan. 1, 1890. 
The St. Louis & Southeastern then Ixiught the 
line outright, and it was inci)r]>orated as apart of 
the new organization under the name of the St. 
Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North 



& South Railroad going out of existence. In 
May, 1899, tlie St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was 
sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad 
Company, to be operated as a short line between 
Peoria & St. Louis. 

ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO 
R.VILHO.VD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quiney 
Ha ilroiid. ) 

ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a Une 
running from Pinckneyville, IlL, via Murphys- 
boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the 
les.see of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- 
road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 
miles — total, 50.5 miles The track is of standard 
gauge and laid with 56 and GO-pound steel rails. 
The company was organized in August, 1886, to 
succeed to the pro|)erty of the St. Louis Coal Rail- 
road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central 
Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec. 
1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to 
thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- 
mum guarantee of §32,000, which is sufficient 
to i)ay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. 
During the year 1896 this line passed under lease 
from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
road Company, into the hands of the Illinois 
Central Railroad Cumiiany. 

ST, LOUIS. SPRINGFIELD k TINCENNTIS 
RAILKOAU t'O.MP.VNY, a corporation organized 
in July, 1^99, to take over the projjerty of the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the 
State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi 
and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern 
I{iiilways — the former extending from Vin- 
cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter 
from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- 
erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, 
Jul}- 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of 
reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- 
poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the 
several lines see Baltimore <£■ Ohio Southwestern 
Railu-a;/.) 

ST. LOUIS, VANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE 
RAILROAD. This line extends from Ea.st St. 
Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana 
State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre 
Haute & Indianaix)lis Railroad Company is the 
lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, 
and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- 
tal stock, in 1898, was §3.924,058, the bonded debt, 
§4.496,000. and the floating debt. .§218.4.80.— (His- 
tory ) The St. Louis. Vandalia & Terre Haute 
Railroad was chartered in 1865. opened in 1870 
and leased to the Terre Haute & IndianapoUs 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



501 



Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
Cliicago & St. Louis Railroad. 

ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends 
from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 131.6 miles, with 
a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie, 
9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid 
luainlj' with steel rails. — (History.) The origi- 
nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis 
Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 186.5, and the road 
opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed 
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of 
by a new company under its present name, Feb. 
1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the 
Mobile & Ohio Railroad Companj' for forty-five 
years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division 
of that line, giving it a connection with St. 
Louis. (See Mobile <t Ohio Railu-nij.) 

ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- 
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & Sf. Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of 
Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern 
Ea ihcay. ) 

ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See 
St. Louis, Peoria ct yorfliern Raihcui/.) 

ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See 
St. Louis, Peoria <£■ Xorflieni Railway.) 

ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago. 
It was chartered in 1865, its incori^orators, in 
their initial statement, substantially declaring 
their object to be the establishment of a free hos- 
pital vmder the control of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Church, which should be open to the 
afflicted poor, without distinction of race or 
creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale, 
but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor- 
poration was effected under the general law. In 
1885 a new building was erected on land donated 
for that purpose, at a cost exceeding §150,000, 
exclusive of §20,000 for furnishing. While its 
primary object has been to afford accommoda- 
tion, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously, 
to the needy poor, the institution also provides a 
considerable number of comfortable, well-fur- 
nished private rooms for patients wlio are able 
and willing to pay for the same. It contains an 
amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics, 
and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur- 
ing the past few years important additions 
have been made, the number of beds increased, 
and provision made for a training school for 
nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of 
thirteen physicians and surgeons and two 
pathologists. 



ST. MART'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi- 
nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal 
Church, at Knoxville, Knox County, 111. ; was 
incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a faculty of four- 
teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils. 
The branches taught include the classics, the 
sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies. 
The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes, 
and owns property valued at 5130,500, of which 
§100,000 is real estate. 

STAGER, Auson, soldier and Telegraph Super- 
intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y., 
April 20, 1825; at 16 years of age entered the serv- 
ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards 
became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and 
with whom he became associated in various enter- 
prises of this character. Having introduced 
several improvements in the construction of bat- 
teries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in 
1852, made General Superintendent of the princi- 
j)al lines in the West, and, on the organization of 
the Western Union Company, was retained in 
this position. Early in the Civil War he was 
entrusted with the management of telegraph 
lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia 
border, and, in October following, was appointed 
General Superintendent of Government tele- 
graphs, remaining in this position until Septem- 
ber, 1868, his services being recognized in his 
promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of 
Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to 
Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General 
Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a 
number of enterprises connected with the manu- 
facture of electrical appliances and other 
branches of the business. One of these was the 
consolidation of the telephone companies, of 
which he became President, as also of the West- 
ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being 
a Director in several other corporations. Died, 
in Clucago, March 26, 1885. 

STANDISH, John Tan Ness, a lineal descendant 
of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was 
born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early 
years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl- 
edge and books became his ruling passion, and he 
devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal 
Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating, 
with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University 
in the class of 1847. Later, he received the 
degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma 
Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, 
in 1883. of LL.D from St. Lawrence University 
in 189.3, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish 
chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent 



502 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



over fiftj- years in its pursuit in connection with 
private anil public scIkjoIs and the College, of 
which more than forty j'ears were as Professor and 
President of LomLwrd University at Galesburg. 
He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' 
Institutes all over the State, and, in 1809, was 
elected President of the State Teachers" Associ- 
ation. He made three visits to tlie Old World — 
in 1879, "82-83, ami "ai-DS— and. during his second 
trip, traveled over 40,000 niili'S, vi.siting nearly 
every country of Europe, including the "Land of 
the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa 
from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara, 
Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. A lover 
of art, he has visited nearly all the principal 
museums and picture galleries of the world. In 
politics he is a Repuhlican, and, in opposition to 
many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine 
of protection. In religion, he is a Univers;ilist. 

STAPP, James T. B., State Auditor, was born 
in Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the 
age of 12 accompanied his widowed mother to 
Kaskaskia, 111., where she settled; before he was 
20 j'ears old, was employed as a clerk in the office 
of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of 
that officer, was apjjointed his successor, being 
twice thereafter electeil by the Legislature, serv- 
ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditoi- 
ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank 
at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen 
years; acted as Aid-de-canip on Governor Rey- 
nolds staff in the Black Ilawk War, and served 
as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur- 
ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor 
appointed 3Ir. Stapp Receiver of the United 
States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he 
held during the Fillmore administration, resign- 
ing in 1855. Two yeiirs later he removed to 
Decatur, where he continued to reside imtil liis 
death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, 
erected by him in that citj', bears his name. 

STARK COUNTY, an interior county in the 
northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi- 
nois River; has an area of 200 square miles. It 
has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer- 
ous small streams. The principal indu.stries are 
agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief 
towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county 
was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and 
named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution- 
ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. 
Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, 
and gave his name to a township. Of other ])io- 
neer families, the Buswells, .Smiths, Si)eucers and 



Eastmans came from New England; the Thom- 
ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers 
from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio, the 
Perrys and Parkers from Virginia; the MoClana- 
hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten- 
nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ; 
the Halls from England, and the Turnbulls and 
Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer cliurch was 
the Congregational at Toulon. Population ( 1880), 
11,21)7; (1S90), 9.982; (1900). 10,18G. 

ST.VKVEl) ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on 
tlie south side of Illinois River, in La Salle 
County, upon which the French explorer. La 
Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in 
1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was 
one mile north of the supposed location of the 
Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so 
to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of 
the arrival of the first French explorers. The 
I>opulation of this village, in 1680, according to 
Fatiier Membre. was some seven or eight thou- 
sand. Both Iji Vantum and Fort St. Ix)uis were 
repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The Illinois 
were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but 
the French, for the time being, successfully 
defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was 
aban<loned as a military post, but continued to 
be used as a French trading-post until 1718. 
when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois 
■were not again molested until 1722, when the 
Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. 
The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved 
to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the 
Mississippi River. Tho.se who remained fell an 
easy jirey to the foes by whom they were sur- 
rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the 
nortli b}- tribes who desired to avenge the murder 
of Pontiac. Fimling themselves hard pres.sed, 
they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort 
St. Ixjuis had formerly stood. Here they were 
besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food 
or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie. 
According to a tradition handed down among the 
Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in 
an attem])t to escajie by night, except one half- 
breed, who succeeded in evading his i)ursuers. 
This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock 
its poi>ular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History 
of La Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of 
the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- 
fusion after the settlement by the whites, and 
are still fouml mingled plentifully with the soil." 
(See La Scille, Robert Cavelier; Tonty; Fort St. 
Louis.) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



503 



STARNE, Alexander, Secretary of State and 
State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., 
Nov. 21, 1813; iu the spring of 1836 removed to 
Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike County, 
where he opened a general store. From 1830 to 
'42 he served as Commissioner of Pike Count}', 
and, in the latter year, was elected to the lower 
house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 
1844. Having, in the meanwhile, disposed of his 
store at Griggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he 
was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the 
Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for 
four years, when it was made elective. In 18.53 
he was elected Secretary of State, when he 
removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville 
at the expiration of his term in 1857, to assume 
the Presidency of the old Hannibal and Naples 
Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system). 
He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the 
Constitutional Convention of 1863, and the same 
year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon 
again removed to Sjaringfield, where he resided 
until his death, being, with his sons, extensively 
engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again in 
1873, he was elected State Senator from San- 
gamon County. He died at Springfield, March 
31, 1886. 

STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- 
lation, having for its object the establisliment of 
a bank within the territory which now consti- 
tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by 
the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act 
incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- 
town, with branches at Edwardsville and Kas- 
kaskia. ■' In the Second General Assembly of 
the State (1830) an act was passed, over the 
Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse 
judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- 
ing a State Bank at VandaUa vs-ith branches at 
Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in 
Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter- 
ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- 
ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems 
to have been well managed; but the official 
conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis 
■of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826, 
was made the subject of a legislative investiga- 
tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) 
seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of 
the losses finally sustained in winding up its 
affairs — that of the General Government amount- 
ing to 854,000. Grave charges wei-e made in this 
connection against men who were then, or 
afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, 
including one Justice of the Supreme Court and 
-one (still later) a United States Senator. The 



experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later 
(1831), it was found necessary for the State to 
incur a debt of SlOO.OOO to redeem the outstand- 
ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the 
popular demand for an increase in the "circu- 
lating medium, " the State continued its experi- 
ment of becoming a stockholder in banks 
managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find 
it, in 1835. legislating in the same direction for 
the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" 
at Springfield, with branches at other points as 
might be required, not to exceed six in number. 
One of these branches was established at Van- 
dalia and another at Cliicago, furnishing the first 
banking institution of the latter city. Two 
j'ears later, when the State was entering upon 
its scheme of internal improvement, laws were 
enacted increasing the capital stock of these 
banks to 84.000,000 in the aggregate. Following 
the example of siniilar institutions elsewhere, 
they suspended specie payments a few months 
later, but were protected by "stay laws"' and 
other devices until 1843, when tlie internal 
improvement scheme having been finally aban- 
doned, they fell in general collapse. The State 
ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks 
were put in course of liquidation, though it 
required several years to complete the work. 

STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of 
Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial 
Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1813. At that 
time there were but five counties in the State — 
St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, 
and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the 
latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a 
State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided 
that the seat of government should remain at 
Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- 
ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- 
gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, 
to petition Congress for a grant of not more than 
four sections of land, on which should be erected 
a town, which should remain the seat of govern- 
ment for twenty years. The petition was duly 
presented and granted ; and, in accordance with 
the power granted by the Constitution, a Board 
of five Commissioners selected the site of the 
present city of Vandalia, then a point in the 
wilderne.ss twenty miles north of any settle- 
ment. But so great was the faith of speculators 
in the future of the proposed city, that town lots 
were soon selling at 8100 to 8780 each. The Com- 
missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain 
tvro-story frame building — scarcely more than a 
commodious shanty — to which the State offices 
were removed in December, 1830. Tliis building 



504 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was burned. Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure 
erected in its place. Later, when tlie question of 
a second removal of the capital began to be agi- 
tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk 
of erecting a new, brick State House, costing 
$16,000. Of this amount §6,000 was reimbursed 
by the Governor from the contingent fund, and 
the balance (-510,000) was appropriated in 1837, 
when the seat of government was removed to 
Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- 
bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- 
ing the principal vote at the time of the removal 
to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, 
Peoria. Alton and Illiopolis — Springfield receiv- 
ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law 
removing the capital ai)pr(ipiiated .S.jO.OOO from 
the State Treasury, provided that a like amount 
should be raised by private subscription and 
guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres 
of land should be donated as a site. Two State 
Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first 
cost of the present one (including furni.shing) 
having been a little in excess of §4,000,000. 
Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the 
Legislature from Sanganion County at the time, 
was an intluential factor in securing the removal 
of the capital to Springfield. 

STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved 
so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois 
for a generation, and, for a part of that period, 
seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct 
outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme 
entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement 
Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- 
taken the aggregate debt of the State was less 
than .§400.000 — accumulated within the preceding 
six years. Two years later (18;iS) it had increased 
to over §6,500,000, while the total valuation of 
real and personal property, for the purposes of 
taxation, was less than §60,000.000. and the aggre- 
gate receipts of the State treiisury, for the same 
year, amounted to less than §ir)0,000. At the 
same time, the disbursements, for the support of 
the State Government alone, had grown to more 
than twice the receipts. This disp.-irity continued 
until the declining credit of the State forced upon 
the managers of public affairs an involuntary 
economy, when the means could no longer be 
secured for more lavish expenditures. The first 
bonds issued at the inception of the internal 
improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per 
cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked 
in the markets of New York and London at a dis- 
count, in some cases falling into the hands of 
brokers who failed before completing their con- 



tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If 
the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, 
the time chosen to carry it into effect was most 
unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the 
panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more 
complete. Of the various works undertaken by 
the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
brought a return, all the others resulting in more 
or less complete loss. The internal improvement 
scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until 
State bonds exceeding §13,000,000 had been 
issued. For two years longer the State struggled 
with its embarrassments, increased by the failure 
of the State Bank in February. 1><42, and, by that 
of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few 
months later, with the proceeds of more than two 
and a half millions of the State's bonds in their 
possession. Thus left without credit, or means 
even of paying the accruing interest, there were 
those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- 
rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only 
means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- 
ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a 
basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries 
and general expenditures, with restrictions upon 
the Legislature in reference to incurring in- 
debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax"' 
gave assurance to its creditors that its debts 
would be paid. While the growth of the State, 
in wealth and population, had previously been 
checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now 
entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite 
of its burdens — its increase in population, be- 
tween 18.j0 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per 
cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 
— when the internal improvement scheme was 
abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- 
est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, §15,- 
637,9.50: 1844, §14,633,969; 1846, §16,389,817; 1848. 
§16,661.795. It reached its maximum in 1853 — 
the first j-ear of Governor Matteson"s administra- 
tion — when it was officially reported at §10,724,- 
177. At this time the work of extinguishment 
began, and was prosecuted under successive 
administrations, except during the war, when 
the vast expense incurred in sending troops to 
the field caused an increase. During Governor 
Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted 
to over §3.000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five 
and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter 
million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had 
been reduced to §281.0.59.11. and. V)efore the close 
of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except 
a balance of §18. .500 in bonds, which, having Iieen 
called in years previously and never presented for 



n 



3* 
o 
o 



r 

■s 

o 

w 

z 
o 

> 



2t 
< 

3 
J 

> 



.-O 



S 

B 

3 



c 





►4 
< 

a 

2 

O 
n 

< 

O 

< 

m 
o 
z 



o 
►J 

OS 

u 
X 

D 
O 



3 

n 
S 

3 



c 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



505 



payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See 
Macaliitter and Stehhins Bondn.) 
STATE (iUARDIANS FOR GIRLS, a bureau 

organized for the care of female juvenile delin- 
quents, by act of June 3, 1893. The Board consists 
of seven members, nominated by the Executive 
and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- 
tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than 
two of the members may reside in the same Con- 
gressional District and, of the seven members, 
four must be women. (See also Home for Female 
Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six 
years. 

STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its 
construction was begun under an act passed by 
the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed 
in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, 
donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- 
field. A provision of the State Constitution of 
1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in 
excess of §3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing 
of the building, without previous approval of such 
additional expenditure by the people. This 
amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at 
its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- 
tional appropriation of §531,712, which having 
been approved by popular vote at the general 
election of 1886, the expenditure was made and 
the capitol completed during the following year, 
thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- 
nishing to a little in excess of §4,000,000. The 
building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and 
classic in its style of architecture ; its extreme 
dimensions (including porticoes), from north Jto 
south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 
feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, 
while the porticoes, which are spacious and 
lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished 
columns of gray granite. The three stories of 
the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, 
with two turrets and a central dome of stately 
dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of 
the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern 
springing from the dome, is 364 feet. 

STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu 
tion for the education of teachers, organized 
under an act of the General Assembly, passed 
Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of 
organization in the hands of a board of fifteen 
persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- 
tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted 
as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County; 
Simeon Wright of Lee ; Daniel Wilkins of Mo- 
Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex 
of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John 



Gillespie of Jasper ; George Bunsen of St. Clair,- 
Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of 
Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel 
Moseley and William Wells of Cook ; Albert R. 
Shannon of White; and the Superintendent oi. 
Public Instruction, ex-oflicio. The object of the 
Universit}', as defined in the organizing law, is 
to qualify teachers for the public schools of the 
State, and the course of instruction to be given 
embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches 
which pertain to a common-school education ; in 
the elements of the natural sciences, including 
agricultural chemistrj-, animal and vegetable 
physiology; in the fundamental laws of the 
United States and of the State of Illinois in 
regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and 
such other studies as the Board of Education may, 
from time to time, prescribe." Various cities 
competed for the location of the institution, 
Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- 
cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as 
equivalent to §141,725. The corner-stone was 
laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building 
was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- 
ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been 
suflficiently advanced to permit of its being used, 
and the first commencement exercises were held 
on June 29 of the latter year. Three years 
earlier, the academic department had been organ- 
ized under tlie charge of Charles E. Hovey. The 
first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far 
from §200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to 
two pupils from each county, and to three from 
each Senatorial District. The departments are : 
Grammar school, liigli school, normal department 
and model school, all of which are overcrowded. 
The whole number of students in attendance on 
the Institution during the school year, 1897-98, 
was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal 
department and 306 in the practice school depart- 
ment, including representatives from 86 coun- 
ties of the State, with a few pupils from other 
States on the payment of tuition. The teaching 
faculty (including the President and Librarian) 
for the same year, was made up of twenty-six 
members — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. 
The expenditures for the year 1897 98 aggregated 
§47,626.92, against §66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly 
§22,000 of tlie amount expended during the latter 
year was on account of the construction of a 
gymnasium building. 

STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- 
sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal 
property belonging to the State as follows : Pub- 
lic lands, §328,000; buildings, §22,164,000; mis- 



506 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



cellaneous property, §2,050,000— total, §25,142,000. 
The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds 
of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield 
(donated), .§40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
§168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois 
(donated by the General Government). §41.000, in 
Minnesota (similarly donated), §79,000. Tlie 
buildings comjirise those connected with the 
charitable, penal and educational institutions of 
the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- 
ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at 
Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, 
the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams 
erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the 
miscellaneous property. §120,000 represents the 
equipment of the Illinois National Guard ; §l,9.")!t,- 
000 the value of the movable i)roperty of public 
buildings; §550,000 the endowment fund of the 
University of Illinois; and §21,000 the movable 
property of the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal. The 
figures given relative to the value of the public 
buildings include only tlie first appropriations 
for their erection. Considerable sums have 
since been expended upon some of them in repairs, 
enlargements and imi)rovements. 

STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer 
of Illinois during the Territorial period was John 
Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and 
became the first incumbent under the State 
Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 
the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote 
of the two Houses of the (Jeneral Assembly: bj- 
the Constitution of 1848, tliis ofKcer was made 
elective b\- the people for the same period, with- 
out limitations as to number of terms; under the 
Constitution of 1870. the manner of election and 
duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- 
bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years 
from expiration of the term for which he may 
have been chosen. The following is a list of the 
State Treasurers, from the date of the admission 
of the State into the Union down to the present 
time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
term of each: John Thomas, lSls-19; RoV)ert K. 
McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823 27; 
James Hall, 1827 31; John Dement, 1831-30; 
Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. "Whiteside, 
1837-41; Milton Carpenter. 1841-48; John Moore, 
1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 
1859-63; Alexander .Starne, 1863-65; James H. 
Beveridge, 180.5-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; 
Era.stus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1S73-75; 
Thomas S. Ridgway. 1875-77: Edward Rutz, 
1877-79; John C, Smith. 187981; Edward Rutz. 
1881-83, John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 



1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles 
Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; 
RufiLS N. Ramsay, 1893-95; Henry Wullf, 1895-97; 
Ileniy L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 
1X99- . 

STAl'XTON, a village in the southeast corner 
of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & 
St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 30 miles 
northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles southwest of 
Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the 
iuihistries of the surrounding region. Staunton 
has two banks, eight churches and a weekly 
newspaper. Population (1880), 1,3.58; (1890), 2,209; 
(1900), 2,786 

STEEL PRODUCTIOX. In the manufacture 
of steel, Illinois has long ranked as tlie second 
State in the Union in the amount of its output, 
and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, 
the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 
1880 there were but six steel works in tlie State; 
in 1890 these had increased to fourteen; and the 
I)roduction of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2.000 
pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. 
Of the 3,837,0.39 tons of Be.s.semer steel ingots, or 
direct castings, produced in the L'nited States in 
1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, 
nearly all the steel produced in the State being 
made by that process. From the tonnage of 
ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 
pounds of steel rails. — more than 30 per cent of 
the aggregate for the entire country. This fact 
is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in 
the nianufactiu-e of Bes.semer steel rails, since 
1880, has been so great that many rail mills have 
converted their steel into forms other than rails, 
experience having proved their production to 
an}- considerable extent, during the past few 
years, unprofitable except in works favorably 
located for obtaining cheap raw material, or 
operated under the latest and most approved 
methods of manufacture. Open-hearth .steel is 
no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture 
of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- 
put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. 
For purposes requiring special grades of steel the 
product of the crucible process will be always 
in demand, but the high cost of manufacture 
prevents it, in a majority of instances, from 
successfully competing in price with the other 
processes mentioned, 

STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early 
politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 
1S09, and was appointed the first Sheriff of 
Randolph County Viy Governor Edwards under 
the Territorial Government: afterwanis .served 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



507 



as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 
1812 ; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate 
in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from 
Congress, became Register of the Land Office at 
Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville — Col. 
James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, 
was a soldier during the Black Ilawk War, after- 
wards became a prominent politician in the north- 
western part of the State, served as Register of 
the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received 
the Democratic nomination for Governor, but 
withdrew before the election. 

STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, 
physician and soldier, was born in Wayne 
County, 111., Oct. 30, 1823, and accompanied his 
parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the 
family settled. His early educational advantages 
were meager, and he did not study his profession 
(medicine) until after reaching his majoritj', 
graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
in 18.50. He began practice at Petersburg, but, 
in April, 1863, was mustered into the volunteer 
army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois 
Infantry. After a little over two years service he 
was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up 
his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was 
engaged in the drug business there. In 186.5 he 
resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- 
ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, 
and always willing to give his own services and 
orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- 
tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders 
in the organization of the Grand Army of the 
Republic (which see), in connection with which 
he is most widely known ; but his services in its 
cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the 
recognition which they deserved, nor did the 
organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. 
He finally returned with his family to Peters- 
burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111.. 
August 30, 1871. 

STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern 
county, with an area of .560 square miles. The 
soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- 
•culture and stock-raising are among the chief 
industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit 
the locality, and the county was organized, ten 
years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin 
Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had 
been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a 
lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the 
first cabin within the present limits of what was 
called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an 
Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short 
time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver 



W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a 
more pretentious dwelling and became the first 
permanent settler. Later came William Wad- 
dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, 
the Goddards, and others whose names are linked 
with the county's early history. The first house 
in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- 
zation was effected in 1837. the total poll being 
eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- 
son Martin, who is said to have taught a school 
of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on 
the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- 
tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933. 

STERLING, a flourishing city on the north 
bank of Rock River, in Whiteside County, 109 
miles west of Chicago, 29 miles east of Clinton, 
Iowa, and .52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. 
It has ample railway facilities, furnished by the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & 
Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera 
house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library, 
Government po.stoffice building, three banks, 
electric street and interurban car lines, electric 
and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and 
sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper 
offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine 
water-power, and is an important manufacturing 
center, its works turning out agricultural imple- 
ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- 
ture, burial caskets, piunps, sash, doors, etc. It 
also has the .Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries 
and macliine shops. The river here flows through 
charming scenery. Pop. (1890), 5,834; (1900), 6,309. 

STEVENS, Bradford A., ex-Congressman, was 
born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., 
Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New 
Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- 
mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. 
During the six years following, he devoted him- 
self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New 
York Cit}'. In 1843 he removed to Bureau 
County, 111., where he became a merchant and 
farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board 
of Supervisors, and. in 1870, was elected to Con- 
gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth 
District. 

STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex-Vice-President of 
the United States, was born in Christian County, 
Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his 
parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111., 
where the family settled; was educated at the 
Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- 
lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858 and 
began practice at Metamora, Woodford County, 



508 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



where he was Master in Chancery. 1861-65, and 
State's Attorney, 1S65 69. In 1864 he was candi- 
date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic 
ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, 
where he has since resided. In 1874, and again 
in 1876. he was an unsuccessful candidate of his 
party for Congre.ss, but was elected as a Green- 
back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 
and 1882. In 1877 he was appointed by President 
Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to 
West Point. During the first administration of 
President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First A.ssist- 
ant Postmaster General; was a member of the 
National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 
1.893, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation 
the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's 
nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was 
elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since 
retiring from office he has resumed his residence 
at Bloomington. 

STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former 
Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., 
Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school 
education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his 
parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- 
wards resided, being engaged in farming and the 
manufacture of agricultural implements at 
Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 
1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- 
ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated 
by Shelby M. Culhjni. In 1890 the Democrats of 
the Eighth Illinois DLstrict elected him to Con- 
gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was 
defeated b^- his Republican opponent, Robert A. 
Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and. 
In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted 
against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at 
his home at Piano, August 26, 1890. 

STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at 
the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- 
sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of 
the Wabash, 12 miles .southeast of Shelby ville: 
is in a grain .and lumber region; has a bank and 
a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677. 

STICKNEV, William H., pioneer lawyer, was 
born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law 
and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 
1831, and. in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a 
resident of Shawneetown ; was elected State's 
Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- 
cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the 
southern and southeastern part of the State; for 
a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of 
"The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois 
Advertiser," published at Shawneetown. In 1846 



Jlr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of 
the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, 
twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- 
cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook 
Count}', serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- 
ninth Assembly. He also held the office of 
Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 
onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in 
Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the 
oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. 

STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, 
born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- 
mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, 
became Prosecuting .\ttorney. a member of the 
Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- 
mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol- 
dier at the Ijeginning of the war, went to the 
field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, 
and, after six weeks" confinement in Libby 
prison, e.xchanged and returned to dutj*; was 
promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, 
and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious 
service. After the war he practiced his profes- 
sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. 
Died, Jan. 18, 1895. 

STILLMAN, Stephen, first State Senator from 
Sangamon Count}'. 111. , was a native of Massachu- 
setts who came, with his widowed mother, to 
Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near 
Williamsville, where he became the first Post- 
master in the first jwstoffice in the State north of 
the Sangiimon River. In 1822. Mr. .Stillman was 
elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon 
County, serving four years, and. at his first .session, 
being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery 
Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- 
where between 1835 and 1840. 

STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, 
on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago. Mil- 
waukee it St. Paul Railways; site of first battle 
Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four 
churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop., 47.5. 

STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near 
Mount Bethel, Somerset County. N. J., Oct. 31, 
1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which 
subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- 
ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended 
from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- 
land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at 
Hempstead. L. I., in 1717. at the age of 122 years. 
The family removed to New Jersey in the latter 
part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a 
cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to 
settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and 
various members of the family were prominent in 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



509 



the ^ttlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early 
as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, 
Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, 
and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both 
soldiers of the New Jersey line during tlie Revo- 
lutionary War — with the last named of whom 
he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) 
been intimately associated in the ijurchase and 
settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he 
removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to 
Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his 
son-in-law, Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair 
County, 111. , settling near Union Grove. Later, he 
removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton 
County. He left a large family, several members 
of which became prominent pioneers in the 
movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. 

STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, 
was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of 
18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native 
land, serving through the campaign of Sclileswig- 
Holsteiu (1848) ; came to the United States soon 
after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion 
of Illinois Light Artillery, Anally becoming Chief 
of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When 
the latter became commander of the Fifteenth 
Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the 
head of the artillery brigade; in February, 18G5, 
was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out 
in January, 1860. After the war he went South, 
and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- 
tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he 
was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. 
He was an inventor and patented various im- 
provements in steam engines and boilers; was 
also Superintendent of Public Buildings at 
Charleston, S. C, under President Harrison. 
Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. 

STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, 
was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- 
bury College; became a member of the Spring- 
field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected 
to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- 
brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and 
joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against 
a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been 
adopted bj' the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit 
Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- 
western part of the State, removed to Galena, 
but was legislated out of office, when he left the 
State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, 
N. J. 

STOXE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in 
Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 



1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, 
and later acted as overseer of laborers on the 
Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in 
Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the 
Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under 
Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came 
to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- 
lation in real estate in that early day, a few 
months later entered upon the grocery and pro- 
vision trade, which he afterwards extended to 
grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real 
estate, in which he was remarkably successful, 
leaving a large fortune at his death, which 
occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. 

STOXE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, 
was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester 
County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- 
hood on a farm. After acquiring a common 
school education, he prepared for college at Lei- 
cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown 
University, graduating in the class of 1839. He 
then spent three years at the Theological Insti- 
tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the 
ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the 
next year, entered upon evangelical work in 
Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- 
boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First 
Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. 
Stone came to Chicago and established "The 
Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- 
day under the name of "The Standard," and has 
become the leading Baptist organ in the West. 
After six years of editorial work, he took up 
evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor 
and criminal classes. During the Civil War he 
conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, 
Soldiers" Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was 
associated in the conduct and promotion of many 
educational and charitable institutions. He did 
much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, 
and, during the latter years of his life, was 
attached to the Immanuel Baptist Church, 
which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 
1890. 

STO?<E, Melville E., journalist, banker. Man- 
ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., 
August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he 
graduated from the local high school in 1867, 
and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of 
a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself 
without resources after the great fire of 1871, he 
embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- 
cessive grades of reporter, city editor, assistant 
editor and Washington correspondent, to the 
position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 



510 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



He was connected with various Chicago dailies 
between 1871 and 187'). and, on Christmas Day 
of tlie latter j-ear, issued the first number of "The 
Chicago Daily News." He gradually disposed of 
his interest in tliis journal, entirely severing 
his connection therewith in 1888. Since that 
date he has been engaged in banking in the city 
of Chicago, and is also General Manager of tlie 
Associated Press. 

STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at 
Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. G, 1798; left an orplian 
at seven years of age, after a sliort term in Lei- 
cester Academy, and several years in a whole.sale 
store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to 
Rochester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in 
the "Holland Purchase," belonging to liis father's 
estate; in 1843-49, was a resident of [Detroit an<l 
interested in some of the early railroad enter- 
prises centering there, but the latter year re- 
moved to Milwaukee, l>eing tliere associated with 
Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 
he became a citizen of Chicago, wliere he was 
one of the founders of the Chicago Historical 
Societj', and a liberal patron of many enterprises 
of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 
4, 1876. 

STONE FORT, a village in tlie counties of 
Saline and William.son. It is situated on the Cairo 
Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
St. Louis Railway, 57 miles northeast of Cairo. 
Population (1900), 479. 

STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news- 
paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec. 
19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade 
at 12, and. before he was 19, was part owner of a 
Democratic paper called "The Herald," publislied 
at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- 
trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., 
and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In January, 
1861, he became the principal owner of "The 
Chicago Times." tlien the leading Democratic 
organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be 
regarded as the organ of the anti-war party 
throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, 
was suppressed by a military order issued by 
General Burnside, whic;h was subsequently 
revoked by President Lincoln. Tlie net result 
was an increase in "The Times" " notoriety and 
circulation. Other charges, of an eciually grave 
nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- 
acter as a family newspaper, etc., were repeatedly 
made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf 
ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 
1872, appeared as the editor of "The Times," 
then destitute of ix)litical ties. About 1876 his 



health began to decline. Medical aid failed to 
afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- 
judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was 
Iflaced in the hands of a conservator. On the 
27th of the following October (1884), he died at 
his home in Chicago. 

STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was bom 
at Hillsdale, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., August 
12, 1835; began the study of law with his father, 
later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in 
1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years 
(1857-59) in New York City, the latter year 're- 
moving to Chicago, where he attained great 
prominence as an advocate at the b;vr. as well as 
an orator on other occasions. Politically a 
Republican, he took an active part in Presidential 
campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois 
to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, 
'78, and "80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- 
dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a nnister of 
epigram and reiiartee, many of his speeches are 
quoted with relish and ajjpreciation by those who 
were his contemjioraries at the Chicago bar. 
Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- 
preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. 

STRAWX, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- 
dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 
1800; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, 
and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- 
west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to 
demonstrate the ix)ssibilities of Illinois as a live- 
stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere 
show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- 
gality and honesty. At his death — which occurred 
August 23, 1865 — he left an estate estimated in 
value at about §1,000,000, acquired by industry 
and business enterprise. He wiis a zealous 
L^nionist during the war, at one time contributing 
.?10,(HM| to the Christian Commission. 

STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- 
porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle 
Count}-, 93 miles southwest of Chicago; situated 
on the Vermilion River and a central point for 
five railroads. It is surroimdeil by a rich agri- 
cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams 
(two of which are worked) and by shale and 
various clay proilucts of value, adapted to the 
manufacture of fire and buil<liiig brick, drain- 
pipe, etc. The city is thoroughly modern, having 
gas. electric lighting, street railways, water- 
works, a gtKxl fire-department, and a large, im- 
proved public park. Churches and schools are 
numerous, as are also fine public and private 
buildings. One of the chief industries is the 
manufacture of gla.ss. including rolled-plate, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



511 



window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware and glass 
bottles. Other successful industries are foundries 
and machine shops, flour mills, and clay working 
establisliments. There are several banks, and 
three daily and weekly papers are published here. 
The estimated property valuation, in 1884, was 
81'3, 000, 0(10. Streator boasts some liandsome 
public buildings, especially the Government post- 
oftice and the Carnegie public library building, 
both of which have been erected within the past 
few years. Pop. (1890), 11,414; (1900), 14,079. 

STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi- 
cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming 
from Kentucky, though believed to have been a 
native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a 
Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have 
been prominent in the affairs of that section of 
the State. His correspondence with Governor 
Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been 
a man of far more tlian ordinary education, with 
a good opinion of his merits and capabilities. He 
was a most persistent applicant for office, making 
urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay 
and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and 
Washington, on the ground of his poverty and 
large family. In 1827 he received the offer of 
the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but, 
on visiting that region, was disgusted with the 
prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a 
farm in Sangamon Count}', but, before the close 
of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at 
Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- 
ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he 
made voluminous reiJorts to the Secretary of 
War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen. 
Tliomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was 
prominent in the early history' of Indiana and its 
last Territorial Governor. (See Posey. (Gen.) 
nomas.) 

STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician, 
was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823; 
at the age of two years accompanied his father to 
Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee County, 
He attended Knox College for three years, and, 
in 1849, went to California, where he spent two 
years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he 
purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, 
Mercer County, to which he has since added sev- 
eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to 
the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- 
self with the Greenback party, whose candidate 
for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 
1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more 
than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. 



In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- 
tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the 
Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as 
an independent throughout Ids entu-e term. 

STROMi, William Emerson, soldier, was born 
at Granville, N. Y., in 1840; from 13 years of age, 
spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and 
was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The 
same year he enlisted under the first call for 
troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- 
pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was 
afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as 
Inspector-General in the West, participated in 
the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being 
finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. After some fifteen months spent in the 
position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's 
Bureau (1865-66), he located in Chicago, and 
became connected with several important busi- 
ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on 
the staff of Governor Cullom, in the organization 
of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected 
on the first Board of Direotoi's of the World's 
Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour 
of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, 
at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891. 

STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- 
man, born near Lexington, Ky. , Nov. 10, 1807 — 
the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister 
and Professor of Languages in Transylvania 
University, and related, on the maternal side, to 
the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln 
was a member. He graduated at Centre College, 
Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law, re- 
moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began 
practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative 
in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and, 
in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- 
gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years 
later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. 
In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been 
studying law under Sir. Stuart's advice and 
instruction, became his partner, the relation- 
ship continuing until 1841. He served in the 
State Senate, 1849-.53, was the Bell-Everett 
candidate for Governor in 1860, and was 
elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third 
time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by 
Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the 
latter j- ears of his life, Mr. Stuart was head of the 
law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at 
Springfield, Nov. 28, 188.'5. 

STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker, 
was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early 
manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 



512 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother 
was captain, from New York to Georgetown, 
D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At 
Georgetown lie was induced to accept a position 
as clerk with a 5Ir. 'WiUiams, where he was 
associated with two other youths, as fellow-em- 
ployes, who became eminent bankers and 
capitalists— W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the 
well-known banker of Washington, and George 
W. Peabody, wlio had a successful banking career 
in England, and won a name as one of the most 
liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. 
During the War of 1813 young Sturges joined a 
volunteer infantry company, wliere lie had, for 
comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, 
the latter author of the popular national song, 
"The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. 
Sturges accepted a clerkship in tlie store of his 
brother-in-law, Elienezer Buckingham, at Put- 
nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later 
becoming a partner in the concern, where he 
developed that business capacity wliich laid the 
foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- 
ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with 
produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- 
ing overland. During one of his visits to that 
city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- 
ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, 
as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walkin- 
the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive 
from Buffalo — the occasion of his visit to Detroit 
being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off 
the United States troops. About 1849 he was 
associated witli the construction of the Wabash 
& Erie Canal, from the Oliio River to Terre Haute, 
Ind. , advanciiijj money for the i)rosecution of the 
work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 
1854 he came to Chicago, and, in jjartnersliip 
with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- 
ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in 
that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company, following it, two years later, 
by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- 
stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by 
railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he 
established the private banking house of Solomon 
Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, 
under the management of his son, George Stur- 
ges, became the Northwestern National Bank of 
Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the 
brejiking out of the War of the Rebellion, used 
of his means freely in support of the Govern- 
ment. e<|uippiiig the Sturges Rifles, an indejwnd- 
ont company, at a cost of $20,000. He was also a 



subscriber to the first loan made bj- the Govern- 
ment, dui-ing this period, taking $100,000 in 
Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- 
ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and 
contributed freely to Christian and benevolent 
enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at 
Zanesville, Ohio. Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large 
fortune accpiireil by li';:itiniate trade. 

STIRTEVANT, Julian Miinson, D,D., LL.D., 
clergyman and educator, was bom at Warren, 
Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his 
youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre- 
paring for college; in 1822, entered Yale College 
as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur AVright, 
graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi- 
pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., he entered 
Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1M29; 
tlien came west, and, after spending a year in 
suiierintending the erection of buildings, in De- 
cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to i> 
class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- 
lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the 
following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- 
dent, Mr. Sturtevant as.sunied the chair of Jlathe- 
matics. Natural Pliilo.sophy and Astronomy, 
wliich he retained until 1844. when, by the 
retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the 
offices of President and Professor of Intellectual 
and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- 
santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term 
time, and, as financial agent during vacations, 
in tlie interest of the institution of which he had 
been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, 
when he resigned the Presidency, giving his 
attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of 
Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- 
ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. 
In 1886 he retired from the institution entirelj', 
liaving given to its service fiftj--six years of his 
life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in 
the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- 
tive addresses at a number of points in England. 
He w.is a frequent contributor to the weekly 
religious and jjeriodical press, and was the author 
of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) 
— a text-book on political economy, and "Keys 
of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" 
(1879), besides frequently occupying the i)ulpits 
of local and distant churches — having been early 
ordained a Congregational minister. He received 
the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- 
souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. 
Died, in Jacksonville. Feb. 11, ]88(i.— Julian M. 
(Sturtevant). Jr., son of the preceding, was burn 
at JacksonviUe, IlL. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



513 



lege in the preparatory department of Illinois 
College and graduated from the college (proper) 
in 185-t. After leaving college he served as 
teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one 
year, then spent a j'ear as tutor in Illinois Col- 
lege, when he began the study of theology at 
Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there 
in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties 
of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 
1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- 
gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, 
remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He 
has since been engaged in pastoral work in New 
York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-T3) ; Den- 
ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); 
Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., 
(1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving 
the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- 
vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- 
cago. He was also editor of "The Cougrega- 
tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different 
periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, 
Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an 
honored member of the Knox College Board. 
He received the degree of D.D. from Illinois 
College, in 1879. 

SUBLETTE, a station and viUage on the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, in Lee Coimty, 8 miles 
northwest of Meudota. Population, (1900), 306. 

SUFFRAOE, in general, the right or privilege 
•of voting. The qualifications of electors (or 
voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, 
are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), 
except as to school officers, which are prescribed 
by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- 
cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who 
were electors at the time of the adoption of the 
Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- 
ralized male citizens of the United States, of the 
age of 31 years or over, who have been residents 
of the State one year, of the county ninety days, 
and of the district (or precinct) in which they 
offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 
1891, women, of 31 years of age and upwards, are 
entitled to vote for school officers, and are also 
eligible to such offices under the same conditions, 
as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See 
Elections; Australian Ballot.) 

SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie 
County. 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 
miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of 
railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- 
ing region; contains two State banks and four 
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; 
,(1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est.), 3,100. 



SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born 
at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated at 
the Waterford Model School and in Dublin ; came 
to tlie United States in 1863, and, after teaching 
for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the 
One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in 
teaching and on a visit to his native land, he 
began work as a reporter on New York papers, 
later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" 
and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at 
different times, holding the position of city edi- 
tor, managing editor and correspondent. He 
was also a Representative from Cook County in 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three 
years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
cation, and appointed United States Consul to the 
Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 
1893. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. 

SULLIVAXT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, 
was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, 
Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio 
University and Centre College, Ky., and— after 
being engaged in the improvement of an immense 
tract of land inherited from liis father near his 
birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, 
to the raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his 
Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in 
Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111 , where he 
began farming on a larger scale than before. The 
enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was 
finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of 
his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad 
Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, 
John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at 
Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 
29, 1879. 

SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, 
on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 
37 miles east of St. Louis ; was the home of Gen. 
Fred. Hecker. Population (1900), 360. 

SUMNEB, a city of Lawrence County, on the 
Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Railroad, 19 miles 
west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, 
four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- 
phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
1,037; (1900), 1,268. 

SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- 
TION. The office of State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction was created by act of the 
Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its 
duties previous to that time, from 1845, having 
been discharged by the Secretary of State as 
Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list 
of the incumbents from the date of the formal 



614 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



creation of the office down to the present time 
(1899), with the date and duration of the term of 
each Niniau AV. Edwards (by apixjintnient of 
the Governor), 1851-57; William H. Powell (by 
election). 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; 
John P. Brooks, 1803-05; Newton Bateman, 
1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. 
Slade, 1879-83; Henry Kaab, 1883-87; Richard 
Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel 
M. luglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 
1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the 
Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. 
Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred 
Baylis, 1899—. 

Previous to 1870 the tenure of the oflSce was 
two 3'ears, but, by the Constitution adopted that 
year, it was extended to four years, the elections 
occurring on the even years between those for 
Governor and other State officers except State 
Treasurer. 

SrPRE.ME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The 
following is a list of Jastices of the Supreme 
Court of Illinois who have held office since the 
organization of the State Government, with the 
period of their respective incumbencies: Joseph 
Phillips, 1818-33 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 
1818 48 (terni expired on adoption of new Con- 
stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to 
July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; 
Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips'), 1822-25; Wil- 
liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired 
on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D 
Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of 
new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 
(resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- 
gust 1, 1843 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 
1841, to Dec. 19, 1842 (resigned)— also (by re-elec- 
tions), 1857-78 (died in ortice) ; Walter B. Scates, 
1841-47 (resigned) — also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 
(resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); 
Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-42 (resigned); John D. 
Caton (vice Ford) August, 1843, to March, 1843— 
also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- 
tions). May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned) ; 
James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to 
April 10, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice 
Smith), 1843-47 (resigned); John M. Robinson 
(vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1813 (died 
in office); Jesse B. Thomiis, Jr.. (vice Douglas), 
1843-45 (resigned)— also (vice Young), 1847-48; 
James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned) ; 
Norman H. Purple (vice Tliomas), 1843-48 (retired 
under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner 
(vice Shields), 184.5-48 (retired by Constitution); 
"William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- 



tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 
(resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 185.5-58 
(resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 
1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beck with (by ap- 
pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 
1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1804-73; 
Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. 
Scott (two terms), 1870-88 ; Benjamin R. Sheldon 
(two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 
1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- 
ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice 
McAllister), 1875-85 (died) ; David J. Baker (.ai)- 
pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 
1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; 
Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), 
Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shoi)e, 
1885-94, Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). 
The Supreme Court, as at present constituted 
(1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 
1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) 
elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- 
kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph 
N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- 
ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and "91 ; James H. 
Cartwright (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- 
elected. 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice 
Dickey), elected, 1885, "88 and '97. The terms of 
Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cart«Tight and 
Magruder expire in 1906; that of Justice Carter 
on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the 
Constitution of 1818, the JiLstices of the Supreme 
Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- 
ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 
1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years 
each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of 
individual members of the Supreme Court under 
their [iroper names.) 

SUKVEVS, EARLY GOVERXMENT. The first 
Uniteil States law passed on the subject of Gov- 
ernment surveys was dated. May 20, 1785. After 
reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of 
pensions anil to be donated for school purijoses, 
it provided for the division of the remaining pub- 
lic lands among the original thirteen Stiites. 
This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- 
nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- 
gular system of survej^s which, with but little 
modificatiiin, has remained in force ever since. 
Briefiy outlined, the system is as follows: Town- 
ships, six miles square, are laid ort from jjrincipal 
bases, each township containing thirty -six sec- 
tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, 
the numeration to commence at the upper right 
hand corner of the township. The first principal 
meridian (84" 51' west of Greenwich), coincided 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



515 



with the line dividing Indiana and Oliio. The 
second (1' 37' farther west) had direct relation 
to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89" 10' 
30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90° 29' 
56" west) governed tlie remainder of Illinois sur- 
veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas 
Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." 
(See Hutchins, Thomas.) 

SWEET, ((Jen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was 
born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 
24, 1883 ; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- 
gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to the State 
Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth 
Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major 
in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, 
assisted in the organization of the Twenty-first 
and Twenty -second regiments, being elected 
Colonel of the former ; and with it taking part in 
the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- 
see, In 18C3 he was assigned to command at 
Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, 
in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release 
the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- 
acy.) The service which he rendered in the 
defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy 
evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of 
inestimable value to the country. After the 
war, General Sweet located at Lombard, near 
Chicago, was aijjjointed Pension Agent at Chi- 
cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal 
Revenue, and, in 1873, became Deputy Commis- 
sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, 
in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. 
(Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient 
Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's 
daughter. 

SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Department 
Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, 
Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 
1857 ; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War 
in the Eiglith Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the 
Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom 
Church, Va., in June, 1864, was shot through 
both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of 
them. After the war he held several oiBces of 
trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- 
iuj^on and Deputj' Collector of Internal Revenue 
for the Springfield District ; in 1887 was elected 
Department Commander of the Grand Army of 
the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, 
March 23, 1896. 

SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near 
Turner, Maine, August 11, 1835; was educated at 
Waterville College (now Colby University), but 
left before graduation ; read law in Portland, and, 



while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in 
an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being 
attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before 
completing his term of enlistment. He soon 
after came to Bloomington, III., where he became 
the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and 
David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for 
a number of years. He early became active in 
State politics, was a member of the Republican 
State Convention of 1856, was elected to the 
lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, 
and, in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- 
coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- 
large. In 1863 he received the Republican 
nomination for Congress in his District, but was 
defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he 
gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- 
cially in the management of criminal cases. In 
1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for 
President, but later returned to the Republican 
party, and, in the National Republican Conven- 
tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge 
Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. 
Died, June 8, 1889. 

SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- 
lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, 
Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents 
to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- 
hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. 
In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- 
kee Count}-, where, between the ages of 12 and 
18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 
400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- 
ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 
years of age, he enlisted as a private in tlie Forty- 
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 
1863, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who 
ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at 
Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- 
tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in 
the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the battle of 
Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth, 
in May, 1862, he had liis right arm torn from its 
socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his 
retirement from the army. Returning home, 
after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson 
Barracks and Quincy, 111., he received his final 
discharge. Dec. 21, 1862. spent a year in school, 
also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- 
mercial College in Chicago, and having learned 
to write with his left hand, taught for a time in 
Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- 
cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of 
Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 
69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton. 



516 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



111. The latter year he entered upon the duties 
of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by 
successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- 
signed to take the i>osition of State Auditor, to 
which he was elected a second time in 1884. In 
all these positions Mr. Swigert l)a.s proveil him- 
self an upright, capable and high-minded pulilic 
oflBcial. Of late years his residence has been in 
Chicago. 

SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit 
orator, was born of (jerman ancestry, at Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his 
father dying about this time), the family resided 
for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm 
near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the 
same State. In 1H'>'2, having graduated from the 
Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the 
study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the 
position of Professor of Languages in his .\lma 
Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen 
years. His first jiastorate was in connection with 
the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- 
cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church 
edifice was destroj-ed in the great Chicago fire, 
but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was 
popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, 
before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- 
nation, on charges of heresy. He was aciiiiitted 
by the trial court, but, before the api>eal taken by 
the i)rosecution could be heard, he personally 
withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. 
Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- 
pendent religious organization known as the 
"Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's 
Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, 
Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker 
on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor 
to numerous magazines, as well as tlie author of 
several volumes. Among his best known books 
are "Motives of Life." "Truths for To-day," and 
"Club Es,siiys." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. 

SYCAMOUE, the count3--seat of De Kalb 
County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- 
cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & Xorth- 
western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- 
roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, 
dairying and stock-Vaising. The city itself con- 
tains several factories, the principal products 
■being agricultural implements, flour, insulated 
wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and 
carriages and wagons. There are also works for 
canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- 
ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has 
high-pressure water-works. There are eleven 
churches, three graded public schools and a 



young ladies" seminary. Population (1880), 
3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900). 3,653. 

T.VFT, Lurado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood, 
Peoria County, 111., April 29, 1860; at an early 
age evinced a predilection for sculpture and 
Ijegan modeling; graduated at the University of 
Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied 
sculpture in the famoiLS Ecole des Beaux Arts 
until 188.-). The following year he settled in Clii 
cago, finally becoming as.sociated with the Chi- 
cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on 
art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- 
nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- 
ing on tlie World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. 

TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born 
in Rome, X. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- 
mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set 
out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit 
to Cliicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he 
worked at farming until 18.50. Then, having 
followed the occupation of a miner for some time, 
in California, with some success, he united with 
Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of 
Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- 
ing most of his life. He served as a member of 
the Chicago City Council, on the Beard of County 
CommLs-sioners, as a member of the Police Board, 
and was one of the founders of tlie First National 
Bank, antl President, for several years, of the 
Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- 
spirited, he contributed freely to works of 
charity. Died, June 5, 1878. 

TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the 
War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, 
Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida 
County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; 
served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County 
militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed 
at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. 
Winfield Scott. In 1835, in companj- with his 
eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- 
tended tour through the West, finally selecting a 
location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River 
and the Pecatonica, where tlie town of Rockton 
now stands — there being only two white families, 
at that time, within the present limits of Winne- 
bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought 
his family to this point, with his sons took up a 
considerable body of Government land and 
erected two mills, to which customers came 
from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott 
took part in the organization of the first Congre- 
gjitional Church in that section of the State. A 
zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



5ir 



Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 
1844, continuing to act witli tliat party until the 
organization of the Republican party in 1856; 
was deeply interested in tlie War for the Union, 
but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. — 
Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- 
ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, 
.806; was taken to Rome, N. Y., by his father in 
nfancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged 
in mercantile business with liis brother in Che- 
mung County ; in 1835 accompanied liis father in 
a tour througli the West, finally locating at 
Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On 
the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, 
he was elected one of the first County Commis- 
sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving 
four years. He also held various local offices. 
Died, Sept. 30, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second 
son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- 
bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, 
N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, 
when he engaged in business at Booneville and, 
still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois 
and joined his father at Rockton, finally 
becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his 
later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- 
facturing, having become, in 1854, with his 
brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. 
Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny 
reaper and mower. He was an original anti- 
slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate 
for Congress, but became a zealous Republican 
and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
employed as an attorney in the famous suit of 
McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for 
infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected 
to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, 
Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal 
Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. 
Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some 
five years. Tliougli too old for active service in 
tlie field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily 
hired a substitute to take liis place. Mr. Talcott 
was one of the original incorporators and Trus- 
tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford 
Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each 
for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — Sylvester 
(Talcott), tliird son of William Talcott, born at 
Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged 
in mercantile business in Chemung County ; in 
1837 removed, with other members of tlie familj-, 
to Winnebago- County, 111., where he joined his 
father in the entry of Government lands and the 
erection of mills, as already detailed. He became 
one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- 



bago County, also served as Supervisor for a 
number of years and, although a fanner, became 
interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, 
in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. 
He also followed tlie example of his brother, 
just named, in furnishing a substitute for the 
War of the Rebellion, though too old for service 
himself. Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter 
(Talcott), foul-th son of William Talcott, was 
born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with 
his father to Winnebago County, 111. , in 1835, and ■ 
was connected with his father and brothers in busi- 
ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwiglit Lewis (Tal- 
cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, born 
in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years 
enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864, as a soldier 
in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served 
as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- 
ing, near Memjjhis, and later took part in many 
of the important battles of that year in Missis- 
sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at 
CampbellsviUe, Tenn., he was taken to Anderson- 
ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of 
that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when 
he was released, arriving at home a helpless 
skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas- 
sination. Jlr. Talcott subsequently settled in 
Muscatine County, Iowa. 

TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard 
County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- 
cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of 
Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- 
mining, and stock-growing region; has a local 
bank and new.spaper. Pop. (1890), 445 ; (1900), 639. 

TAMARO.i, a village in Perry County, situated 
at the junction of the Illinois Central with the 
Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles 
north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of 
Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a 
large public school, five churches and two flour- 
ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in 
large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853. 

TAMAROA & MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD. 
(See Wabash, Chester <t Western Railroad.) 

TAJfXER, Edward AHen, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born of New England ancestry, at 
Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1837— being the first child 
who could claim nativity there; was educated 
in the local schools and at Illinois College, 
graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four 
years teaching in his native place and at Jack- 
sonville; then accepted the Professorship of 
Latin in Pacific University at Portland. Oregon, 
remaining four years, when he returned to his 
Alma Mater (1865), assuming there the chair of 



518 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Latin ami Rhetoric. In 1881 lie was appointeil 
financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 
1883, its President. While in Oregon he had 
lieen ordained a minister of the Congregational 
Churcli, and, for a considerable period during 
liLs connection with Illinois College, officiated as 
Cliaplaiu of the Central Hospital for the Insane 
at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and 
other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the 
benefit of the institution under his charge, and, 
during liis incumbency, added materially to its 
endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- 
ville, Feb. 8, 1892. 

TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in 
Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought 
to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew 
up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, 
enjoying only such educational advantages as 
were afforded by the common school; in 18C3, at 
tlie age of 19, enlisted in the Ninety-eigbtli Illi- 
nois Volunteers, serving until June, 186.5, when 
he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally 
mustered out in Septemlier following. All the 
male members of Governor Tanner's family were 
soldiers of the late war, his father dj-ing in a 
rebel prison at Columbus, Miss., one of his bro- 
thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- 
ville. Tenn., and another brother dying in hospital 
at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic 
family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives — 
Jlr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the 
service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Tliir- 
teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the 
war, Mr. Tanner established himself in business 
as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- 
cessfully in the milling and lumber business as 
the partner of his brother. The public positions 
held by him, since the war, include those of 
Sheriff of Clay County ( 1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- 
cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). 
During tlie latter year he received the appoint- 
ment of United States Marshal for the Southern 
District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- 
sion of President Cleveland in ISS,'). In 1886, he 
was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer 
and w;is elected by an unusuallj- large majority ; 
in 1891 was appointed, b}- Governor Fifer, a 
member of the Riiilroad and Warehouse Commis- 
sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of 
Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, 
continuing in the latter office until December, 
1893. For ten 3-ears (1874-84) he was a member 
of the Republican State Central Committee, re- 
turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen 
Chairman and conducted the campaign which 



resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- 
cesses of that year. In 1896 lie received the 
nomination of his i)arty for Governor, and was 
elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, his Demo- 
cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000, 
and a majority, over all, of nearly 90,000 votes. 

TASXER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in 
Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson 
County, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a 
position as teacher and Superintendent of Public 
Schools. Later, he was connected with "The 
Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- 
non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of 
California, meeting with reasonable success as a 
miner. Returning in a j-ear or two, he was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in 
tlie discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study 
of law, finally, on- admission to the bar, entering 
into partnership with the lat€ Col. Tliomas S. 
Ca-sey. In IS.M he was elected Representative in 
the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- 
strumental in securing the appropriation for the 
erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount 
Vernon. In 1862 lie served as a Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of that year; was 
elected Circuit Judge in 1873. and. in 1877, was 
assigned to duty on tlie Apjiellate bench, but, at 
the expiration of his term, declined a re-election 
and resumed the practice of his profession at 
Mount Vernon. Died, 51arcli '2r>, 1880. 

T.VX.VTIOX, in its legal sense, the mode of 
raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes 
are the support of the State and local govern- 
ments, the promotion of the public good by 
fostering education and works of public improve- 
ment, the protection of society by the preser- 
vation of order and the punishment of crime, and 
the sujiport of the helpless and destitute. In 
practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, 
tlie raising of revenue is required to be done "by 
levying a tax by valuation, so that every per.son 
and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to 
the value of his, her or its property — such value 
to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be 
elected or appointed in such manner jis the Gen- 
eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." 
(State Constitution, 1870— Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) 
The person selected under the law to make this 
valuation is the Assessor of the count}' or tlie 
township (in counties under township organiza- 
tion), and he is required to make a return to the 
County Board at its July meeting each year — the 
latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- 
payers and adjust inequalities when found to 
exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



519 



include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and 
the buildings or other improvements erected 
thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- 
ert}', all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, 
bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or 
corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, 
royalties, etc. Property used for scliool, church 
or cemetery purjjoses, as well as public buildings 
and other property belonging to the State and 
General Government, municipalities, jiublic 
charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- 
tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, 
all property subject to taxation is required to be 
assessed at its cash valuation ; but. in reality, the 
valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of 
twent3--five to thirtj^-three per cent of its esti- 
mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, 
the valuation is often much lower than this, 
while verj' large amounts escape assessment 
altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the 
special session of the Fortieth General Assembly 
(1898), requires the A.ssessor to make a return of 
all property subject to taxation in his district, at 
its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review 
fixes a tax ou the basis of twenty per cent of 
such cash valuation. An abstract of the property 
assessment of each county goes before the State 
Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in 
August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- 
izing valuations between counties, but the Board 
has no power to modify the assessments of indi- 
vidual tax-payers. (See State Bocud of Equali- 
zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix 
the valuation for purposes of taxation of the 
capital stock or franchises of companies (except 
certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- 
corporated under the State laws, together with the 
"railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, 
and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph 
lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter 
between counties in which the}' lie. — The Consti 
tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to 
impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty 
cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free 
white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- 
frage, between the ages of 31 and 60 years, but the 
Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, 
though it authorizes the extension of the "objects 
and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the 
principle contained in the first section of the 
Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, 
for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., 
being local and in the form of benefits, cannot 
1)1' said to come under the head of general tax- 
ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived 



from fines and penalties, which are forms of 
l>unishment for specific offenses, and go to the 
benefit of certain specified funds. 

TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native 
of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been 
in active business all his life as contractor, builder 
and merchant, and, for some time, a member of 
the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & 
Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- 
fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the 
National Republican Convention of 1884, and 
represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- 
first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. 
Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the 
erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. 

TAYLOR, Benjamin Frnnklin, journalist, poet 
and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 
19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 
1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- 
matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal." 
Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- 
tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in 
demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His 
letters from the field during the Rebellion, as 
war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," 
won for him even a greater popularity, -and were 
complimented by translation into more than one 
Eurojiean language. After the war, he gave his 
attention more unreservedly to literature, his 
principal works appearing after that date. His 
publications in book form, including both prose 
and poetry, comprise the following: "Attractions 
of Language" (1845); "January and June" 
(18.53); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); 
"The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- 
tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of 
Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned 
from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates" 
— pictures of California life — (1881) ; "Dulce 
Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- 
philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings," 
a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the 
publishers at his death. Feb. 27. 1887. Among 
his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long 
Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of 
the River." "The London Times" complimented 
Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- 
smith of America." 

T.\Y'LOR, Edmund Dick, ea,rly Indian-trader 
and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va., 
Oct. 18. 1803— 'the son of a commissary in the 
army of the Revolution, under General Greene, 
and a cousin of General (later. President) Zachary 
Taylor; left his native State in his youth and. at 
an early day, came to Springfield, 111., where he 



520 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



opened an Indian-trading post and general store; 
was elected from Sangamon County to the lower 
branch of the Sevent)i General Assembly (1830) 
and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a 
competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
defeated. In 1834 lie was elected to the State 
Senate and, at tlie next session of the Legislature, 
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who 
secured the removal of the State Capital to 
Springfield. He resigned before the close of his 
term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- 
pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- 
cago. Here he became one of the promoters of 
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), 
serving as one of the Commissioners to secure 
subscriptions of stock, and was also active in 
advocating tlie construction of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by 
which he was known dm-ing most of his life, was 
acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff 
of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk 
War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel 
Taylor became one of the Trustees of tlie Chicago 
branch of the State Bank, and was later identified 
with various banking enterprises, as also a some- 
what extensive operator in real estate. An active 
Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- 
nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of 
his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb 
raska bill in 18.'54, and advocated the election of 
General Bissell to the governorship in 18.56. In 
1800 he was again in line with his party in sup- 
port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and 
was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- 
ment .still later, as shown by his participation in 
the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- 
field, of June 17, 1863. In tlie latter years of his 
life he became extensively interested in coal 
lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, 
for a considerable time, served as President of the 
Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his 
home, during a part of this period, being at 
Mendota. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 4, 1891. 

T.VYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of 
Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- 
mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its 
point of intersection with the Springfield Divi.sion 
of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is 
about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and 
28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several 
banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and 
gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage 
and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming 
implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine 
churches and five graded and township high 



schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. 
Pop. (1890), 2.839: (1900), 4,248. 

TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on 
the Illinois River; was first settled in 1823 and 
organized in 1827; has an area of 650 square miles 
— was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. 
It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers 
and traversed by several lines of railway. The 
surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and 
rich, but, requiring drainage, especiall}- on the 
river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are 
found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an 
agricultural county. The cereals are extensively 
cultivated; wool is al.so clipped, and there are 
dairy interests of .some importance. Distilling is 
extensively conducted at Pekin. tlie county-seat, 
which is also the seat of other meclianical indus- 
tries. iSee also Pekin.) Population of the 
county (1880). 29.666; (1890), 29,556; (1900). 33,221. 

TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago 
phy.sician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in 
medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and, 
in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he liad 
a contract for carrying the United States mail 
from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, 
and tlie following year undertook a similar con- 
tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold 
these out three j-ears later, he devoted his atten- 
tion to the practice of liis profes.sion, though 
interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- 
struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. 
Temple was instrumental in erecting the first 
house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary 
station at Wolf Point), for public religious 
worship in Chicago, and, although himself a 
Bajitist, it was used in common by Protestant 
denominations. He was a member of the first 
Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, 
though he later became a convert to homeopatiiy, 
and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in 
founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, 
dying there. Feb. 24. 1877. 

TEM'RE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) 

TKUHE HAUTE, ALTOX & ST, LOUIS 
RAILI{<».\I). (See St. Louis. Alton ct Terre 
Haute lioiliotiil.) 

TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See 
St. Lonin. Alton ct Terrc Haute Railroad.) 

TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- 
RO.\I), a corporation oi>erating no line of its own 
within the State, but the lessee and operator of 
the following lines (which see): St. Louis. 
Vandalia & Terre Haute, l.'>8.3 miles; Terre 
Haute & Peoria. 145.12 miles; Ea-st St. Louis 
& Carondelet, 12.74 miles— total length of leased 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



531 



lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute 
& Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in 
Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- 
mond, completed a line between the points 
named in the title, in 1852, and tool? its present 
name in 1860. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock 
in 1893. 

TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, 
(Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from 
Terre Haute, Ind., to Peoria, 111., 145.12 miles, 
with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 
miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated 
by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- 
pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are 
steel. (History.) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, 
successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The 
latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 
1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & 
Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in 
1874 ; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered 
in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (3) the 
Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 
and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines 
assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- 
road. In 1886 the Illinois Midland was sold under 
foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized 
as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 
it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre 
Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is 
operated as a part of the "Vandalia System." 
The capital stock (1898) was §3,764,300; funded 
debt, §2,230,000,— total capital invested, §6,227,- 
481. 

TETJTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, 
on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 4 
miles east of Effingham ; was originalh- settled 
by a colony of Germans fronr Cincinnati. Popu- 
lation (1900), 498. 

THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, 
was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at 
Middlebury College, and, after admission to the 
bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced 
practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he 
enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- 
tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the 
close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- 
nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff 
of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to 
Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected 
a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and 
re-elected in 1880, being chosen .Speaker of the 
House during his latter term. In 1888 he was 
elected State Senator from the Sixth District, 
serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth 



and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 
1897, General Thomas was appointed United 
States Appraiser in connection with the Cu.stoni 
House in Chicago. 

THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United 
States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., 
claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. 
Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood 
and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, 
in 1803 ; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial 
Legislature and, later, represented the Territory 
as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of 
Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he 
removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the 
first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, 
as Delegate from ,St. Clair County, presided over 
the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on 
the admission of tlie State, became one of the 
first United States Senat(?rs — Governor Edwards 
being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- 
cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence 
as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- 
promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to 
the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub- 
sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where 
he died by suicide. May 4, 1853. — Jesse Burgess 
(Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- 
tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania 
University, and, being admitted to the bar, 
located at Edwardsville. 111. He first appeared 
in connection with public affairs as Secretary of 
the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832 ; 
in 1834 was elected Representative in the Genera'l 
Assembly from Madison Count3^ but, in Febru- 
ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, 
serving only one year. He afterwards held the 
position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being 
then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- 
ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment 
of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- 
las, and was afterwards elected to the same 
office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. 
During a part of his professional career he was 
the partner of David Prickett and William L. 
May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of 
the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, 
where he died, Feb. 21, 1850.— Jesse B. (Thomas) 
third, clergyman and son of the last named ; born 
at Edwardsville, 111.. July 29, 1832; educated at 
Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) 
Theological Seminary ; practiced law for a time 
in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- 
try, serving churches at Waukegan, 111. , Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He 



522 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA UE ILLINOIS. 



then became pastor of the Michijjan Avenue Baj)- 
tist Cliurch, in Chicago, reuiaiuing until 18T4, 
when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 ho 
became Professor of Biblic'al IIi.story in tlie 
Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he 
has since resided. He is the author of several 
volumes, and, in 1800, received the degree of D.D. 
from the old University of Chicago. 

THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the 
Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, 
Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- 
panied his parents to St. Clair County. 111., where 
the familj- located in what was then called the 
Alexander settlement, near the present site of 
Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm 
(although he had not enough money to buy a 
horse) and married. Six years later he bought 
and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, 
riipidly accumulated • real property, until he 
became one of the most extensive owners of farm- 
ing land in St. Clair County. In early life lie 
was fond of military exercise, holding various 
offices in local organizations and serving as a 
Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1S24 he was 
one of the leaders of the party opjrosed to tlie 
amendment of the State Constitution to sanction 
slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- 
Nebnuska bill in 18.-)4. and a firm supporter of the 
Republican party from the date of its formation. 
He was elected to the lower lioiLso of the General 
Assembly in 1838, "02, "04, "72 and "74: and to the 
State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the 
latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in 
the O.'ith year of his age. 

THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born 
at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11. 1840, He served 
in the Union Army during the War of the Reliel- 
lion, rising from the ranks to a cajitaincy. After 
his return home he studied law, and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1809. From 1872 to 1S7(> be was 
State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repro 
sented his District in Congre.ss. In 1897, Mr. 
Thomas was appointed by President JIcKinley 
an additional United States District Judge for 
Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, 
in that Territory. 

THOMAS. William, pioneer lawyer and legis- 
lator, was born in what is now Allen County, 
Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudijuentary edu- 
cation, and served as deputy of his father (who 
was Sherilf), and afterwards of the County Clerk; 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823; 
in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, III, where he 
taught school, served as a private in the Winne- 
bago War (1827). and at the session of 1828-29. 



reported the proceedings of the General Assem- 
bh- for "The Vandalia Intelligencer" ; wjisState's 
Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan 
County ; served as Quartermaster and Commis- 
.sary in the flack Hawk War (1831-32), first under 
Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under 
General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit 
Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. 
It was as a member of the Legislature, however, 
that he gained the greatest prominence, first as 
State Senator in 1834-40, and I\e])resentative in 
1840-48 and 18,")0-,")2. when he was especially influ- 
ential in the legislation which resiilteil in estab- 
lishing the institutions for tlic Doaf and Dumb 
and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane 
(the first in the State) at Jacksonville— .serving, 
for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees 
of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- 
tion with many enterprises of a local character, 
including the establishment of the Illinois Female 
College, to which, although without children of 
his own, he was a liberal contributor. During 
the first year of the war he was a member of the 
Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- 
ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 
1889, 

THOItXTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in 
BcHirlioii County. Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being 
descended from a Virginia family. After the 
usual jirimary instruction in the common schools, 
he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, 
Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- 
ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at 
Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 
1834. Having studied law with an uncle at 
Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, 
when he left his native State with a view to set- 
tling in Mis.souri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen. 
William F. Thornton, at Sholbyville, 111., was 
iiidiiied to establish himself in i)ractice tliere. 
lie served as a member of llie State Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 an<l 1 802. and as Represent- 
ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly 
(18.'50-.j2) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was 
elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and. in 
1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served 
onlj' until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 
Judge Thornton removed to Decatur. 111., but 
subsequently returned to Shclbyville. where 
(I8!l8t be now resides. 

THORXTOX,WilHam Fitzhncrh, Commissioner 
of the Illinois & ^Michigan Canal, was born in 
Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1800, went 
to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug 
bu.'^iness for a time, also acting as associate 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



523 



editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- 
quently removing to Washington City, he con- 
ducted a paper there in the interest of John 
Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the 
War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavahy, 
and, for a time, as staff-officer of General Winder. 
On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to 
America (1824-2.5) he accompanied the distin- 
guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- 
mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, 
in 1833, to Shelby vi lie. 111., where he soon after 
engaged in mercantile business, to vphich he 
added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, 
witli which he was actively associated until his 
death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor 
Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal, serving as President of the 
Board until 1842. In 1840, lie made a visit to 
London, as financial agent of tlie State, in the 
interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a 
sale of bonds to the amount of .51,000,000 on what 
were then considered favorable terms. General 
Thornton was an ardent W^hig until the organi- 
zation of the Republican party, when he became 
a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 
1873. 

TILLSOJf, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, 
Mass., March 13, 179G; came to Illinois in 1819, 
locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where 
he became a prominent and enterprising operator 
in real estate, doing a large business for eastern 
parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro 
Academy and an influential and liberal friend of 
Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter 
from its establishment until his death ; was sup- 
ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- 
urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at 
Peoria, May 11, 18.J3.— Christiana Holmes (Till- 
son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, 
Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 
1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; 
was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and 
deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. 
Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872.— Charles 
Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana 
Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, III. , Sept. 
1.5, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and 
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- 
vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. 
Louis and practiced there some years — also served 
several terms in the City Council, and was a 
member of the National Guard of Missouri in the 
War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— 
John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at 



Hillsboro, III., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- 
boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not 
graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- 
sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was 
admitted to the bar at Quincy, III, the same 
year; practiced two years at Galena, when he 
returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the 
Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its 
Lieutenant-Colonel, on the isromotion of Col. J. D. 
Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to 
the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered 
out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General; 
for two j-ears later held a commission as Captain 
in the regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 
he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 
was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth 
General Assembly to succeed Nehemiali Bushnell, 
who had died in office, and, during the same year, 
was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for 
the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, 
August 6, 1892. 

TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- 
fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- 
nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, 
as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John 
Tillson. at Hillsboro. lu 1836 he engaged in the 
mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in 
St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, III, 
where he opened the first general store in that 
city; also served as Postmaster for some ten 
years. During this period he built the first two- 
story frame building erected in Quincy, up to 
that date. Retiring from the mercantile business 
in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately 
becoming the proprietor of considerable property 
of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- 
nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government 
during the war. Soon after the war he erected 
one of the handsomest business blocks existing 
in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 
27, 1893. 

TIXCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- 
tucky in 1831; brought by his 2)arents to Vermil- 
ion County, Ind., in 1839, and left an orphan at 
17; attended school in Coles County, III, and 
was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 
1843-53. He then became a member of the firm 
of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- 
ing a bank, which became the First National 
Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was 
elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
General Assembly and, two years later, to the 
Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a 
member of the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70. .Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 



524 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



wliile in attendance on the adjourned session of 
that year. 

TIl'TOX, Thomas F., Lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833; 
has been a resident of McLean County, III, from 
the age of 10 years, his present home being at 
Blooniington. He was admitted to the bar in 
1857, and. from January, 18G7, to December. 1868, 
was State's Attorney for the Eightli Judicial 
Circuit. In 18"0 he was elected Judge of the 
same circuit, and under tlie new Constitution, 
was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. 
From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) 
Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 
1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the 
Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected 
to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington 
Circuit, but resumed practice at the ex|iiration 
of his term in 1897. 

TISKILW.V, a village of Bureau County, on the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles 
southwest of Princeton; has creameries and 
cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- 
works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. 

TODD, (Col,) John, soldier, was born in Mont- 
gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the 
battle of Point Pleasant, Va.. in 1774, as Adju- 
tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a 
lawyer at Fincastle, Va. , and, in 1775, removed 
to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating 
near Le.xington. He was one of the first two 
•Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia 
House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied 
Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition 
against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- 
ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
Henry, Lieutenant Commandant of Illinois 
County, embracing the region northwest of the 
Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again 
a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he 
procured grants of land for public schools and 
introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He 
was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue 
Lic'ks, Ky., August 19, 1782. 

TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- 
ington, Ky. , April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- 
est graduates of Transylvania University, also 
graduating at the Medical L^niversity of Pliila- 
delphia; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- 
tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at 
tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- 
ington after his release, he practiced there and 
at Bardstown. removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 
1817. and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had 
been appointed Register of the Laud 065ce by 



President John Quincy Adams, but was removed 
by Jack.son in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside 
at Springfield until his death, which occurred, 
Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, 
who was apjwinted Commandant of Illinois 
County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778. and an 
uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln.— John lUair 
Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at 
Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his 
father to Illinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United 
States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- 
wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on 
the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader 
in Dakota, 1856-61; the latter year, took his 
seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, 
then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- 
teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress 
in 1863-65, Sjjeaker of the Dakota Legislature 
in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. 
Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. 

T(HjEDO, a village and the county-seat of 
Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- 
road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded 
school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, 
and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- 
factories, the leading industry in the surrounding 
country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; 
(1900). 818. 

TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS R.VIL- 
RO.\D. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Citj 
Ra ilroad. ) 

TOLEDO, PEORIA A WARSAW RAILROAD. 
(See Toledo. Peoria d- Wcstini Riiilirtiy ) 

TOLEDO, PEORIA ic WESTERN RAILROAD. 
(See Tolidn. Pcnrio ((■ irc.s/<r// [iiu'lini!/.) 

TOLEDO, PEORIA ic WESTERN RAILWAY, 
a line of railroad wlioUy within the State of Illi- 
nois, exteniling from EfTner. at the Indiana State 
line, west to the Mississippi River at AVarsiiw. 
The length of the whole line is 230.7 miles, owned 
entirely by the companj-. It is made up of a 
division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) — 
whicli is practically an air-line thi-oughout nearly 
its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw 
Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La 
Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a 
mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at 
Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for 
this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of 
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad; the main 
line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe & 
Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was 
made in 1873. the road sold under foreclosure, in 
1880. and reorganized as the Toledo. Peoria & 
Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49'X 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



525 



years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railwaj' 
Company. The latter defaulted in July, 1884, 
and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage 
bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in 
October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present 
company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria 
& Western Railway Company, was organized for 
the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 
tlie Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a 
controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an 
agreement, for joint ownership and management, 
was entered into between that corporation and 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raihoad Com- 
pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 
89.712,433, of which §4,070,900 was in stock and 
§4,895,000 in bonds. 

TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast 
direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near 
the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern 
terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73 
miles, of which 179V2 miles are operated in Illi- 
nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the 
line grew out of the union of charters granted to 
the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the 
Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- 
panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with 
certain Indiana lines under the name of the 
Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 
1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from 
Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. 
Louis (173 miles). In 1885 this was sold under 
foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with 
the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. 
Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line 
was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and 
otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, 
went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- 
organization have been under consideration, but 
the receivers were still in control in 1898. 

TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 

TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- 
ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the 
Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- 
paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It 
is the business center of a prosperous agricultural 
region. The town has five churches, a graded 
school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly 
newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 903; 
(1900), 845. 

TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the 
Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle ; 
the district is agricultural, but the place has .some 



manufactures and a newspaper. Population 
(1890), 473; (1900), 497. 

TO>'TY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol 
dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is 
now known as the Tontine system of insurance 
undoubtedly originated with his father. The 
younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a 
youth, took part in numerous land and naval 
encounters. In the course of his experience he 
lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or 
copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle 
in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at 
Niagara. He advanced into the country of the 
Illinois and established friendly relations %vith 
them, only to witness the defeat of his putative 
savage alUes by the Iroquois. After various 
encounters (chiefly under the direction of La 
Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned 
to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La 
Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. 
Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in 
La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- 
sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was 
ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 
1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully 
repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 
1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search 
of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his 
commander and the loss of his early comrades, 
he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. 
Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, 
as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, 
in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- 
cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, 
did more than any other of the early French 
explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized 
world. 

TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- 
ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at 
Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and 
the simimits of the two ridges hereinafter men- 
tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- 
tude of this table land above the sea-level varies 
from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being 
about 600 feet. The State has no mountain 
chains, and its few hills are probably the result 
of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. 
In some localities, particularly in the valley of 
the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut 
channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the 
nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- 
cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the 
fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer 
of detrital material. In the northwest there is a 
broken tract of uneven ground; the central por- 



526 



HISTOiaCAL E^"CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ticn of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, 
anil, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are 
many deep valleys, eroded bj' the action of 
streams. The surface generally slopes toward 
the south and southwest, but the uniformity is 
broken by two ridges, wliich cross the State, one 
in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses 
the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois 
at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 
850 feet above sea- level, though the altitude of 
Jlouut Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. 
That in the south consi.sts of a range of hills in 
the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from 
Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are 
also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. 
The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess 
County, just south of the Wisconsin State line 
(near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 
1,2.57 feet above sea-level, while the higliest in 
the south is in the northeast corner of Pope 
County — l.OK) feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- 
tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- 
tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. 
Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on 
observations made under the auspices of the Illi- 
nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The 
lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth 
(above sea-level), is 2'J8.58 feet, and the mean 
level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. 
The altitudes of a few prominent points are as 
follows: Highest point in Jaek.son County, 695 
feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985: high- 
est point in Cook County (Harrington), 818; in La 
Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston 
(Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike 
(Arden). 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in 
Bureau, 910; in Boone. 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 
1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; 
in Kane (Briar Hill). 974; in Winnebago, 985. 
The elevations of important towns are: Peoria, 
465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 598; Gales- 
burg. 755; Joliet. 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- 
ton, 831. Outside of the immediate valleys of 
the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, 
little timljer is found in the northern and central 
portions of the State, and such growth as there 
is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- 
ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a 
belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, 
and, while they generally include few coniferous 
trees, they abound in various species of oak, 
black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- 
lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, 
Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- 
mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) 



the cypress. From a commercial point of view, 
Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber 
over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago 
is an accessible market for the product of the 
forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of 
lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- 
ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, 
with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- 
logical Forniutions). more than compensates for 
the want of pine forests, whose .soil is ill adapted 
to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire 
boundary of the State consists of navigable 
waters. These, with their tributary streams, 
ensure suflicient ilrainage. 

TOKREXS L.VXD TITLE SYSTEM. A system 
for the registration of titles to. and incumbrances 
upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended 
to remove all unneces.s;iry obstructions to the 
cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and 
transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- 
cessful operation in Canada, Aastralia. New Zea- 
land and British Columbia for many years, and 
it is also in force in some States in the American 
Union. An act providing for its introduction 
into Illinois was first p;issed by the Twenty- 
ninth General As.sembly, and approved, June 13, 
1895. The final legislation in reference thereto 
was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and 
was approved. May 1, 1897. It is far more elalx> 
rate in its consideration of details, and is believed 
to be, in many respects, much better adapted to 
accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- 
nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to 
counties of the first and second class, and can be 
adopted in no county except by a vote of a 
majority of the qualified voters of the same — the 
vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the 
November or April elections, or at an election 
for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only 
county to adopt the .system has been Cook, and 
there it encountered strong opi)osition on the 
part of certain parties of influence and wealth. 
After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- 
ing the question of the constitutionality of the 
act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, 
which tribunal finally upheld the law. —The 
Torrens system sub.stitutes a certificate of regis- 
tration and of transfer for the more elaborate 
deeds and mortgiiges in use for centuries. Under 
it there can be no actual transfer of a title until 
the same is entered upon the public land legis- 
ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which 
case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power 
of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, 
upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



527 



or of the registration of a United States bond, 
the actual transfer and public notice thereof 
being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- 
visions of the Illinois statute is given below; 
Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and 
required to give bonds of either §.50,000 or $200,- 
000, according to the pojiulation of the county. 
Any person or corporation, having an interest in 
land, may make application to an}- court having 
chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto 
registered. Such apijlication must be in writ- 
ing, signed and verified bj- oath, and must con- 
form, in matters of siJecification and detail, with 
the requirements of the act. The court may refer 
the application to one of the standing examiners 
appointed by the Registrar, who are required to 
be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- 
amine into the title, as well as the truth of the 
applicant's statements. Immediately upon the 
filing of the application, notice thereof is given 
by the clerk, through publication and the issuance 
of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- 
ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned 
in the petition as having or claiming any inter- 
est in the property described. Any person inter- 
ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may 
enter an appearance within the time allowed. A 
failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a 
confession by default. The court, in passing 
upon the application, is in no case bound by the 
examiner's report, but may require other and 
further proof ; and, in its final adjudication. pas.ses 
upon all questions of title and incumbrance, 
directing the Registrar to register the title in the 
party in whom it is to be vested, and making 
provision as to the manner and order in which 
incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the 
certificate to be issued. An appeal may be 
allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the 
time of entering the decree, upon like terms as 
in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error 
may be sued out from that tribunal within two 
years after the entry of the order or decree. 
■ The period last mentioned may be said to be the 
statutory period of limitation, after which the 
decree of the court must be regarded as final, 
although safeguards are provided for those who 
may have been defrauded, and for a few other 
classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order 
or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the 
Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form 
of which is prescribed by the act, naaking such 
notations at the end as shall show and preserve 
the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- 
brances and changes to which the owner's title is 



subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence 
of the owner's hani-writing, a receipt for the 
certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is 
required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- 
trar's ofiice. In case any registered owner 
should desire to transfer the whole or any part of 
his estate, or any interest therein, he is required 
to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, 
together with the certificate of title last issued, 
must be surrendered to the Registrar. That 
official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- 
ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered 
certificate, as well as uijon the corresponding 
entry in his books of record. "W^hen land is first 
brought within the operation of the act, the 
receiver of the certificate of title is required to 
pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of 
the value of the land, the aggregate so received 
to be deposited with and invested by the County 
Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund 
for the reimbiu'sement of persons sustaining any 
loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- 
sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The 
advantage claimed for the Torrens sj-stem is, 
chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be 
dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively 
than under the old S3'stem ; it being possible to 
close the entire transaction within an hour or 
two, without the need of an abstract of title, 
while (as the law is administered in Cook County) 
the cost of transfer is only .53. It is asserted that 
a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost 
as quickly and chea|5ly, and quite as safely, as 
shares of stock or registered bonds. 

TOULON, the county-seat of Stark County, on 
the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miies north- 
northwe.st of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of 
Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town 
has five churches and a high school, an academy, 
steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly 
papers. Population (1S80), 967; (1890), 94.5; (1900), 
1,0.57. 

TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- 
vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. 

TOWNSHEXD. Richard W., lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Prince George's County, 
Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 
and 18 he attended public and private schools 
at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to 
Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same 
time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- 
Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 



528 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in 1862, and where he began practice. From 1863 
to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Uaiiiilton County, 
and, from 1868 to 1872. Prosecuting Attorney for 
the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed 
to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of 
the Gallatin National Bank. From 1L64 to 1875 
he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee, and a delegate to the National 
Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. 
For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented 
his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888. 
but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the 
beginning of his seventh term. 

TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois 
about 1842; served in an Illinois regiment during 
the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 
1866-70; established himself as a portrait painter 
in St. Louis and, later, won a high rei)Utation as 
a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- 
ity on the anatomy of the liorse and the dog. 
Died, at Ocean Sin-ings. Miss., March 20, 1893. 

TRE.VSl'RERS. (See Slitic Treasiirem.) 

TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, 
was bom at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., 
June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and 
studied law at Richlield, where he was admitted 
to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111., 
traveling most of the way on foot. Here lie 
formed a partnership with (Jeorge Forquer, who 
had held tlie offices of Secretary of State and 
Attorney-fJeneral. In 1839 he was appointed a 
Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the 
Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the 
Supreme bench, being acting Cliief Justice at the 
time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. 
Having been elected to the Supreme bench under 
the new Constitution, he remained in office imtil 
March, 1853, when he resigned to take the posi- 
tion of Judge of the United States District Court 
for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he 
had been appointed by President Pierce. This 
position he continued to occupy until his death, 
which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. 
Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- 
est in the history of the State, covering a period 
of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were 
spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two 
in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- 
trict Court. 

TREATIES. {See Greenville, Treaty of: Indian 
Treaties.) 

TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- 
gressraan, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 
29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War 
of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- 



sical and professional education, and was admit- 
ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 185-'). 
Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- 
sional career has been chiefly connected with 
that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of 
the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the 
Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1873, 
when lie resigned. The three following yeai-s he 
spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 
1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was 
the Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his 
Republican opponent. In 1885 lie was the candi- 
date of his party for United States Senator, but 
was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 
1884 he was a member of the National Democratic 
Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- 
land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland 
appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring 
the Uussian mission upon him in Sejjtember, 1888. 
On March 3. 1889, he resigned this jwst and 
returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by 
President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- 
national Monetary Conference at Washington. 
The year before he had attended (although not as 
a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- 
sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, 
where he exerted all liis influence on the side of 
humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him 
tlie distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its 
commission to the AVorld's Columbian Exposi- 
tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most 
earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, 
after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- 
cate of the policy of retaining the territory 
aci|uired from .Spain. 

TR EMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the 
Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast 
of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone 
exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. 

TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles 
east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has 
creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six 
churches, a public school and one new.spaper 
Pop. (1890). 1.384 ; (1900). 1.706; (1904), about 2,000. 

TROY, a village of Madi.son County, on the 
Teire Haute A- Indianajxilis railroad, 21 miles 
northeast of St. Louis ; has churches, a bank and 
a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. 

TRl'ITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, 
a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb. 
12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father 
having settled near Carrollton that year; was 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



529 



educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth 
Illinois Volunteers in 1863, and was promoted 
from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he 
studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the 
Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the 
Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a 
Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. 
Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- 
cessful candidate for the Republican nomination 
for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, 
where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- 
sion. Died July 26, 1900. 

TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at 
Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from 
a historical family, being a grand-nephew of 
Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from 
whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived 
as au appellation for Americans. Having received 
an academic education in his native town, at the 
age of 16 he began teaching a district school near 
his home, went South four years later, and en- 
gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he 
studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- 
wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he 
came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, 
Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and 
La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a 
village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At 
Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice 
from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- 
gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, 
which continued to be his home for twenty years. 
His entrance into public life began with his elec- 
tion as Representative in the General Assembly 
in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, 
b}- his appointment b}' Governor Carlin, Secre- 
tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. 
Douglas, who, after holding the position only two 
months, had resigned to accept a seat on the 
Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, 
when he was removed bj- Governor Ford. March 
4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), waselected a 
JiLstice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 
1852, but resigned in 18o3 on account of impaired 
health. A year later (18.54) he was elected to 
Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- 
Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, 
was promoted to the United States Senate, as the 
successor of General Shields in the memorable con- 
test of 1855. which resulted in the defeat of Abra- 
ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of 
eighteen years in the United States Senate (being 
re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most 



memorable in the history of that body, covering, 
as it does, the whole history of the war for the 
Union, and the period of reconstruction which 
followed it. During this period, as Chairman of 
the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more 
to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- 
struction measures than any other single member 
of that body. While he disagreed with a large 
majority of his Republican associates on the ques- 
tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was 
always found in sympatliy with them on the vital 
questions affecting the war and restoration of the 
Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's 
Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 
he joined in the "'Liberal Repubhcan" movement 
and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic 
party, being their candidate for Governor in 
1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, 
where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- 
tinued in the practice of his profession until his 
death, which occurred in that citj', June 25, 1896. 
TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive 
machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and 
early State days. The mechanism consisted of an 
upright shaft, into the upper end of which were 
fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of 
a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars 
was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip 
of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was 
stretched around these pins and wrapped twice 
around a circular piece of wood called a trundle 
head, through which passed a perpendicular flat 
bar of iron, which turned the mill-stone, usually 
about eighteen inches in diameter. From the 
upright shaft projected a beam, to which were 
hitched one or two horses, which furnished the 
motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed 
as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- 
mentary contrivances were capable of grinding 
about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. 

TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Louisville, Ky. , March 4, 1827, of English 
extraction and descended from the earlj- settlers 
of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven 
years later, his mother, having married Col. 
Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent 
lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to 
that city. Young Tuley began reading law with 
his step-father and completed his studies at the 
Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year 
being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the 
same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- 
teers for service in the Mexican War, and was 
commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having 
ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 



530 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



practiced law, also served as Attorney-General 
and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to 
Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, 
successively, with Andrew Uarvie, Judge Gary 
and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm 
of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he 
was Corporation Counsel, and during this time 
framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, 
under which tlie City of Chicago was reincor- 
porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench 
of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- 
elected every six years thereafter, his last election 
being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth 
term, some ten years of his incumbency having 
been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. 

TrXMCLIFKE, Damon ii., Uiwyer and jurist, 
was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 
1829 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- 
tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a 
time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
subsequently studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself 
at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built 
up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he 
was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- 
lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, 
by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a 
seat on tlie bench of the Supreme Court, vice 
Pinknpy H. Walker, deceased, who had been one 
of his tirst iiniCessioiiiil preceptors. 

TURCHIX, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- 
chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born 
in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the 
artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and 
was commissioned ensign; particii^ted in the 
Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was 
assigned to the staff of the Imi)erial Guards; 
served through the Crimean War, rising to the 
rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff 
officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to 
this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five 
years, was in the service of the Illinois Central 
Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 
18G1 he was conmiissioned Colonel of the Nine- 
teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his 
regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, 
■was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- 
Generalship, being attaolied to the Army of the 
Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After 
the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents 
at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. 
In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radoni, 
in Washington County, in this State, and settled 
as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to 
the press, writing usually on miUtary or scientific 



subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and 
Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago. 1888). 

TURNER (now WEST CHIC.V<iOj, a town and 
manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Uu 
Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the 
junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town 
has a rolling mill, manufactories of wagons and 
pumps, and railroad repair sliops. It also has five 
churches, a graded school and two newspapers. 
Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270 

TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- 
estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, 
August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- 
cation in the college there. During the Civil 
War he served as First Lieutenant in the One 
Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and 
later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, 
taking part in the operations about Richmond, 
the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of 
Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- 
cago after the close of the war, he became con- 
nected with the business office of "The Advance," 
but later was emploj"ed in the banking house of 
Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure 
of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago 
and bought "Tlie Advance," wliicli he conducted 
some two years, when he sold out and engaged in 
tlie real estate business, with which he has since 
been identified — being President of the Chicago 
Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been 
President of the Western Publishing Company 
and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner 
is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National 
Guard and, on the declaration of war between the 
United States and Spain, in April, 1898. promptly 
resumed his connection with the First Regiment 
of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de 
Cuba during the lighting there — his regiment 
being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- 
ice in the field during the progress of the war. 
Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- 
mand and the entire nation by the manner in 
which he discharged his dutj'. The regiment 
w;vs miLstered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898. wiieu 
he retired to private life. 

TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was 
born at Colchester, Delaware County. N. Y.. Jan. 
14, 1799; after a brief business career in his 
native State, he liecame identified with the con- 
struction and operation of railroads. Among the 
works with which he was thus connected, were 
the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie 
and the Troy cS: Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



531 



came to Cliicago, having previously purchased a 
large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he 
joined with W. B. Ogdeu and others, in resusci- 
tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, 
which had been incorporated in 1836. He became 
President of the Company in 1850, and assi.sted in 
constructing various sections of road in Xorthern 
Illinois and Wisconsin, which liave since become 
portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. 
He was also one of the original Directors of the 
North Side Street Railway Company, organized 
in 1859. Died, Feb. 2G, 1871. 

TURNER, Jonathan ISaldwin, educator and 
agriculturist, was born in Templeton, JIass., Dec. 
7, 1805; grew up on a fann and, before reaching 
his majority, began teaching in a country scliool. 
After spending a short time in an academy at 
Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- 
ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, 
by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. 
In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- 
ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same 
year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- 
lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, 
three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- 
vant. In the next fourteen years lie gave in- 
struction in nearly every branch embraced in the 
college curriculum, though holding, during most 
of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English 
Literature. In 1847 he retired from college 
duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, 
in which he liad always manifested a deep inter- 
est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange 
as a hedge- plant now occupied his attention for 
many years, and its successful introduction in 
Illinois and other Western States — where the 
absence of timber rendered some substitute a 
necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due 
to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep 
interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- 
cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, 
began formulating that system of industrial edu- 
cation which, after twelve jears of labor and 
agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing 
recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and 
approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1803, 
making liberal donations of public lands for the 
establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the 
several States, out of wliich grew the University 
of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- 
ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois 
and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other 
single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for 
this magnificent achievement. (See Education, 
and University of Illinois.) He was also one of 



the chief factors in founding and building up 
the Illinois State Teachers" Association, and the 
State -Vgricultural and Horticultural Societies. 
His address on "The Millennium of Labor," 
deliveretl at the first State Agricultural Fair at 
Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- 
ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A 
zealous chamjiion of free thought, in both political 
and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach 
which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only 
to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally 
accorded to those wlio had the courage and 
independence to avow their honest convictions. 
Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate 
for Congress — once as a Republican and once as 
an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, 
religious and educational topics. The evening of 
an honored and useful life was spent among 
friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for 
more than sixty years, his death taking place in 
that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 
93 j'ears.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carrlel, at the pres- 
ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- 
sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. 

TUKXER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- 
man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 
1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent 
three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- 
tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, 
locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he 
was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected 
Probate Judge in 1,841. Soon afterwards Gov- 
ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, 
in which capacity he secured the conviction and 
punisliment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- 
port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a 
Democrat, and, the following year, founded "Tlie 
Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport 
Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in tlie 
county. Elected to the Legislature in 18,54, he 
was chosen Speaker of tlie House, the next year 
becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a 
member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in 
May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor 
Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- 
teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- 
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- 
ture, where he received the Democratic caucus 
nomination for United States Senator against 
General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, 
and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the 
office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he 
went to Hot Springs, Ark., for medical treatment, 
and died there, April 3 following. 



532 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of 
Douglas County, located at the intersection of the 
Illinois Centfiil and two other trunk lines of rail- 
way, 22 miles soutli of Cliampaign, and 36 miles 
east of Decatur. Be.side.s a brick court-house it 
has five churches, a graded school, a national 
bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- 
ments for the manufacture of carriages and 
wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; 
(1900), 2,.569. 

TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VI>CE>>ES 
RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis d- Kansas 
City Railroad.) 

TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born 
at Vergennes, Jack.son County, 111., Nov. 10. 1841. 
After pa.s.sing through the common schools of his 
native county, he took a preparatory course in a 
high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, 
Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- 
lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately 
thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vick.s- 
burg, and. after serving for some time in a com- 
pany of scouts attached to General Logan's 
command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the 
First Michigan Liglit Artillery, with wliieh he 
served until the close of the war, meanwhile 
being twice promoted. During this time he was 
with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, 
and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with 
General Thomas in the operations against the 
rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the 
battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- 
mission in May, ISe.";, he took up the stud3- of 
law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- 
nity while in the army, and was a<lmitted to the 
bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for 
a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville 
circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two 
years later was elected City Attorney and re- 
elected in 1877; was a delegate to the Republican 
National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was 
appointed United States District Attorney for 
the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 
1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of 
Cook County to fill the vacancy i'au.sed by the 
death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full 
term in l.'^Ol. and again in 1897. 

TTNDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in 
Philadelpliia, Pa,, Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 
came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a 
time in mercantile business, later being employed 
in a surveyor's corps imder the internal improve- 
ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, 
he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he 
engaged in mercantile business with his father; 



then came to Illinois, a second time,in 1845, spend- 
ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 
1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a 
course of mathematical study, with a view to 
fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession 
of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in 
engineering at Cambridge, Miiss., after which he 
was employed for a time on the Sunbur}- & Erie 
Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. 
In 1857 he was elected Count}- Surveyor of St. 
Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of 
President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city 
of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, 
when he received the Republican noniination for 
Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in 
office ff)ur years. He was an earnest advocate, 
and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- 
tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session 
of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he 
continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- 
ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilnian, 
Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- 
field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early 
hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while 
going from liis home to the railroad station at 
Springfield, to take the train for ,St. Louis, he was 
as.sassinated upon the street b}- shooting, as sup- 
posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body 
being found a few hours later at the scene of the 
tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. 
Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a 
high reputation by his services during the war. 
His second wife, who survived him. was a 
daughter of Sliadraeh Penn, an editor of con- 
siderable reputation who was the contemporary 
and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for 
some years. 

«u>'I)er(;round railroad," the. a 

historj' of Illinois would be incomplete without 
reference to the unique system which existed 
there, as in other Northern .States, from forty to 
seventy years ago. known by the somewhat mys- 
. terious title of "The Underground Railroad." 
The origin of the terra luis been traced (probably 
in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of 
a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- 
tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised 
by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had 
reached the opposite shore, that he was led to 
remark. "The nigger must have gone off on an 
underground road." From "underground road" 
to "undergi-ound railroad." the transition would 
appear to have been easy, especially in view of 
the increa.sed facility with which the work w.is 
performed when railroads came into use. For 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



533 



readers of the present generation, it may be well 
to explain what "The Underground Railroad" 
really was. It niqj^ be defined as the figurative 
appellation for a sjjontaneous movement in the 
free States — extending, sometimes, into the 
slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their 
efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The 
movement dates back to a period close to the 
Revolutionary War, long before it received a 
definite name. Assistance given to fugitives 
from one State by citizens of another, became a 
cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- 
ment was organized. In fact, the first President 
himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- 
mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was 
so strong against his return, that the patriotic 
and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose 
to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite 
a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the 
minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- 
ter was already one of concern in the minds of 
slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision 
was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- 
ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from 
labor, as well as from justice, from one State to 
another. 

In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave 
Law, which was signed by President Washing- 
ton. This law provided that the owner, his 
agent or attorney, might follow the slave into 
any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- 
davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled 
to a warrant for his return. An}* person who 
should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who 
should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him 
to be such, was subject to a fine of §500 for each 
offense. — In 1850, fifty-seven years later, the first 
act having proved inefficacious, or conditions 
having changed, a second and more stringent 
law was enacted. This is the one usually referred 
to in discussions of the subject. It provided for 
an increased fine, not to exceed SI, 000, and im- 
prisonment not exceeding six months, with 
liability for civil damages to the party injured. 
No proof of ownership was required beyond the 
statement of a claimant, and the accused was not 
permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the 
United States Commissioner, before whom the 
case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for 
the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed 
to many an indirect form of bribery ; clearly, it 
made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to 
decide in favor of the claimant. The law made 
it possible and easy for a wliite man to arrest, 
and carry into slavery, any free negro who could 



not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that 
he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. 

In.stead of discouraging the disposition, on 
the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- 
tives in their efforts to reach a region where 
they would be secure in their freedom, the effect 
of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1T93 
had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- 
site of that intended by its authors — unless, 
indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The 
provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so 
unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit 
and refused to be made parties to its enforce- 
ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- 
ment of the North, and stimulated the active 
friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in 
their behalf. New efforts on the part of the 
slaveholders were met by a determination to 
evade, hinder and nullify the law. 

And here a strange anomaly is presented. The 
slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, 
was acting within his constitutional and legal 
riglits. The slave was his property in law. He 
had purchased or inherited his bondman on the 
same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart 
from the right to hold a human being in bond- 
age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good 
as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- 
tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- 
senting so much of money value, and whoever 
was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, 
both theoretically and technically, a partner in 
robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- 
ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- 
tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its 
operation. On the other hand, men who were, 
in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- 
iousl}- devout and pillars of the church — became 
bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation 
to this sort of property. They set at nought a 
plain provision of the Constitution and the act of 
Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of 
personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and 
imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- 
cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the 
fugitive and helped him forward on every 
occasion. And wliy'? Because they saw in him 
a man, with the same inherent right to "life, 
liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they 
themselves possessed. To them this was a higher 
law than any Legislature, State or National, could 
enact. Tliey denied that there could be truly 
such a thing as property in man. Believing that 
the law violated human rights, they justified 
themselves in rendering it null and void. 



534 



HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



For the most ]ia,it, the "Uuderground Rail- 
road" operators and promoters were plain, 
obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for 
notoriety. Yet there were some whose uanies 
are coaspicuous in history, such as Wendell 
Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginsou and 
Th(?<)dore Parker of Massachusetts: Gerrit Smith 
and Thurlow Weed of Xew York: Joslma R. 
Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Love joy of Illinois. 
These had their followers and sympathizers in 
all the Northern States, and even in some por- 
tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that 
some of the most active spirits connected with 
the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the 
South, or had resided there long enough to 
become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- 
tution." Levi Coffin, who hud the rei>utatiou of 
being the "President of the Underground Rail- 
road" — at least so far as the region west of the 
Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on 
the line in North Carolina before his removal 
from that State to Indiana in 182(). Indeed, as a 
system, it is claimed to have had its origin at 
Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 
1819, though the evidence of this may not be 
conclusive. 

Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, 
no official reports were made, no lists of officers, 
conductors, stiition agents or operators preserved, 
and few records kept which are now accessible. 
Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the 
personal recollection of individual ojjerators for 
a history of their transactions. Each station on 
the road was the hou.se of a "friend" and it is 
significant, in this connection, that in every 
settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was 
sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For 
this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most 
frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- 
ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- 
vania, and then on towards New York or directly 
to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to 
Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it 
offered the shortest route through free soil to 
Canada, it was traversed bj- more lines than any 
other State, although Indiana wjis pretty 
thoroughly "grid ironed" by roads to freedom. 
In all, however, the routes were irregular, often 
zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- 
ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from 
one station to another The "train" was some- 
times a farm-wagon, loaded with i)roduce for 
market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- 
quently a closed carriage, and it is related that 
once, in Ohio, a numlier of carriages conveying 



a large party, were made to represent a funeral 
procession. Occasional!}- the train ran on foot, 
for convenience of sidetracking into the woods 
or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loc-o- 
motive. 

Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers 
who, in case the operator, conductor t)r station 
agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or 
reward, to defend either hiui or his human 
freight in the courts. These included such 
names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, 
Thaddeus Stevens, Cliarles Sumner, William IL 
Seward, Rutherford B. Ilayes. Richard H. Dana, 
and Isaac N. Arnold, wlule. taking the whole 
country over, their "name was legion." And 
there were a few men of wealtli, like Thomas 
Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money 
by thousands to their assistance. Although 
technically acting in violation of law — or, as 
claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher 
law" — the time has already come when there is a 
disposition to look upon the actors as. in a certain 
sense, heroes, and tlieir deeds as fitly belonging 
to the field of romance. 

The most comprehensive collection of material 
rehiting to the history of this movement has 
been furnislied in a recent volume entitled, "The 
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- 
dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State 
University : and, while it is not wholly free from 
errors, both as to individual names and facts, it 
will probably remain as the best compilation of 
history bearing on this subject — especially as tlie 
})rincii)al actors are fast passing away. One of 
the interesting features of Prof. Siebert 's book is 
a map purporting to give the ])rincipal routes 
and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, 
yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- 
ness of personal names given, has been questioned 
by some best informed on the subject. As 
might be expected from its geographical position 
tetween two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- 
souri — on the one hand, and the lakes 'offering a 
highwaj- to Canada on the other, it is naturally 
to be assumed that Illinois would he an attract- 
ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- 
thizer. 

The period of greatest activity of the system in 
this State was between 1840 and 1861 — the latter 
being the year when the pro-slavery party in the 
South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the 
Union, took the business out of the hands of the 
secret agents of the "Underground Railroad." 
and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands 
of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- 



HISTUIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



535 



ham Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of 
the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a 
judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- 
well County, in favor of the holder of a note 
given for the service of the indentured slave- 
girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the 
Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine 
that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 
1787 and the State Constitution, and that the 
note, given to the person who claimed to be her 
owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious 
coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as 
President of the United States, in the second 
year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the 
Proclamation of Emancipation which finally 
resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs 
of every slave in the Union. 

In the practical operation of aiding fugitives 
in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along 
the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 
should have served as a sort of entrepots, or 
initial stations, for the reception of this class of 
freight — ^especially if adjacent to some anti- 
slavery community. This was the case at Ches- 
ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where 
a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was 
located, and whence a route extended, by way of 
Oakdale, Nashville and CentraUa, in the direction 
of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to 
Bond County, where there was a community of 
anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- 
tives could be forwarded northward by way of 
JerseyviUe, Waverly and Jacksonville, about 
each of which there was a strong anti-slavery 
sentunent. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos- 
tility among the mass of the community to any- 
thing savoring of abolitionism, became the 
theater of great activity on the part of the 
opponents of the institution, especially after the 
advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- 
ard Eells, both of whom had rendered them.selves 
obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending 
aid to fugitives. The former was a practical 
abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his 
native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and 
attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles 
from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. 
Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission 
Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- 
seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating 
young men for missionary work. The "Insti- 
tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- 
souri, while three young men who had been 
■connected with it, having been caught in Mis- 
souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- 



ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on 
the testimony of a negro, although a negro was 
not then a legal witness in the courts against a 
white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before 
Stejahen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit 
Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, 
and the judgment against him was finally con- 
firmed b}' the Supreme Court after his death, in 
1852, ten years after the original indictment. 

A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the 
routes and principal stations of the "Uudergound 
Railroad," makes mention of the following places 
in Illinois, in addition to those alreadj' referred 
to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson 
and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- 
well ; Jletamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- 
nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home 
of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; 
and many more. Ottawa appears to have been 
the meeting point of a number of lines, as well 
as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- 
litionists. Cairo also became an imj^ortaut 
transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, 
after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road, especially as it offered the speediest way of 
reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the 
lines converged. It was here that the fugitives 
could be most safely disposed of by placing them 
upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- 
mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian 
soil. 

As to methods, these differed according to cir- 
cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or 
the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- 
ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, 
near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, 
Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a 
farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. 
The passengers were snugly placed below, and 
grain sacks.fiUed with bran or other light material, 
were laid over, so that the whole presented the 
appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its 
way to market. The same was true as to stations 
and routes. One, who was an operator, says: 
"Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- 
tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the 
time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery 
man to the east or the north. As a general rule, 
the agent preferred not to know anything beyond 
the operation of his own immediate section of the 
road. If he knew nothing about the operations 
of another, and the other knew nothing of his, 
they could not be witnesses in court. 

We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. 
Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 



536 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the 
Lakes, there being several steamers available for 
that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were 
put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United 
States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, 
secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the 
places of colored stevedores carrj-ing wood 
aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a 
nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in 
this incident. Thirteen wa.s an "unlucky num- 
ber" in this instance — for the masters. 

Among the notable trials for assisting runaways 
in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- 
tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, 
were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and 
Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom 
■were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- 
cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of 
Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors 
and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 18.59, for 
assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a teclmi- 
cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards 
widely known through the northern i)art of the 
State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac 
N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook. J. V. Eus- 
tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larued. Joseijh 
T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, 
taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but 
acquitted on trial. 

Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. 
Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) iind his father, 
Julius A. Willard, charged with a.ssisting in the 
escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when 
the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. 
"The National Corporation Reporter," a few 
years ago. gave an account of this affair, together 
with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states 
that, after protracted litigation, iluring which 
the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was 
ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel 
D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar .and 
costs— the latter amounting to twenty dollars. 
The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well 
as myself, lielped many fugitives .afterwards." 
It did not always hajipen, however, that offenders 
escaped so easily. 

Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, 
and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the 
Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following: Once, 
when the trial of a fugitive was going on before 
Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor 
of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in 
the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance 
filled the room, tlie stairway and the .adjoining 
sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed 



in with the audience, and passed down over the 
heads of those on the stairs, where the officers 
were unable to follow. 

In another case, tried before United States 
Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was 
made to liinge upon a point in the indictment to 
the effect tliat the fugitive was "copper-colored." 
The Commi.ssioner. as the story goes, being in- 
clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large 
cojiper cent, that he might make comparison. 
The decision was, that the prisoner was "off 
color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the 
room before the officers could re-arrest him, as 
they had been instructed to do. 

Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor 
Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi 
(■ago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- 
iam Chau:icey Carter as among his active allies 
at Jack.sonville. with Rev. Bilious Pond and 
Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present 
village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), 
Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders 
of Rjindolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey 
and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- 
tors in other p<arts of the State. Other active 
agents or promoters, in the same field, included 
such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- 
ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- 
man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young 
.Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of 
Chicago, whose names have already been men- 
tioned; Rev. Asa Turner. Deacon Ballard, J. K. 
Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and 
Adams County; President Rufus Blanchard of 
Kno.K College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ; 
the late Prof. J, B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of 
Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Moi-se and his four 
.sons — Joseph T., Levi P.. Parker. Jr.. and Mark 
— of Woodford County: Rev. William Sloane of 
Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a 
host who were willing to aid their fellow men in 
their aspirations to freedom, without advertising 
their own exploits. 

.\mong the incidents of "Undergroimd Rail- 
ro.ad" in Illinois is one which had some im]«>rt<ance 
])olitically. having for its clima.x a dramatic scene 
in Congress, but of which, .so far as known, no 
full account has ever been written. About 1855, 
Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a 
New Englander by birth, purcha.sed a large Iwdy 
of i)rairie land in the northeastern part of Stark 
County, and, taking up his residence temporarily 
in the village of Bradford, began its improve- 
ment. He had brought with him from Missis-sippi 
a negro, gray-haired and bent with age. a slave 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



537 



of probably no great value. "Old Mose, '" as he 
was called, soon came to be well known and a 
favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly 
stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; 
that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then 
of recent date), he had a constitutional right to 
take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that 
"Old Mose" was just as much his property in 
Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident 
to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois 
was an experiment to test the law and the feel- 
ings of tlie Northern people. Tliis being the case, 
a shrewd play would have been to let him have 
his way till other slaves should have been 
brought to stock the new plantation But this 
was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to 
whom the holding of a slave in the free State of 
Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was 
feared that he might take the old negro back to 
Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was 
reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; 
that he was given only the coarsest food in a 
back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead 
of being permitted to eat at table with the family. 
The prairie citizen of that time was very par- 
ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired 
man or woman, debarred from the table of his or 
her employer, would not have remained a day. 
A quiet consultation with "Old Mose"' revealed 
the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom 
joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and 
another equally daring, met him by the light of 
the stars and, before morning, he was placed in 
the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty 
miles away. From there he was speedily 
"franked" by the member of Congress to friends 
in Canada. 

There was a great commotion in Bradford over 
the "stealing" of "Old Mose." Lombard and his 
friends denounced the act in terms bitter and 
profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- 
petrators. The conductors were known only to a 
few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's 
part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. 
Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he 
related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the 
Representative in Congress from his district. 
During the next session of Congress, Singleton 
took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a 
"nigger-stealer, " citing the case of "Old Mose." 
Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and 
dramatic stj-le, making a speech which ensured 
his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to 
call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive 
slaves'?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- 



ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the 
village, and he aids every slave that comes to his 
door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of 
Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble 
threshold and forbid me to give bread to the 
hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you 
defiance, in the name of my God!" 

With another incident of an amusing charac- 
ter this article may be closed; Hon. J. Young 
Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving 
at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, 
was asked by the court what he would do if sxrm- 
moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a 
fugitive. "I would certainly obey the summons," 
he replied, "but — I sliould probably stub my toe 
and fall down before I reached him. ' " 

Note.— Those wlio wish to pursue the subject of the 
" UnderRround Kailroad " in Illinois further, are referred 
to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the 
various County Histories which have been issued and may 
be found in the public libraries; also for interesting inci- 
dents, to "Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's 
" From Dixie to Canada," Petit's Sketches, "Still, Under- 
ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by 
James H. Fairchild, e.\-Presideut of Oberlin College. 

U>'DERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator 
and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, 
N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after admission to the 
bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began 
practice in 1840. The following year he was 
elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. 
In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower 
house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, 
sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this 
period he declined a nomination to Congress, 
although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he 
was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. 
He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1869-70. and, in 1870, was again elected to 
the Senate, retiring to private life in 1873. Died, 
Sept. 23, 1875. 

UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties 
into which Illinois was divided at the time of its 
admission as a State — having been organized, 
under the Territorial Government, in January, 
1818. It is situated in the southern division of 
the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The 
eastern and interior portions are drained by the 
Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part 
of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom 
lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject 
to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is 
hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- 
bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. 
Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 



538 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



potter's clay are found in considerable abun- 
dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- 
tant beiuK the Illinois Central) either cross or 
tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- 
culture, altliough manufacturing is carried on to 
a limited extent. Fruit is e.vteusively cultivated. 
Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and 
Anna important shipjjing stations. The latter is 
the location of the Southern Hospital for the 
Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, 
was 31,.529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph 
and Galhitin, one of the earliest settled counties 
in the State, many prominent men found their 
first home, on coming into tlie State, at Jones- 
boro. and tliis region, for a time, exerted a strong 
influence in public allairs. Pop. (UlOO), 22,010. 

IM0>' LEA(;rE OF AMERICA, a .secret polit- 
ical and patriotic order which had its origin 
early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- 
pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and 
counteracting the machinations of the secret 
organizations designed to promote the success of 
the Retellion. The first regular Council of the 
order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, 
June 25, 18G2, consisting of eleven members, as 
follows: Jolm AV. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, 
Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. CuUom 
(father of Senator CuUom), Alexander Small, 
Bev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- 
ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. 
Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- 
rett. One of the number was a Union refugee 
from Tennes.see, who dictated the first oath from 
memory, as administered to members of a some- 
what .similar order whicli had been organized 
among the Unionists of his own State. It .sol- 
emnlj' pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- 
late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to 
"support, maintain, protect and defend the civil 
liberties of the Union of the.se United States 
again.st all enemies, either domestic or foreign, 
at all times and under all circumstances, " even 
"if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"'; (3) to aid 
in electing only true Union men to offices of 
trust in the town, county. State and General 
Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend 
any member of the order who might be in peril 
from his connection with the order, and (.5) to 
obej- all laws, rules or regulations of any Council 
to which the taker of the oath might l>e attached. 
The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- 
ration of Independence and Constitution of the 
United States, tlie taker pledging his sacred 
honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the 
organization existed in the activity, about this 



time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle." a 
disloyal organization which had been introduced 
from the South, and which afterwards took the 
name, in the North, of "American Kuiglits" and 
"Sons of Liberty. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- 
eties.) Three montlis later, tlie organization had 
e.xtended to a number of other counties of the 
State and, on the 2oth of September following, 
the first State Council met at Bloomington — 
twelve counties being represented — ami a State 
organization was effected. At this meeting the 
following general oflicers were chosen: Grand 
President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall 
County (now of Chicago); Grand Vice-President 
— Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- 
tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell: Grand 
Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- 
shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald — 
A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. 
Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee 
was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill 
of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- 
land, of Morgan County; J. K. "Warren, of Macon; 
Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, 
Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and 
John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this 
Committee, ^vith Mr. Medill as its Chairman, 
the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly 
revised and a new ritual adopted, wliich materi- 
alh' changed the phraseology and removed some 
of the crudities of the original obligation, as well 
as increased the beauty and impressiveness of 
the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and 
pass-words were also adopted, Avhich were finally 
accepted by the various organizations of the 
order throughout the Union, which, by this time, 
included many soldiers in the army, as well as 
civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council 
was held at Springfield, January 14. 1863, witli 
only seven counties represented. The limited 
representation was discouraging, but the mem- 
bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- 
ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the 
or<ler who waited upon him. At a special .ses- 
sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, 
six days later, a vigorous campaign was 
mapped out, under which agents were sent 
into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- 
tober, 1802, the strength of the order in Illi- 
nois wivs estimated at three to five thousand ; 
a few months later, the number of enrolled 
members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid 
had been the growth nf the order. On March 
2.'j, 18(jo, a Graml Council met in Chicago — 
404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



539 



a number from Oliio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- 
sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At tliis meeting a 
Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of 
organization for a National Grand Council, which 
was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20tli 
of May following — the constitution, ritual and 
signs of the Illinois organization being adopted 
•with slight modifications. The lovised obligation 
— taken ujjDn the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence and the Constitution of the United 
States — bound members of the League to "sup- 
port, protect and defend the Government of the 
United States and the flag thereof, against all 
enemies, foreign and domestic," and to"beartrue 
faith and allegiance to the same"'; to "defend 
the State against invasion or insurrection"; to 
support only "true and reliable men" for offices 
of trust and profit ; to protect and defend 
worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the 
secrets of the order. The address to new mem- 
bers was a model of imjjressiveness and a powerful 
appeal to their patriotism. The organization 
extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- 
west, but in the South also, especially' in the 
army. In 1864 the number of Councils in IlUnois 
was estimated at 1,300, with a membersliip of 
17.5,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- 
bership, tliroughout the Union, was 2,000,000. 
The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- 
ive, operations of the organization, was shown, 
not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and 
support of the war policy of the Government, 
but in the raising of supplies for the sick and 
wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few 
weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over 525,000 in 
cash, besides large (quantities of stores, were sent 
to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the 
Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct 
result of appeals made through circulars sent out 
by the officers of the "League." Large contri- 
butions of money and supplies also reached the 
sick and wounded in hospital through the medium 
of the Sanitar}' Commission in Chicago. Zealous 
efforts were made by the opposition to get at the 
secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete 
copy of the ritual was published by one of their 
organs; but the effect was so far the reverse of 
what was anticipated, that this line of attack was 
not continued. During the stormy session of the 
Legislature in 1863, the League is said to liave 
rendered effective service in protecting Gov- 
ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It 
continued its silent but effective operations until 
the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it 
ceased to exist as a political organization. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- 
ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, 
from the date of the admission of the State into 
the Union until 1899, with the date and duration 
of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; 
Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 
1824-2.5 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825 35; 
David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; 
John M. Robinson, 1830-41; William L. D. Ewing, 
1835-37 ; Richard M. Young, 1837-43 ; Samuel Mc- 
Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James 
Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; 
James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 185.5-73; 
Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- 
ardson, 1863-65 ; Richard Yates, 186.5-71 ; John A. 
Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-.86; Richard J. Oglesby, 
1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. CuUom, 
first elected in 1883, and re-elected in "89 and "9.5, 
his third term expiring in 1901 ; Charles B. Far- 
well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; 
William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term 
expiring, March 4, 1903. 

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One 
of the leading educational institutions of the 
country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth 
of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- 
tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888), 
to supply the place which the original institution 
of tlie same name had been designed to fill. (See 
Univcrsitj/ of Chicago — TVic Old.) The following 
year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- 
dered a contribution of 8600.000 toward the endow- 
ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing 
additional pledges to the amount of 8400,000 by 
June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the 
sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering 
four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was 
secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired 
by purchase for 8282,500, and one and one-half 
(valued at 8125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall 
Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- 
tion effected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of 
the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. 
Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the 
University has been the I'ecipient of other gener- 
ous benefactions by Jlr. Rockefeller and others, 
until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed 510,- 
000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been 
contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has 
pledged himself to make additional contributions 
of 82,000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a 
like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The 
buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1896, 
include a chemical laboratory costing 8182,000; a 
lecture hall, 8150,000; a physical laboratory 



540 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



§150,000; a museum, §100,000; au academy dor- 
mitory, §30,000; three dormitories for women, 
§100,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to 
which several important additions were made 
during 1H9G and 97. The faculty embraces over 
150 instructors, selected with reference to their 
fitness for their respective departments from 
among the most eminent scholars in America and 
Europe. Women are admitted as students and 
graduated uixjn an equality with men. The work 
of practical instruction began in October, 189i, 
with 589 registered students, coming from nearly 
every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- 
ates from other institutions, to which accessions 
were made, during the year, raising the aggregate 
to over 900. Tlie second year the number e.\- 
ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the 
fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- 
sentatives from every State of the Union, besides 
many from foreign countries. Special features 
of tlie institution include tlie admission of gradu- 
ates from other institutions to a post-graduate 
course, and the University Exten.sion Division, 
which is conducted largely by means of lecture 
courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers 
in the vicinity of the University, non-resident 
students having the privilege of written exami- 
nations. The various libraries embrace over 
300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong 
to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," 
besides a large and valuable collection of maps 
and ]ianip1ilets. 

UMVEKSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an 
educational institution at Chicago, under the 
care of the Baptist denomination, for some years 
known as the Douglas University. Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 185-1, to donate ten 
acres of land, in what was then near the southern 
border of the city of t'liicago, as a site for an 
institution of learning, provided buildings cost- 
ing §100,000, be erected thereon within a stijiu- 
lated time. The corner-stone of the main building 
was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of 
that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- 
las extended the time, and finally deeded the 
land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen 
years the institution led a precarious existence, 
struggling under a he;ivy debt. By 1885, mort- 
gages to the amount of §320,000 having accunui- 
lated. the trustees abandniied further effort, and 
acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- 
closure proceedings. The original plan of the 
institution contemplated preparatory and col- 
legiate departments, together with a college of 
law and a theological school. 



U.MVERSITV OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- 
cational institution under control of the State, 
located at Urbana and adjoining the city of 
Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 
accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under 
Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an 
appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 
acres for each Senator and each Representative in 
Congress — establishing colleges for teaching agri- 
culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the 
exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- 
scrip under this grant was issued and placed in 
the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of 
Trustees appointeil under the State law was organ- 
ized in March, 1867, the institution being located 
the same year. Departments and courses of stuily 
were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of 
Michigan, was cho.sen Regent (President). — The 
landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early 
day for wliat it wonld bring in open market, 
except 25.000 acres, which was located in Ne- 
braska and Minnesota. This has recently been 
sold, reiilizing a larger sum than was received 
for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire 
sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- 
gregates §613,026. The L'niversity revenues were 
further increased by donations from Congress to 
each institution organized under the Act of 1862, 
of §15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an 
Agricultural Expeiinient Station, and. in 1890, of 
a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be 
increased §1,000 annually vmtil it should reach 
§25,000.— A mechanical building was erected in 
1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of 
its kind in America intended for strictly educa- 
tional purposes. What was called "the main 
building" was formally opened in December, 
1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall,"' 
opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall." 1894; 
a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- 
cipal structures and a number of smaller ones 
have been erected as conditions required. The 
value of property aggregates nearly §2,500,000, and 
appropriations from the State, for all purposes, 
previous to 1904, foot up §5,123,517.90.— Since 
1871 the institution has been open to women. 
The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- 
istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and 
general sciences, languages and literature, eco- 
nomics, household .science, trade and commerce. 
The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 
the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected 
with the University: a College of Law and a 
Library School were opened in 1897, and the same 
year tlie Chicago College of Physicians and Sur- 



a u 



» o 



< 

W 

W 

H 
>< 

O 

S 
o 









« .- 




HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



541 



geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a 
School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 
1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural 
History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an 
Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 
1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers 
throughout the State who may desire them. — The 
fir.st name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- 
trial University," but, in 188.5, this was changed 
to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees 
(of whom there are nine) were made elective by 
popular vote — three being elected every two 
years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, 
having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was 
succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had 
been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- 
ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties 
of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas 
J. Burrill until August, 1S94, when Dr. Andrew 
Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction of the State of New York, was 
installed as President, serving until 1904. — The 
corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- 
fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 
200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special 
lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- 
ber of stxidents has increased rapidly in recent 
years, as shown by the following totals for suc- 
cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 
519; 58.3; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075; 1.582; 1,824; 
2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,. 589. Of the last num- 
ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 
1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 
2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- 
demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments 
in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- 
lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, 
and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- 
sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 
pamphlets, not including 5,3.50 volumes and 
15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- 
ural History. — The University occupies a con- 
spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres 
adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- 
paign, and near the residence portion of the two 
cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which 
stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed 
vpith an ornamental iron fence. The campus, 
otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with 
fine landscape effects. 

UNORGAMZED COUNTIES.- In addition to 
the 103 counties into which Illinois is divided, 
acts were passed by the General As.semblj-, 
at diilerent times, providing for the organiza- 
tion of a number of others, a few of which 



were subsequently organized under different 
names, but the majority of which were never 
organized at all— the proposition for such or- 
ganization being rejected by vote of the people 
within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to 
lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- 
ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing 
them, i.nd the territory which they were in- 
tended to include, were as follows: Allen 
County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- 
mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon 
(Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- 
gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County 
(1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; 
Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the 
same territory now comprised within the bound- 
aries of Stark County, authorized two years 
later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to 
Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855)— 
from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- 
prising territory since partially incorporated 
in Ford County; Holmes County (1857)— from 
Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County 
(1843), changed (1847) to Highland— compris- 
ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act 
was accepted, with Columbus as the county- 
seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Jlichi- 
gan County (1837)— from a part of Cook; Milton 
County (1843)— from the south jiart of Vermil- 
ion; Oka%v County (1841) — comprising substan- 
tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized 
under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851)— from 
parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- 
ties, and covering substantially the same terri- 
torj' as proposed to be incorporated in Allen 
County ten years earlier. The last act of this 
character was passed in 1867, when an attempt 
was made to organize Lincoln County out o, 
parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicu 
failed for want of an affirmative vote. 

UPPER ALTON, a city of MadLson County, 
situated on the Chicago tfe Alton Railroad, about 
ij miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It 
has several churches, and is the seat of ShurtleflE 
College and the Western Military Academy, the 
former founded about 1831, and controlled by the 
Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are 
found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery 
manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1.803; (1900), 2,373. 

UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born 
at Roxbury. Mass., Oct. 25, 18:!4; graduated from 
Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago 
in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The 
Native American," the following year taking 
the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 



54^ 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



nal." In 1803, Mr. Upton became musical critic 
on "The Cliicago Tribune," serving for a time 
also as its war corresfxindent in the field, later 
(about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- 
torial staff, wliich he still retains. He is regarded 
as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. 
Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for .sev- 
eral years, has been Vice-President of tlie "Trib- 
une" Company. Besides numerous contributions 
to magazines, his works include: "Letters of 
Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of 
German Love," translated from the German of 
Ma.v MuUer (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); 
"Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); 
besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, 
cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). 

rRB.4N.\, a flourishing city, the county-seat 
of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the 
Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 
miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- 
ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. 
Tlie mechanical industries include extensive rail- 
road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and 
lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' 
Home and Orphanage is located liere. The city 
has water-works, gas and electric liglit plants, 
electric car-lines (local and inteiurban), superior 
schools, nine churches, three banks and three 
newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University 
of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900). 5,728. 

I'SREY, William J., editor and soldier, was 
born at Washington (near Xatchez), Miss., May 
16, 1827; was educated at Xatchez, and, before 
reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., 
where he engaged in teaching until 1840, wlien 
he enlisteil as a private in Comjjany C, Fourtli 
Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 
1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- 
lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- 
icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, 
conducting the paper until 1861. when lie enlisted 
in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was 
apiwinted Adjutant. Although born and edu- 
cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest 
opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of 
his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill. He was one of the most zealous endoi-sers 
of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- 
Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree 
upon a lino of policy in opposition to tlie further 
extension of slavery, and. wlipn that body met at 
Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1S56. he served as its Secre- 
tary, thus taking a prominent i>art in the initial 
steps which resulted in the organization of the 
Republican party in Illinois. (See Aiiti-yvbraska 



Editorial Convention.) After returning from 
the war he resumed his place as editor of "The 
Chronicle," but finally retired from newspajier 
work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the 
city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and ag-aiu 
under the administration of President Grant; 
served also as a member of the City Council and 
was a member of the local Post of the G. A. K., 
and Secretary of the Macon County Association 
of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, 
Jan. 20, 1894. 

UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of 
La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the 
Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also 
believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia 
village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, 
when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is 
produced here; it also has several factories or 
mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- 
lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1800), 1,150. 

VAX ARX.\M, John, lawyer and soldier, was 
born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- 
ing lest his father at five years of age, he went to 
live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; 
later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning 
practice at Slarshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed 
to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of 
Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- 
nent as a criniinal lawyer and railroad attorney, 
being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in 
organizing tlie One Hundred and Twenty-seventli 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned 
its Colonel, but was comjielled to resign on 
account of illness. After spending some time in 
California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 
1865. His later years were sjjent in California, 
dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. 

VANDAI.IA, the principal city and county-seat 
of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- 
kaskia River, 30 miles nortli of Centralia, 63 
miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles 
east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting 
point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, 
Vandalia anil Terre Haute Railroads. It was tlie 
capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of 
government lieing removed to Springfield, the 
latter year, in accordance with act of the General 
Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- 
tains a court house (old State Capitol building), 
six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a 



I 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



543 



graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, 
stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon 
and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900). 2 665, 

VANDEVEEB, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, 
was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 
1816 ; came with his family to Illinois at an early 
age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian 
County; taught school and studied law, using 
books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart 
of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder 
of Christian County and, soon after, appointed 
Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. 
He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 
to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the 
General Assembly (1842 and 1850) and once to the 
State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was 
chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican 
War, but, having been rejected on account of the 
quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- 
master, in this capacitj' serving on the staff of 
General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. 
Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were 
those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in 
Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate 
to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 
Judge Vandeveer established the private banking 
firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, 
which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued 
successfully during the remainder of his life. 
Died, March 12, 1894. 

VAN HORXE, William C, Railway Manager 
and President, was born in Will County, 111., 
February, 1843; began his career as a telegraph 
operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, 
was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- 
cago & Alton Railroads (1858-72), later being 
General Manager or General Superintendent of 
various other lines (1872-79). He next .served as 
General- Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- 
kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General 
Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he 
assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was 
elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its 
President in 1888. His services have been recog- 
nized by conferring upon him the order of 
knighthood by the British Government. 

VASSEUR, Jfoel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was 
born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 
1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading 
party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by waj' of 
the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued 
by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- 
ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of 
the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the 



region now embr-aced in Iroquois County, where 
he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- 
ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, 
believed to have been the site of the present town 
of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station 
from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des 
Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending 
the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseui- re- 
mained in trade until the removal of the Indians 
west of the Mississippi, in which he served as 
agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois 
region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous 
Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of 
Watseka was nained, and who had previously 
been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His 
later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in 
Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. 

VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the 
Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles 
north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk 
lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to 
the new "'Merchants" Bridge," with its round- 
house, has two ferries to St. Louis, streetcar line, 
electric lights, water-works, some manufactures 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900). 2,450. 

VENICE & CAEOJiDELET RAILROAD. (See 
Louisville, Ei'cntiville <& St. Louis {Consolidated) 
Railroad.) 

VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, 
bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained 
by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, 
from which it takes its name. It was originally 
organized in 1826, when it extended north to 
Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square 
miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, 
aided in attracting immigration to this region, 
but the manufacture of salt was abandoned 
many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour 
Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston. Harvey 
Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. 
Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan 
were the first County Commissioners. Many 
interesting fossil remains have been found, 
among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). 
Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two 
coal seams cross the county. The surface is level 
and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural 
product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes 
are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and 
wool-growing are important industries. There 
are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- 
ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining 
is carried on extensivelj', especially in the vicin- 
ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 
49,905; (1900), 65,635. 



544 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



VF-RMILIOX RIVER, a tributary of tlie Illi- 
nois; rises in Foril and the northern part of 
McLeiiii County, and, running northwestward 
through Livingston and the southern part of 
La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois Kiver 
nearly opjxjsite the city of La Salle ; has a length 
of about 80 miles. 

VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the "Wa- 
bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle 
and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and 
come together near Danv-Jle in this State. It 
flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in 
Vennilion County, Ind. The main stream i.s 
about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, 
which rises in Champaign County and runs east- 
ward, has a length of nearlj' 75 miles. The 
Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 
7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- 
times called the Big Vermilion, by way of 
distinction. 

VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at 
junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Riiilroiid, 34 
miles north of Beardstown; has a carriage manu- 
factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, 
electric light plant, besides two banks, four 
churches, two graded schools, and one weekly 
newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here 
to tlie depth of 'i (iOO feet Pop. (1900), 1,195. 

VERS.VII/LES, a town of Brown County, on 
the W.ibash liaihvay. 48 miles east of Quincj": is 
in a timber and agric-ultural district; has a bank 
and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 6'J4. 

VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, 
situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railroad, 36 :niles north-northwest of Cairo. It 
has a court house, several churclies, a graded 
school, banks and two weekly newspapers. 
Population (1880), 494; (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217. 

VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- 
trader, was born at Moudovi, Sanlinia (Western 
Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at 
Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When 
he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, 
then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper 
Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- 
mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged 
in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio 
and Mississippi Rivers. On the occu])ation of 
Kaskaskia l)y Col. George Rogers Clark in 177s. 
he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- 
ing out supplies to feed l'lark"s destitute soldiers, 
and accepting Virginia Continental money, at 
par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of 



$20,000. This, followed by the confi.scation policy 
of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, 
where Vigo had considerable property, reduced 
him to exti-eine penury. II, W. Beckwith says 
that, towards the close of his life, he lived on liis 
little homestead near Vincennes. in great poverty 
but cheerful to the last He was never recom- 
pen.sed during his life for his s;icrifices in behalf 
of the American cause, though a tardy restitution 
was attempted, after his deatli, by the United 
States Government, for the benefit of hLs heirs. 
He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., 
Marcli 22, 183.5. 

VILLA RIDGE, a village of PuL-uski County, 
on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of 
Cairo. Population, 500. 

VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian 
explorer, born at t^uebec-, January, 1688, of aris- 
tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely 
connected with Louis Joliet — probably his 
brotlier-in law, although some historians .say that 
he was the latter"s nephew. He entered the 
Canadian army as ensign in 1701. and had a long 
and varied experience as an Indian lighter. 
About 1725 he took up his residence on what is 
now the site of the present city of Vincennes, 
Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he 
erected an earth fort and established a trading- 
post. In 172('>. under orders, he co-operated with 
D'Artaguiette (then tlie French Governor of Illi- 
nois) in an exi)edition against the Chicka.saws. 
The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes 
and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned 
at the stake, together with Fatlier Senat (a 
Jesuit priest) and others of the command. 
(See also D'Artaguiette; French Oovemors of 
nihioift.) 

VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the 
Chicago it -Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroads, 21 miles .south by west from 
Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- 
sonville. It has live churches, two banks, two 
newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, 
grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal 
mines. Pop (1900). 2,280; (school censusl903),3,651. 

VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of 
the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Sjiring- 
field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western Railroad. 15 miles north of Jack.sonville, 
and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It 
lies in the lieart of a ricli agricultural region. 
There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- 
factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two 
National and one State bank, five churches, a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



545 



high school, and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 
1,602; (1900). l.GOO. 

VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- 
den, We.stphalia (Germauy), iu 1839, tlie son of a 
Government Secretary iu the Prussian service. 
Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- 
grated to America in 18.56, and, after a short 
stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he 
found employment as a paper-carrier for "The 
Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention 
to the study of law. Later, he became associated 
with a real-estate firm; on the commencement 
of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a 
three months' regiment, and, finally, in the 
Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- 
ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. 
Returning from the army, he was employed as 
city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 
1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, 
serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been 
admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from 
office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected 
Representative in tlie Twenty-seventli General 
Assembly, in which he bore a leading jjart iu 
framing "the burnt record act" made necessary 
by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged 
in the practice of his profession, having been, 
for a number of years, attorney for the German 
Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several 
years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. 
Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as showu 
by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems 
translated from the German, which has been 
highly commended, besides a legal work on 
"The Administration of Justice iu the United 
States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure 
in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal 
and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest 
to Aliens," which has been published in the Ger- 
man Language, and is highly valued by German 
lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a 
member of the Republican National Convention 
of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General 
Grant for the Presidency a second time. 

YOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois 
sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), 
N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was 
a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass. , 
and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his 
shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- 
ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only 
self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. 
Douglas, and the latter, iu 185.5, aided him in 
the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two 
years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he 



modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the 
city, having for his subject his first patron — the 
"Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a 
life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he 
made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which 
passed into the possession of the Chicago His- 
torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire 
of 1871. In 1808-69, and again in 1871-72, he 
revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he 
was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, 
and was its President for eight years. He was 
genial, companionable and charitable, and always 
ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- 
fessional brethren. His best known works are the 
Douglas Monument, in Cliicago, several soldiers' 
monmuents in different parts of the country, 
the statuarj' for the Henry Keep mausoleum at 
Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln 
and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, 
and numerous portrait busts of men eminent 
in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. 
Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. 

VOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, 
born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the 
United States and was admitted to the bar in 
Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor 
of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City 
Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 
became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but 
afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth 
Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
still later serving with his command in Vir- 
ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of 
the capture of that place in September, 1862, but 
succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, 
through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- 
vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- 
ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, 
but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served 
as Master in Chancery and was elected to the 
lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, 
but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- 
cago, March 23, 1888. 

WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount 
Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- 
ing from Chester to Menard, 1.5 miles; total 
mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and 
almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. -^ 
(History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as 
successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- 
ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the 
Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- 
non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 



546 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), §1,- 
2.'-.0,000; bonded indebtedness, §690,000; total 
capitalization, $2,028,.5T3. 

WABASH COl'MY, situated in the southeast 
corner of the State; area 220 square miles. The 
county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, 
and the first court house built at Centerville, in 
May, 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the 
county -seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash 
Eiver drains the county on the east; other 
streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawtisli 
Creeks. The surface is imdulating witli a fair 
growth of timber. The chief industries are the 
raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- 
als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The 
county is crossed by the Louisville. Evansville & 
St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division 
of the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 
11,866; (1000), 12,.5S3. 

WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive raih-oad 
system connecting the cities of Detroit and 
Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council 
Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. 
Louis, Quincy and Altamout, 111., and to Keokuk 
and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) 
is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- 
nois — all of the latter being tlie property of the 
company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- 
ings and spurs. The company has trackage 
privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (0.5 
miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, anil 
over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 
miles) between Camp Point and Quincy.— (His- 
tory.) A considerable portion of this road in 
Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the 
Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the 
"internal imi)roveiiient" scheme adopted in 1^.37, 
and embraces the only section of road completed 
imder that scheme — that between the Illinois 
River and Springfield. (1) The construction of 
this section was begim by the State, Jlay 11, 
1837, the first rail laid. May 9, 1838, the road 
completed to Jacksonville. Jan. 1. 1840, and to 
Springfield, Jlay 13, 1842. It was operated for a 
time by "mule power," but the income was in- 
sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was 
finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for 
$21,100 toN. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of 
Springfield, and bj' them transferred to New 
York c^ipitalists, who organized tlie Sangamon & 
Morgan Railroad Com])any, reconstructed the 
road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for 
business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations 
were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. 



under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad 
and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, 
which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash 
& Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 
these lines were sold separately under foreclo- 
sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- 
ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the 
name of the Great Western RaUroad Company. 
(3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending 
from Camp Point to the Illinois River opjwsite 
Meredosia. was constructed in 1858-59, and that, 
with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Claj-- 
ton to Keokuk), was united, Julj' 1, 1865, with 
the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the 
new organization taking the name of the main 
line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The 
Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from 
Blufls to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, 
opened for business in 1870 and leased to the 
Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted 
on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands 
of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a 
new company under the name of the Wabash 
Railw.ay Company. (5) In 1808 the company, 
its it tlien existed, promoted and secured the con- 
struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- 
ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. 
Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of tlie Deca- 
tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River 
Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was 
acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to 
Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & 
St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection 
from Log-.vnsport to Detroit. — In Noveml)er, 1879, 
the Wabash. St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- 
pany was organized, took the property and con- 
solidated it with certain lines west of the 
Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, 
Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- 
jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, 
but. not having been constructed in 1881. the 
Wabjish, St. Louis & Pacific purcha.sed what wiis 
known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 
uniting with the main line at Bemeut, and (by 
way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- 
ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. 
At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was 
operating the following additional leased lines: 
Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal 
& Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- 
cie & Bloomingtou (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette 
Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection 
between Chicago on the west and Toledo and 
Detroit on the east was established over the 
Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



547 



pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to 
Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease 
to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent 
line between Cliicago and Detroit by what is 
known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago 
Division. 

The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & 
Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 
miles; but, in May of that year, default having 
been made in the payment of interest, the work 
of disintegration began. The main line east of 
the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- 
rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash 
Western." The Eastern Division was placed in 
the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 
1889, when the two divisions, having been 
bought in by a purchasing committee, were 
consolidated under the present name. The total 
earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for 
the fiscal year 1898, were $4,402,621, and the 
expenses §4,836,110. The total capital invested 
(1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock 
of So2,000,000 and bonds to the amount of S81,- 
534,000. 

WABASH KIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, 
passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- 
tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- 
port, thence southwest to Covington, finally 
turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles 
below which it strikes the western boundary of 
Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois 
and Indiana (taking into account its numerous 
windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes 
it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and 
enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of 
Indiana, near latitude 37° 49' north. Its length 
is estimated at 557 miles. 

WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
(See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 

WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original 
suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was 
born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789. and edu- 
cated in the public schools of his native place. 
In his youth he entered a book-publishing house 
in which his father was a partner, and was for a 
time associated with the publication of a tveekly 
paper. Later the business was conducted at 
Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, 
and Southern States, the subject of this sketch 
making extensive tours in the interest of the 
firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, 



reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following 
year, visited Bond Countj', 111., where he made 
his first entry of land from the Government. 
Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- 
tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 

1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 

1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond 
County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the 
next ten years in the employment of the publish- 
ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 
1835 he located permanently near Greenville, 
Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- 
ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest 
apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 
1845 he presided as chairman over the National 
Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 
1848, was nominated as the candidate of the 
National Reform Association for Vice-President 
on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, 
but declined. He was also prominent in County 
and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has 
been credited with being one of the first (if not 
the very first) to suggest the construction of the 
Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early 
as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the 
construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- 
road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much 
time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many 
years, and was one of the original incorporators 
of the St. Louis & IlHnois Bridge Company. 
Died, July 17, 1865. 

WALKER, Cyrns, pioneer, lawyer, born in 
Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken 
while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came 
to Macomb, 111. , in 1833, being the second lawyer 
to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide 
reputation as a successful advocate, especially in 
criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the 
courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, 
Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late 
Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who 
studied law with him. He was Whig candidate 
for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
1840. 

WALKER, James Barr, clergj-man, was born 
in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth 
served as errand-boy in a comitry store near 
Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing 
office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai 
M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gTadu- 
ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio; edited 
various religious papers, including "The Watch- 
man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of 
Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery 
of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 



548 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



"Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- 
gion"" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological 
Seminarj-. He was author of several volumes, 
one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of 
Salvation," published anonymously under the 
editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran 
through .several editions and was translated into 
five different languages, including Ilindustanee. 
Died, at Wheaton, III., March G, 1887. 

WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer 
and Railway President, was born at Claremont, 
N. H,, Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with 
his parents to a farm in Michigan; was educated 
at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- 
gan, Ann Arbor, graduating fi-om the latter in 
1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and 
student, was admitted to the bar the next j'ear, 
and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of 
Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for 
the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after 
his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- 
eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- 
wick & Walker, whicli had been organized in 
Micliigan, became attorneys for the Cliicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his 
death, Mr. Walker was a.ssociated with this com- 
pany, eitlier as General Solic'itor, General Counsel 
or President, filling the latter position from 1870 
to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago 
and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President 
of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington 
Coal Company, down to the time of his death, 
which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of 
heart disease. 

WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal 
missionary, was born in Rockingliam County, 
Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, 
became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 
1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- 
ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards 
Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair 
Count}'. In 1807 lie held a camp meeting near 
Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, 
ho transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; 
was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and 
devoted much time to missionary work among 
the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among 
them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and 
there is evidence that he was a prominent resident 
there for several years, occupying a log house, 
which he used as a church and living-room, on 
"Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and 
South Brandies of the Chicago River. While 
acting as superintendent of tlie Fox River mis- 
sion, bis residence appears to have been at Plain- 



field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, 
Oct. 5, 1835. 

WALKER, Plnkney H., lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. 
His boyhood was chieflj- passed in farm work and 
as clerk in a general store; in 1834 lie came to Illi- 
nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a 
store for four years. In 1838 be removed to 
Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- 
emj- and the study of law with his uncle, Cj-rus 
Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb 
until 1848, when he returned to Rusliville. In 
18.53 he was elected Judge of tlie Fifth Judicial 
Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. 
This position he resigned in 1858, having been 
ai)poiiited, by Governor Bissell. to fill the vacancy 
on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by 
the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months 
later he was elected to the same position, and 
re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief 
Justice from January, 1864, to June, "67, and 
again from June, 1874, to June, "75. Before the 
expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. 

WALL, Gt'orge Willard, lawyer, politician and 
Judge, was born at Cliillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 
1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, 
and received his preparatory education at McKen. 
dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the 
Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began 
practice at Du(iuoin, 111. lie was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and. from 
1864 to "68, served as State"s Attorney for the 
Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 
1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- 
date for Congress, although running ahead of his 
ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of 
tlie Third Circuit, and re-elected in "79, ".85 and 
'91, much of tlie time since 1877 being on duty 
upon the Appellate bench. His home is at 
Ducjuoin. 

WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman 
and soldier; w;is born in Mason County, Ky., 
April 11, 1813; taken in infancj' to Brown 
County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 
15 j-ears of age, when he was apprenticed to a 
carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, 
wliere he became a contractor and builder, fol- 
lowing this occupation for a number of j-ears. He 
was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, 
some years later, having decided to enter the 
ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference 
as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



549 



placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two 
years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, 
in the next few years, held pastorates at various 
places in the central and eastern parts of the 
State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder 
of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six 
years, held the position of President of the Board 
of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from 
which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. 
In the second year of the Civil War he raised a 
company in Sangamon County, was chosen 
its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third 
Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' 
regiment" — all of its officers being minLsters. In 
1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his 
commission. While pastor of the church at Say- 
brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- 
master of that place, which he decided to accept, 
and w-as allowed to retire from the active minis- 
try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he 
removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed 
by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- 
diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired 
some four years afterward, when he returned to 
Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and 
effective preacher and continued to preach, at 
intervals, until within a short time of his decease, 
which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 31, 1897, in his 
84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently 
spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. 
Originallj' a Whig, he became a Rei^ublican on 
the organization of that party, and took pride in 
the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for 
Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- 
lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- 
President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, 
and, at his death, Cliaplain of America Post, No. 
708, G. A. R. 

WALLACE, William Henry LamI), lawyer and 
soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; 
brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling 
near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, 
Ogle County, where young AVallace attended the 
Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 
1845; in 1846 enlisted as a jirivate in the First Illi- 
nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), 
for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- 
tant and participtiugin the battle of Buena Vista 
(w)iere his commander was killed), and in other 
engagements. Returning to his profession at 
Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), 
then became partner of his father-in-law. Col. 
T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. 
In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer 
the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- 



nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' 
men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. 
As commander of a brigade he participated in 
the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- 
ruar3^ 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- 
General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing 
(Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's 
Division, devolving on him on account of the 
illness of his superior officer, he showed great 
courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at 
Charleston, Tenu., April 10, 1862. His career 
promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly 
deplored. —Martin E. M. ( Wallace), brother of 
the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 
29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111. , with )iis 
father's family and was educated in the local 
schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law 
at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, 
soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he 
assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- 
nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- 
Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the 
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue 
(1866-69); County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting 
Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, has 
been one of the Justices of the Peace of tlie city 
of Chicago. 

WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the 
Mendota and Fulton brancli of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of 
Mendota ; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- 
trict ; lias two banks and two newspapers. Popu- 
lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. 

WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war 
by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, 
and most of the other tribes of Indians in the 
Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with 
the British. The savages had been hostile and 
restless for some time previous, and blockhouses 
and family forts had been erected at a number 
of points, especially in the settlements most 
exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- 
ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an 
outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles 
from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, 
he made this his headquarters, and collected a 
force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later 
reinforced by two companies of rangers, under 
Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. 
An independent company of twenty -one spies, of 
which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — 
was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. 
Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little 
army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 



550 



UISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and Steplienson, Colonel Russell serving as 
secoud to tlie conimauder-incliief, other mem- 
bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope 
and Robert K. Mc-Laughlin. On Oct. 18, 1813, 
Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for 
Peoria, where it was expected that their force 
would meet that of General Hopkins, who had 
been sent from Kentucky with a force of 3,000 
men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were 
burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily 
slain by Edwards' part}-. Hopkins had orders to 
di.sperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash 
Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- 
mined, however, on reaching the lieadwaters of 
the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor 
Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, 
failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Rus.sell. 
About the same time Capl. Thomas E. Craig led 
a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to 
Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been 
fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- 
boreil and [irotected by the French citizens of 
Peoria, lie burned the greater part of tlie village, 
and capturing the population, carried tlieiii down 
the river, putting them on shore, in the early part 
of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory 
expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 
1814. The Indians meanwliile gaining courage, 
remote settlements were continually harassed 
by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an e.xpedi- 
tioti, led by Major (afterwards President) Z.acliary 
Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock 
Island, where he found a large force of Indians, 
su]>ported by British regulars with artillery. 
Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- 
ble a foe. Major Taylor retreated down the river. 
On the site of the present town of Warsaw he 
threw up fortifications, which he named Fort 
Edwards, from wliicli point he was subse(|uently 
compelled to retreat. The .same year the British, 
with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- 
nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burneil Forts 
Madison and Johnston, after which they retired 
to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed 
Dec. 34, 1814, closed the war, although no formal 
treaties were made with the tribes mitil tlie year 
following. 

WAR OF THF REBELLION. M tlie outbreak 
of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, 
was occupied by Gov. Rich.ard Yates. Immedi- 
ately upon the issuance of President Lincobrs 
lir.st call for troops (April 1.5. IStil). the Governor 
issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- 
ture together in special session and, the same 
day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," 



the quota assigne<l to the State under call of the 
President. Public excitement was at fever heat, 
and dormant patriotism in both sexes was 
aroused as never before. Party lines were 
broken down and, with comparativelj' few excep- 
tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a 
common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, 
Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary 
of War, to take possession of Cairo as an imix)rtant 
strategic point. At that time, the State militia 
organizations were few in number and poorly 
equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- 
panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted 
with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven 
companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by 
Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route 
to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender 
its services, in response to Governor Yates" proc- 
lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of 
Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- 
dered the same day, and. by the evening of the 
18th, tlie number had been increased to fifty. 
Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago 
bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of 
$,-,00,000, and those of Springfield, 6100,000. The 
Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- 
creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and 
provided for the creation of a war fund of §3,- 
000,000. Besides the six regiments already called 
for. tlie raising of ten additional volunteer regi- 
ments and one battery of light artillery was 
authorized. The last of the six regiments, 
apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential 
call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The 
six regiments were numbered the Seventh to 
Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers. First to 
Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which 
had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- 
ments were comniainled, respectively, by Colonels 
.John Cook, Kicliard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, 
J.aiiies D. Jlorgan, William II. L. Wallace, and 
John McArthur, constituting the "First Iirig,ado 
of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, 
having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival 
at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General 
Swift. The (piota under the second call, consist- 
ing of ten regiments, was miLstered into service 
within sixty days, 300 companies being tendered 
iminedi.ately. M.any more volunteered than could 
be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- 
souri and enlisted in regiments forniing in that 
State. During June and July the Secretary of 
War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- 
two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and 
five cavalry), which were proiiqitly raised. On 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



551 



July 22, the day following the defeat of the Union 
army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 
500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- 
mediately responded with an offer to the War 
Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen 
of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion 
of artillerj', adding, that the State claimed it as 
her right, to do her full share toward the preser- 
vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- 
ity, received from the Secretary of War in 
August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- 
fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- 
cember, 18G1, the State had 43,000 volunteers in 
the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. 
Other calls were made in July and August, 18112, 
each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both 
calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid 
to the fact that the State had already furnished 
16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- 
ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was 
raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. 
The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would 
fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- 
ing population, the idle and the extremely poor 
having already followed the army's march, either 
as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting 
was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal 
bounties in many of the counties, in less than a 
fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the 
vohmteers coming largely from the substantial 
classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and 
professional. By the end of December, fifty-nine 
regiments and four batteries had been dispatched 
to the front, besides a considerable number to fill 
up regiments already in the field, which had suf- 
fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. 
At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 
135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of 
President Lincoln's preliminaiy proclamation of 
emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a 
storm of hostile criticism from his political 
opponents, who — aided by the absence of so 
large a proportion of the loyal population of the 
State in the field — were able to carry the elec- 
tions of that year. Consequently, when the 
Twenty-third General Assembly convened in 
regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a 
large majority of that body was not only opposed 
to both tlie National and State administrations, 
but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution 
of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- 
islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued 
by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1803, and 
July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and 
87,000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the 



date last mentioned. Illinois had furnished to the 
Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- 
cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen 
per cent of the entire population. These were 
comprised in 151 regiments of iufantrj-, 17 of 
cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, 
besides twelve independent batteries. The total 
losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, 
has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were 
killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 
from disease and 2,154 from other causes — being 
a total of thirteen per cent of tlie entire force of 
the State in the service. The part which Illinois 
played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- 
ism, promptness in response to every call, and 
the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the 
field — reflecting honor upon the State and its his- 
tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while 
staying at home, furnished moi'al and material 
support to the men at the front — less worthy of 
praise than those who volunteered. By uj^hold- 
ing the Government — National and State — -and 
by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending 
forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, 
medical and other — ^often at no little sacrifice, 
they contributed much to the success of the 
Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp 
Douglas Conspiracij; Secret Treasonable Soci- 
eties.) 

WAR OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi- 
nois Regiments). The following is a list of the 
various military organizations mustered into the 
service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the 
terms of service and a summary of the more 
important events in the histor}- of each, while 
in tlie field : 

Seventh Infantry. Illinois having sent six 
regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the 
numbering of the regiments which took part in 
the war for the Union began with number 
Seven. A number of regiments which responded 
to the first call of the President, claimed the right 
to be recognized as the first regiment in the 
field, but the honor was finally accorded to that 
organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and 
hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It 
was mu.stered into the service, April 25, 1861. and 
remained at Mound City during the three months' 
service, the period of its first enlistment. It was 
subsequently reorganized and mustered for the 
three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was 
engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie 
Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- 
ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 



552 



IIISTOUICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA UF ILLIXUI.^5. 



Dec. 22, 1803; was mustered out at Louisville, 
July 9, ISG"!, and paid oil and discharged at 
Springfield, July 11. 

Eighth I.nf.vxtry. Organized at Springfield, 
and mustered in for three months" service, April 
26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being 
appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during 
its term of service, when it was mustered out. 
July 2.5, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in 
for three years' service. It participated in the 
battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloli, Port Gibson, 
Tlionipson Hill, Raymond. Cliampion Hill, Vicks- 
burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort: re-enlisted 
as veterans. March 24. 1864 ; was niustereil out at 
Baton Rouge. May 4, 1800, paiil olT and dis- 
charged, Jlay 13, having served five years. 

Ninth I.vf.\ntry. Mustered into the service 
at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of 
three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It 
was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three 
years, being compo.sed of com[>anies from St. 
Clair. JIadison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander 
and Mercer Counties: was engaged at Fort Donel- 
son, Shiloh, Jack.son (Tenn. ), Meed Creek 
Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence. Montezuma, 
Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, 
March 15, 1863, and so continued during the 
remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- 
ville, July 9, 180."). 

Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered 
into the service for three months, on April 29, 
1801, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered 
into the service for three years, with Col. James 
D. Slorgan in command. It was engaged at 
Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, ilissionary 
Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, 
Chattahoochie. Savannah and Bentonville. Re- 
enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered 
Qut of service, July 4, 186.5. at Louisville, and 
received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1805, 
at Chicago. 

Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field and mustered into service. April 30, 1861. 
for three months. July 30, the regiment was 
mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' 
service. It was engaged at Fort DoneLson, 
Shiloh. Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- 
pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and 
Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards 
Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh. was its 
first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton 
Rouge, July 14, 1865; paid off and discharged at 
Springfield. i 

Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service 
for three years, August 1, 1801; was engaged at 



Columbus. Fort Donelson. Shiloli, Corinth, Lay's 
Ferry. Rome Cross Koads, Dallas, Kenesaw, 
Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob. Decatur, Ezra 
Church. Atlanta. Allatoona and Goldslniro. On 
Jan. 16, 1864. the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- 
ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being 
promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered, 
out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, 
and received final i)ay and discliarge, at Spring- 
field, July 18. 

Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments- 
organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- 
ment Bill"; was mustered into service on May "24,, 
1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. 
Wyman as Colonel: was engaged at Chickasaw 
Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. 
Mustered out at Springfield. June 18, 1864, hav- 
ing served three years and two months. 

Fol-rteenth Infantry. One of the regiments 
raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which 
anticipated the requirements of the General 
Government by organizing, equipping and dril- 
ling a regiment in each Congressional District in 
the State for thirty days, unless sooner required 
for service by the United States. It was mustered 
in at Jacksonville for three years, Jlaj' 25, 1861, 
under command of John 51. Palmer as its first 
Colonel; w;is engaged at Shiloh, Corinth. Jleta- 
mora. Vicksburg. Jack.son. Fort Beauregard and 
Meridian; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- 
try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- 
ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In 
October, 1864, the major part of the battalion 
was captured b^' General Hood and sent to 
Andersonville. The remainder participated in 
the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- 
paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1805 the 
battalion organization was discontinued, both 
regiments having been filled up by recruits. The 
regiment Wiis mustered out at Fort Leaven- 
worth, Kan., Sept. 10, 1865; and arrived at 
S|)ringfield. 111., Sept. 22, 2805, where it received 
final payment and discharge. The aggregate 
number of men who belonged to this organization 
was 1.980, and the aggregate mustered out at 
Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years 
and four months of service, the regiment 
marched 4.490 miles, traveled by rail. 2,330 mile.s, 
and. l)y river. 4.490 miles — making an aggregate 
of 11.070 miles. 

Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten 
Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional 
District; was organized at Freejwrt, and mus- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



55» 



tered into service, May 34. 1861. It was engaged 
at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, 
Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, 
AUatoona and Bentonville. In March, 1864, the 
regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 

1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- 
try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and 
Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was 
captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the 
Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the 
Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 

1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- 
worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out 
at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield 
for final payment and discharge — having served 
four years and four months. Miles marched, 
4,299; miles by rail, 3,403, miles by steamer, 
4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 
1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. 

Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- 
tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten- Regi- 
ment Act,"' May 34, 1861. The regiment was 
engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, 
Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, 
Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, 
Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 
1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was 
mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 186.5, 
after a term of service of four years and three 
months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- 
field, where it received its final pay and discharge 
papers. 

Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the 
service at Peoria. III., on May 34, 1861; was 
engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield 
(Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. 
In May, 1864. the term of enlistment having 
expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield 
for paj' and discharge. Those men and oflScers 
who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not 
expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- 
try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. 

Eighteenth Inf.\ntry. Organized under the 
provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, 
and mvistered into the service on May 38, 1861, 
the term of enlistment being for three years. 
The regiment participated in the capture of Fort 
McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered 
out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 186.5, and Dec. 31, 
thereafter, arrived at Springfield, lU., for pay- 
ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments 
in the regiment, from its organization to date of 
discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. 



Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the 
United States service for three years, June 17, 
1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies 
which had been accepted under the call for three 
months' men; participated in the battle of 
Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- 
nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis" 
Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and 
Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 
9, 1864. at Chicago. Originally consisting of 
nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of 
recruits received during the war, its strength at 
the final muster-out was less than 350. 

Twentieth Infantry. Organized, May 14, 
1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered 
into the service for a term of thi-ee years. It 
participated in the following engagements, bat- 
tles, sieges, etc. : Fredericktown (Mo. ), Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- 
tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- 
burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After 
marching through the Carolinas, the regiment 
was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was 
mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final 
discharge at Chicago, on July 24. 

Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under 
the "Ten Regiment Bill,"' from the (then) Sev- 
enth Congressional District, at Mattoon. and 
mustered into service for three years, June 28, 
1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was 
in command until August 7, when he was com- 
missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged 
at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville. Mur- 
freesboro. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, 
Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. 
From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on 
duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, 
Dec. 16. 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. 

Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at 
Belleville, and mustered into service, for three 
years, at Casey ville. 111., June 25, 1861; was 
engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, 
Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, 
Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta 
campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was 
mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- 
erans and recruits, whose term of service had not 
expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second 
Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. 

Twenty-third Infantry. The organization 
of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- 
menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 



554 



niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the 
opening of hostilities at Sumter. Tlie formal 
muster of the reKiment. under tlie command of 
Col. James A. Mulligan, was made. June in. 1^>G1, 
at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks 
known as Kane's brewery near the river on 
"West Polk Street. It wa.s early ordered to North- 
em Jli.ssouri, and was doing garrison duty at 
Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- 
dered with the rest of the garrison, to tlie forces 
under the rebel General Price, and was paroleil. 
From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862. it was detailed 
to guard ijrisoners at Camp Douglas. Tliereafter 
it participated in engagements in the Virginias, 
as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap. Phi- 
lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, 
Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- 
cliester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, 
Fisher's Hill. Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and 
Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of 
Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present 
at the surrender at Appomattox. In January 
and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as 
veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In Augu.st, 
1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then 
numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- 
panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third 
Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantrj-." 
The regiment w;is thanked by Congress for its 
part at Lexington, and was autliorized to inscribe 
Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulliijati, 
James A.) 

Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the 
First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, 
with two companies — to- wit; the Union Cadets 
and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' 
service, in June. 1861, and niu.stered in, July 8, 
1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, 
Murfreesboro. Chiekamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw 
Mountain and otlier engagements in the Atlanta 
campaign. It was mustered out of service at 
Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- 
ment, wluch had been recruited in the field, and 
whose term of service had not expired at the date 
of muster-out, was organized into one company 
and attached to the Third Brigade. First Divi- 
sion, Fourteentli Army Corps, and mustered out 
at Camp Butler. August 1. 1865. 

Twenty Fii'Tii Infantry. Organized from 
the counties of Kankakee. Iroquois, Ford. Vermil- 
ion. Doughis, Coles. Champaign and Edgar, and 
mustered into service at St. Loui.s. August 4. 1861. 
It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone 
River, Chiekamauga, Missionaiy Ridge, in the 
siege of Corinth, the battlo of Kenesaw Moun- 



tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- 
mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 
1,864. During its three years' service the regi- 
ment traveleil 4.962 miles, of which 3.252 were on 
foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. 

TwEXTY-siXTii IxF.\NTRY. Mustered into serv- 
ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, 
August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the 
commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- 
ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- 
ton;" "Siege of Corinth;"' "luka;"' "Corinth — 
3d and 4th, 1862;"' "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra 
Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- 
ville;" "McAllister;'' "Savannah;"" "Columbia," 
and " Benton ville." It was mustered out at 
Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and 
discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment 
having marched, during its four years of service, 
6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, 
besides innumerable skirmishes. 

Twenty-seventh Inf.\ntry. First organized, 
with only seven companies, at Springfield, 
August 10, 1861, and organization completed by 
the aildition of three more companies, at Cairo, 
on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- 
mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles 
of Farmington, Nashville. Murfreesboro, Chieka- 
mauga, Jlissionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, 
Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top 
Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in 
the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from 
dut}', August 25, 1S64. wliile at the front, and 
mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its 
veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- 
ice had not expired, were consolidated with the 
Ninth Infantry. 

Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of 
companies from Pike. Fulton, Schuyler. Mason, 
Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at 
Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into 
service for three years. It participated in the 
battles of SliiU)h and Metamora. the siege of 
Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, 
and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of 
Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From 
June, 1864. to March, 1866, it was stationed in 
Texas, and wiis mustered out at Brownsville, in 
tliat State. March 15. 1866. having served four 
years and seven months. It was discharged, at 
Springfield. May 13. 1866. 

Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice at Springfield. August 19. 1801, an<l was 
engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the 
sieges of Corinth. Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



555 



companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, 
and were there captured by General Van Dorn, 
in December, IHIJi, but were exchanged, six 
months later. In January, 1864, the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to 
November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was 
mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 
1865, and received final discharge on November 38. 

Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field, August 28, 1801 ; was engaged at Belmont, 
Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan 
Station, Raymond, Cliampion Hills, the sieges of 
Vicksbvirg and Jackson, Big Shantj', Atlanta, 
Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangebm-g, Columbia, 
Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 
17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge 
at Springfield, July 27, 1865. 

Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, 
and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 
1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, 
Philoh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- 
burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and 
Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to 
the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- 
mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and 
Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- 
enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was 
mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and 
finall}' discliarged at Springfield, July 23. 

Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at 
Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 
1861. By special autliority from the War Depart- 
ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of 
infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was 
engaged at Fort Donelson, Sliiloh, in the sieges 
of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of 
La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- 
burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, 
AUatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and 
Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was 
ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out 
there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at 
Springfield. 

Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- 
tered into service at Springfield in September, 
1861: was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port 
Gib.son. Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the 
assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, 
Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against 
Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, 
Jan. 1, 1864; was mustered out, at the same point, 
Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- 



field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- 
ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 
2,000. 

Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, 
Corintli, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- 
saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, and. after participating in the "March 
to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took jiart 
in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender 
of Johnston, the regiment went with Slierman's 
Army to Washington, D. C, and took jiart in the 
grand review, May 24, 1865; left Washington, 
June 13, and arrived at Louisville, Kj'., June 18, 
where it was mustered out, on July 12; was dis- 
charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. 

Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- 
catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to 
the President, being accepted by the Secretary of 
War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- 
ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and 
mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It 
was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of 
Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- 
ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and 
Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at 
Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having 
marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat 
tran.sportatiou) 3,056 miles. 

Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mu.stered into 
service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. 
Tlie regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 
oflicers and enlisted men, and had two companies 
of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and 
men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, 
Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege 
of Chattanooga. Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face 
Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- 
boro, Franklin and Nasliville. Clustered out, 
Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 
27, having marched and been transported, during 
its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. 

Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known 
as "Fremont Rifies" ; organized in August, 1861, 
and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- 
ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- 
cago Board of Trade. It participated in the 
battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and 
Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in tlie 
battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In 
October, 1863, it was ordered to the defen.se of the 
frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 



55f; 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



veterans in February, 18G4: took part in tlie 
siege and storming of Fort Blakely and tlie cap- 
ture of Mobile; from July, IHG.j, to May, 1806, 
was again on dut}' in Texas ; was mustered out 
at Houston. May 15, 1806, and finally discharged 
at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 
17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by 
marching. 

TniitTY-ElGHTH Infantky. Organized at 
Springfield, in September, 1861. Tlie regiment 
was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, 
Perryville, Knob Gap. Stone River. Liberty Gap. 
Chickumauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; 
re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from 
June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- 
ana and Texas; was mastered out at Victoria, 
Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge 
at Si)ringfield. 

TmuTY-NiNTH Inf.\ntry. The organization of 
this Regiment was commenced as soon as the 
news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- 
cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its 
contemplated field olfieers, and labored zealously 
to get it accepted under the first call for troops, 
but did not accomplish his object. The regiment 
had already a.ssiimed the name of the "Yates 
Phalan.x" in honor of Governor Yates. It was 
accepted by the AVar Department on the day 
succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 
1861), and Austin Liglit. of Chicago, was appointed 
Colonel. Under his direction the organization was 
completed, and the regiment left Camp JIather, 
Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- 
ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern 
Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, 
Drury's BlufT. and in numerous engagements 
before Petersburg and Richmond, including the 
capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee"s 
surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the 
regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, 
S. C, in September, 1863. It was mustered out 
at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- 
charge at Chicago, Decemlier 16. 

Fortieth Iniwxtry. Enlisted from the coun- 
ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, 
Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered 
into service for three ye;irs at Springfield, 
August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in 
the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss), in the 
siege of Vicksburg. at Missionary Ridge, New 
Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- 
woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C), 
and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at 



Scottsboro, Ala.. Jan. 1, 1804, and was mustered 
out at Louisville, July 24, 1805, receiving final 
discharge at Springfield. 

FoRTY-FiKST I.NF-\NTKY. Organized at Decatur 
during July and August, 1801, and was mustered 
into service. August 5. It was engaged at Fort 
Donelson. Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second 
battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and 
Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, 
Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- 
pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, 
as veterans. March IT. 1S64. at Vicksburg. and 
was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, 
Jan. 4, 1865. forming Companies G and H. 

Forty-second Infaxtry*. Organized at Chi- 
cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, 
tlie siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, 
Columbia (Tenn. ). was besieged at Nashville, 
engaged at Stone River, in the Tullahoma cam- 
paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge. Rocky 
Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope 
Church, Pine and Kenesaw Slountains, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta. Jonesboro. Lovejoy Station, 
Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. .It re- 
enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed 
in Texas from July to December, 1805; was mus- 
tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 
1805, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 
12. 1866. 

Forty-thiki) Infantry*. Organized at Spring- 
field in September, 1861. and mustered into 
service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in 
the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloli and in the 
campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and 
Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock. 
Nov. 30, 1865. and returned to Sjiringfield for 
final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. 

FoRTY'-FOfHTH INFANTRY. Organized in Au- 
gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, 
Sept. 13, 1801; was engaged at Pea Ridge, 
Perryville, Stone River. Hoover's Gap. Slielby- 
villo, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary 
Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- 
saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie 
River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. 
From June to September, 1865, it was stationed 
in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at 
Port Lavaca, Sejit. '25. 1805. and received final 
discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. 

Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called 
the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was 
organized at Galena, July 23, 1861. and inn?tered 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



557 



into service at Cliicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was 
engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, tlie siege of 
Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against 
Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- 
paign, the "March to the Sea," and the advance 
through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- 
ized in January, 1864; -svas mustered out of serv- 
ice at Louisville, Ky., July 13, 1865, and arrived 
in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- 
charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 
miles. 

Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of 
Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- 
panies of the regiment were captured), in the 
reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, 
and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in 
as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 

1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- 
ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 

1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- 
charged at Springfield. 

Forty-seventh Infantry. Organized and 
mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 
16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- 
dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; 
also participated in the battles of Farmington, 
luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture 
of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red 
River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, 
and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was 
ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- 
pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, 
took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and 
the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 
21, 1866. at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- 
field, where it received final pay and discharge. 
Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- 
list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. 

Forty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field, September, 1861, and participated in battles 
and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg 
(first expedition against), Missionary Ridge, as 
■well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March 
to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- 
tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., 
and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, 
arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched 
was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- 
road, 3.450~total, 11,450. 

Forty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field, 111., Dec. 31. 1861; was engaged at Fort 



Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in 
the campaign against Sleridian and in the Red 
River expedition, being in the battle of .Pleasant 
Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three-fourths of the regiment 
re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, 
returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- 
veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The 
regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, 
and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, 
Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, 
for final payment and discharge. 

Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Quincy. in 
August, 1801, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 
1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the 
siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, 
AUatoona and Benton ville, besides man}- minor 
engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 
17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864. was 
mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and 
reached Springfield, the following day, for final 
pay and discharge. 

Fifty-first Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New JIadrid, 
Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, 
Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
Slountain. Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- 
boro. Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The 
regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 
1864; from July to September, 1865, was on duty 
in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 18(i5, at 
Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., 
Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. 

Fifty-second Infantry'. Organized at Ge- 
neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- 
ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the 
following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, 
Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka. Town 
Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, 
Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, 
Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro 
and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864; 
was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, 
and received final payment and discharge at 
Springfield, July 12. 

Fifty-third Infantry. Organized at Ottawa 
in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, 
Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It 
took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged 
at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the 
Jleridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of 
Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of 
Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, 
including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- 
ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 



558 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



July 22, 1865, and received final discharge, at 
Chicago, July 28. It marched 2,855 miles, and 
was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. 
Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi- 
ment during its term of service. 

Fifty-fourth Ixf.\.ntky. Organized at Anna, 
in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky 
Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 
18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment 
can be given, owing to the loss of its official 
records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- 
see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- 
ively. Three- fourths of the men re-enli.sted as 
veterans, in January, 1804. Six companies were 
captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 
1864, and were exchanged, the following De- 
cember. The regiment was mustered out at 
Little Rock. Oct. 15, 1865; arrived at Springfield, 
Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- 
zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 
71 commissioned officers. 

Fifty-fifth Isfa.ntry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, and mustered into service. Oct. 31, 1861. 
The regiment originally formed a part of the 
"Douglas Brigade." being chiefly recruited from 
the young farmers of Fulton, JIcDonough, 
Grundy, La Salle. De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago 
Counties. It particijiated in the battles of Shiluli 
and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie cani])aign ; 
in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkan.sas 
Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ; 
was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the 
battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In 
all, it was engaged in thirty-one battles, and was 
128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled 
amounted to 11,965, of which 3,240 miles were 
actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while 
at Larkinsville, Tenn. , was mustered out at Little 
Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge 
at Chicago, the .same month. 

Fifty-sixth Infantry. Organized with com- 
panies principally enlisted from the counties of 
Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, Wliite, Hamilton, 
Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp 
Matlier, near Sliawneetown. The regiment par- 
ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of 
Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of 
Vicksburg — being engaged at Champion Hills, 
and in numerous assaults; also took part in the 
battles of Missionary Ridge and Rcsaca, and in 
the campaign in the Carolinas, including the 
battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the 
regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, 
March 31, 1805. It was mustered out in Arkan- 
sas, August 12, 1865. 



Fifty-sevf.nth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the 
battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of 
Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was 
also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and 
AUatoona; participated in the investment and 
capture of Savannah, and the campaign through 
the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- 
ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 
1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, 
July 14. 

Fifty-eighth Infantry. Recruited at Chi- 
cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of 
Fort Donelson and Sbiloli, a large number of the 
regiment being captured during the latter engage- 
ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part 
in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, 
after whicli detachments were sent to Springfield 
for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. 
Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged 
in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cara- 
jiaign, the taking of Fort de Russe}-, and in many 
minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out 
at Jlontgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered 
to Springfield for final payment and discharge. 

Fifty-ninth Infantry. Originally known as 
the Ninth Missouri Infantry, altliough wholly 
recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. 
Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to 
the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of 
tlie War Department. It was engaged at Pea 
Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington. 
took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap 
and Murfreesboro, in the TuUahoma campaign 
and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of 
Missionary Ridge, Resaca. Adairsville, Kingston, 
Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top. Kenesaw Mount:iin, 
Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and 
Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the 
regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, 
where it was mustered out, December, 1865, 
receiving its final discharge at Springfield. 

SiXTiF.TH Infantry. Organized at Anna, III., 
Feb. IT, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth 
and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in 
January, 1864; participated in the battles of 
Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold. Dalton. Resjica, 
Rome. Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw 
Mountain. Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was 
mu.stered out at Louisville. July 31, 1865, and 
received final discharge at Springfield. 

Sixty-first Infantry-. Organized at Carroll- 
ton, 111., three full companies being mustered 



li 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



559 



in, Feb. 5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, 
being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- 
racks, Mo., where a sufficient number of recruits 
joined to make nine full companies. The regiment 
was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part 
in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- 
ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle 
of Wilkinson's Pike (near Jlurfreesboro), and 
other engagements near that point ; was mustered 
out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8. 186.5, and paid 
oflf and discharged at Springfield, Septem- 
ber 27. 

SiXTT-SECOND Infantry. Organized at Anna, 
111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several 
skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 
men, who were captured and paroled at Holly 
Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, 
where the regimental records were destroj'ed. 
The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation 
of Little Rock; re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 
1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6, 
1866. and ordered to Springfield for final payment 
and discharge. 

Sixty-third Inf.^ntry. Organized at Anna, 
in December, 1861, and mustered into service, 
April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- 
ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond 
Hill, La. , and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. 
On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. 
It took part in the capture of Savannah and in 
Sherman's march through the Carolinas, i^artici- 
pating in its important battles and skirmishes; 
was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, 
reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance 
traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on 
the march. 

Sixty-fourth Inf.\ntry. Organized at Spring- 
field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of 
Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was 
mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was 
engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, 
Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, 
Resaca, Dallas. Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the 
siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and 
the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, 
in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, 
July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, 
July 18. 

Sixty-fifth Infantry. Originally known as 
the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- 
cago, and mustered in. May 1, 1862. It was cap- 
tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered 
to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took 
part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- 
listed as veterans in March, 1864, and participated 



in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the 
Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia 
(Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later near 
Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C. , being mus- 
tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- 
ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. 

Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton 
Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September 
and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment 
of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- 
souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and 
Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was 
engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second 
battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the 
"March to the Sea" and the campaign through 
the Carolinas. The regiment was variously 
known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers, 
Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- 
sixth Illinois Infantr}'. The latter (and final) 
name was conferred by the Secretary of War, 
Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran 
service), in December, 1803, was mustered out at 
Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and 
discharged at Springfield, July 15. 

Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in 
response to an urgent call for the defense of 
Washington. The Sixty -seventh, by doing guard 
duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, 
relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. 

Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response 
to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- 
mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three 
months as State Jlilitia, and was mustered in 
earl}' in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered 
into the United States service as Illinois Volun- 
teers, by petition of the men, and received 
marching orders, Julj' 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at 
Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862 — many of the men re- 
enlisting in other regiments. 

Sixty-ninth Inf.antry. Organized at Camp 
Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for 
three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on 
duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and 
rebel prisoners. 

Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 
1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard 
duty. Its term of service was three months. 

Seventy- first Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. 
Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- 
nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi- 
cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 



560 



IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Sevextt-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, as the First Regiment of the C'liicago Board 
of Trade, and mustered into service for three 
years, August 23, 1802. It was engaged at Cham- 
pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- 
ville. Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, mastered 
out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and 
discharged at Chicago. 

Sevexty-tuiud Infantry. Recruited from 
tlie counties of Adams, Champaign. Cliristian, 
Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike. Sanga- 
mon. Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into 
service at Springfield. August 21, 18G2, ilOO sti'ong. 
rt participated in the battles of Stone River, 
Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and 
Lost Mountains. New Hope Churcli. Kenesaw 
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill. Frank- 
lin and Nashville : was mastered out at Nashville. 
June 12, 18C5, and, a few days later, .ent to 
Springfield to receive pay and final disc-harge. 

Seventy-kourtu Infantry. Organized at 
Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into 
service September 4. It was recruited from Win- 
nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- 
ment was engaged at Perryville. Murfreesboro 
and Nolansville. took i)art in the Tullahonia 
campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
Resiica, Adairsville, Dallas. Kenesaw Mountain. 
Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of 
Atlanta, and the battles of Kjjring Hill, Franklin 
and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, 
June 10. 186"). with :M3 officers and men, the 
aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. 

Seventy-fifth Infantry. Organized at 
Dixon, and mustered into service. Sept. 2. 1862. 
The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- 
ville. Nolansville, Stone River. Lookout Mountain, 
Dalton. Resaca. Marietta. Kenesaw. Franklin and 
Nasliville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 
12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 
1, following. 

Seventy-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- 
kakee, III., in August, 1862, and mustered into the 
service, August 22, 1862 ; took part in the siege of 
Vicksburg. the engagement at Jackson, the cam- 
paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo 
City, and tlie capture of Jlobile. was ordered to 
Texas in June. 1865, and mustered out at Galves- 
ton, July 22, 1865. lieing paid off and disbanded 
at Chicago, August 4, 1805 — having traveled 
10,000 miles. 

Seventy-seventh Infantry. Organized and 
mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; 
was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, 



Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including 
the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of 
Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- 
tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill ; the 
reduction of Forts Gaines and Jlorgan, and the 
capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. 
It was mastered out of service at Mobile. July 
10, 1865. and ordered to Springfield for final jay- 
nient and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, 
having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. 

Seventy-eighth Infantry. Organized at 
(^iiincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; 
participated in the battles of Chickamauga, ilis- 
sionaiy Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and 
Beutonville; was mastered out, June 7, 1805, and 
sent to Chicago, wliere it was jjaid off and dis- 
cliarged, June 12, 1865. 

Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- 
toon, in August, 1862, anil mastered into service, 
August 28. 1862; participated in the battles of 
Stone River, Libert}' Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- 
sionary Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- 
.saw Mountain, Dallas. Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville: was 
mustered out. June 12, 1805; arrived at Camp 
Butler, June 15, and, on June 23, received final 
pay and discharge. 

Ekjhtietii Infantry-. Organized at Centralia, 
111., in August. 1802, and mustered into service, 
August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, 
Dug"s Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, 
surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After 
being exchanged, it participated in the battles of 
Wauhatcliie, Missionary Riilge, Dalton, Resaca, 
Adairsville, Cassville. DalUvs. Pine ^lountain, 
Kene.saw Mountain. Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro. Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
ville. Tlie regiment traveled 6.000 miles and 
jiarticipateil in more than twenty engagements. 
It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1805, and 
proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and 
discharge. 

Eighty-first Infantry. Recruited from the 
counties of Perr_v, Franklin, AVilliaiiison, Jack- 
son, Union. Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered 
into service at Anna. August 20. 1862. It partici- 
pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, 
Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and 
in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, 
the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, 
Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides 
assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was 
mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



561 



Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called 
the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- 
onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for 
merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois 
Infantry — being chiefly composed of German 
members of Chica,go. It was organized at Spring- 
field, Sept. 26, 1863, and mustered into service, 
Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of 
Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- 
chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Moimtain, 
Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was 
mustered out of service, June 9, 186.'5, and 
returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, 
during its time of .service, 2,-503 miles. 

Eighty-third Inf.^^'try. Organized at Mon- 
mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- 
ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the 
rebel attack on Fort DoneLson, and in numerous 
hard-fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was 
chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy 
guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- 
cation. The regiment was mu.stered out at Nash- 
ville, June 26, 186.5, and finally paid off and 
discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. 

Eighty-fourth Inf.\.ntry. Organized at 
Quincy, in August, 1863, and mustered into serv- 
ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. Tlie 
regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its 
battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, 
Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, 
Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's 
Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- 
tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered 
out, June 8, 1865. 

Eighty-fifth Ixf.\xtry. Organized at Peoria, 
about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It 
took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, 
Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face 
Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- 
tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered 
out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and 
sent to Springfield, where the regiment was 
paid oS and discharged on the 30th of the same 
month. 

Eighty-sixth Infantry*. Mustered into serv- 
ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it 
numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part 
in the battles of PerryviUe, Chickamauga, Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, 
Averj-sboro and Bentonville: was mustered out 
on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving 



on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten das's later, the 
men received their pay and final discharge. 

Eighty-seventh lNF.-i.NTRY. Enlisted in Au- 
gust, 1862; was composed of companies from 
Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; 
was organized in the latter part of August, 1862, 
at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the 
muster to take effect from August 2. It took 
part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and 
Jackson, and in the entire campaign through 
Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating 
in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- 
ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered 
out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, 
where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off 
and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. 

Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, in September, 1862, and known as the 
"Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was 
mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- 
ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, 
New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin 
and NashviUe; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, 
at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and 
discharge, June 22, 1865. 

Eighty-ninth Infantry*. Called the "Rail- 
road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad 
companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 
1862, and mustered into service on the 3Tth of 
that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- 
mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, 
Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- 
lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 
1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived 
at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- 
charged, June 24, after a service of two years, 
nine months and twenty -seven days. 

Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service 
at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862; participated in the siege 
of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, 
and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, 
Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw 
IMountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, RossweU, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After 
the review at Washington, the regiment was 
mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, 
June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. 

Ninety-first Infa.vtry. Organized at Camp 
Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and 



562 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the 
campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, 
and all along the southwestern frontier in 
Louisiana and Texas, .as well as in the investiture 
and capture of Mobile. It was mastered out at 
Mobile, July 12, ISG.j. starting for home the same 
da}-, and being finally paid off and discharged on 
July 28, following. 

NiXETY-SECOND IXF.^NTRY (Mounted). Organ- 
ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, 
being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- 
roll Counties. During its term of service, the 
Ninety-second was in more than sixty b;ittles and 
skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickainauga, 
and the numerous engagements on the "March 
to the Sea," and during tlie pursuit of Johnston 
through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at 
Concord, X. C, and paid and discharged from the 
service at Chicago, Jul}' 10, 186.5. 

NiXETY-THiRD lXF.\NTRY. Organized at Chi- 
cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 
13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements 
against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged 
at Chami)ion Hills and at Fort Fisher; also was 
engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, 
following Sherman in his campaign though the 
Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 
186.'5, and, on the 2.")tli, arrived at Cliicago, receiv- 
ing final payment and discharge. July 7. 186."), the 
regiment having marched 2. .5.54 miles, traveled 
by water. 2,296 miles, and. by railroad, 1,237 
miles — total, 6,087 miles. 

NiNETV-FouRTH IxF.vXTRY. Organized at 
Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly 
in McLean County. After some warm experi 
ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took 
part in the siege and captui'e of Vicksburg, and 
was. later, actively engaged in the campaigns in 
Louisiana anil Texas. It participated in the cap- 
ture of Mobile, leading the final a.s.sault. After 
several months of garrison duty, the regiment was 
mustered out at Cialveston, Texas, on July 17, 
1865, reaching Bloomington on .Xugnst 9. follow- 
ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 
miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by 
steamer, 6.000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- 
tles, sieges and skirmishes. 

XlXETY-FlFTlI Inf.\NTRY. Organized at Rock- 
ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4. lSf>2. It 
was recruited from the counties of McHenry and 
Boone — three companies from the latter and 
seven from the former. It took part in the cam- 
paigns in Xorthern Mi.s.si.s.sippi and against Vicks- 
burg. in the Red River expedition, the campaigns 



against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against 
Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles 
in which the regiment was engaged were those 
of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, 
Champion Hills. Fort de Rus-sey. Old River, 
Cloutierville, Mansura. Yellow Bayou. Guntown, 
Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely. Kene.saw 
Mountain, Chattahoochie River. Atlanta, Ezra 
Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, 
while in the service, was 9.960 miles. It w;is 
transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- 
try, Augu.st 2.5, 1865. 

Ninety-sixth Ixf.octry. Recruited during 
the months of July and August, 1862. and mus- 
tered into .service, as a regiment. Sept. 6, 1862. 
The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, 
Spring Hill. Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, 
Shelbyville. Chickamauga, AVauhatchie, Lookout 
Jlountain, Buzzard's Roost. Rocky Face Ridge, 
Resaca. Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, 
Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna 
Ciuup Ground, Peach Tree Creek, .\tlanta. Rough 
and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station. Frank- 
lin and Niishville. Its date of final pay and dis- 
charge was June 30, 1805. 

NiXETY'-SEVEXTH IxF.\XTRY. Organized in 
August and September, 1862, and mustered in on 
Sept. 16; participated in the battles of Chicka.saw 
Bluffs, Arkansas Post. Port Gibson, Champion 
HilLs, Black River, Vicksburg. Jackson and 
5Iobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out 
and jiroceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, 
August 10, after an absence of three years, less a 
few days. 

NiXETY-ElGHTii IxFAXTRY. Organized at Cen- 
tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3; 
took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- 
Minnville. Farmington and Selnia, besides many 
others of less note. It was mustered out. June 
27, 1865, the recruits being transferi'ed to tlie 
Sixty first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment 
arrived at Springfield. June 30. and received liual 
payment and discharge, July 7, 186.5. 

NiXETY-xiXTH IXF.VXTRY. Organized in Pike 
County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 
1862; participated in the following battles and 
skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville. Magnolia 
Hills. Raymond. Champion Hills. Black River. 
Vicksburg. Jackson. Fort Esperanza, Cirand 
Coteau. Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: 
days under fire. 62: miles traveled. 5.900; men 
killed in battle. 38; men died of wounds and 
disease. 149; men discharged for disability. 127; 
men deserted, 35; officers .killed in battle. 3; 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



563 



officers died, 3; officers resigned, 26. The regi- 
ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 
1865, and jjaid off and discharged, August 9, 
following. 

One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at 
Joliet, in August, 1863, and mustered in,. August 
30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will 
County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone 
River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and 
Nashville ; was mustered out of service, June 12, 
1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
June 15, where it received final payment and 
discharge. 

One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the 
month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 3, 1862, 
was mustered in. It participated in the battles 
of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New HojDe 
Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. 
On Deo. 20, 1862, five companies were captured 
at Holly Springs. Miss., paroled and sent to 
Jefferson Barracks, Mo. , and formally exchanged 
in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was 
mustered out, and started for Sjiringfield, where, 
on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. 

One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered 
in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, 
Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach 
Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of 
service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving 
at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14. received 
final payment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- 
cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered 
into the service, Oct. 3, 1862. It took part in 
the Grierson i-aid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- 
son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of 
Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- 
las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was 
also in the campaign through the Carolinas. 
The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, 
June 31, and received final discharge at Chi- 
cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of 
the regiment was 808, and 84 I'ecruits were 
enlisted. 

One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed 
almost entirely of La Salle County men. The 
regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- 
ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- 
ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy 
Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many 
severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- 



ton, D. C. , June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, 
received final discharge at Chicago. 

One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Dixon, and 
participated in the Atlanta campaign, being 
engaged at Resaca. Peach Tree Creek and 
Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; 
also took part in the "March to the Sea" and tlie 
campaign in the Carolinas, including tne siege of 
Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and 
Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- 
ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- 
charged at Chicago, June 17. 

One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, 
eight of the ten companies having been recruited 
in Logan County, the other two being from San- 
gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the 
defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C"' 
was captured and paroled, being exchanged in 
the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of 
Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of 
Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- 
formed service at various points in Arkansas. It 
was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, 
Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, 
where it received final payment and discharge 

One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service at Si^ringfield, Sept. 4, 1862; 
was composed of six companies from DeWitt and 
four comiianies from Piatt County. It was 
engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, 
Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, 
Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and 
Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, 
at Salisbury, N. C. , reaching Springfield, for 
final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. 

One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 
38, 1863 ; took part in the first expedition against 
Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post 
(Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion 
Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of 
Guntown, the I'eduction of Spanish Fort, and the 
capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- 
burg, August 5, 1865. and received final discharge 
at Chicago. August 11. 

One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- 
cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and 
mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing 
to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- 
solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 
1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) 

One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 



564 



IirSTOlJIfAL ENCYCLOPEDIA fiE TLLIXOIS. 



engaged at Stone Rirer. WooJImry, and in 
numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. 
In May, 18G3, the regiment was consolidated, its 
numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- 
quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- 
mauga and Mi.s.sionary Ridge, the battles around 
Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, 
being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- 
ment was mustered out at Washington. D. C, 
June 5, 186.J, and received final discharge at 
Chicago, June 15. The enli-sted men whose term 
of service liad not expired at date of muster-out, 
were consolidated into four companies and trans- 
ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer 
Infantry. 

One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- 
cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton 
and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- 
ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 18G2. The regiment aided 
in tlie capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the 
Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, 
Dallas, Kene.saw, Atlanta and Joncsboro ; partici- 
pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- 
paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles 
of Fort McAllister and Bentouville. It was mus- 
tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7. 180.^, 
receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 'J7, 
having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 wiis 
on the march. 

One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 
1862; participated in the campaign in Ea.st Ten- 
nessee, under Burnside, and in that against 
Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in 
the battles of Columbia. Franklin and Nashville, 
and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- 
ton. It w;is mustered t)ut at GoldslK)ro. N. C, 
June 20, 1865, and finally discliarged at Chicago, 
July 7, 1865. 
■ One Hundred and TiiiRXEEXTn Infantry-. 
Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, 
Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie 
expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- 
saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- 
ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in 
the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered 
out, June 20. 1865. and finally discharged at Chi- 
cago, five days later. 

One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. 
Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered 
in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from 
Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- 
ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), 
the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the 
battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit 



of Price tlirough Mis.souri, the battle of Nash- 
ville, and the ca]>ture of Mobile. It was mvi.stered 
out at Vicksburg. August 3. 1865, receiving final 
payment and discliarge at Springfield. August 15, 
1865. 

One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. 
Ordered' to tlie front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 
1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga. Chattanooga, 
Missionary Ridge. Tunnel Hill. Res;ica and in all 
tlie principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, 
and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of 
Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 
1865, and received final pay and discliarge, June 
23, 1865, at Springfield. 

One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. 
Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, 
numlx?ring !t80 officers and men when it started 
from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It 
participated in the battles of Cliickasaw Bayou, 
Arkan.'^is Post, Champion Hills, Black River 
Bridge. Mi.ssionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big 
Shanty, Keuesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, 
Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and 
was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, 
D. C. 

One Hundred and .Seventeenth Infantry-. 
Organized at Springfield, and mustered in. Sept. 
19, 18G2; jjarticijiated in the Meridian camjjaign, 
the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- 
ture of Fort de Rus.sey), and in the battles of 
Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, 
Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It 
was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, 
liaving traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were 
inarched. 

One Hundred and Eiohteentii Infantry. 
Organized and mustered into the service at 
Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862: was engaged at Chicka- 
.saw BlulTs. .\rkans;vs Post. Port Gibson, Cham- 
pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), 
Grand Coteau, Jackson ( La. ), and Amite River. 
The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and 
dismounted. May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was 
mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. 
At the ilate of the mu.ster-in, the regiment num- 
bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, 
making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- 
bered 523. Distance marclied, 2,000 miles; total 
distance traveled, 5,700 miles. 

One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. 
Organized at Quincy, in September. 1862, and 
was mustered into the United States service, 
October 10; was engaged in the Red River cam- 
])aign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow 
Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



565 



Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at 
Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at 
Springfield. 

One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. 
Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- 
field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received 
final payment and discharge, September 10, at 
Springfield. 

One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- 
try'. (The organization of this regiment was not 
completed. ) 

One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- 
try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, 
and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 
enlisted men. It participated in the battles of 
Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of 
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakel}-, and was mustered 
out, July 15, 186.5, at Mobile, and finally dis- 
charged at Springfield, August 4. 

One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- 
try*. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 
1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, 
Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took 
part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching 
as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it 
served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- 
see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the 
capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged 
at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose 
terms had not expired, being transferred to the 
Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. 

One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- 
try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at 
Springfield; took part in the Vicksburg campaign 
and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and 
Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the 
capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, 
eleven days less than three years after the first 
company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- 
ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel 
Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, 
stated that it had been borne 4,100 miles, in four- 
teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of 
forty -seven days and nights, and thirteen days 
and nights, respectively. 

One Hundred and Twenty'-fifth Infan- 
try. Mustered into service; Sept. 3, 1862 ; par- 
ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- 
mauga. Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Jlountain, 
Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in 
the "Mai-ch to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- 
paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- 
ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, 
June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. 



One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- 
try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 
1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. 
Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near 
Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in 
the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at 
Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 186.5. 

One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- 
try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 
1862; took part in the first campaign against 
Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, 
the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture 
of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary 
Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, 
and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- 
panied Sherman in his march through Georgia 
and the Carolinas, taking part in tlie battle of 
Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 
17, 1865. 

One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- 
try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained 
in service less than five months, wlien, its num- 
ber of officers and men having been reduced from 
860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of 
officers were dismissed, and the few remaining 
officers and men were formed into a detachment, 
and transferred to another Illinois regiment. 

One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- 
try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and 
mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 
1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- 
son duty. It marched with Sherman in the 
Atlanta campaign and tlirough Georgia and the 
Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, 
Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- 
ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- 
ca'-o, June 10, 1865. 

One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. 
Organized at Springfield and mustered into 
service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- 
son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- 
burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River 
expedition. While on this expedition almost the 
entire regiment was captured at the battle of 
Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of 
the war. The remaining officers and men were 
consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry 
in January, 1865, and participated in the capture 
of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- 
organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, 
was ordered. It was mustered out at New 
Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at 
Springfield, August 31. 



566 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOl'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



One Hundred and Thirty-first Infan- 
try. Organized in September, 1SG2, and mus- 
tered into the service, Nov. 13, with S15 men, 
exclusive of officers. In October, 1803, it was 
consolidated with the Twentj--nintli Infantrj-. 
and ceased to exist as a separate organization. 
Up to that time the regiment had been in but a 
few conflicts and in no pitched battle. 

One Hindred and Thirty-second Ixfan- 
TKY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 
100 days from Juue 1, 1SC4. The regiment re- 
mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration 
of its service, when it moved to Chiciigo, and 
was mustered out, Oct. 17, 18G4. 

One Hundred and TniRTY-TmRD Intan- 
TRY. Organizeil at Springfield, and mustered in 
for one hundred days. May 31, 1864; was engaged 
during its term of service in guarding prisoners 
of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 
4, 1804, at Camp Butler. 

One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Inf.\n- 
TKY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. 
May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was a.ssigned to 
garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mastered 
out of service, Oct. 23, 1864, at Chicago. 

One Hundred and Thirty'-fifth Infan- 
try. Mustered in for 100-days" service at Mat- 
toon, June 6, 1804, having a strength of 852 men. 
It was chiefly engageil, during its term of service, 
in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. 
It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1804. 

One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Inf.vn- 
TRY. Enlisted about the first of Jlay, 1864, for 
100 days, and went into camp at Centralia. 111., 
but was not mustered into service until June 1, 
following. Its principal ser\-ice was garrison 
duty, witli occasional scouts and raids amongst 
guerrillas. -Vt the end of its term of service the 
regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- 
tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- 
charged eight days later 

One Hundred and Thirty-seven-th Infan- 
try'. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John 
Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 
1864, for 100 days. "Was ou duty at Memphis, 
Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- 
field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. 

Onte Hundred and Thirty eighth Inf.^n- 
TRY Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, 
June 21, 1804, for 100 days; was lu-isigned to garri- 
son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in 
Western Mis.souri. It was mustered out of serv- 
ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14. 1864. 

One Hundred -vnd Thirty-ninth Infan- 
try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- 



ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1804; was engaged in 
garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making 
reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of 
the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The 
latter service was rendered, at the President's 
request, after the term of enlistment had expired. 
It wiis mastered out at Peoria, Oct. 2.5, 1S04, hav- 
ing been in the service nearly five months. 

One Hundred and Fouetieth Infantry. 
Organized as a lOO-daj-s" regiment, at Springfield, 
June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that 
date. The regiment was engaged in guarding 
railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs,and 
in garrison duty ut Memphis. After the term of 
enlistment liad expired and the regiment had 
been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of 
General Price through Missouri ; was finally dis- 
charged at Chicago, after serving about five 
months 

One Hundred and Forty-first Ixfajj- 
TRY. Mustered into service as a 100-days" regi- 
ment, at Elgin. June 10, 1804 — strength, 842 men; 
departed for the field, June 27, 1804; was mus- 
tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. 

One Hundred and Forty-second Inf.»j«- 
TRY. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of 
eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where 
two companies were added and the regiment 
mustered into service for 100 Jays, June 18. 1864. 
It wiis ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, 
and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven 
miles from that city, where it was employed in 
guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. 
It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1804, 
the men having voluntarilj- serred one month 
beyond their term of enlistment. 

One Hundred and Forty--third Infan- 
try". Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, 
June 11, 1804, for 100 days. It was assigned to 
garrison dut}', and mustered out at Mattoon, 
Sept. 26. 1864. 

One Hundred and Forty-foihith Infan- 
try'. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year 
regiment ; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, 
its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered 
out, July 14, 1805. 

One Hundred and Forty-fifth Inf.vn- 
TRY. Mustered info service at Springfield, June 
9, 1864; .strength, 880 men. It departed for the 
field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 
1864. 

One Hundred and Forty'-sixth Inf.v>'- 
TRY. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for 
one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding 
drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



567 



and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, 
July 5, 1865. 

One Hundred aa'd Forty-seventh Infan- 
try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into 
service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was 
engaged chiefly on guard or garrison dut}', in 
scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. 
Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 23, 1866, and 
received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. 

One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for 
the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison 
and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, 
at Nashville, Tenn; arrived at'Springfield, Sept. 
9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. 

One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, 
and mustered in for one year; was engaged in 
garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 
1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, 
where it received final payment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry'. 
Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 
1865, for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and 
Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning 
towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at 
Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it 
received final paj'ment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry. 
This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., 
and mustered into the United States service, 
Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies 
from various parts of the State, recruited, under 
the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in 
guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and 
was present at tlie suiTender of General War- 
ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out 
at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to 
Springfield, where it received final payment and 
discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. 

One Hundred and Fifty-second Infaj^- 
TRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, 
Feb. 18, 1865, for one year ; was mustered out of 
service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and 
arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it 
received final payment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-third Inf.\n- 
TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, 
Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in 
any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, 
and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, 
received final pay and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, 
for one year. Sept. IS, 1865, the regiment was 



mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to 
Springfield for final payment and discharge, 
where it arrived, Sept. 22 ; was paid oft and dis- 
cliarged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. 

One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in 
Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 
4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved 
to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and 
discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty'-sixth Infan- 
try. Organized and mustered in during the 
months of February and March, 1865, from the 
northern counties of the State, for the term of 
one year. The officers of the regiment have left 
no written record of its histoiy, but its service 
seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee 
in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and 
Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of 
the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear 
to have been greatly depleted by desertions and 
otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered 
out, Sept. 20, 1865. 

First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of 
seven companies. A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at 
Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United 
States service, July 3. After some service in 
Slissouri, the regiment participated in the battle 
of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, 
with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. 
The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not 
to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- 
change having been effected in November, the 
non-commissioned officers and privates were 
ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 
1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton 
Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in 
guarding supply trains and supply depots at 
various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- 
racks, July 14, 1862. 

Second Cavalry'. Organized at Springfield 
and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with 
Company M (which joined the regiment some 
months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- 
cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This nmuber was in- 
creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its 
four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 
enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It 
was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- 
ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, 
Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at 
Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, 
and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. 
In January, 1864, the major jjart of the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 



S68 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Red River expedition and the investment of Fort 
Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, 
Tex., Nov. 22, 18G.5, and finally paid and dis- 
charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 180G. 

Third Cav.vlry. Composed of twelve com- 
panies, from various localities in the State, the 
grand total of company officers and enlisted men, 
imder the first organization, being 1,433. It was 
organized at Springfield, in August, 18G1; partici- 
pated in the battles of Pea Ridge. Haines' Bluff, 
Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, 
Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. 
In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- 
enlisted as veterans. Tlie remainder were mus- 
tered out, Sept. o, 18C4. The veterans participated 
in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the 
battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, CampbelLs- 
ville and Franklin. From May to October, 180.), 
engaged in service against the Indians in the 
Northwest Tlie regiment was mustered out at 
Springfield, Oct. 18, 180.1. 

ForuTH Cav.vlry. Mustered into service, 
Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of 
Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Sbiloh; in the 
siege of Corintli, and in many engagements of 
less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield 
in November, 1H04. By order of the War Depart- 
ment, of .Tune 18, 180."), the members of the 
regiment wliose terms had not expired, were con- 
solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. 

Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, 
in November, 1861 ; took part in the Jleridian 
raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., 
and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- 
ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and 
other ix)ints. On Jan. 1, 1804, a large portion of 
the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final 
muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 186.1, and it re- 
ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. 

Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance 
upon Grenada; in the Grierson raid through Mis- 
sissi])pi and Louisiana, tlie siege of Port Hudson, 
the battles of Mo.scow (Tenn), We.st Point (Miss.), 
Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, 
March 30, 1804; wiis mustered out at .Seliiia, Ala., 
Nov. 5, ISO.'i, and received discharge, November 
20, at Springfield. 

Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It 
participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, 
Corinth (second battle); in Grierson's raid 
through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- 
gagement at Plain's Store (La.)., and the invest- 
ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 



officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The 
non- veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the 
entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- 
lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed 
in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part 
of October, 186.5 ; was mustered out at Nashville, 
and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 

isar,. 

Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 
111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1801. The regi- 
ment w;vs ordered to Virginia, and participated 
in the general advance on Manassas in March, 
1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' 
Hill, Malvern IliU, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- 
town, .Soutli Mountain, Antietam. Fredericks- 
burg, Sulpliur Springs, AVarrenton, Rapidan 
Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, AN'illiams- 
burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Che.ster Gap 
Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in 
many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered 
out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 
186.'>, and ordered to Chicago, where it received 
final payment and discharge. 

Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in 
the autumn of 1861, and mastered in, November 
30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wjatt, 
.Saulshury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc. Tupelo, 
Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- 
burg, Campellsville. Franklin and Nashville. 
The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 
1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., 
Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where 
the men received final payment and discharge. 

Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in 
the latter pail of September, 1861, and mustered 
into service, Nov. 'i'>, 1861; was engaged at Prairie 
Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the 
Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La), 
Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche 
and Little Rock. In February, 18G4,_a large 
portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
ans, the non-veterans accompanying General 
Banks in Iiis Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 
186.'), the veterans, and recruits were consolidated 
with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized 
under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran 
Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at 
San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1,80.5, and received 
final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. 

Ele\-esth Cavalry. Robert G. IngersoU of 
Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, 
obtained permission to raise a regiment of 
cavalrj-, and recruiting commenced in October, 
1861. The regiment was recruited from the 
counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, 



v^ 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



569 



Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; 
was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 
1861, and was first under tire at Shiloh. It also 
took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and 
in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), 
luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- 
pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's 
Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in 
numerous less important raids and skirmishes. 
Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in 
December, 1863 ; tlie non- veterans being mus- 
tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The 
veterans were mustered out at the same place, 
Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, 
October 20. 

Twelfth Cav.\lry. Organized at Springfield, 
in February, 1862, and remained there guarding 
rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was 
mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was 
engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling 
Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 
26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service 
and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. 
Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River 
expedition and in Davidson's expedition against 
Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry 
was consolidated into an eight-company organi- 
zation, and the Fom'th Cavalry, having previously 
been consolidated into a battalion of five com- 
panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The 
consolidated regiment was mustered out at 
Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, 
received final pay and discharge at Springfield. 

Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, 
in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from 
Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and 
was engaged in the following battles and skir- 
mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's 
Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp 
Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van 
Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, 
White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near 
Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's 
Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little 
Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- 
phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du 
Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, 
Mount Elba. Douglas Landing and Monticello. 
The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, 
and received final pay and discharge at Spring- 
field, Sept. 13. 1865. 

Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service 
at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- 
ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap. in the 
defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- 



street, in the engagements at Bean Station and 
Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry 
battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- 
eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth 
cut its way out. On their retreat the men were 
betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut 
up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by 
soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged 
at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and 
Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, 
Jul}' 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, 
exclusive of duty done by detachments. 

Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies 
originally independent, attached to infantry regi- 
ments and acting as such; participated in the 
battles of Foi't Dohelson and Shiloh, and in the 
siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- 
ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and 
thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and 
post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, 
August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of 
service had not expired) being consolidated with 
the Tenth Cavalry. 

Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally 
of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's 
Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the 
war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The 
former served as General Sherman's body-guard 
for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a 
Major and authorized to raise a battalion,, the 
two conipanies named thenceforth being known 
as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, 
the War Department authorized the extension of 
the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of 
June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- 
pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- 
paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the 
defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- 
and Gap, and one battalion being captured by 
Longstreet. The regiment also participated in 
the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's 
Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, 
Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines 
Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived 
in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment 
and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles 
and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- 
ous skirnrishes. 

Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- 
ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the 
repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was 
engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine 
Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison 
duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 



570 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



out in November aud December, 1805, at Leaven- 
worth, Elan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who liaJ 
previously been a Captain and Major of the 
Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of tliis regi- 
ment. 

First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten 
batteries. Battery A was organized under the 
first call for State troops, April 21, 18«1, but not 
mustered into tlie three years' service until July 
16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Sliiloh, 
■Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of 
Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- 
paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and 
Xa.shville, and mustered out July 3. 18G.5, at 
Chicago. 

Battery B was organized in April, 1801. en- 
gaged at Belmont. Fort Donelson. Shiloh. in the 
siege of Corinth and at La (irange, Holly Springs, 
Memphis, Chicka.saw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the 
siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond 
(La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of 
Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- 
solidation with Batterj' A, and mustered out at 
Chicago, July 2, IHO.i. 

Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 18G1 ; 
was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, 
and mustered out, July 2S, ISO."), at Cliicago. 

Batter}' E was organized at Camp Douglas aud 
mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861; was engaged 
et Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- 
town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- 
tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1804. 

Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- 
tered in at Springfield, Feb. 2.5, 1802. It took 
part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona 
expedition, and was consolidated with the other 
batteries in the regiment, March 7, 180.5. 

Battery G was organizeil at Cairo and mus- 
tered in Sept. 28, 1801 ; was engaged in the siege 
and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered 
out at Springfield, July 24, 1805. 

Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, 
during January and February, 1.^02; i)arti('ipated 
in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg. and 
in the Atlanta campaign, the '"March to the 
Sea," and through the Caroliuas with Sherman. 

Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and 
mustered in, Feb. 10, 1802; wiis engaged at 
Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of 
Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of 
Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, 
March 17, 1804, and was mustered out, July 20, 
1805. 

Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and 
iuustered in, Jan. 9. 1802. participated in Burn- 



side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture 
of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered 
out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- 
man ider at Chicago in July. 

Biittery M was organized at Camp Douglas and 
mustered into the service, August 12, 1802, for 
three years. It .served through the Chickaraauga 
campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also 
was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged 
at Chattanooga, and took pdrt in all the impor- 
tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was 
mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1804, having 
traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. 

Second Light Artillery. Consi-sted of nine 
batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, 
and mustered into service. May '23, 1801 ; .served 
in Mis.souri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work 
at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at 
Springfield, July 27, 1865. 

Batter)- D was organized at Cairo, and mustered 
into service in December, 1861; was engaged at 
Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, 
Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at 
Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. 

Battery E w;is organized at St. Louis, Mo., in 
Augu.st. 1801, and mustered into service. August 
20. at that jioint. It was engaged at Fort Donel- 
son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and 
the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with 
Battery A. 

Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, 
Mo., and mustered in. Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged 
at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of 
Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also 
at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was 
mustered out. July 27, 1865. at Springfield. 

Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- 
ceraljer, 1801, and mustered in. Dec. 31, 1801; was 
engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of 
Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was 
mounted as cavalry the following summer, and 
mustered out at Springfield. July 29, 1805. 

Battery I was recruited in Will County, and 
niu.stered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 
1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 
10. in the advance upon Cornith, and in the 
battles of Perry ville, Chickamauga, Lookout 
Jlountain, Mis.sionary Ridge and Chattanooga. 
It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- 
man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and 
through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at 
Springfield. 

Battery K was organized at Springfield and 
mustered in Dec. 31. 1803; was engaged at Fort 
Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



571 



siege of Vioksburg. It was mustered out, July 
14, 1865, at Chicago. 

Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- 
tered in, Feb. 28, 1863; participated in the ad- 
vance on Corinth, tlie battle of Hatchie and the 
advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered 
out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. 

Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- 
tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged 
at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blouutsville and 
RogersviUe, being finally consolidated with 
other batteries of the regiment. 

Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- 
ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of 
Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, 
within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into 
service, August 1, 1863, was engaged at Law- 
renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- 
mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, 
Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus 
(Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 
1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 
5,368 miles and traveled by rail 1,331 miles. The 
battery was in eleven of the hardest battles 
fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor 
battles, being in action forty-two times while on 
scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. 

Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited 
and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- 
tile Association, an association of prominent and 
patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It 
was mustered into service, August 39, 1803, at 
Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie 
and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon 
Vicksbui'g, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege 
of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, 
Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson 
(Miss. ) ; also took part in Banks' Red River ex- 
pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and 
received final payment, July 10, 1865, having 
traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 
miles. 

Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited 
principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- 
ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at 
Springfield, for the term of three years, August 
31, 1863, numbering 199 men and oflScers. It 
participated in the capture of Little Rock and in 
the Red River expedition, and was mustered out 
at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. 

Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. 
Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in, Nov. 
11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third 
Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- 
ing the regiment. It participated in the 



advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of 
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The 
regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 
14, 1865, having served three years and nine 
months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- 
pated in seven sieges and battles. 

Stubges Rifles. An independent company, 
organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- 
sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic 
generosity of Jlr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered 
into service. May 0, 1861 ; in June following, was 
ordered to West Virginia, serving as bodj'- 
guard of General McClellan; was engaged at 
Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in 
the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A 
portion of the company was at Antietam, the 
remainder having been detached as foragers, 
scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, 
Nov. 35, 1863. 

WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The 
oppressions and misrule wliich had cliaracter- 
ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish 
Government and its agents for generations, in the 
Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in 
mutual declarations of war between Spain and 
the United States. The causes leading up to this 
result were tlie injurious effects upon American 
commerce and the interests of American citizens 
owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant 
expense imposed upon the Government of the 
United States in the maintenance of a large navy 
along tlie South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- 
bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest 
produced among the people of this country by the 
long continuance of disorders and abuses so near 
to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy 
and indignation of the entire civilized world. 
For three years a large proportion of the Cuban 
population liad been in open rebellion against the 
Spanish Government, and, while the latter had 
imported a large arm}' to the island and sub- 
jected the insurgents and their families and 
sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even 
excepting torture and starvation itself, their 
policy had failed to bring the insurgents into 
subjection or to restore order. In this condition 
of affairs the United States Government had 
endeavored, throvigh negotiation, to secure a miti- 
gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- 
tion of the Spanish policy of government in the 
island ; but all suggestions in this direction liad 
either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable 
interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, 
when made, had been as invariably broken. 



572 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



In the meantime an increasing sentiment had 
been growing up in the United States in favor of 
conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- 
gents, or the recognition of their independence, 
which found expression in iiietisures proposed in 
Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by 
the United States having been rejected by Spain 
with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at 
last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- 
rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 
1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to 
the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty 
to the insurgents on laying down their arms. 
The long duration of the war and the outrages 
perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados,"' 
coupled with the increased confidence of the 
insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, 
rendered this movement — even if intended to be 
carried out to the letter — of no avail. The 
proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. 

In this condition of affairs and with a view to 
greater security for American interests, the 
American battleship Maine was ordered to 
Havana, on Jan. 24. 1S98. It arrived in Havana 
Harbor the following ilay, and w;is anchored at a 
point designated by the S|)aiii.'5h commander. On 
the night of February 15, following, it was blown 
up and destro}-ed by some force, as shown by after 
investigation, applied from without. Of a crew 
of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 
266 were either killed outriglit by the explosion, 
or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- 
can people, but the entire civilized worlil, was 
shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible 
treachery had been perpetr!fted against an 
American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- 
sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- 
tion. 

The successive steps leading to actual hostili- 
ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest 
and most significant of these was the passage, by 
a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on 
JIarch 9, of an appropriation placing §.50,000,000 
in the liands of the President as an emergency 
fund for purposes of national defense. This was 
followed, two days later, by an order for the 
mobilization of the army. The more important 
events following this step were: An order, under 
date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls 
from Spanish stations; the departure, on April 9, 
of Consul-fleneral Fitzhugh Lee from Havana ; 
April 19. the adoption by Congress of concurrent 
resolutions declaring Cuba independent and 
directing the Presiilent to use the land and naval 
forces of the United States to put an end to 



Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the 
sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- 
dent, of an iiltiniatum in accordance with this 
act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, 
at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for 
the presentation of the ultimatum, with the 
departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- 
ton; April 23, the issue of a call by the President 
for 125,000 voluuters; April 24, the final declara- 
tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by 
Congress of a resolution declaring that war had 
existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order 
to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic 
Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a 
view to investing that city and blockading 
Philippine ports. 

The chief events subsequent to the declaration 
of war embraced the following; May 1, the 
destruction by Admiral Dewey "s squadron of the 
Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, 
the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet 
at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by 
the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the 
attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its 
destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender 
of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; 
July 30, the statement by the President, through 
the French Ambassador at Wiishington, of the 
ternis on which the United States would consent 
to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace 
terms bj' Spain, followed, three days later, by the 
signing of the peace protocol; September 9. the 
aijpointment by the President of Peace Commis- 
sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, 
the announcement of the Peace Commissioners 
selected by Spain ; October 1, the beginning of the 
Peace Conference by the representatives of the 
two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on 
December 10, of the i)eace treaty, including the 
recognition bj- Spain of the freedom of Cuba, 
with the transfer to the United States of Porto 
Rico and her other West India islands, together 
with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- 
si<leration of §20,000,000. 

Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have 
such vast and far-reaching results been accom- 
plished within so short a period. The war, 
which practically beg-an with the destruction of 
the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event 
which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole 
American people, and won the respect and 
admiration of other nations — was practically 
ended by the surremler of Santiago and the 
declaration V)y the President of the conditions of 
peace just three months later. Succeeding 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



573 



events, up to the formal signing of the peace 
treaty, were merely tlie recoguitiou of results 
previously determined. 

History of Illinois Regiments. — The part 
played by Illinois in connection with these events 
may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- 
nois regiments and other organizations. Under 
the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- 
teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one 
of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which 
was subsequently added, on application through 
Oovernor Tanner, one battery of light artil- 
lery. The infantry regiments were made up 
of the Illinois National Guard, numbered 
consecutively from one to seven, and were 
practically mobilized at their home stations 
within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the 
call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near 
Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 36, 
the day after the issue of the Governor's call. 
The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for 
the promptness of their response and the com- 
pleteness of their organization — in tliis respect 
being unsurpassed by those of any other State. 
Under tlie call of May 25 for an additional force 
-of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was 
two regiments, which were promjitly furnished, 
taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The 
first of these belonged to the Illinois National 
Guard, as tlie regiments mustered in under the 
first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a 
number of "Provisional Regiments'" wliicli had 
tendered their services to the Government. Some 
twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or 
less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- 
zations should there be occasion for their serv- 
ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- 
zations at date of muster out from the United 
States service was 12,280 — 11,789 men and 491 
officers. 

First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- 
inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at 
Chicago, and mustered into the United States 
service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the 
command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; 
left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) 
May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Tliird 
Division, of the First Army Corps; started for 
Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival tliere 
was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to 
provost duty in place of the First United States 
Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment 
embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- 
bor at Key West imtil July 5, when the vessel ' 
sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guautanamo Bay 



on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on 
the lOtli, the whole regiment arrived on the 
firing line on tlie 11th, spent several days .and 
nights in the trenches before Santiago, and 
were present at the surrender of that city 
on the ITth. Two companies had jjreviously 
been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty 
of service in the fever hospitals and in caring 
for tlieir wounded comrades. The next month 
was spent on guard duty in the captured city, 
until August 25, wlien, depleted in numbers and 
weakene<l by fever, the bulk of the regiment was 
transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on 
Montauk Point, L. I. The members of tlie regi- 
ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 
8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they 
met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered 
out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — a 
considerable number of recruits having joined the 
regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record 
of the First was conspicuous by the fact tliat it 
was the onh' Illinois regiment to see service in 
Culia during the progress of actual hostilities. 
Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the 
regiment were detailed for engineering duty in 
Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and 
were among the first to perform service there. 
The First suffered severely from yellow fever 
wliile in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the 
service, made a brilliant record, which was highly 
complimented in the oflScial reports of its com- 
manding officers. 

Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- 
ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at 
Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at that time number- 
ing 1,202 men and 47 oflicers, under command of 
Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in 
between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started 
for Tampa, Fla. , but en route its destination was 
clianged to Jack.sonville, wliere. as a part of the 
Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. 
Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of 
Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred 
to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until 
December 8, when two battalions embarked for 
Havana, landing on the loth, being followed, a 
few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- 
tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 
11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of 
Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 
the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- 
ments for Augusta, Ga., whei-e it arrived April 
5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong 
(rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 



574 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing its otay in Cuba the regriment did not lose a 
man. A liistory of this I'eginient lias been 
written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. 

Third Regiment Illixois Voluxteek Ix- 
FAXTUY, composed ot companies of the Illinois 
National Guard from the counties of La Salle. 
Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, 
Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. 
Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 
men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mastered 
in ^lay 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to 
Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 
22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico; on the 28th 
sailed from Newport News, on the liner .St. Louis, 
an-iving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31; soon 
after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted 
in the capture of Guayama, which was the 
beginning of General Brooke's advance across 
the island to San Juan, when intelligence was 
received of the signing of the peace protocol by 
Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Tliird 
continued in the performance of guard tluty in 
Porto Rico ; on October 22, 98G men and 39 offi- 
cers took transport for hoiue by way of New York, 
arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several 
companies being mustered out ut their respective 
home stations. Its strength at final nuister-out 
was 1,273 men and oflicers. Tills regiment had 
the distinction of being one of the first to see 
service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from 
fever and other disea.ses during the three months 
of its stay in the island. 

Fourth Illixois Voluxteer Infantry, com- 
posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, 
Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, 
JelTerson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. CUiir 
counties; mustered into the service at Spring- 
field, 'May 20, under command of Col. Casimer 
Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but 
en route its destination was changed to Jackson- 
ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre 
as a part of the Seventh Cori)s under command of 
Gen, Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred 
to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward 
until a'lout the first of January, when the regi- 
ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment 
was stationed at Camp Columbia until .Vpril 4, 
1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was 
mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), ilay 
2, the companies returning to their respective 
home stations. During a part of its stay at 
Jacksonville, and again at Savannali, the regi- 
ment was employed on guard duty. While at 
Jacksonville Colonel .\ndel w.'is suspended by 
court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- 



tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben 
Swift, of the Ninth. 

Fifth Regimext Illixois Voluxteer Ix- 
F.\XTUY was the first regiment to report, and was 
miLstered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under 
command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally 
composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- 
tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, 
Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton 
counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp 
Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to 
the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left 
Chickamauga for Newport News, Ya., with the 
expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a 
previous order of July 26 to the same purport 
having been countermanded; at New]x>rt News 
embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the 
order was rescinded, and, after remaining on 
board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- 
barked. The next move was made to Lexington, 
Kj'., where the regiment — having lost hope of 
reaching "the front"— remained until Sept. 5, 
when it returned to Springfield for final muster- 
out. This regiment was composed of some of the 
best material in the State, and anxious for active 
service, but after a succession of disiippoint- 
ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- 
tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival 
at Si)ringfield the regiment was furloughed for 
thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, 
numbering 1.213 men and 47 officers. 

Sixth Reglment Illixois Yoluxteer Ix- 
F.\XTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the 
counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, 
Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren. Bureau, and 
Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under 
command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left 
Springfield for Camp Alger, Ya. ; July 5 the 
regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a 
part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole 
regiment was soon after united in General 
3Iiles" exiiedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, 
landing at Guanico on July 2"), and advancing 
into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. 
After several weeks' service in the interior, the 
regiment returned to Ponce, and on Septemlier 7 
took transport for the return home, arrived at 
Springfield a week later, and was mustered out 
November 2.5, the regiment at that time consist- 
ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. 

Seventh Illinois Volunteer Ixf.\xtry 
(known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two 
battalions of this regiment reixirted at Spring, 
field. .April 27. with 33 officers and 7Co enlisted 
men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



57 » 



mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- 
ice, under command of Col. MarciLs Kavanagh, 
May 18, 1898 ; on May 28 started for Camji Alger, 
Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare 
Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned 
to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, 
and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,200 
men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh 
saw no actual service in the field. 

Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (col- 
ored regiment), mustered into the service at 
Springfield imder the second call of the Presi- 
dent, July 23, 1898, being comijosed wholly of 
Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, 
with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the 
muster-roll sliowing 1,19.5 men and 76 officers. 
The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- 
cago, the other five being, respectively, from 
Blooinington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, 
Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The 
regiment having tendered their services to 
relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de 
Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by wa}- of 
New York; immediately on arrival at Santiago, 
a week later, was assigned to dut}', but subse- 
quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, 
Marshall was made military governor. The 
majqr part of the regiment remained here until 
ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at 
Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 
3, 1,326 strong, rank and file, having been in 
service nine months and six days. 

Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was 
organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, 
and mustered in at Springfield under the second 
call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- 
mand of Col. James E. Campbell; arrived at 
Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; 
two months later was transferred to Savannah, 
Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where 
it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to 
Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 
20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,09.5 men and 
46 officers. From Augusta tlie several companies 
returned to their resjiective home stations. Tlie 
Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from 
Illinois mustered into the service during the 
war, the other regiments all belonging to the 
National Guard. 

First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- 
cago immediately after the President's first call, 
seven companies being recruited from Chicago, 
two from Bloomington, and one each from 
Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in 
at Springfield. May 21. 1898, under command of 



Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp 
Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until 
August 24, when it returned to Fort Slieridan, 
near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 
11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- 
sisting of 1,1.58 men and 50 officers. Although 
the regiment saw no active service in the field, it 
established an excellent record for itself in respect 
to discipline. 

First Engineering Corps, consisting of 8* 
men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, 
were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- 
ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' 
expedition in the latter part of July, and being 
engaged for a time in the construction of bridges 
in aid of the intended advance across the island. 
On September 8 they embarked for the return 
home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and 
were mustered out November 30. 

Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was 
mustered in under a special order of the War 
Department, May 12, 1898, under command of 
Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; 
left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, 
and, two months later, joined in General Miles' 
Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanioo on 
August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua- 
yama on the 12th. News of peace having bepn 
received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where- 
it remained until September 7, when it started 
on the return home by way of New York, arrived 
at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for 
sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The 
Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- 
ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- 
lerists and prepared for effective service. 

Nav.\l Reserves. — One of the earliest steps 
taken by the Government after it became ap- 
parent that hostilities could not be averted, was 
to begin preparation for strengthening the naval 
arm of the ser%dce. The existence of the "Naval 
Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in 
an exceptionally favorable position for making a 
prompt response to the call of the Government, as 
well as furnisliing a superior class of men for 
service — a fact evidenced during the operations 
in the West Indies. Gen. Jolm McNulta, as head 
of the local committee, was active in calling the 
attention of the Navy Department to the value of 
the service to be rendered by this organization, 
which resulted in its being enlisted practically as 
a bod}', taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — 
all but eighty-eight of the number passing the 
physical examination, the places of these being 
promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 



576 



HLSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tachineiit of over 200 left Chicago May ~, under 
the c-oriiinanJ of Lieut. Com. John JI. Ilawley, 
followed .soon after \>y the reniaimler of the First 
Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- 
cago 400, with 207, constituting the Second Bat- 
talion, from other towns of the State. The latter 
was made up of 147 men from Molina, o8 from 
Quincy, and 63 from Alton — making a total from 
the State of 667. This does not include others, 
not belonging to this organization, wlio enlisted 
for service in the navy during the war, wliich 
raised the whole number for tlie State over 1,000. 
The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a 
different relation to the Government from tliat 
of the "naval militia" of other States, which 
retained their State organizations, while those 
from Illinois were regularly mustered into the 
United States service. The recruits from Illinois 
were embarked at Key AVest, Norfolk and New 
York, and distributed among fift}--two different 
vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging 
to the North Atlantic Sijuadron. Tliey saw serv- 
ice in nearly every department from tlie position 
of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the 
turrets of the big battleships, the largest number 
(60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- 
gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47; the 
Harvard with 2't; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; 
Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; 
Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; ^Vilmington and Lan- 
caster, 10 each, and others down to one eacli. 
Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- 
pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which 
resulted in the destruction of Cervera"s fleet off 
Santiago, as also in netvrly every other event in 
the West Indies of less importance, without the 
loss of a man while in the service, although 
among the most e.xposed. They were mustered 
out at different times, iis they could be spared 
from the service, or the vessels to which they 
were attached went out of commission, a portion 
serving out their full term of one year. The 
Reserves from Chicago retain their organization 
umler the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," 
with heacUiuarters in the Masonic Temple Build- 
ing, Cliicago. 

W.VRl), James H., ex-Congressman, was horn 
in Cliicago. Nov. 30, 1853. iiiid educiited in the 
Chicago public schools and at the University of 
Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1S73. 
Three yesirs later he graduated from the Union 
College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to 
the bar. Since then he has continued to practice 
his profession m his native city. In 1S70 he was 
elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, 



and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential 
Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same 
year, was the successful candidate of his party 
for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- 
ing one term. 

WI.VXKBAGO I.NDIAXS, a tribe of the Da- 
cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied 
a part of Northern lUinois. The word Winne- 
bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- 
goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" 
taking the place of the consonant "w," which is 
wanting in the Frencli alphabet. These were, 
in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin 
term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe 
applied to the Winnebagoes becau.se they had 
come from the western ocean — the salt (or 
"fetid") water. In their advance towards the 
East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country 
of tlie Illinois, but were finally driven north- 
ward by the Litter, who surpassed them in imm- 
bers rather tlian in bravery. Tlie invaders 
settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and 
here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers 
in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- 
iioiis.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- 
garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they 
claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by 
the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien 
(August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village 
located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near 
the mouth of the Pecatonica River. AVhile, as a 
rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to 
live in amity with the whites, it was carried 
away by the eloquence and diplomacy of 
Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet. '' 
General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- 
ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' 
which he attributees in part, however, to a super- 
stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or 
July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by 
the whites upon an unoffending and practically 
defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie 
du Cliion brought on what is known as the 
'Winnebago War." (See IViiuiebago ^\'ar.) 
The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, 
largely becau.se of the great influence and shrewd 
tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties 
executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded 
to the United States all their lands lying ejist of 
the Slississippi. They were finally removed west 
of that river, and, after many sliiftings of loca- 
tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in 
Eastern Nebrivska, where tlieir industry, thrift 
and peaceable <Iisposition elicited high praise 
from Government officials. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



577 



WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of 
Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 
23, 1843, and has lived all bis life in his native 
county — his present residence being Clinton. 
After a short course in Lombard University, 
while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- 
rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private 
soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in 
June, 1861, serving until July, 18G6, when he was 
mustered out with the rank of Captain and 
brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at 
Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of 
the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, 
when he was ordered North on account of dis- 
ability. His last service was in fighting Indians 
on the plains. After the war he completed his 
law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 
1868, when he entered into a law partnership 
with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as 
Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National 
Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, 
under the administrations of Governors Hamil- 
ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- 
nated and elected, as a Republican, to the 
Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, 
being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In 
the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- 
ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid 
Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on 
Revision of the Laws. 

WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles 
west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by 
north of Galena. The surrounding region is 
agricultural and stock-raising; there are also lead 
mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some 
extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, 
creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water 
supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas 
plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a 
high school, an academy and a public library. 
Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. 

WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in 
Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, 
worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office 
of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., 
side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the 
founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he 
became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" 
at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832. removed to 
Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the 
study of law, completing his course at Transyl- 
vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning 
practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of 



Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator 
from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby 
becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. 
Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren 
came to Quincy, Adams County, 111 , but soon 
after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, 
where he resided until 1839, when he returned to 
Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either 
alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- 
eral of the leading attorneys of that city. 
Although he held no office except that of Masier 
in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen 
j'ears, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of 
humor, with strong practical sense and decided 
ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity 
at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a 
recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic 
party, of which lie was a life-long member. He 
served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce 
ticket in 18.')2, and was the nominee of his party 
for the same position on one or two other occa- 
sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. 

WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was 
born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- 
er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 
1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, 
he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time 
on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. 
Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- 
souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- 
lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber 
company at Cairo, III, when the whole popula- 
tion of that place consisted of one family domi- 
ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, 
he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper 
in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois 
Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois 
Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given 
to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the 
contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery 
clause in the State Constitution soon brought it 
into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, 
Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- 
wood, Rev. Thomas Lipj)incott, Judge Wm. H. 
Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill 
and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" 
made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, 
which ended in defeat of the measure by the 
rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition 
for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left 
the Edwardsville paper in 182.5, and was, for a 
time, associated with "The National Crisis," an 
anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- 
turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon 
Spectator"— the first paper ever published at the 



678 



niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



prasent State capital. This he sold out in 1829, 
and, for the next three 3-ears. was connected 
with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- 
ald,"" at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, 
he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next 
five j'ears, he held the ollices of Clerk of the Cir- 
cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex- 
ofBcio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the 
publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The 
Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly)— whicli was 
continued a little more than a year, when it was 
abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry. 
Marshall County. His further newsjiaper ven- 
tures were, as tliea.ssociate of Zebina Ea.stnian. in 
the publication of "The Genius of Liberty,"" at 
Lowell, La Salle County, and "The AVestern 
Citizen" — afterwards "The Free "West""— in Chi- 
cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy. Ben- 
jamin.) On the discontinuance of '"Tlie Free 
West" in 18.')0, he again retired to his farm at 
Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. 
While returning home from a visit to Chicago, 
in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, 
dying there on the 22d of the month. 

WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- 
estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, 
graduated at Union College and was connected 
with tlie American Legation to Spain during the 
administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 
was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, 
in 1861 62, Mayor of St. Paul: in 1867, came to 
Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate 
business, he became known to the press as the 
author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of 
the Time."' In 1886 he took up his re.sidence in 
Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. 
Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of 
travel, of which "An Attache in Spain"' and 
"Para"" are most important. 

WARREN COrXTY. A western county, 
created by act of the Legislature, in 1825. but 
not fully organized until 1830, having at that time 
about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square 
miles, and was named for Gen. Josepli Warren. 
It is drained by the Henderson River and its 
affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago. Bur- 
lington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa 
Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- 
stone is quarried in large quantities The county "s 
early development was retarded in consequence 
of having become the "seat of war,"" during the 
Black Hawk War. The principal products are 
grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is 
carried on to some extent. The county-seat and 



chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville 
is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. 
(1890), 21.281; (1900), 23,163. 

WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County, 
on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles 
northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning 
factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. 
WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock 
County, and admirably situated for trade. It 
stands on a bluff on the Slississipjji River, some 
three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles 
above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the 
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 
miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort 
Edwards, established by Gen. Ziichary Taylor, 
during the War of 1812, was located within the 
limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the 
mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron 
foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory 
and cooperage works are its principal manufac- 
turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- 
sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers 
up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a 
system of common schools comprising one high 
and three grammar schools, a National bank and 
two weekl)' newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105; 
(1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. 

WASHBl'RX, a village of Woodford County, on 
a brani'li of tlie Chicago & Alton Railway 25 
miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a 
weekly iiajjer; the district is agricultural. Popu- 
lation (Isi)O), .598; (I'JOU), 703. 

WASHBURXE, Ellhu Beujamin, Congressman 
and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, 
Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a 
printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School 
and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming 
west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership 
with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of 
law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as 
such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- 
tinued to repre.sent his District until 1869, taking 
a prominent position, as a Republican, on tlie 
organization of that party. On account of his 
long service he was known as the "Father of the 
House, ■" administering the Speaker"s oath three 
times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. 
Blaine. He was apjiointed Secretary of State bj* 
General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his ])ort- 
folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- 
pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the 
only official representative of a foreign govern- 
ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of 
that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign 
of the "Commune."" For his conduct he was 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



579 



honored by the Governments of France and Ger- 
many alike. On his return to the United States, 
he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted 
his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and 
where he died, Oct. 83, 1887. He was strongly 
favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. 
WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, 
situated at the inter.sectiou of the Chicago & 
Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the 
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 31 
miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. 
Carriages, plows and farming implements con- 
stitute the manufactured output. It is also an 
important shipping-point for farm products. It 
has electric light and water-works plants, eight 
churches, a graded school, two banks and two 
newspapers. Pop. (1890), l,-::i01 ; (1900), 1,451. 

WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of 
Southern Illinois, east of St Louis : is drained by 
the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup 
and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and 
has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is 
diversified, well watered and timbered. The 
soil is of variable fertiUtj'. Corn, wheat and 
oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- 
facturing is carried on to some extent, among 
the products being agricultural implements, 
fiour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- 
tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- 
seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. 
Washington was one of the fifteen counties into 
which Illinois was divided at the organization of 
the State Government, being one of the last 
three created during the Territorial period — the 
other two being Franklin and Union. 

WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook 
County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railways, 13 miles southwest of Chicago ; 
has a graded school, female seminary, military 
school, a car factory, several churches and a 
newspaper. Annexed to Citj' of Chicago, 1890. 

WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles 
northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. 
WA.TERLOO, the county-.seat and chief town 
of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the 
Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south 
from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, 
but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace 
two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- 
ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. 
The city has municipal water and electric light 
plants, four churches, a graded school and two 
newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900) 2,114. 



WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, 
was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., 
Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- 
cation and teaching for a time, he read law at 
Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany 
Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the 
bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. 
In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- 
dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the 
Army of the' Cumberland for two years, and 
being mustered out in August, 1864, with the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the 
army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in 
Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh 
Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected 
to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
and was I'e-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 
1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the 
Appellate Court. 

WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, 
situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of 
Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- 
cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & 
Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 
miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of 
Oilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works 
and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a 
graded school and three weekly newspapers. 
Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the 
depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing 
streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- 
lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 3,505. 

WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair 
County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- 
ington County in boyhood, and was elected County 
Clerk in 1847, "49 and "53, and State's Attorney 
for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; 
then became editor and proprietor of a news- 
paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 
1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in 
office until his death, at Nashville, 111., Dec. 6, 
1888. 

WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal 
city of Lake County, situated en tlie shore of 
Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- 
we.stern Railroad, about 36 miles north by west 
from Chicago, and .50 miles south of Milwaukee; 
is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet 
& Eastern Railroad and connected by electric 
lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan 
is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. 
Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," 
from the remains of an old fort that stood on its 
site. The principal part of tlie city is built on a 
blufl', which rises abruptly to the height of about 



580 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



fifty feet. Between the bluff and tlie shore is a 
flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied 
by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- 
factories. The ni;inufactui'es include steel-wire, 
refined sugar, scales, agricultural inii)lenients, 
brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, 
leather, beer, etc. : the city has paved streets, gas 
and electric light plants, tliree banks, eight or 
ten churches, graded and high schools and two 
newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal 
and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890). 
4.91.5; (1900), 9.426. 

WAIKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- 
WAY. (See Elyin, Juliet & Eastiru liailway.) 

WAVER LY, a city in ]^Ioigan County. 18 miles 
southea,st of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & 
St. Louis and the Chicago. Peoria & St. Louis 
Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- 
prising emigrants from New England, wliose 
descendants constitute a large proportion of the 
population. It is the center of a rich agricultural 
region, has a fine graded school, six or seven 
churches, two banks, two new.spapers and tile 
works. Population (1880), 1.124; (1890). \,m~: 
(1900). 1.573. 

WAYNE, (tien.) Anthony, soldier, was born in 
Chester County. Pa.. Jan. 1. 174.5. of Anglo-Irish 
descent, graduated as a Survej'or, and lirst prac- 
ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the 
years immediately antecedent to the Revolution 
he was prominent in the colonial councils of his 
native State, to which he had returned in 17G7, 
where he became a member of the "Committee of 
Safety." On June 3. 1770, he was commissioned 
Colonel of the Fourtli Regiment of Pennsylvania 
troops in the Continental army. and. during the 
War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his 
courage and ability as a leiider. One of his most 
daring and successful achievements was the cap- 
ture of Stony Point, in 1779. when — the works 
having been carried and M'ayne having received, 
what was supposed to be. his death-wound— he 
entered tlie fort, supporteil by his aids. For this 
service he was awarded a gold medal bj- Con- 
gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the 
investiture and captiire of YorUtown. In October. 
1783. he was brevetteil Major-CJeneral. In 17S4 
he was elected to the Penn.sylvania Legislature. 
A few years later he settled in Georgia, which 
State he represented in Congress for seven 
montlis, when his seat was declared vacant after 
contest. In April. 1792. he was confirmed as 
General-in-Chief of the L^nited States Army, on 
nomination of President Washington. His con- 
nection with Illinois history began shortly after 



St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio 
(1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, 
which he named Fort Recovery; his object being 
to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he 
was eminently successful and, on August 3, 
1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the 
Treat}" of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as 
it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a 
daring tighter, and although Washington called 
him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for liim 
the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of 
dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, 
he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He 
was one of the few wliite officers whom all the 
Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- 
spected. They named him "Black Snake" and 
"Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, 
Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his 
remains were removed bj- one of his sons, and 
interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native 
countj'. The Pennsylvania Historical Society 
erected a marble monument over his grave, and 
appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same 
jear. 

WAYXE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of 
the State; has an area of 720 square miles; was 
organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony 
Wayne. Tlie county is watered and drained by 
the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the 
Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the 
county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life 
was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers 
pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, 
a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The 
first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina 
pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. 
Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and 
the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished 
by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the 
Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. 
Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the 
chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- 
ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- 
ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population 
(1880). 21.291: (1.890). 23.806; (1900), 27,626. 

WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tril>e of 
Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- 
hahs. " and were sjxjken of by the French as "Oui- 
at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of 
the name were common among the British and 
American colonists. In 1718 they had a village 
at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of 
their hostile neighbors, the Chipjiewas and Potta- 
watomies. The AVeas were, at one time, brave 
and warlike; but their numbers were reduced by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



58i 



constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, 
debauchery enervated and demoralized them. 
They were removed west of the Mississippi and 
given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. Tliis 
they ultimately sold, and, under the leader-ship 
of Baptiste Peoria, united witli their few remain- 
ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant 
of the lUi-ni under the title of the "confederated 
tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also 
Mia III is: Pia nkesli a ws. ) 

WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, 
was born about 1803, came to the vicinity of 
Carmi, White County, 111., about 1838 to 1830, 
and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- 
versity. He held the office of Prosecuting 
Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was 
elected to the lower branch of the General 
Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, 
until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1843 to "46. 
During his service in the House he was a col- 
league and political and personal friend of 
Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal 
improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many 
of the disasters which were actually realized a 
few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- 
dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and 
"48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for 
Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, 
two j'ears later, being an unsuccessful candidate 
for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to 
Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at 
Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in 
the mercantile Inisiness. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in 
the 56th year of liis age. 

WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer 
(an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted 
New York journalist), was born at Claverack, 
N. Y., Feb. 6, 1T95; served as a soldier in the 
War of 1813, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, 
and became one of the founders of the town of 
America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- 
sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General 
Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and 
Captain of volunteers and, afterwards. Colonel of 
regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went 
to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- 
tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- 
ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at 
Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. 

WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was 
born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 33, 1813; gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with 
his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at 
Peru, 111., where he practiced three j^ears. His 
father having been appointed Secretary of State 



in 1841, the son became his private secretary, 
was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing 
(Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the 
Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor 
of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 ; the latter year 
became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts 
Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle 
of Bull Run, August 30, 1862. 

WEBSTEB, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and 
soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., 
August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- 
mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read 
law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- 
nation was for engineering, and, after serv- 
ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, 
at Washington, was made a United States civil 
engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the 
army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
Engineers. He served through the Mexican 
War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and 
promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- 
teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- 
cago, where he made his permanent home, and 
soon after was identified, for a .time, with the 
proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He 
was President of the commission that perfected 
the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and 
executed the raising of the grade of a large por- 
tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole 
blocks of buildings being rained by jack screws, 
while new foundations were inserted. At the 
outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- 
ices to the Government and superintended the 
erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and 
Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- 
missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the 
rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of 
the First Illinois Artillery. For several months 
he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- 
ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, 
and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief 
of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- 
ment detailed him to make a survey of the lUi • 
nois & Michigan Canal, and. the following month, 
he was commissioned Brigadier-General of 
Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- 
phis and Superintendent of military railroads. 
He was again chief of staff to General Grant 
during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 
until the close of the war, occupied the same 
relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted 
Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865. but, 
resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, 
where lie spent the remainder of his life. From 
1869 to 1873 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 



682 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



there, and, later, jVssistant United States Treas- 
urer, and, in July, 1873, was apixjinted Collector 
of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 
12, 187G. 

WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Jes-saniiiie County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1828, 
educated at Traiisjlvania University, Lexington, 
graduating from the academic department in 
1847. and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1804 he 
removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., 
which place he made his permanent home. In 
1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth 
Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and "85. In 1884 
he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate 
Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 
1888. 

WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the 
United States Court of Claims, AVashiugton, 
D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 
1829; while a child, removed with his parents to 
Madison County, and was educated in the com- 
mon schools, the local academj- and at Wittenberg 
College, Springfield, in the s;une State ; read law 
with Hon. R. A. Harri.son, a prominent member 
of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 
1854, meanwhile, in 1852.53, having served as a 
clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at 
Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- 
ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged 
in practice; in 1860 was elected a Representative 
in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was 
also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, 
and assisted in the first election of Abraham 
Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 18G1 he 
resigned his seat in the LegisLiture to accept tlie 
position of United States District .attorney for 
tlie Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by 
President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office 
in 18G0 and, the following year, removed to 
Bloomington, where he continued the practice of 
his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, 
by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of tlie 
United States Court of Claims at Washington — 
a jwsition which he still (1899) continues to fill. 
Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who 
rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- 
coln. From the time of coming to the State in 
1854 to 1860, he was one of Jlr. Lincoln's most 
intimate traveling companions in the old 
Eighth Circuit, which e.xtended from Sangamon 
County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and 
of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the 
Supreme Court of the United States and United 
States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The 
Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- 



niscences of that da}-, especially of the eastern 
portion of the District, where he was accustomed 
to- meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- 
Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as 
well as the historic men whom he met at the 
State capital. 

WELLS, .Vlbert W., lawyer and legislator, was 
born at Woodstock. Conn., May 9, 1839, and 
enjoyed only such educational and other advan- 
tages as belonged to the average New England 
boy of that period. During his boyhood his 
familj- removed to New Jersej-, where he attended 
an academy, later, graduating from Columbia 
College and Law School in New York City, and 
began practice with State Senator Robert Allen 
at Red Bank. N. J. During the Civil War he 
enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part 
in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- 
sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 
1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- 
tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the 
House of Representatives from Adams County, 
as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. 
In 1890 he was advanced to the -Senate, where, 
by reelection in 1894, he served continuously 
until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His 
abilities and long service — covering the sessions 
of the Thirty-fifth to tlie Fortieth General Assem- 
blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic 
side of the Senate during the latter part of his 
legislative career. 

WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the 
Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, 
about 1770. When a Ikiv of 12, he was captured 
by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, 
adopted him, giving liim his daughter in mar- 
riage when he grew to manluKid. He was highly 
esteemed by tlie tribe as a warrior, and. in 1790, 
was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. 
Clair was defeated. He then realized that he 
was fighting against his own race, and informed 
his father-in-law that he intended to ally liimself 
with tlie whites. Leaving the Miamis. he made 
his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- 
tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of 
Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort 
Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. 
Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the 
Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated 
evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of 
thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- 
tion being to furnish a l)ody-guard to the non- 
combatants on their proiK)sed march to Fort 
Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the 
fort with fifteen of his duskv warriors behind 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



583 



him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before 
a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell 
into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- 
nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) 
The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was 
riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his 
heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, 
wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. 

WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born 
in Tolland, Conn. , Feb. 27, 1813 ; lived on a farm 
until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, 
but made such progress that he became succes- 
sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at 
Andover and Newburyport, and. finally. Principal 
of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. 
In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- 
ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, 
serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an 
organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' 
Association, one of the first editors of "The 
Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- 
nected with various benevolent, educational and 
learned societies ; was also author of several text- 
books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's 
Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. 

WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- 
shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has 
zinc works, public and parochial schools, a 
weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A 
good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- 
lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,0.53; (1900), 1,486. 

WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and 
Congressman, was born at ■ Sandwich, N. H. , 
March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- 
lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, 
where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
crat, ' ' which had been estabhshed by John Cal- 
houn three years previous. He soon after became 
projjrietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- 
tinued to be the publisher until it was merged 
into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 18G4. He 
also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois 
bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- 
crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 
1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal 
of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected 
Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, 
during his incumbency introducing a number of 
important municipal reforms; was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice 
served on the Board of Education. He again 
represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican 
from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of 
service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the 
Greeley movenaent, but later renewed his alle- 



giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went- 
worth published an elaborate genealogical work 
in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- 
worth Family." A volume of "Congressional 
Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- 
cago," published in connection with the Fergus 
Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- 
tion on early local and national history. On 
account of his extraordinary height he received 
the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was 
familiarly known throughout the State. Died, 
in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. 

WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was 
born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his 
father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk 
in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also 
served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a 
position in the United States Land Office there. 
Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — 
meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, 
ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate 
to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, 
in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established 
a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- 
nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West 
officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the 
Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed 
much ability as a public speaker. 

WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- 
pist, was born at Galesbm'g, 111., July 31, 1837; 
graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught 
until 1873, when she was elected County Super- 
intendent of Schools, serving niae j'ears. She 
took an active and influential interest in educa- 
tional and reformatory movements, was for two 
years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- 
delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, 
besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- 
nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union — in which she held the 
position of President ; was also Pi-esident, in the 
latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's 
Press Association of Chicago, that city having 
become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West 
started on a tour of the world for the benefit of 
her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. 
WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IIVSAIVE, 
an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in 
accordance with an act of the General Assembly, 
approved. May 22, 1895. Tlie Thirty-ninth Gen- 
eral Assembly made an appropriation of 810(1.000 
for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while 
Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 



584 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of land valued at $40,000. The site selected by the 
Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking 
the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock 
Island, and live and a half miles from Moline, and 
the buildings are of the most modern style of con- 
struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of 
railroad — the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul and 
the Chicago. Burlington & Quinoy — besides the 
Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was 
begun in 1896, and they were opened for the 
reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- 
pacity for HOO patients. 

WESTERN .MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti 
tution located at Upper Alton, Madison Countj-, 
incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- 
bers and reports eighty pupils for 1H9T-98, with 
property valued at .570,000. The institution gives 
instruction in literary and scientific branches, 
besiili's prei>aratory and business cour,ses. 

WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at 
Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 
1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve 
instructors and rejwrted 500 pupils for 1897-98, 
300 males and 200 females. 

WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook 
County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- 
cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
road, 1.1 miles west of the initial station. 
Population (1890), 4.")1; (IHOO), 602. 

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, 
located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1881? 
througli the munificence of Dr. Toluian Wheeler, 
and was opened for students two years later. It 
has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- 
tecture — one including the school and lecture 
rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital 
and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a 
scliool for boys is conducted on the first floor of 
the main building, -which is known as Wheeler 
Hall. The institution is under the general super- 
vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. Protes- 
tant Episcopal Bisho]) of the Dioce.se of Illinois. 

WESTl'I ELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., 
Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston; 
seat of Westlield College; has a bank, five 
churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820. 

WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on 
the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 
miles northeast of Albion; has .1 bank and a 
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. 

WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was 
born in Chicago, Di^-. 9, 1849; in her childhood 
attracted attention while singing with her father 
(a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in 



Chicago. Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of 
age, went to New York to study, earning her way 
by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid 
and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; 
in New York was patronized by Henry Ward 
Beecher and others, and aided in securing the 
training of European masters. Compelled to sur- 
mount many obstacles from poverty and other 
causes, her after success in her profession was 
phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, 
at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott 
married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who 
died before her. 

WHEATOX, a city and the county-seat of Du 
Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- 
western Railway, "'-l miles west of Chicago. Agri- 
culture and stock-raising are the chief industries 
in the surrounding region. The city owns a new 
water-v.crks plant (costing .SOO.OOO) and has a 
public library valued at §75.000, the gift of a 
resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court 
house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage 
system, seven churches, three graded schools, 
four weekly newspapers and a State bank. 
Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which 
see) Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; 
(1900). 2,345. 

WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
tution located at Wheaton. Du Page County, and 
imder Congregational control. It was founded 
in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- 
tereil under its present name in 1860. Its early 
e.xistence was one of struggle, but of late years it 
has been established on a better foundation, in 
1898 having 854,000 invested in productive funds, 
and property aggregating §136,000. The faculty 
comprises fifteen profes-sors, and, in 1898, there 
were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- 
cational and instruction is given in business and 
preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, 
miisii- and classical literat\iro, 

WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D.,clergy- 
man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov, 19, 1829; 
graduated at Rock River Seminary. Mount 
Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County 
Republic;in"' and held a professorship in Cornell 
College, Iowa, (1857-61); was United States Con- 
sul at Geneva. Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of 
English Literature in Northwestern University 
(1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, 
seven years, and was President of Allegheny 
College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. 
from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D. 
from the Northwestern University in 1881. He 
is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



585 



(two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature"' 
(1883), besides some translations. 

WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, 
was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but 
emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; 
remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his 
educational advantages being limited to three 
months' attendance upon a district school each 
year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at 
Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- 
tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- 
teenth District in tlie State Senate, where he 
served on many important committees, being 
Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. 
In 1893 he was elected Representative in Con- 
gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the 
Republican ticket. 

WHEELINdc, a town on tlie northern border of 
Cook Count}', on the Wisconsin Central Railway. 
Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. 

AVHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder 
of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- 
land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the 
Revolution, and was with the force surrendered 
by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the 
peace he returned to the United States, settled at 
Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States 
Army, serving at first in the ranks and being 
severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- 
paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a 
captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with 
his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, 
where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn 
within the limits of the present city of Chicago, 
remaining in command until 1811, when he was 
succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the 
brevet rank of ]\Iajor, in 1815 was ajipointed 
military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- 
wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, 
where lie died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William 
Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a 
time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 
1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included 
in Hull's sm-render at Detroit in 1812. After 
liis exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to 
the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- 
nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. 
James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, 
but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson 
of the first Major Whistler. 

WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Massachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the 
age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- 
seventh JIassachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- 
ing under General Grant in the campaign 



against Richmond from the battle of the W^ilder- 
ness imtil the surrender of Lee. Having taken a 
course in a commercial college at Worcester, 
Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- 
ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later 
began business on his own accoimt, which he has 
successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected 
to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of 
the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years 
later, serving in that body eight years. He 
declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but 
accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth 
District, as he was again in 1896, but was 
defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- 
crat. 

WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- 
brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 18.53 graduated 
at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had 
removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city 
editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later 
becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 
1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- 
une," during a part of the war acting as its 
Washington correspondent. He also served, in 
1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas 
National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of 
the Republican State Central Committee. In 
1864 he purchased an intere.st in "The Tribune," 
a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but 
retired in October, 1874. After a protracted 
European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and 
E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase 
and reorganization of "The New York Evening 
Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. 

WHITE, Jnllus, soldier, was born in Cazen- 
ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois 
in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where 
he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in 
1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, 
but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the 
Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he 
commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- 
west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- 
eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the 
battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the 
rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently 
assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, 
but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., 
untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily 
.serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- 
mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 
15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released 
under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at 
his own request, and acquitted, the court finding 
that he had acted with courage and capability. 



58G 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



He resigned in 1864, and, in March, lyG.>, was 
brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, 
at Evanston, May 12, 1890. 

WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
quarter of the State, and bounded on tlie east by 
the Wabash River; was organized in 181C, being 
the tenth county organized during the Territorial 
period: area, 500 square miles. The county is 
crossed by three railroads and drained by the 
Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface 
consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, 
for the most part, liighly pixjductive. The princi- 
pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, 
potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and 
wool. The principal imlustrial establishments 
are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. 
Carmi is the county -seat. Other towns are En- 
field, Grayville and Norris City. Population 
(1880). 2.3,087; (1890). 2.1.00.1; (1900), 2-5,380. 

WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the 
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 6.1 miles 
north of St. Louis and 2-1 miles south-southwest 
of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has 
stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and 
machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, 
creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, 
electric light and power sy.stem nurseries and 
fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing 
houses; also has five churches, a graded .school, 
two banks and three newspapers— one daily. Pop- 
ulation (1M9(»), 1,901; (19IIII), 2.0;W. 

WHITEHOrSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis- 
copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 
19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 
1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- 
ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was 
rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and 
New Y'ork until 18.11, when he was chosen Assist- 
ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase 
in 18.52. In 1867, by invitation of tlie Archbislxip 
of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon 
before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in 
England. During this visit he received the 
degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that 
of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a 
churcluuan and a disciplinarian, were illustrated 
in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward 
Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the 
Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant 
orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- 
sialist. Died, in Cliicago. August 10, 1874. 

WHITESIDE COr>'TY, in the northwestern 
portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi 
River; created by act of the Legislature pas-sed in 



183G, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a 
noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The 
surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- 
land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The 
county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at 
Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present 
location. The Rock River cro.sses the county 
and furnishes abundant water jwwer for numer- 
ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- 
ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen 
goods, flour and wrajjping paper. There are also 
distilling and brewing interest.s. besides saw and 
planing mill.s. Corn is the staple agricultural 
product, although all the leading cereaLs are 
e.vtensively grown. The principal towns are 
Morrison. Sterling. Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- 
lation (1880).. 30.88.5; (I8;)0), 30 8.54: (1900), 34.710. 

WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of 
the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of 
North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, 
to the pre.sent limits of Jlonrce County, 111., 
erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, 
which became widely known as "Whiteside 
Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, 
and wa.s active in organizing the militia during 
the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 
181.1. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- 
ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to 
Illinois at the same time, as also did William 11. 
and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- 
tively. All of them became famous as Indian 
fighters. The two latter served as Captains of 
companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, 
Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island 
in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success 
of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) 
he attained the rank of Brigadier General. 
Whiteside County was named in his honor. He 
made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge 
Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and 
represented that covmty in the First General 
Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- 
son County for a number of years. — John D. 
(Whiteside), another member of this historic 
family, became very prominent, serving in the 
lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and 
Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- 
ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a 
Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer 
(1.837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as 
he was known, was the second of James Shields 
in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) 
in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the 
former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duehi. ) 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



587 



WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born 
in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to 
Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- 
nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau 
County. He was a Representative from that 
county in the Twentj'-sixth General Assembly 
(1869), and a member of the Senate continuously 
from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through 
eight General Assemblies. Died at his home 
near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 
1889. 

WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was 
born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and 
received a common school education. In 1863 he 
was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer 
Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- 
ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- 
ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fiftli 
Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- 
ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On 
retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed 
Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until 
March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat 
as Republican Representative in Congress from 
the Peoria District, to which he had been elected 
in November, 1874. After the expiration of his 
term he held no pxiblic office, but was a member 
of the Repviblican National Convention of 1884. 
Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York 
City. May 24, 1888. 

WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and 
early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord 
Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- 
lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some 
time at or near Edwardsville, then became a 
teacher at Atlas, Pike Count}', and, still later, the 
first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. 
Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any 
practice. He acquired the title, by which he was 
popularly known for a quarter of a century, by 
his custom of visiting the State Capital, during 
the sessions of the General Assembly, when 
he would organize the lobbyists and visit- 
ors about the capital — of which there were an 
vuiusual number in those days — into what was 
called the "Third House." Having been regu- 
larly chosen to preside under the name of 
"Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- 
sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at 
members of the two houses and others, which 
would be received with cheers and laughter. 
The meetings of the "Third House," being held 
in the evening, were attended by many members 
and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- 
ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. 



was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at 
Quincy. Died. Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. 

WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is 
a native of New York, came at an early age, with 
his parents, to Sycamore, 111. , where he was edu- 
cated in the high school there. He purposed 
becoming a lawj-er, but, on the election of the 
late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, 
accepted the position of clerk in tlie office. 
Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking 
house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the 
organization of the State National Bank, was 
chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the 
position some twenty years. After the appoint- 
ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of 
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- 
cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in 
that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- 
rure under the administration of State Treasurer 
Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State 
Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,4.50 over 
his Democratic opponent. 

WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and 
merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., 
Nov. 32, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, 
and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment 
Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through 
the Mexican War. On the return of peace he 
engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, 
until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- 
ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- 
Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, 
when, his regiment having been consolidated 
with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After 
the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal 
Revenue for several years, after which he en- 
gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, 
August 8, 1898. 

WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, 
was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken 
to France at eight years of age, was educated for 
a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States 
in 1815, he was at Cahokia. 111., in 1818, where, 
during the same year, he married into a French 
family of that place. He served in the House of 
Representatives from Randolph County, in the 
Second and Third General Assemblies (1830-24), 
and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-38). 
During his last term in the House, he was one of 
those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- 
vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- 
kaskia, in 1833. 

WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was 
born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years 
of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111., 



588 



IIISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



and, in 1S44, to Pike County. Having graduated 
from Lombard University. Galesburg, in Ib.jT, lie 
began reading law witli Judge O. C. Skinner of 
Quincy. lie was admitted to the bar in 1858, 
but, liefore commencing practice, spent a year at 
Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. 
Immediately thereafter lie opened an ofSce at 
Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. 
In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. 
He sen-ed two terms in the Legislature (18G3-6T) 
and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his 
District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, 
again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by 
President Cleveland Tliird Assistant Secretary 
of the Treasury, which position he continued 
to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the 
practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 
WILEY, (CoL) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was 
born in Sniithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, 
March 25, 18il. came to Illinois in 1845 and began 
life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. 
In 1846 he enli.sted for the Mexican War. as a 
member of tlie Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment 
Illinois Volunteers, serving chieflj' in New 
Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later 
he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some 
time at the carpenter's trade, after which he 
became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to 
edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 18.53; then 
became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, 
but later engaged in the liardware trade at 
Jonesboro, in which he continued for several 
years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate 
for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 
4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- 
didate for President, received only 825 in the 
same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate 
office in Jonesboro in conjimction with David L. 
Phillips and Col. J. W. Asliley, with which he 
was connected until 1860. when he removed to 
Makanda. Jackson County. In September, 1861, 
he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri 
and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, 
being, a part of the time, in command of the First 
Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- 
burg, having command of the right wing of 
General Grant's cavalry. Being disableil by 
rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered 
his resignation, and was immediately ai>pi)inted 
Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- 
ity until 5Iay, 1865, when he was mustered out. 
In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer 
one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern 
Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served iw 



Secretary of the Board until the institution was 
opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was 
defeated as a candiilate for Count}' Judge of 
Jackson Count}-, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- 
ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic 
District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate 
for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against 
William Hartzell, but was defeated by only 
twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten 
counties comprising the District. In the latter 
years of his life, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite 
extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda. Jack- 
son County, where he died. March 22, 1890. 

WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born 
in .Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a 
partial course at Union College, after which he 
edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., 
and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa; also serving, 
during a part of the Civil War, as the western 
war corre.spondent of "The New York Time&" 
In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The 
Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, 
with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 
— a part of the time as its European correspond- 
ent. He was the author of a series of sketches 
over the nom de plume of "Poliuto, " and of a 
volume of reminiscences under the title, 
"Thirty-five Years of Journalism." published 
sliortly before his death, which took place, April 
12, 1892. 

WILKIX, Jacob Vi'., Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 
7, 1837; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 
13 years of age, and was educated at McKendree 
College ; served three years in the War for the 
Union; studied law with Judge Scbolfield and 
was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872. be was 
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit 
Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year 
being assigned to the Ajipellate bench for the 
Fourth District, where he remained until his 
election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being 
re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home 
is at Danville. 

WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was 
born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his 
father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- 
cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of 
Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for tlie 
profession of the law, and, after a course of study 
under Judge William Tliomas, was admitted to 
practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- 
ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 
he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



589 



was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen 
to the same position in 1861. At the expiration 
of his second term he removed to Chicago. 
Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. 

WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was 
born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., 
emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1838, settled 
in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- 
cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal 
friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female 
Academy, of eacli of which he was a Trustee 
from their origin until his death, which oocm^red, 
during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 
1841. 

WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early 
legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1T78; 
about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, 
in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician 
by profession, but having leased the saline lands 
on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- 
wards became the town of Brownsville, he 
engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing 
thither in 181.5, and becoming one of the founders 
of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat 
of Jackson County. On the organization of 
Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of 
the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 
1818, served as Delegate from tliat county in the 
Convention which framed the first State Consti- 
tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a 
member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first 
as Senator in the First General Assembly, then 
as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth 
and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, 
Seventh. Eighth and Ninth — his career being 
conspicuous for long service. He died in office, 
June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, 
fleshy, of jovial di.sposition and fond of playing 
practical jokes upon his associates, but very 
popular, as shown by his successive elections to 
the Legislature. He has been called "The Father 
of Jackson County." Will County, organized by 
act of the Legislature two years after his death, 
was named in his honor. 

WILL COUNTY, a northeastern couuty, em- 
bracing 8.50 square miles, named in honor of Dr. 
Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. 
Early explorations of the territory were made 
in 1839, when white settlers were few. The bluff 
west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied 
by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph 
Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his 
peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- 
eral of the early settlers fled from the country 
during (or after) a raid by the Sao Indians. 



There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to 
the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build 
the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. 
Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, 
originally a part of Cook, was separately erected 
in 1836, Joliet being made the countj'-seat. 
Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are 
the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- 
mington are the principal towns. Population 
(1880), .53.433; (1890). 63,007; (1900), 74,764. 

WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and 
reformer, was born at Churcliville, N. Y., Sept. 
38, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern 
Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 
1863, accepted the Professorship of Natural 
Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she 
was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan 
Seminary. The next two years she devoted to 
travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- 
ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 slie 
was Professor of Esthetics in the Northwestern 
University and dean of the Woman's College. 
She was always an enthusiastic champion of 
temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- 
sion to identify herself with tlie Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union. For five years she was 
Correspondnig Secretary of the national body, 
and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary 
slie organized the Home Protective Association, 
and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, 
to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, 
asking for the granting to women of the right to 
vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- 
ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had 
died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, 
was elected as a member of the executive com- 
mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 
1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- 
ment for the protection of women, and succeeded 
in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- 
tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the 
World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 
1888, was chosen its President, as also President 
of the International Council of Women. The 
latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, 
much of the time as the guest and co-worker of 
Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which 
she devoted much attention to investigating the 
condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard 
was a prolific and highly valued contributor to 
the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) 
published several volumes, including "Nineteen 
Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); 
"Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 



590 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



"Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in Xew York, 
Feb. 18, ISKS. 

WILLARI), Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- 
sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, . 
Vt.. Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant ot Maj. 
Simon Willard. one of the founders of Concord, 
Mass.. and prominent in "King Philip's War," 
and of his son. Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the 
Old South Church. Boston, and seventh President 
of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch 
was taken in liis infancy to Boston, and. in 1831, 
to CarroUton, 111., where his father pursued the 
avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory 
course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1830 
he entered tlie freshman class in Illinois College 
at Jacksonville, but withdrew tlie following year, 
re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the 
class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- 
man, afterwards State Sujienntendent of Public 
Instruction and President of Ivnox College, and 
Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. 
The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- 
lege, when he began the study of medicine at 
Quinc}-, graduating from the Medical Department 
of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the 
latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign pajjer 
("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The 
Western Temperance Magazine" at the same 
place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- 
fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed 
toCollinsville, 111., remaining until 18.57, when he 
took charge of the Department of Languages in 
the newly organized State Normal University at 
Normal. The second year of the Civil War (180-) 
he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventli 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after 
commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, 
participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and 
in the fii-st attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- 
abled by a:n attack of paralj-sis, in February, 1863, 
he was comi)elled to resign, when he had suffici- 
ently recovered accepting a position in the office 
of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- 
field, wliere he remained until tlie close of the 
war. He then became Grand Secretary of the 
Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State 
of Illinois — a position which he had held from 
18.">0 to 1802 —remaining under his second appoint- 
ment from 186.1 to "69. The next j'ear he served 
as Sui)erintendent of Schools at Springfield, 
meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield 
public library, and serving as its first librarian. 
In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History 
in the West Side High School of Chicago, 
which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), 



he continued to occupy for more than twenty- 
five years, retiring in 1898. In the meimtinie, 
Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, 
having been, for a considerable period, editor, or 
assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," acou- 
tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The 
Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a 
"Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- 
teen volumes, begun while he w;is Grand Secre- 
tarj' of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 
and "82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical 
Chart,"' covering the period from B. C. 800 
to A. D. 1876 — of which he has bad a second 
edition in course of preparation. Of late years 
he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- 
ary of Names and Places," which will include 
some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the 
most important work of his life. Previous to the 
war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator 
on the "Underground Railroad," who made no 
concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two 
occasions, was called to answer for them in 
prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." 
(See "Underground Ttailnxid.") His friend 
and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of 
him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear 
and forcible writer; of broad and accurate 
scholarsliip; con.scientious, genial and kindly, 
and a most estimable gentleman." 

WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jjirist, 
was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 
1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural 
fondness for study, he chose the profession of 
law. and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee 
in 1828. coming to Quincy. 111., the following 
year. He was elected to the General As.sembly 
three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and 
in the House, 1836-40; was United States District 
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by 
appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was 
twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for 
United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- 
dent Lincoln, in 1861. L'uited States District 
Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and 
high character were widely recognized. Died, 
in Quincy. Sei)t. 21, 18G3 — His son, John 11., an 
attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- 
cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abrnhani Lin- 
coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of 
Kansas. 

WILLIAMS. Erastns Smith, lawyer and ju- 
rist, was born at Salem. N. Y.. May 22, 1821. In 
1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading 
law. he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 
he was appointed Master in Chancery, which 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



591 



office he filled until 1863. when he was elected a 
Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. 
After re-election in 18T0 he became Chief Justice, 
and, at the same time, lieard most of the cases on 
the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a 
candidate for re-election as a Republican, but 
was defeated with the party ticket. After liis 
retirement from the bench he resumed private 
practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. 

WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was 
born in White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the 
age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- 
versity, at Bloomington, and, in 187G, from the 
Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being 
an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. 
In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and 
served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was 
County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on 
the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. 
He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- 
nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a 
special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned 
by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected 
in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell 
(Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- 
ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was 
again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth 
Congress. 

WILLIAMS, John, pioneer mercliant, was 
born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- 
tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store 
in his native State; then, joining his parents, 
who had settled on a tract of land in a part of 
Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found 
employment as clerk in tlie store of Major Elijali 
lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- 
ness at the age of 23, continuing it without inter- 
ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was 
the Republican candidate for Congress in the 
Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed 
Commissary-General for the State, rendering 
valuable service in furnishing supplies for State 
troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- 
ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was 
also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- 
sion for two years, and, as one of tlie intimate 
personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to 
accompany the remains of the martj'red President, 
from Washington to Springfield, for burial. 
Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name 
was associated with nearly every public enter- 
prise of importance in Springfield during his 
business career — being one of the founders, and, 
for eleven years President, of the First National 
Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of 



what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- 
nois Central Raihoad, and the Springfield and 
Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron 
Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- 
structed the Springfield water-works, and an 
officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, 
from 1865 to his death. May 29, 1890. 

WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at 
Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on 
both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of 
the most prominent families of New England. 
He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, 
and graduated from the University of Vermont 
in the class of 1855. After taking a course in 
the Albany Law School and with a law firm in 
his native town, he was admitted to practice in 
both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- 
cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of 
the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later 
forming a partnership with Gea. John L. Thomp- 
son, which ended with the death of the latter in 
1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in 
the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- 
pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; 
also assisted in organizing the Western Electric 
Company, and was prominently identified with 
the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western 
Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as 
the United States Commissioner to the Electrical 
Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his 
brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in 
founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., 
which, in honor of his father, received the name 
of "The Norman Williams Public Library." 
With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- 
Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the 
will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of tlie 
Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the 
Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- 
dent ; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- 
lic Library, and trustee of a number of large 
estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the 
late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter 
became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- 
ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- 
curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 
— his remains being interred in his native town 
of Woodstock, Vt. 

WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, bom 
Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa. , his grandfathers 
on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary 
War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- 
ton in the same State, where in boyhood he 
worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, 
attending a common school in tlie winter until 



692 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Ui' ILLINUI.-?. 



he readied the age of 17 j-ears. when he entered 
Washington College, remaining for more tlian a 
year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 
went to Kentucky, where lie pursued the busine.ss 
of a teacher for four years. Then he entered 
Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same 
time pro.secuting liis law studies, but left at the 
close of his junior year, when, having been 
licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, 
Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, 
the loan of a law library, wliich he afterwards 
purchased; served for two years as State's Attor- 
ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., 
where he spent the remainder of his life in tlie 
practice of his profe-ssiou. Mucli of his time was 
devoted to practice as a raihoad attorney, espe- 
cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and 
the Illinois Central Rjiilroads, in which he 
acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- 
long Democrat and. in 1808, was the unsuccessful 
candidate of liis party for Attorney-General of 
the State. The last three years of his life he had 
been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 
15, 1899. 

WIIiLIAMS, Saniiifl, Bank President, was born 
in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1S20; came to 
Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1843, 
removed to Iroquois County, where lie held vari- 
ous local offices, including that of County Judge, 
to which he was elected in 18G1. During his 
later years lie had been President of the Watseka 
Citizens' Bank. Died, June Hi, 1896, 

>VILLIAMS()X, Rollin Samuel, legislator and 
jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. 
At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he 
began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In 
two years he had become a skillful operator, and, 
as such, was eiii]iloyecl in various offices in New 
England and New York. In 1857 he came to 
Chicago seeking employment and, through tlie 
fortunate correction of an error on the jiart of 
the receiver of a message, secured the position of 
operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook 
County. Here he read law during his leisure 
time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was 
admitted to the bar. The same year he was 
elected to the lower House of the General 
Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he 
was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of 
Cook County, and. in 1887, was chosen a Judge 
of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- 
gust 10, 1889. 

WILLIAMSOX COUNTY, in the southern part 
of the State, originally set off from Franklin and 
organized in 1839. The county is well watered. 



the principal streams being the Big Muddy and 
the Soutli Fork of the Saline. Tlie surface is 
undulating and the soil fertile. The region w;is 
originally well covered with forests. AU tlie 
cereals ^as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and 
rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and 
sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 
square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 
22.226; (1900), 27,796. 

WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- 
ty, on Chicago it Alton Railroad, 12 miles north 
of Springlield : has a bank, elevator. 3 churches, 
a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900). 573. 

WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former 
Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born 
in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought 
to Gallatin County, lU., in 1834, and settled at 
Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope 
County in 1856. removed to Metropolis in 1859, 
and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission 
busine.ss. He entered the service as Quarter- 
master of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers in 
1861, but was compelled to resign on account of 
injuries, in 1863; was elected Representative i" 
the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), 
appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, 
and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 
1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving 
until 1S93. 

WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles 
north of Chicago, on the Cliicago & Northwestern 
Railroad, a handsome suburb of Cliicago on the 
shore of Lake Michigan; principal streets paved 
and shaded with fine forest trees; has public 
library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2.300. 

WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the 
Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- 
west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, 
two National banks, a graded .school, churches 
and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location 
of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows" Home. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,576; (1900). 1,420. 

WILSON', Charles Lush, journalist, was Irarn 
in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- 
cated in the common schools and at an academy 
in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- 
cago, entering the employment of his older 
brothers, who were connected with the construc- 
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. 
His brother, Richard L.. having assumed charge 
of '"The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor 
of "The Chicago American"), in 1844. Charles L. 
took a position in the office, ultimately securing 
a partnership, which continued until the death 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



593 



of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the 
ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an 
ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln 
for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, 
favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the 
Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- 
coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was 
appointed Secretary of the American Legation at 
London, serving witli the late Minister Charles 
Francis Adams, until 1864, when lie resigned and 
resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 
1875 his health began to fail, and three years 
later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex., in the 
hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- 
mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — 
Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the 
preceding, the first editor and publislier of "The 
Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of 
consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native 
of New York. Coming to Chicago with his 
brother John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- 
lished themselves in business on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. 
In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily 
Journal" for a publishing committee which had 
purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- 
can," but soon after became principal proprietor. 
In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of 
the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and 
was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- 
non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- 
dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, 
but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled 
to retire in favor of a successor appointed by 
Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. 
Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled 
"A Trip to Santa Fe. " and, a few years later, 
a story of travel under the title, "Short Ea vei- 
lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. 
— John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a 
native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was 
afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- 
ness, being for a time business manager of "The 
Chicago Joiu'nal;" also served one term as Sher- 
iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 
1888. 

WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at 
Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated 
from Brown University in 1838, and the same 
j^eav came to Chicago, whither his father's 
family had preceded him in 1835. After reading 
law for two j'ears, he entered the senior class at 
Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 
1841. In August of that year he opened an 
office at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- 



cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of 
the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, 
and re-elected for a full terra in 1855, and again 
in '61. In November of the latter year he was 
commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- 
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, 
a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon 
the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- 
self to private practice, which was largely in 
the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resimied his seat 
upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- 
cuit), and was at once designated as one of the 
Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of 
whicli tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. 
In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, 
about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 
1891. 

WILSON, James tJrant, soldier and author, 
was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, 
and, when only a year old, was brought by his 
father, William Wilson, to America. The family 
settled at Pouglikeepsie, N. Y., where James 
Grant was educated at College Hill and under 
private teachers. After finishing his studies he 
became his father's partner in business, but, in 
1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, 
removed to Chicago, where he founded the first 
literary paper established in the Northwest. At 
the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his 
journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavaliy, 
of which he was commissioned Major and after- 
wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 
1803, while at New Orleans, by advice of General 
Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of 
the Fourth Regiment United States Colored 
Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to 
tlie stafi' of the Commander of the Department of 
tlie Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. 
Wlien General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil- 
son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed 
in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 
1865, since which time his home has been in New 
York. He is best known as an author, having 
published numerous addresses, and being a fre- 
quent contributor to American and European 
magazines. Among larger works which he has 
written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of 
Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of 
General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of 
Fitz Greene Halleck''; "Poets and Poetry of 
Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends'', and 
" Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. " 

WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- 
tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., 
Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 



5fJ4 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and 
his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- 
ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black 
Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) 
served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- 
teers during tlie Civil War, and as Solicitor of tlie 
United States Tre.isury during the "whiskj- ring" 
prosecutions. James H. was educated in the 
common schools, at McKendree College, and 
the United States Military Academy at West 
Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and 
being a.ssigned to the Topographical Engineer 
Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to 
a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- 
graphical Engineer of the Port Roj-al expedition 
until March, IHOi; was afterwards attached to 
the Department of the South, being ju'esent at 
the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- 
camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- 
tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made 
Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in Novemlier, 
1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and 
Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee 
until October, 1803, being actively engaged in 
the operations around Vicksburg; was made 
Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He 
also conducted operations preliminary to the 
battle of Chattanooga and Mi.ssionarj- Ridge, and 
for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed 
in command of the Third Division of the cavalry 
corps of tlie Army of the Potomac, serving from 
May to August, 1804, under General Sheridan. 
Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- 
ment of the Mississippi, where he .so distinguished 
himself that, on April 20, 18C5, he was made 
Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight 
days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- 
three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- 
ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He 
was mustered out of the volunteer service in 
January, 1806, and, on July 28, following, was 
commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted 
Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 
1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards 
largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- 
ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly 
after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) 
General Wilson was apjxiinted, by the President, 
Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its 
close. He is the autlior of "China; Travels and 
Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of 
Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. 
U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. 



Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in 
New York. 

WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in New Hamjishire in 1802, graduated at 
Bowdoin College in 182-1 — the classmate of Frank- 
lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law 
in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, 
locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, 
where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, 
serving, at different periods, as attorney of the 
Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- 
gan Southern anc^ the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common 
Pleas of Cook County, 18.53-59, when he became 
Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, 
serving until 1808. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. 

WILSON, John P., lawyer, was lK)rn in White- 
side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the 
common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, 
graduating from the latter in 1865; two years 
later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and 
speedily attained prominence in his profession. 
During the World's Fair period he w;is retained 
as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and 
Buildings, and was prominently connected, as 
counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- 
tion. 

WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born 
in W;ishington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken 
to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- 
lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, 
removed to Athens (now in Menard County). 111. ; 
was elected Representative in 1836, and was one 
of the members from Sangamon Coimty. known 
as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the 
removal of tlie State Capital to Springfield. Mr. 
Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, 
in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and 
served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- 
ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as 
private in a battalion in Washington City under 
command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty 
until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- 
ment. He subsequently assisted in raising 
troops in Illinois, wiis aiipointed PaynicUster by 
Lincoln, serving at AVashington, St. Louis, and. 
after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being 
mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- 
side County. 1880. 

WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Montrose, Su.siiuehanna County. Pa., Nov. 
6, 1812; learned the printer's art. then studied 
law and was admitted to the liar in Allegheny 
County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann 
Arbor, Mich., where he served as Probate Judge 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



595 



and State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was 
elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, 
and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and 
proving "a teiTor to evil-doers." Died, at Law- 
rence. Mich., Dec. 23, 1883. 

WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in 
Loudoim County, Va. , April 27, 1794 ; studied law 
with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, 
and minister to France in the earlj' part of the 
century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after 
came to IlUnois, two years later locating in White 
County, near Carmi, which continued to be his 
home during the remainder of liis life. In 1819 
he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
Supreme Court as successor to William P. 
Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as 
"a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held 
office only about nine months. Judge Wilson 
was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- 
Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 
years old, and held office until the reorganization 
of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 
1843 — a period of over twenty-nine j-ears, and, 
with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- 
est term of service in the history of the court. 
He died at his home in White County, April 29, 
1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself 
with the Democratic party on the dissolution of 
the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- 
field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear 
and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was 
sound and discriminating." 

WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott 
County, founded ift 1839, situated on Big Sandy 
Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington 
& Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown 
and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While 
the surrounding region is agricultural and largely 
devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal 
mining. Winchester is an important .shipping- 
point, having three grain elevators, two flouring 
mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. 
There are four Protestant and one Catholic 
church, a court house, a high school, a graded 
school building, two banks and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; 
(1900), 1,711. 

WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- 
ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- 
east of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 768; 
a890). 888; (1900), 866. 

WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and 
sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 
9, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College 



in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a 
short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, but was oomi^elled temporarily to discon- 
tinue his studies on account of a weakness of 
the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed 
him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- 
missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. 
During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, 
Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on 
Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for 
bravery on the field in the official report. Re- 
entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he 
graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to 
the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of 
Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. 
In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly 
created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- 
ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued 
until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four 
years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in 
lecturing before universities on topics connected 
with social science, in aiding in the organization 
of charitable work, and in the conduct of a 
thorough investigation into the relations between 
liquor legislation and crime. At an early period 
he took a prominent part in organizing the 
various Boards of Public Charities of the United 
States into an organization known as the National 
Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at 
the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its 
President. At the International Penitentiary 
Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official 
delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result 
of his observations while abroad, he submitted 
to the Legislature a report strongly advocating 
the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for 
the Insane, then about to be built, upon the 
"detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure 
from then existing methods, which marks an era 
in the treatment of insane in the United States. 
Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the 
condition and number of the defective, depend- 
ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- 
try, his report constituting a separate volume 
under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- 
lar service in connection with the eleventh 
census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary 
of the National Prison Association, succeeding to 
the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb 
Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of 
Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former 
position of Secretary of the Board of Public 
Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again 
tendered his resignation, having received the 
appointment to the position of Assistant Director 



590 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of the Twelfth Census, wliicli he now holds. He 
is the author c'f "Crime and Reformation" (1895); 
of a voluminous series of reports; also of numer- 
our. ])amplilets and brochures, among which may- 
be mentioned "Tlie Count}' Jail System; An 
Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- 
kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane 
ID the United States" (1885); "Conditional 
Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), 
and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" 
(1888). 

WIXES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- 
ick H. "Wines), was born in Bo.ston, M;uss.. Oct. 
10, 1848, received his jinmary education at Willi.s- 
ton Academ}', East Ilamnton, Mass., after which 
lie entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a 
classical course and graduating there. He after- 
wards became a student in the law deiKirtment 
of Columbia College. N. Y., graduating in 1871, 
being admitted to the bar the siime year anil 
commencing practice in New York City. In 187!) 
became to Springlield. HI., and was, for a time, 
identilied witli the bar of that city. Later, he 
removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged 
in literary and journalistic work. 

WI>XEBA«0 COUNTY, situated in the 
"northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin 
State line ; was organized, under an act passed in 
1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and 
has an area of 552 sijuare miles. The county is 
draineil by the Rock and Peeatonica Rivers. 
The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. 
The geology is simple, tlie quaternary deposits 
being underlaid by the Galena blue and bulT 
limestone, adapted for building purposes. All 
the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief 
product being corn. The Winnebago Indians 
(who gave name to the county) formerly lived 
on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- 
watomies on the eiist, but both tribes removed 
westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- 
ests, see Jioch-ford.) Population (1880), 30,.5O5; 
(1890), 39.f«S; (lliOU), Al.sio 

WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an 
Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, 
during the administration of Gov. Ninian 
Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the 
conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated 
outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- 
ners" in all directions. In the northern portion 
of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort 
Dearborn) the alarm w:is intense. Tlie meagre 
militia force of the State was summoned and 
volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 
United States Regular Infantry, under command 



of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. 
I5e.sides the infantry, Atkin.son had at his disposal 
some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of 
tlie di-sturbiince was as follows: The Winne- 
bagoes attacked a band of Cliippewiis, who were 
(by treat}) under Government potection, several 
of the latter being killed. For participation in 
this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- 
marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- 
was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had 
arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the 
Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galena, which 
had been occupied by white miners. Repeated 
acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper 
Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- 
ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden 
with supplies for Fort SuelUng, which had 
anchored near Prairie du Cliien and opjiosite a 
Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as 
a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and 
there is historical evidence that a half-dozen 
drunken sijuaws were carried off and shamefully 
maltreated. Several hundred warriors a.ssembled 
to avenge the deception which had been practiced 
upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats 
on their return trip. The first p;issed too rapidly 
to be successfully assailed, but the second 
grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, 
attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's 
forces [irevented an actual outbreak, and, on his 
demand, the great Winnebago Chief. Red Bird, 
with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- 
rendered themselves iis hostages to save their 
nation from extermination. A majority of these 
were, after trial, acquitted. Reil Bird, liowever, 
unable to endure confinement, literally pined to 
death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is 
described as having been a savage of suiierior 
intelligence and noble character. A treaty of 
peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a 
council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months 
later, but the affair seems to have produced as 
much alarm among the Indians as it did among 
the whites. (For irinjifbagro /j?rfm»i.<! see page 576. ) 

WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 16^2 miles 
north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above 
the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools 
(being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- 
eral churches, and is a popular residence town. 
Population (1880), 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. 

WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was 
born in Lilierty County. Ga.. Nov. 20. ls;JO. was 
brought to Woodford County, Ky.. in 1835. left 
an orphan at 12, and attended the common 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



597 



schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he 
engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally 
began the study of law with United States Sena- 
tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard 
Law School in 1853 ; spent some time in the office 
of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to 
the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he 
formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, 
afterwards being associated with Judge Henry 
\V. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, tlie Chicago, 
Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsbwgh, Fort 
Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining witli the 
latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, 
by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but 
resigned the following year, and traveled exten- 
sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign 
countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the 
Democratic National Conventions of 1868, "76 and 
'84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey 
City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln 
Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln 
National Bank. 

WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- 
sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 
1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, 
St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- 
sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. 
Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the 
Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- 
roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee 
& Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- 
sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began 
to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, 
with the exception of the W^isconsin Central 
Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- 
nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- 
consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until 
Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the 
control of the Wisconsin Central Company. Tlie 
Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- 
organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed 
Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the 
Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though 
differing in name, are a financial unit; the 
former holding most of the first mortgage bonds 
of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks 
and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as 
the protection of land titles), it is necessary that 
separate corporations be maintained. On April 
1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed 
a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this 
was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for 
non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. 
On tlie same day receivers were appointed to 



insure the protection of all interests. The total 
mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company 
owns 3.58.90 — only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A 
line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of 
side-track (total, 66.54 miles), Ij-ing wholly within 
the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & 
Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- 
trance into Chicago. 

WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in 
Virginia in March. 1833, removed with his parents 
to Ohio in childliood, attended the We.stern 
Reserve College, and, after the death of his 
father, taught school and worked as a printer, 
later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 
he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again 
engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at 
Des Moines and served as private secretary of 
Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he 
became Supreme Court Reporter; served as 
Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated 
with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of 
local attorney, was made chief law officer of the 
Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, 
in 1890, was promoted to the position of General 
Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. 

WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian 
Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 
14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809, 
and, after a course in medicine, was commis- 
sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United 
States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian 
Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- 
cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent — who 
had been appointed a United States Judge in 
Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- 
eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their 
tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was 
married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a 
daughter of Col. John Kinzie, tlie first perma- 
nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a 
Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which 
then included Cook County; was a Judge of 
Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a 
block of ground in the heart of the present city 
of Cliicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 
1830. but died before the close of the year. Dr. 
Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and 
honorable man, as well as far in advance of the 
mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- 
ligence. 

WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- 
CAGO. (See Northwestern University Woman's 
Medical School.) 



598 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



WOMAN S["FFRA(iE. (See Suffrage.) 

wool), IJcnson, lawyer and Congressman, was 
boru ill Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- 
ceived a common school and academic education ; 
at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two 
years, taught scliool in Lee County. He tlien 
enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, 
attaining the rank of Ca])tain of Infantry; after 
the war, graduated from the Law Department of 
the old Chicago University, and lias since been 
engaged in the practice of liis profe.ssion. He 
was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to tlie 
Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 
1888; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- 
ham, where lie now resides. In 1894 he was 
elected to tlie Fifty-fourth Congress by the 
Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has 
uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, 
proved himself a most industrious and efficient 
member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate 
for reel«!ction in 1896. 

M'OOI>, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor 
and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 
20, 1798— his father being a Revolutionary soldier 
who had'served as Surgeon and Captain in the 
army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- 
moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams 
County, and building the first log-cabin on the site 
of the present city of Quincy. He was a member 
of tlie ujiper house of the .Seventeenth and Eight- 
eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- 
tenant-Governor in mn9 on the siiiiie ticket with 
Governor Bissell. and served out the unexpired 
term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- 
sell, William H.) lie was succeeded by Richard 
Yates in 1801. In February of that year he was 
appointed one of the live Commissioners from 
Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- 
ington, to consider methods for averting 
civil war. The following May he was appointed 
Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor 
Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out 
the troops for the field. In June, 1><(H. he wiis 
commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and 
Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) 
and mustered out of service the following Sep- 
tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He 
was literal, patriotic and public-spirited. His 
fellow-citizens of Quincj- erected a monument to 
his memory, which was appropriate!}' dedicated. 
July 4. lH8:i. 

WOODFORD COr>TY, situated a little north 
of the center of the State, bounded on the west 
by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area. 



540 square miles. The surface is generally level, 
except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile 
and well watered. The county lies in the north- 
ern section of the great coal fieUl of the State. 
Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities 
and towns are Metamora, Miuonk, El Paso and 
Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, jiotatoes and barley 
are the principal crops. The chief mechanical 
industries are flour manufacture, carriage and 
wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. 
Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. 

WOODHl'LL, a village of Henry County, on 
Keithsburg branch Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 1.") miles west of Galva; has a bank; 
electric lights, water works, brick and tile woiks, 
six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. 

WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- 
man, was l«>rn in AaUmrg, Denmark. March 11, 
1844; received his early education in the schools 
of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, 
following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, 
coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf 
Squadron of the L'nited States. After the war, 
he came to Chicago, and. after reading law for 
some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- 
ated from the Law Department of the Chicago 
University in 1871. Some jeais later he was 
appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the 
lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the 
Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of 
the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he 
became the Republican candidate for Congress 
from the Fourth District and was elected, but 
failed to secure a renomination in 1890. Died, in 
Elgin .\sylum for the liis;ine. March IS, 1898. 

WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville. 
Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- 
nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike 
County, but subsequentlj- residing at Pittsfield, 
Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at 
Knox College in the latter place, which was his 
lionie from 1849 to '."iS; later, taught school in 
Iowa and Missouri until 1801, when he went to 
Springfield and began the study of law with 
Milton Hay and Shelby M. CuUom. His law 
studies having been interrupted by the Civil 
War, after spending some time in the mustering 
and disbursing office, he was promoted bj- Gov- 
ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, 
from whicli he went to the field as Adjutant of 
tlie Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the 
"Yates Sharp-Shooters." After participating, 
with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta 
campaign, he took part in the "March to the 
Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



509 



ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the 
Salkahatchie, where he distinguished liiniself, as 
also in the talking of Columbia, Fayetteville, 
Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter 
place he had a horse shot under him and won the 
brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, 
having previously been commissioned Captain of 
Company A of his regiment. He also served on 
the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. 
Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last 
mustering officer in General Sherman's army. 
In 1807 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where 
he was in business for a number of years, serving 
as chief clerk of Custom House construction 
from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The 
Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted 
successfully for fifteen years. While connected 
with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of 
the Illinois Republican Press Association and in 
various other positions. 

Major Woods was one of the founders of the 
Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place 
was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic; also Ste])henson. Dr. B. F.) When Dr. 
Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- 
teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of 
founding such an order, he called to his assist- 
ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in 
writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the 
Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote 
the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the 
charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first 
official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- 
General of the Order, as follows: 

hbanquarters department of illinois 
Grand Ahmy of the Republic. 

SPKINGFIELD, ILL.. APRIL 1, 186fi. 

General Orders ' 

No. 1. \ The following named officers are hereby 

appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They 

will be obeyed and respected accordingly: 

Colonel Jules C. Webber. A.D.C. and Chief of Staff. 

Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. 

Major Robert M. Woods. Adjutant-General. 

Captain John A. Lightfoot. Assistant Adjutant-General. 

Cap'ain John S. Phelps. Aid-de-Camp. 

By order of B. F. Stephensou, Department Commander. 

Robert M. Woods, 

Adjutant-General. 

Major Woods afterwards organized the various 
Departments in the West, and it has been con- 
ceded that he furnished the money necessary to 
carry on the work during the first six months of 
the existence of the Order. He has never 
accepted a nomination or run for any political 
office, but is now engaged in financial business in 
Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the 
former place. 



WOODSOX, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, 
was boru in Je.s.samine County, Ky., May 18, 
1806; was educated in private schools and at 
Transylvania University, and read law with his 
father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- 
lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, 
settling at CarroUton, Greene County. In 1839 
he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a 
member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he 
was the Whig candidate for Congress in the 
Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. 
Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was 
elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, 
remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. 

WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry 
County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago 
and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a 
court house, eight churches, four banks, three 
newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, 
planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and 
butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory 
is located here ; the town is also the seat of the 
Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 
1,683; (1900), 2,502. 

WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was 
born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated 
in the common schools of his native State and at 
Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, 
after teaching three }'ears, entered a dry-goods 
store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a 
partner. He was also engaged in various other 
branches of business at different times, including 
the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- 
ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was 
appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving 
twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for 
six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- 
tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, 
from 1859, by successive reappointments, for 
twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- 
crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. 
Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at 
the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- 
cratic members of that bodj' who voted for the 
ratification of the Emanciimtion Amendment of 
the National Constitution. He was elected 
County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- 
elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- 
cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more 
than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the 
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 



600 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Railroad, serving from the organization of the 
corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 
19, INOI. 

WORUEN, a village of Madison County, on the 
Wabash and the Jacksonville, J^uisville & St. 
Louis Railways. 33 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
Population (IHilOi, .522; (lilOO), ol4 

WORLD'S COLrMBIAX EXPOSITION. An 
exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- 
ical arts of all nations, held at Chit;ago, between 
May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its 
inception in November, 188.5, in a resolution 
adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- 
State Exposition Company. On July 6. 1888, the 
first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois 
Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six 
other leading clubs of that city in ".securing the 
location of an international celebration at Chi-, 
(•ago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive 
step was taken in the appointment by Jlayor 
Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of 
a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) 
citizens, who were charged with the duty of 
promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for 
the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. 
Louis were competing points, but the choice of 
Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- 
ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by 
President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the 
requirements of the law, the President appointed 
eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- 
sioners and two alternates from each State and 
Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. 
George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- 
tor-General by the bodj' thus constituted. Ex- 
Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was 
chosen President of the Commission and John T. 
Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- 
sion delegated much of its power to a Board of 
Reference and Control, who were instructed to 
act with a similar number appointed by the 
World's Columbian Exposition. The latter 
organization was an incorporation, with a direc- 
torate of forty-five members, elected annually by 
the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, 
was the first President of tlie corporation, and 
was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. 
Higinbotham. 

Tn addition to these bodies, certain powers were 
Tested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed 
of two members, with alternates, from each 
State and Territory, besides nine from the city 
of Chicago. Sirs. Potter Palmer was cho.sen 
Presiilent of the latter. Tliis Board was particu- 



larly charged with supervision of women's par- 
ticipation in the Exjwsition. and of the exhibits 
of women's work. 

The supreme executive power was vested in 
the Joint Board of Control. The site selected 
was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- 
cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and 
Washington Parks, known as the "Midway 
Plais;ince, ■■ which was surrendered to "conces- 
sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving 
exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- 
booths thereon. The total area of the site was 
()33 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- 
ing those erected bj- States other than Illinois, 
and by foreign governments — was about 200 
acres. When to this is added the acreage of the 
foreign and State buildings, the total space 
under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- 
ures do not include the buildings erected by 
private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which 
would add a small percentage to the grand totaL 
Forty -seven foreign Governments made appropri- 
ations for the erection of theii" own buildings and 
other expenses connected with official represen- 
tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty -six 
nations. The L'nited States Government erected 
its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to 
defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides 
§2,500,000 toward the general co.st of the Exjwsi- 
tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments 
aggregated about $0,500,000, and those by the 
States and Territories, $0,120,000— that of Illinois 
being §800,000. The entire outlay of the World's 
Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31. 
1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- 
tion, constniction, operating and jwstExposition 
expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, 
exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, 
whicli would swell the aggregate cost to nejirly 
§45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed 
§5.608,200 toward the cajiital stock of the Exjjosi- 
tion Comiwny. and the municipality, §5,000,000, 
which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See 
Thirty-sLrth General Axuemhly.) 

The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- 
pose, w!us, when chosen, a marshy flat, cros.sed 
by low sand ridges, iijion which stood occasional 
clumps (if stunted scrub oaks. Before tlie gates 
of the great fair were opened to the public, the 
entire areii had been transformed into a dream of 
beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and 
sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; 
artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, 
and all the highest skill of the landscape giirden- 
er's art hid lieen called into play to produce 



South 



MAP OF 

THE GROUNDS OF THE 

yjOjKhyS pOJ.UM;^IAJ^ EXj'OpjION 

AT 

Jackson Park 

showing the General Arrangement 

of 

Buildings and Grouuds 

1893. 





I f- 



■r. 

c 



S 






X 

r. 

O 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



601 



varied and striking effects. But the task had 
been a Herculean one. There were seventeen 
principal (or, as they may be called, depart- 
mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate 
design, and all of vast size. They were known 
as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the 
Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, 
Horticultural, Mines and Jlining, Anthropolog- 
ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, 
Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and 
Forestry buildings, and the !Music Hall and Ca- 
sino. Several of these had large annexes. The 
Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was 
rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground 
area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 
44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 
feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and 
nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. 
It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum 
and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 
17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of 
steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used 
in its construction, involving a cost of 81,800,000. 

It was originally intended to open the Exposi- 
tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1893, the quadri-centen- 
nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the 
Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the 
undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- 
sequentl}-, while dedicatory ceremonies were held 
on that day, preceded by a monster procession and 
followed b}- elaborate pyrotechnic displays at 
night. May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day 
— the machinery and fountains being put in oper- 
ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- 
dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. 
The total number of admissions fi-om that date 
to Oct. 31, was 37,530,400— the largest for any 
single da}- being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- 
ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources 
(including National and State appropriations, 
subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151,168.75, 
of which §10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick 
ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The 
aggregate attendance fell short of that at the 
Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500.000, while 
the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- 
cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. 
Subscribers to the Exijosition stock received a 
return of ten per cent on the same. 

Tlie Illinois building was the first of the State 
buildings to be completed. It was also the 
largest and most costly, but was severely criti- 
cised from an architectural standpoint. The 
exhibits showed the internal resources of the 
State, as well as the development of its govern- 



mental system, and its progress in civilization 
from the days of tlae first pioneers. The entire 
Illinois exhibit in the State building was under 
charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who 
devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like 
proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the 
work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, 
artists, decorators, etc. Among special features 
of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and 
relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- 
play of grains and minerals, and an immense 
topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15.000), 
drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- 
ing the character and resources of the State, and 
correcting many serious cartographical errors 
previously undiscovered. 

WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State 
Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 
1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, 
removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- 
ing, surveying and mercantile business were his 
pursuits until 1843, when he returned to the 
East, spending two years in Boston, but return- 
ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections 
were toward the natural sciences, and, after 
coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time 
to the collection and study of specimens of 
mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the 
organization of the geological survey of Illinois 
in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. 
Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- 
ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent 
three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa 
survey. As St.ate Geologist he published seven 
volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the 
eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. 
These reports, which are as comprehensive as 
they are voluminous, have been reviewed and 
warmly commended by the leading scientific 
periodicals of this country and Europe. In 1877 
field work was discontinued, and the State His- 
torical Library and Natural History Musemn were 
established. Professor Worthen being placed in 
charge as curator. He was the author of various 
valuable scientific papers and member of numer- 
ous scientific societies in this country and in 
Europe. 

-WORTHIXGTOX, Xicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- 
gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., 
March 30, 1836, and completed his education at 
Allegheny College, Pa. . studied Law at Morgan- 
town, 'Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. 
He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a 
lawyer: was County Superintendent of Schools 
of Peoria County from 1868 to 1873, and a mem- 



602 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ber of the State Board of Education from ISU'J to 
1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a 
Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, 
and re-elected in 1884. In 188G he was again a 
candidate, but was defeated by his Republican 
opponent, Pliilij) Sidney Post. He was elected 
Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 
1801, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served 
upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- 
land, to investigate the labor strikes of that yejir 
at Chicago. 

WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was 
born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to 
Chicago in 1832, with his father, wlio oi>ened a 
store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, 
built the fir.st school building in Chicago; in 1840 
e.stabli.shed ""The Prairie Planner," which he con- 
ducted for many years in the interest of pojiular 
education and progre.ssive agriculture. In l!S.")2 
he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- 
raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- 
moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the 
Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume 
entitled, '"Chicago; Pa.st, Present and Future," 
published in 1870. Died, in Chicago. Sept. 20. 1874. 

WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born 
in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 18.54; came to 
Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as 
a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he 
was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and 
re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Republican 
nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the 
November election of that year, the unprece- 
dented pluralit}' of 133.427 votes over his Demo- 
cratic opponent. 

WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the 
intersection of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy 
and the Chicago. Rock Islan<l & Pacific liiiilways, 
7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population 
(1890). 670; (1900), 902. 

WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, 
born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood; 
was educated at tlie University of Pennsylvania 
and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed 
Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. 
Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- 
sionary and, in 1820. became i)astor of a church 
at S|)arta, 111., where he remained until his death, 
March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. 
During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen 
colonies to form new church organizations else- 
where. He is described as able, eloquent and 
scholarly. 

WYMAX, (Col.) John H., sohlier. was born in 
Massachusetts, July 12, 1^17, and educated in the 



schools of that State until 14 years of age, when 
he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native 
town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with 
mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and 
again in his native State. From 1840 to 18.50 he 
was employed successively as a clerk in the car 
and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as 
Superintendentof Con.struction. and. later, as con- 
ductor on the New York & New Haven liivilroad, 
finally, in 18.50, becoming Sujwrintendent of the 
Connecticut River Railroad. In 1S.52 he entered 
the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany, assisting in the survey and construction of 
the line under Col. R. B. Ma.son. the Chief Engi- 
neer, and finally becoming A.ssistant Sujx?rin- 
tendent of the Northern Division. He was one 
of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, 
in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving 
a second term. Having a fondne.ss for military 
affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- 
tary organization — while in Cincinnati being 
attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. 
Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards 
Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After 
coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- 
cago Light Guards. Having lef* the employ of 
the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business 
at -Vinboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 
1861. As Assistant-Adjutant General, by ai)ii(iint- 
ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable 
service in the early weeks of the war in securing 
arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- 
zation of the three-months" regiments. Then, 
having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infantry — the first organized in the State 
for the three years" service — he was commis- 
sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered 
upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in 
Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- 
ing j'ear his regiment was attached to General 
Sherman"s command in the first campaign 
against Vicksburg. On the second day of the 
Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally 
wounded, dying on the field. Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- 
nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished 
and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to 
the field from Illinois, of whom so many were 
former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road. 

AVYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles 
north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of 
the Peiiria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the 
Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches, 
two banks, fiour mills, water-works, machine 



HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



C03 



shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined 
here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (1900), 1,277. 

XENIA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- 
more & Ohio Southwe.stern Railroad, 87 miles 
east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. 

YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the 
junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville 
brancli, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The 
town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, 
school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
687; (1900). 650. 

YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline 
County, Va.. Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew 
of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- 
yette Count}-, Ky., where he located and laid out 
the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became 
the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he 
removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, 
settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, 
which he laid out the following year, also laying 
out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on 
the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father 
of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— 
Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born 
at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835 ; engaged in merchan- 
dising at New Berlin ; in 1862, raised a company 
of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth 
Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- 
dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, . 
and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from 
which he never fully recovered. Died, August 
3, 1871. 

YATES, Richard, former Governor and United 
States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 
18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- 
panied his father to Illinois, the family settling 
first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon 
Count}-. He soon after entered Illinois College, 
from which he graduated in 1835. and subse- 
quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at 
Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. 
In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- 
eral Assembly from Morgan County,- and was 
re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 18.50 he 
was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh 
District and elected over JIaj. Thomas L. Harris, 
the previous incumbent, being the only Whig 
Representative in the Thirty-second Congress 
from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected 
over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, 
by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the 



most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early 
participant in the movement for the organization 
of the Republican party to resist the further 
extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, 
on the same platform with Lincoln, before the 
first Republican State Convention held at Blooin- 
ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the 
Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was 
elected to the executive chair on the ticket 
headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, 
and. b}- his energetic support of the National 
administration in its measures for the suppression 
of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- 
nois War-Governor."' In 1865 he was elected 
United States Senator, serving until 1871. He 
died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while 
returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, 
as a LTnited States Commissioner, by appointment 
of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidj' 
railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- 
ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- 
netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. 
His faults were those of a nature generous, 
impulsive and warm-hearted. 

YORKVILLE, the county-seat of Kendall 
County, on Fox River and Streator Division of 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
south we.st of Aurora; on interurban electric line; 
has watei -power, electric lights, a bank, churches 
and weekly newspaper. Pop.(1890) 375; (1900),413. 

YOUN(i, Briarliam, Mormon leader, was born 
at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the 
Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, liecame asso- 
ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, 
in 1835, an "apostle." He ac^ompanied a con- 
siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., 
but was driven out with them in 1837, settling 
for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- 
ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- 
ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he 
became the successor of the latter, as head of the 
Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed 
the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in 
the Mormon settlement in Utah. His subsequent 
career there, where he was appointed Governor 
by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- 
fully defied national authority, is a matter of 
national rather than State history. He remained 
at the head of the Mormon Church until his 
death at Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. 

YOUNG, Richard Montaromery, United States 
Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied 
law and removed to Jonesboro, 111., where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 



CO-1 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



General Assembly (1820-22) as Representative 
from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1820-27 ; 
Presidential Elector in 1828; Circuit Judge again, 
1829-37; elected United States Senator in 1837 as 
successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, 
wlien he was commissioned Justice of the Su- 
preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become 
Commissioner of the General Land Office at 
Washington. During the session of 1850-.51, he 
served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- 
sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- 
ington, in 1853. 

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, 
first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, 
although desultory movements of a kindred char- 
acter had previously been started at Peoria, 
Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early 
as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various as.sociations 
were formed at ditferent points throughout tlie 
State, which were entirely independent of each 
other. The first effort looking to union and 
mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert 
Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- 
mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- 
ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been 
held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, step.s 
were taken looking to the appointment of a 
State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton 
assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was 
done, and new associations formed, the total 
number reported at the Champaign Convention, 
in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work 
Mr. Morton resigned the secretarysliip. tlie office 
remaining vacant for three years. The question 
of the appointment of a successor was discussed 
at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and. in .April, 
1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and 
has occupied the position to the present time 
(1899). At the date of his appointment the 
official figures sliowed si.xteen associations in Illi- 
nois, with a total membership of 2.443, and proji- 
erty valued at $126.5(10, including buihling funds, 
the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning 
buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, 
none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the 
work has steadily grown, so that five .Assistant 
State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a 
plan for arranging the State work under depart- 
mental administration was devised, but not put 
in ojieration until 1890. The present six dejiart- 
ments of supervision are: General Supervision, 
in charge of the State Secretary and his .Assist- 
ants; railroad and city work; counties and 
towns; work among students; corresjionding 
membership department, and office work. The 



two last named are under one executive head, 
but each of the others in charge of an Assistant 
Secretary, who is responsible for its development 
The entire work is under the sujjervision of a 
State Executive Committee of twenty-seven 
members, one-third of whom are elected annually. 
AVillis H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- 
man for several years. This body is appointed 
by a State convention composed of delegates 
from the local Associations. Of these tliere were, 
in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 
15,888. The value of the property owned was 
§2, .500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- 
ings, of which five are for railroad men and one 
for students. Weekly gatherings for young men 
numbered 24<S, and tliere are now representatives 
or correspondents in 665 communities wliere no 
organization lias been effected. Scientific phys- 
ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, 
and educational work has been largely developed. 
The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, 
was 978. The building of the Chicago branch 
(erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the 
world. Recentl)' a successful association lias 
been formed among coal miners, and anotlier 
among the first grade boys of the Illinois State 
Reformatory, while an extensive work lias been 
conducted at the camps of the Illinois National 
Guard. 

ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born 
in Cumberland County. N. J., March 2, 1831, of 
English and New England stock. At the age of 
19 he emigrated to Sangamon County. 111., for a 
time working on a farm and at brick-making. 
From 1852 to "55 he attended McKendree College, 
but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, 
engaged in teaching, at the same time reading 
law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and 
commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- 
ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had 
for partners, at different times, William H. 
Ilerndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) 
and Senator Shelby JI. Cullom. In 1873 he was 
elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth 
Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 
1883 President .Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- 
tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though 
superseded by the appointment of a successor by 
President Cleveland. .At the first State elec- 
tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was 
chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court 
of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated 
for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 
1898. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



The following matter, received too late for insertion in tlie Ijody of this worli. is added in tho form of a supplement. 



COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval 
officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 
15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a 
time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In ISfiO he 
was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. 
Fouke — then a Representative in Congress from 
the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at 
Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- 
moted through the successive grades of Ensign, 
Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and 
Commander, and serving upon various vessels 
until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned 
Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command 
of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. 
He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's 
squadron at the beginning of the Spanish-Ameri- 
can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part 
in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which 
resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. 
Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent 
events in the Philippines was in the highest 
degree creditable to himself and the country. 
His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral 
Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by 
way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he 
and his crew receiving an immense ovation on 
their arrival in New York harbor. 

CRANE, (Rey.) James Lyons, clergyman, 
army chaplain, was born at Sit. Eaton, Waj'ne 
County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the 
Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 
1841, and, coming to Edgar Covmty, Illinois, in 
1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three 
years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, 
and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- 
wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- 
boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the 
last two points being stationed two or more 
times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the 
Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The 
importance of the stations which he filled during 
his itinerant career served as evidence of his 
recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. 



In Jul}', 1861, he was appointed Cliaplain of the 
Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as 
Colonel, and, although he remained with the 
regiment only a few months, the friendship then 
established between him and the future com- 
mander of the armies of the Union lasted through 
their lives. This was shown by his appointment 
by President Grant, in 18G9, to the position of 
Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came 
to him as a personal compliment, being re- 
appointed four years afterwards and continuing 
in office eight years. After retiring from tho 
Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at 
Island Grove and Shelby ville, his death occurring 
at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of 
an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. 
Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth 
Mayo, daughter of Col. J. Mayo — a prominent 
citizen of Edgar County, at an early day — his 
wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. 
Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors 
of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and 
Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. 

DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the 
Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 
1865; graduated from Marietta College in 1884, 
and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; 
worked at civil engineering dm-ing his vacations, 
finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & 
Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he was 
engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., 
but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- 
ness in various cities, including Evanston, 111., 
which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- 
ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- 
can State Convention at Springfield in favor of 
the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- 
dency, and during the succeeding campaign 
served as a member of the National Republican 
Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after 
the accession of President McKinley, he was 
appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 



605 



606 



HISTORICAL EMYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



whioli he now holds. Mr. Dawes is tlie son of 
R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, 
and tlie great-grandson of Maiia-sseli Cutler, who 
was an influential factor in the early history of 
the Northwest Territory, antl lias been credited 
with exerting a strong influence in shaping and 
securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. 

DISTIJi, (Col.) VVilliam L., former Depart- 
ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic for the State of Illinois, was born at 
Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of 
English descent, while his maternal grandfather 
w;is a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army 
of the first Xapoleon, who, after the exile of his 
leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. 
The father of the subject of this sketch settled at 
Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood 
and in February, 1863, enlisted as a private in the 
Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice 
rejected previously on account of physical ail- 
ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for 
provost-marshal duty, but later took part with 
his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He 
served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, 
under Gen. John A. Logan, was sulxseiiuently 
detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, 
and participated in the battles of Resaca and 
Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, 
he was imprisoned successivelj- at Jack.sonville 
^Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at 
Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in 
effecting his e.scape, but was recaptured and 
returned to that famous prison-pen. Having 
escaped a second time by assuming the name of 
a dead man and bribing the guard, he wiis again 
captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- 
sissippi until exchanged about the time of the 
assassination of President Lincoln. He was then 
so weakened by his long confinement and scanty- 
fare that he had to he carried on board the 
steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly 
escaped being on Ijoard the steamer Sultana, 
which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 
soldiers on board, a large pro]X)rtion of whom lost 
their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- 
port, Iowa, June 28, 180.~>, he wa-s employed for a 
time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a 
mes.senger and route agent of the L^nited States 
Express Coniiiany. In 1872 he e.stablished him- 
self in business in Quincy, 111., in wliich he 
provevl very succe.ssful. Here he became prom- 
inent in local Grand Army circles, an<l, in 1890, 
wa.s unanimously elected Commander of the 
Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had 
been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and 



served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of 
Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, 
Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was 
appt)inted by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- 
eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which 
(1899) he still holds. 

DIMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at 
Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in 
Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 
1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- 
bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted 
to the bar. Then, having spent some two years 
in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, 
settling first in Springfield, where he remained six 
years, being for a part of the time a partner of 
John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first 
partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Jfr. Dum- 
nier had a brother, Richard AVilliam Dunimer, 
who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a 
time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to 
Beardstown, Ca.ss County, which continued to be 
his home for more than a quarter of a century. 
During his residence there he served as Alder- 
man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for 
Cass Coimty ; also represented Cass Count j' in the 
Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 18G0, 
was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second 
General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. 
Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served 
that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to 
the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which 
nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a 
second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- 
ville, and for the next year was the law partner 
of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter 
in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer 
went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but 
died there August 12 of that year. 

ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the 
Currency, w:vs born of Scotch-Irish parentage at 
Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 18.J8, was educated in 
the common schools and the high school of his 
native town, graduated from the Law School at. 
Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year 
began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- 
tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was 
apjKiinted by President Clevelaml Comptroller of 
the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he 
resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- 
mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels 
manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- 
charge of his duties as Comptroller that he 
received the notable compliment of l>eing 
retained in ofBce by a Republican administration 
more than a rear after the retirement of Presi- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



607 



dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at 
the head of one of the leading banking institu- 
tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition 
of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate 
from the Eleventh District to the National 
Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1893, and 
repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- 
cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and 
assisted in framing the platform there adopted — • 
which indicated his views on the financial ques- 
tions involved in the campaign of that year. 

FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in 
Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and 
settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 
185.5. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged 
in merchandising, and became a large land- 
holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive 
shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi 
markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of 
Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of 
children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriflfi 
while another, John, was County Judge of Pope 
County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. 
Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a 
soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- 
ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- 
ington. 

FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, 
was box-n within the present limits of the State of 
Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the 
War of 1813, was married in Bourbon Count3s 
Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the 
daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the 
Revolutionarj' War, and, in 1817, removed to 
Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town 
of Golconda. which became the county-seat. He 
served as a Representative from Pope County in 
the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was 
the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the 
wife of John Raura ; of Edna Field, the wife of 
Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, wlio 
was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field 
was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, 
mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died 
of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. 

OALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- 
seller and a railway promoter, was born at 
E.xeter, N. H., March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age 
became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston; 
came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards 
opened the first book and stationery establish- 
ment in that city, which, in after years, gained 
an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. 



Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having 
become head of the Chicago Fire Department, 
retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 
he was as.sociated with W m. B. Ogden and John 
B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive 
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a 
part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in 
conjunction with these gentlemen, became 
responsible for the means to purchase the charter 
and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- 
holders. Later, he engaged in the construction 
of the branch road from Turner Junction to 
Aurora, became President of the line and ex- 
tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois 
Central at that Point. These roads afterwards 
became a part of the Chicago, Burlington &. 
Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale 
returned to his old home in New Hampshire, 
where he has since resided. 

HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of 
Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a 
prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was 
selected as a member of the First Legislative 
Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County 
in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the 
Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and 
was continued in office after the organization of 
the State Government, serving until his death at 
Belleville in 1845. 

HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Nortliwest Ter- 
ritory, was a native of New York, who came to 
Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and 
lived there the remainder of his life. His early 
life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- 
nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about 
the sources of the Mississippi. During the War 
of 1813 he was able to furnisli Governor Edwards 
valuable information in reference to the Indians 
in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- 
master at Caliokia for a number of jears, and was 
Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. 

MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and 
building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., 
March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and 
was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- 
fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of 
which he is a member having been connected 
witli the construction of a number of large build- 
ings, including some extensive grain elevators. 
Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second 
Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884, 
being elected to the oflSce of Major, which he 
retained until January, 1893, when he was 
appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff 
of General Wheeler. A year later he was com 



608 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position 
wiiich he occupied at the time of the call by the 
President for troops to serve in the Spanish- 
American War in April, 1898. He promptly 
answered the call, and was sworn into the United 
States service at the head of his regiment ejirly 
in May. The regiment was almost immetliately 
ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there 
and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, 
when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here 
he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for 
tlie city of Havana, remaining in office until the 
middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his 
regiment, tlien stationed at Camp Columbia, near 
the city of Havana. In the latter part of March 
he returned with his regiment to Augusta, tia.. 
where it was mustered out, April 20. 1899, one 
year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. 
After leaving the service Colonel Moulton 
resumed liis business as a contractor. 

SHERMAN', Lawrence Y., legislator and 
Speiiker of the Forty-first General ^Vssembly, was 
born in Miami County, Oliio, Nov. 6, 18.')8; at 3 
years of age came to Illinois, liis parents settling 
at Industry, McDonough County. When he had 
reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper 
County, where he grew to manhood, received his 
education in the common schools and in the law 



department of McKendree College, graduating 
from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb. 
McDonough County. Here he began his career 
by driving a team uix)n the street in order to 
accumulate means enabling him to devote his 
entire attention to his chosen profession of law. 
He soon took an active interest in poUtics, was 
elected County Judge in 188(1, and, at the expira- 
tion of his term, formed a partnership with 
George D. TunniclilTe and D. G. Tunnicliffe, 
ex- Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was 
a candidate for the Republican nomination for 
Representative in the General Assemblj-, but 
withdrew to prevent a split in the party; waa 
nominated and elected in 189fi, and re-elected in 
1898, and, at the succeeding session of the 
Forty-first General Assemblj-, was noniinuted 
by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, 
as he was again of the Forty-second in 1901. 

VIXYARl), Philip, early legislator, was bom 
in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an 
early day, and settled in Pope County, which he 
represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth 
and Fourteenth General .V.ssemblies. He married 
Mi.ss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent 
Illinois pioneer, and served as Slieriff of Pope 
County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- 
conda, iu lHQ'i, 



SUPPLEMENT NO. II. 



BLACK H.VWK WAR, THE. The episode 
known in history under tlie name of "The Black 
Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict 
between the wliites and Indians, as well as the 
most far reaching in its results, that ever oc- 
curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its 
name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, 
Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- 
kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who 
was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a 
principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk 
had been an ally of the British during the War 
of 1813-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- 
ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, 
after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- 
lations with his " British father." Tlie outbreak 



in Illinois had its origin in the construction 
put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William 
Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians 
on behalf of the United .States Government, No- 
vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- 
ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres 
of land comprising the region lying between the 
Wisconsin River on the nortli, Fox River of Illi- 
nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi 
on the west, for which the Government agreed to 
pay to the confederated tribes less than §2,. 500 in 
goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 i)er an- 
num in perpetuitj-. While the validity of the 
treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the 
ground that it had originally been entered into by 
their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



609 



under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, 
during wliicli they had been kept in a state of con- 
stant intoxication, it liad been repeatedly reaf- 
firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially in 
1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- 
nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of 
the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause 
of the disagreement was that which stipulated 
that, so long as the lauds ceded under it remained 
the property of the United States (that is, should 
not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians 
belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- 
ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- 
though these lands had not been put upon the 
market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- 
plied in this region little respect was paid to the 
treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with 
reference to those localities where, by reason of 
fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- 
tage, the Indians had established something like 
permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude 
cultivation. This was especially the case with 
reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on 
the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, 
where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, 
had lived for over a century, had cultivated 
fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their 
dead. In the early part of the last centur}', it is 
estimated that some five hundred families had 
been accustomed to congregate here, making it 
the largest Indian village in the West. As early 
as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the 
rights claimed by the Indians untler the treaty 
of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession 
of by the intruders, their lodges 'ijurned and their 
women and children whipped and driven away 
during the absence of the men on their annual 
hunts. The dangers resulting fi-om these con- 
flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1.828, to 
demand of the General Government the exjjul- 
sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted 
in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for 
their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- 
cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of 
much influence with the Indians, the time was 
extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding 
year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport 
and Faruham bought from the United States Gov- 
ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied 
by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has 
been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. 
This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who 
was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered 
to take other lands from the Government in ex- 
change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to 



which President Jackson would not consent. On 
their return in the spring of 1830, tlie Indians 
found whites in possession of their village. Pre- 
vented from cultivating their fields, and then- 
annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following 
winter proved for them one of great hardship. 
Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British 
father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, 
claimed to have received words of sympathy and 
encouragement, which induced him to determine 
to regain possession of their fields. In this he 
was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- 
mand, and by assurance of support from White 
Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known 
also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophefs 
Town) was some forty miles from the mouth 
of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk 
claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, 
ammunition and provisions from the British. 
The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the 
vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, 
produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. 
Messages were Imrried to Governor Reynolds, 
who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- 
cember previous, appealing for protection against 
the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 
volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " 
at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- 
though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, 
commanding the military district, thought the 
regulars suflSciently strong to cope with the situa- 
tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded 
to by more than twice the number called for. 
The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at 
Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in 
the call, and having been organized into two regi- 
ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and 
Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. 
Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, 
after effecting a junction with General Gaines' 
regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on 
the 2.'Jth of June. In the meantime General 
Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, 
Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join 
the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of 
the battalion of mounted men previously offered 
by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies 
amounted to 2,. 500 men, while the fighting force 
of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- 
whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew 
under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- 
sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines 
notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue 
and attack his band, which had the effect to 
bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- 



CIO 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



quarters, where, on June 30. a new treaty was 
entered into by which he bound himself and his 
j)eople to remain west of the Mississi|)i)i unless 
permitted to return by the United States. This 
ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned 
to their homes, although the affair had produced 
an intense excitement along the whole frontier, 
and involved a heavj- expense. 

The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and 
his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the 
present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- 
iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- 
gard of his pledge to General Games, on April 6, 
1832, at the head of 000 warriors and their fam- 
ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- 
low Banks about the site of the present city of 
Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the 
intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at 
his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town 
and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he 
was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances 
of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still 
further strengthened by promises from the Brit- 
ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to 
Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this 
invasion was the effective warning given to the 
white settlers by Shabona. a friendly Ottawa 
chief, which probably had tlie effect to prevent 
a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of 
Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois 
north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some 
thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few 
cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle. Ottawa, In- 
dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, 
and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, 
commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong 
(Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of 
Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- 
sippi, at once took steps to notify (Governor Rey- 
nolds of the situation with a re<iuisition for an 
adequate force of militia to cooperate with the 
regulars. Under date of April 10, 1S32. the Gov- 
ernor issued his call for "a strong detacliment of 
militia." to meet by April 22. Beardstown again 
being named as a place of rendezvous. The call 
resulted in the assembling of a force which was 
organized into four regiments umler command of 
Cols. John DeWitt. Jacob Fry. John Thomas and 
Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- 
talion under JIaj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- 
talion under M;ij. Thomas James and a foot 
battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were 
subsequently added two independent battalions 
of motinted men. under command of Majors 
Isaiah Stillniau and David Bailey, which were 



finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under 
command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- 
tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown 
was completed by April 27, and the force under 
command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but 
accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was 
allowed pay as Major General by the General 
Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, 
arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the 
United States service. Among others accomjjany- 
ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards 
became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital 
Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- 
nance OfTicer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, 
and Abraham Lincoln. Captain of a company of 
volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth 
Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander 
of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- 
strong about the same time with reinforcements 
from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The 
total force of militia amounted to 1.935 men, and 
of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is 
told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- 
teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After 
reminding them of their duty to obey an order 
promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War 
added: " The safety of all dejiends upon the obe- 
dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- 
diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be 
Presidents some day — but not if j-ou refuse to do 
your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- 
mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact 
that, while Taylor himself afterwards became 
President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer 
who probably tlien had no aspiration to that dis- 
tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same 
position during the most dramatic period in the 
nation's history. 

Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, 
the advance up Hock River began, the main force 
of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- 
eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 
400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- 
ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, 
provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, 
advancing by the east bank of the river, was the 
first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, wliich, 
finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry 
(now Dixon^, where he arrived May 12 Here he 
found tlie independent battalions of Stillman and 
Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which 
Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions 
under command of Major Stillman, having been 
sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, 
left Dixon on the I3th and, on the afternoon of 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



611 



the next day, went into camp in a strong position 
near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- 
covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same 
time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty 
of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles 
distant, while the greater part of his band were en- 
camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- 
tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the 
Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk 
in his autobiography, having been disappointed in 
his expectation of forming an alliance with the 
Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at 
this juncture determined to return to the west 
side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of 
Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking 
it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- 
son's command, he sent out three of his young 
men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and 
convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in 
council. These were captured by some of Still- 
man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while 
a party of five other braves who followed to ob- 
serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, 
were attacked and two of their number killed, the 
the other three escaping to their camp. Black 
Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was 
aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the 
flag to pieces with which he had intended to go 
into council with the whites, and appealing to his 
followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, 
he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- 
bered ST.'J men, while Black Hawk's band has been 
estimated at less than forty. As the rangers 
caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward 
in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe 
of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As 
the rangers approached. Black Hawk and his 
party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time 
opening fire on their assailants. The further 
hist ry of the affair was as much of a disgrace to 
Stillman's command as had been their desecra- 
tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by 
their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the 
rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began 
the retreat, dashing through their own camp and 
abandoning everything, which fell into the hands 
of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or 
two ofl3cers and a few of their men to check the 
retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- 
gitives continuing their mad rush for safety 
tlirough the night until they reached Dixon, 
twenty-five miles distant, while many never 
stopped until they reached their homes, forty 
or fifty miles distant. Tlie casualties to the 
langers amounted to eleven killed and two 



wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two 
spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously 
killed near Stillman's camp. This ill-starred af- 
fair, which has passed into history as "Stillman's 
defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- 
tier bj' inducing an exaggerated estimate of the 
strength of the Indian force, while it led Black 
Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage of 
the white troops at the same time that it led to 
an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own 
little band — thus becoming an important factor 
in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres 
which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 
1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat 
the next day and buried the dead, while on the 
19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- 
ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of 
Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- 
plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the 
demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- 
serted their post for their homes, compelling At- 
kinson to return for the protection of Iiis base of 
supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow 
the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the 
Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- 
konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the 
present State of Wisconsin. 

At this point the really active stage of the 
campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the 
women and children of his band in the fastnesses 
of the swamps, divided his followers into two 
bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- 
mand, while the notorious half-breed, Jlike Girty, 
led aband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. 
Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he 
gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies 
and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and 
massacre among the frontier settlers be.gan. One 
of the most notable of these was the Indian 
Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve 
miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when .sixteen 
persons were killed at the Home of William 
Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel 
Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 15 years — were 
carried away captives. The girls were subse- 
quently released, having been ransomed for §2,000 
in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago 
Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry 
Gratiot. Great as was the emergency at this 
juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- 
dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they 
had served out their term of enlistment, refused 
to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis 
consin. As the result of a council of war, the 
volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 



612 



ITISTOIJICAL EXCYCLOPEDTA OF ILLINOIS. 



were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. 
Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort 
Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Rej'nolds had 
issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 
2,000 men to serve during the war. Gen. 
Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East 
with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera 
breaking out among the troops, they did not 
arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The 
rank and file of volunteers responding under the 
new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars 
then in Illinois making an army of 4.000. Pend- 
ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, 
and to meet an immediate emergencj', 300 men 
were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a 
period of twenty days, and organized into a 
regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, 
with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and 
John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- 
listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- 
Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A 
regiment of five companies, numbering IDS men, 
from Putnam Count}- under command of Col. 
John Strawn, and another of eight companies 
from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. 
Moore, were organized and assigned to guard 
duty for a period of twenty days. 

The new volunteers were rendezvou.sed at Fort 
■\Vilbourn, nearly opposite Peru. June lo, and 
organized into three bri.gades, eacli consisting of 
three regiments and a sjiy battalion. The First 
Brigade (915 strong) was placed under command 
of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second 
under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third 
under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served 
as officers in some of these several organizations, 
and afterwards became prominent in State his- 
tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gunlon S. Hubbanl of the 
Vermilion County regiment; John A. McClern- 
anil, on the staff of (ieneral Posey; JIaj. John 
Dement; then State Treasurer; StinsonH. Ander- 
son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut.- 
Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; 
Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State 
Supreme Court and United States Senator): W. 
L. D. Ewing (as JIajor of a spy battalion, after- 
wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; 
Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- 
Governorl ; James W. Semple (afterwards United 
States Senator) ; and William Weatherford(after- 
wai'ds a Colonel in the Jlexican War), and many 
more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade 
was as.signed to the duty of ilispersing the Indians 
between Galena and Rock River, .Vlexander's sent 
to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, 



while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at 
Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- 
ments of a more or less serious character were 
had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of 
the present State of Wisconsin ; at Apple River 
Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was 
successfully defended against a force under Black 
Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next 
day (June 20). when the same band ambushed 
Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and came near in- 
flicting a defeat, which wiis jjrevented by 
Dement's coolne.ss and the timeh' arrival of re- 
inforcements. In the latter engagement the 
whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had 
been tethered outside their lines, the loss of the 
Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also 
occurred with varying results, at Plum River 
Fort, Burr Oak Grove. Siusiniwa and Blue 
Mounds — the last two within the present State of 
Wisconsin. 

Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camjjed 
in the vicinity of I-^ake Koshkonong, General 
Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined 
force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 
men — the volunteers being under the command 
of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the 
Lake July 2, but foimd no Indians, being joined 
two days later bj- General Alexander's brigade, and 
on the Gth by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- 
mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were 
sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- 
age of the Wiscon.sin ; Colonel Ewing, with the 
Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending 
Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, 
going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of 
settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- 
son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- 
nong, began the erection of temjiorary fortifica- 
tions on Bark River near the site of the present 
village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago 
Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the 
actual location of Black Hawk's camp through 
Pierre Poqiiette, a half-breed scout and trader 
in the employ of the American Fur Company, 
whom they employed with a number of Winne- 
bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- 
ander's command returned to General Atkinson's 
headijuarters, carrying with them twelve day's 
provisions for the main army, while General 
Henry 'siCOOstrong). with Major Dodge's battalion 
numbering 150, with an e<iual quantity of supplie.« 
for themselves, started under the guidance of 
Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black 
Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the 
Winnebago village on Rock River wliere Black 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



613 



Hawk and his band had been located, their camp 
was found deserted, . tlie Winneba,e:os insisting 
that they had gone to Cranberry (now Horicon) 
Lake, a lialf-daj-'s marcli up the river. Slessen- 
gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's 
headquarters, thirty-five miles distant, to ap- 
prise him of this fact. AVhen they had proceeded 
about half the distance, they struck a broad, 
fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black 
Hawk's band headed westward toward the Jlis- 
sissippi. The guide having deserted them in 
order to warn liis tribesmen- that further dis- 
sembling to deceive the whites as to 
the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- 
less, the messengers were compelled to follow 
him to General Henry's camp. The discover}- pro- 
duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- 
teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid 
succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- 
brances behind, the pursuit of the fugitives was 
begun without delay, the troops wading through 
swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. 
Soon evidence of the character of the flight the 
Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted 
horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside 
along the trail, began to ajipear, and straggling 
bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to 
desert Black Hawk, gave information that the 
Indians were only a few miles in advance. On 
the evening of the 20th of Jul}' Henry's forces 
encamped at "Tlie Four Lakes," the present 
site of the cit}' of lladison. Wis., Black Hawk's 
force lying in ambush the .same night seven or 
eight miles distant. During the next afternoon 
the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was 
overtaken and skirmi.shipg continued until the 
bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black 
Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage 
of the main body of his people across the stream. 
The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has 
been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk 
claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of 
the whites bein.g one killed and eight wovinded. 
During the night Black Hawk succeeded in 
placing a considerable number of the women and 
children and old men on a raft and in canoes 
obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them 
down tiie river, believing tliat, as non-combat- 
ants, they would be permitted by the regulars 
to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- 
consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. 
A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to 
intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help- 
less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, 
while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two 



women and children made prisoners. The re- 
mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- 
ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or 
were massacred by their enemies, the Jlenomi- 
nees, acting under white officers. During the 
night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a 
loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- 
known tongue was heard in the direction where 
Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This 
caused something of a panic in Henry's camp, as 
it was supposed to come from some one .giving 
orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned 
that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the 
Winnebago language in the hope that he might 
be lieard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides. 
He was describing the helpless condition of his 
people, claiming that the war had been forced 
upon them, that their women and children were 
starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- 
cross the Mississippi, they would give no further 
trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other 
guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no 
one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and 
it failed of its object. 

General Henry 's force having discovered that the 
Indians had escaped — Black Hawk heading with 
the bulk of his warriors towards the IMississippi — 
spent the next and day night on the field, but on 
the following da}' (July 23) started to meet General 
Atkin.son, who had, in the meantime, been noti- 
fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns 
met at Blue Jlounds, the same evening, a com- 
plete junction between the regulars and the 
volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted 
village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the 
logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army 
crossed the river on the 2Tth and the 28th and the 
pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re- 
newed. Evidence of their famishing condition 
was found in the trees stripped of bark for food, 
the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there 
the dead body of an Indian. 

On August 1. Black Hawk's depleted and famish- 
ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below 
the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant 
stream, and immediately began trying to cross 
the river; but having only two or three canoes, 
the work was slow. About the middle of the 
afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap- 
peared on the scene, having on board a score of 
regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit 
to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to 
notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were 
headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the 
white flag in token of surrender but the officer 



6U 



HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in command claiming that he feared treachery or 
an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk sliould 
come on board. Tliis lie was unable to do, as he 
had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a 
murderous fire of canister and musketry was 
opened from the steamer on the few Indians on 
shore, who made such feeble resistance as they 
were able. The result was the killing of one 
white man and twenty -three Indians. After this 
exploit the "Warrior"" proceeded to Prairie du 
Chien. twelve or fifteen miles distant, fur fuel. 
During the night a few more of the Indians 
crossed the river, but Black Hawk, .seeing the 
hopelessne.=s of furtlier resistance, accompanied 
by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of 
ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children, 
fled in the direction of "the dells" of the Wis- 
consin. On the morningof the2d General Atkinson 
arrived within four or five miles of the Sac 
position. Disposing his forces with the regulars 
and Colonel Dodge"s rangersin the center. the brig- 
ades of Posey and Alexan<ler on the riglit and 
Henry "s on the left, he began the pursuit, but 
was drawn by the Indian decoy;i up the river 
from the place where the main body of the 
Indians were trying to cross the stream. This 
had t lie effect of leaving General Henry in the rear 
practically without orders, but it became the 
means of making his command the prime factors 
in the climax wliich followed. Some of the spies 
attached to Henry's command having accidental- 
ly discovered the trail of the main body of the fu- 
gitives, he began the pursuit witliout waiting for 
orders and soon foutid himself engaged with some 
300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It 
was here that the only tiling like a regular battle 
occurred. The savages fought with the fury of 
despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved 
to greater deeds of courage by the insult which 
they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- 
eral Atkinson. Atkin.son, hearing the battle in 
progre.ss and discovering that he was being led 
off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force 
with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," 
arriving from Prairie du Ohien, opened a fire of 
canister ujion the pent-up Indians. The battle 
soon degenerated into a ma.s.sacre. In the course 
of the three hours through which it lasted, it ises- 
timated that l.")0 Indians were killed by fire from 
the troops, an equal number of both sexes and 
all ages drowned while attempting to cross the 
river or by being driven into it, while about 50 
(chiefly women and children) were made prison- 
ers. The loss of the whites wivs 20 kille<l and 13 
wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its 



close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented 
the abandonment of his people, returned within 
sight of the battle-ground, l)ut seeing the slaugh- 
ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he 
turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled 
into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- 
combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a 
condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, 
but these were .set upon by the Sioux under Chief 
AVabaslia. through the suggestion and agency of 
General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- 
ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died 
from wounds and exhau-stion, while still others 
perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band 
who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desi)er- 
ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the 
east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, 
it is estimated that not more than 1.50 survived 
the tragic events of the next four months. 

General Scott, having arrived at Prairiedu Chien 
early in August, assumed command and, on 
August IT), mustered out the volunteers at Dixon, 
111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the 
Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion. Black Hawk 
fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and 
the Prophet surrendered themselves to the AVin. 
nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the 
Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been 
taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he 
there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was 
taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in 
the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant 
in the regular armj', where he was held a captive 
during the following winter. The connection of 
Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by 
many historians, seems to have been confined to 
this act. In April. 18.33, with the Prophet and 
Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then 
to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as 
prisoners of war until June 4. when they were 
released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many 
principal cities in order to impress him with the 
strength of the American nation, was brought to 
Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the 
guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived 
this humiliation only a few years, dying on a 
small reservation set apart for him in Davis 
County. Iowa, October 3, 1838. 

Such is the story of the Black Hawk War. the 
most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- 
nois history. At its beginning both the .State 
and national authorities were grossly misled by 
an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black 
Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for 
recovering the site of his old village, while 



HISTOrxICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



615 



Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the 
numbers and courage of liis white enemies, es- 
pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of 
the war to the State and nation in money has been 
estimated at $2,000,000, and in sacrifice of life 
on both sides at not less than 1,200. The loss of 
life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in 
massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated 
about 250, while an equal nimiber of regulars 
perished from a visitation of cholera at the 
various stations within the district affected by 
the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort 
Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment 
of later historians that nearly all this sacrifice of 
life and treasure might have been avoided, but 
for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- 
scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- 
ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied 
under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder — 
to call it by no harsher name — was 
the violation by Stillman's command of the 
rules of civilized warfare in the attack made 
upon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under 
flag of truce to request a conference to settle 
terms under which he might return to the west 
side of the Mi.ssissippi — an act which resulted in 
a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its 
authors and proveil the first step in actual war. 
Another misfortune was the failure to understand 
Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his 
people to pass bej'ond the Mississippi the night 
after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the 
third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was 
the refu.sal of the officer in command of the 
"Warrior " to i-espect Black Hawk's flag of truce 
and request for a conference just before the 
bloody massacre which has gone into history 
under the name of the " battle of the Bad Axe." 
Either of these events, properly availed of, would 
have prevented much of the butcherj- of tliat 
bloody episode which has left a stain upon the 
page of history, although this statement implies 
no disposition to detract from the patriotism and 
courage of some of the leading actors upon whom 
the responsibility was placed of protecting the 
frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One 
of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy 
engendered by the unwise polic}- pursued by 
General Atkinson towards some of the volun- 
teers — especially the treatment of General James 
D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated 
slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford 
and others as the real hero of the war. Too 
brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and 
too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt 



deeply the studied purpose of his superior to 
ignore him in the conduct of the campaign — a 
purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe, 
was defeated by accident or by General Henry's 
soldierly sagacitj' and attention to duty, although 
he gave out to the public no utterance of com- 
plaint. Broken in health b}' the hardships and 
exposures of the campaign, he went South soon 
after the war and died of consumption, unknown 
and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less 
two years later. 

Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac- 
counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file 
in public libraries relating to this epoch in State 
history, the most comprehensive records of the 
Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of 
Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- 
field's " Hi.story of the War between the United 
States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); 
Drake's" Life of Black Hawk" (18.54); Ford's 
"History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' " Pio- 
neer History of Illinois; and "My Own Times"; 
Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi- 
nois; Blanchard's " The Northwest and Chicago"; 
Armstrong's "The Sauks and the Black Hawk 
War," and Reuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the 
Black Hawk War" (1892.) 

CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern 
jjart of Cook County, twenty-eight miles south of 
the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago & 
Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and 
the Michigan Central Railroads; is located in an 
agricultural region, but has some manufactures 
as well as good schools — also has one newspaper. 
Population (1900), 5,100. 

GRAMTE, a city of Madison Comity, located 
five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the 
Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland, 
Cincinjati, Chicago & St. Louis; Chicago, Peoria 
& St. Louis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways. 
It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge 
across the Mississippi and has considerable manu- 
facturing and grain-storage business; has two 
newspapers. Population (1900), 3,122. 

HARLEM, a village of Proviso Township, Cook 
County, and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, nine miles 
west of the terminal station at Chicago. Harlem 
originally embraced the village of Oak Park, now 
a part of the city of Chicago, but, in 1884, was set 
off and incorporated as a village. Considerable 
manufacturing is done here. Population (1900), 
4,085. 

HARVEY, a city of Cook County, and an im- 
portant manufacturing suburb of the city of Chi- 



616 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



caRo. three miles southwest of the southern city 
limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central 
and tlie Cliicago & Granil Trunk Railways, and 
has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street 
and steam railway machinery, gasoline stoves, 
enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newsjjaper and 
ample school facilities. Population (1900), 5,395. 
IOWA CENTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line 
having its principal termini at Peoria, 111, and 
Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City, 
Iowa, with several lateral branches making con- 
nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center, 
Story City. A Igona and North wood in the latter 
State. The total length of line owned, leased 
and operated by the Comijany, officially reported 
in 1899, was 508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles- 
including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the 
Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Juncrtion 
and Peoria — were in Illinois. The Illinois divi- 
sion extends from Keithsburg — where it enters 
the State at the crossing of the Mississippi — to 
Peoria. — (History.) The Iowa Central Railway 
Company was originally chartered as the Central 
Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com- 
pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into 
the hands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was 
reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa 
Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company 
purcliased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad, 
which was incorporated into tlie main line, but 
defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver 
December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore- 
closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central 
Railway Company, which had effected a new- 
organization on the basis of §11,000,000 common 
stock, $6,000,000 preferred stock and $1,379,625 
temporary debt certificates convertible into pre- 
ferred stock, and §7,500.000 first mortgage bonds. 
The transaction was completed, the receiver dis- 
charged and the road turned over to the new 
company. May 15. 1889. — (FiN.xXCI.vi.). The total 
capitalization of the road in 1899 was .$2 1,337,. 5,58, 
of which $14,1.59,180 was in stock, $6,0.50,095 in 
bonds and $528,283 in other forms of indebtedness. 
The total earnings and income of the line in Illi- 
nois for the same year were §532.568, and the ex- 
penditures §,566.333. 

SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated 
on the Centnilia & Chester and the Mobile & 
Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches- 
ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has 



a numlier of manufacturing establishments, in- 
cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery 
and creameries; also has natural ga.s. The first 
settler was James McClurken, from South Caro- 
lina, who settled here in 1818. He was joined by 
James Armour a few years later, who bought 
land of McClurken, and together they laid out 
a village, which first received the name of Co- 
lumbus. About the same time Robert G. Shan- 
non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi- 
ness in the vicinity, located in the town and 
became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name 
of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur- 
ken, its earliest settler, appears to have beep a 
man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited 
with having built the first cotton gin in this vi- 
cinitj-, besides still later, erecting saw and flour 
milLs and a woolen mill Sparta was incorporated 
as a village in 1837 and in 18,59 as a city. A col- 
ony of members of tlie Reformed Presbyterian 
Church (Covenanters or "Seceders") established 
at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from 
Sparta, about 1822, cut an important figure in 
the history of the latter place, as it became the 
means of attracting here an industrious and 
thriving population. At a later ijeriod it became 
one of the most important stations of the "Under- 
ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which 
see). The population of Sparta (1890) was 1,979; 
(1900), 2,041. 

TOLUCA, a city of Marshall County situated 
on the line of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe 
Railroad, 18 miles southwest of Streator. It is in 
the center of a rich agricultural district; has the 
usual church and educational facilities of cities 
of its rank, and two newspapers. Population 
(1900), 2,629. 

WEST HAMMOND, a village situated in the 
northeast corner of Thornton Town.ship, Cook 
County, adjacent to Hammond, Ind.. from which 
it is .separated by the Indiana State line. It is on 
the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of 
the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac- 
cess to several other lines, including the Chicago 
& Erie: New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and 
Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana 
neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much 
importance, was incorporated as a village in 
1892, and has grown rapidly within the last few 
years, having a [wpulation, according to the cen- 
sus of 1900, of 2,935. 



Jo Daviess County. 




JO DAVIESS COINTY COIKT HOUSE. 




r. S. GKANT'S OLD HOME. 




ST L P H L U S >€ N 3' 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



CHAPTER I. 



JO DAVIESS COUNTY IN TRANSITION. 



ORIGINALLY PART OF NEW FRANCE, IT PASSE.S INTO 
THE HANDS OF GRE.iT BRITAIN, AND IS CEDED TO 
THE UNITED STATES — VIRGINIA CLAIM TO THE 
ILLINOIS COUNTRY — ORDINANCE OF 1787 — JO 
DAVIESS COUNTY ORGANIZED 1827 — NAMED IN 
HONOR OF COL. JOSEPH HAMILTON DAVIESS, A 

HERO OF TIPPECANOE ORIGINAL BOUNDARIES — 

SKETCH OF COLONEL DAVIESS — PRESENT BOUND- 
ARIES ESTABLISHED IN 1836. 

The territory of which Jo Daviess forms a 
part was formerly claimed by France. Follow- 
ing the battle on the Plains of Abraham, near 
Quebec, on the 13th of September, 1759. be- 
tween the French commanded by Montcalm and 
the English under Wolfe, and as a consequence 
of that battle. Jo Daviess County, which was 
then unnamed, passed to the control of the 
British Commonwealth. At the close of the 
Revolutionary War, by the treaty of 1783, it 
was ceded to the United States and, as a result 
of Col. George Rogers Clark's conquest of Illi- 
nois in 1778. was claimed by Virginia. 

The General Assembly of Virginia on the 

20th of October, 1783, passed an act authorizing 

the delegates of that State to convey to the 

United States, in Congress assembled, all the 

6ig — I 



right of the State of Virginia to the territory 
northwest of Ohio river. 

Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy. Arthur Lee 
and James Monroe, having been appointed dele- 
gates for the Commonwealth of Virginia in the 
Congress of the United States, on the 1st day 
of March, 1784, in the name, and for and on 
behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia, con- 
veyed, transferred, assigned and made over 
unto the United States in Congress, then assem- 
bled, and for the benefit of said States — Vir- 
ginia inclusive — all right, title and claim, as 
well of the soil and of jurisdiction which the 
said Commonwealth of Virginia had to the ter- 
ritory or tract of country situate, lying and 
being to the northwest of the river Ohio. 

On July 13, 1787, Congress, sitting under the 
Articles of Confederation, passed an act for the 
government of the Territory of the United 
States Northwest of the River Ohio, which is 
commonly known as the Ordinance of 1787. 
Article 5 of said Act provided that not less than 
three, nor more than five States should be 
formed in said Territory; that the western 
State in said Territory should be bounded by 
the Mississippi River, the Ohio and the Wabash 
Rivers, a direct line drawn from the Wabash 
and Post Vincennes, due north to the Territorial 
line between the United States and Canada, and 
by said Territorial line to the Lake of the 
Woods and Mississippi River. This included 
the whole of Illinois, all but a small portion of 
Wisconsin, a part of Michigan and a part of 
Minnesota. It will be observed that no name 
was given to said Territory by said ordinance. 

It was expressly provided by said ordinance 
that Congress should have authority to form 



620 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



one or two States in that part of said Territory 
which lies north of an east and west line drawn 
through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake 
Michigan. 

On the 3d day of February, 1809. Congress 
passed an act with reference to said Western 
Territory, which provided as follows: that from 
and after the first day of March next, all that 
part of Indiana Territory which lies west of the 
Wabash River and a direct line drawn from 
said Wabash River and Post Vincennes due 
north to the territorial line between the United 
States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of 
temporary government, constitute a separate 
Territory and be called Illinois. 

On the 18th of April. 1818, Congress passed 
an act enabling the people of Illinois to form 
a State government. 

The first Constitution of Illinois was adopted 
August 26. 1818, and Illinois became a State 
on the 3d day of December, 1818. 

On the 17th of February, 1827, is the first 
mention made, in the law, with reference to Jo 
Daviess County being a separate and distinct 
corporation. On that day a law was passed by 
the Legislature of Illinois. Section 1 of which 
provided as follows: "All Ihat tract or country 
lying within the following boundaries, to-wit: 
Beginning on the northwest corner of the State, 
thence down the Mississippi River to the north- 
ern line of the Military Tract: thence east with 
said line to the Illinois River; thence north to 
the northern boundary line of this State; 
thence west with said boundary line to the 
place of beginning, shall constitute a county; 
and, to perpetuate the memory of Col. Joseph 
Hamilton Daviess, who fell in the battle of Tip- 
pecanoe gallantly charging upon the enemy 
at the head of his corps, the said county shall 
be called Jo Daviess." It is a little difficult to 
locate the first territorial boundaries of the 
county from the above description, as there 
does not exist any authentic map of the Mili- 
tary Tract — or at least any authentic map 
which is of record. A tracing of a map is on 
file in the General Land Office showing the area 
in Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois 
Rivers, in which, by act of Congress of May 6, 
1812, all military lands were to be located; but 
said map has no certification of authenticity, 
save a pencil note by the Surveyor General, 
that the map was received at the General Land 
Office November 11, 1817, and there is no evi- 
dence In the Land Office that the northern 



boundary in said map has ever been surveyed 
or established. The tracing of the map above 
referred to extends to and includes Township 
l.'i. Ranges 1 to 6 West, inclusive. 

-■Assuming this as the northern boundary of 
the Military Tract, the first boundary of Jo 
Daviess County would commence at the north- 
west corner of the State on the State line be- 
tween Illinois and Wisconsin above the city of 
East Dubuque, thence down the Mississippi 
River to the southwest corner of what is now 
Rock Island County: thence east, striking the 
Illinois River at La Salle; thence north, strik- 
ing the State line north of Rockton in the 
County of Winnebago. 

There would be included in said territory all 
of what is now Rock Island County, the north- 
ern portion of Henry County, the northern por- 
tion of Bureau County, a portion of La Salle 
County, the greater part of Lee County, all of 
Whiteside County, all of Carroll County, the 
greater portion of Ogle County, all of Stephen- 
son County, the greater portion of Winnebago 
County and all of Jo Daviess County as now 
formed. Through the courtesy of Thomas Mc- 
Neil, druggist, of the City of Galena. I have 
been shown a map now in his possession, which 
was published in 1830. in which the boundaries 
of Jo Daviess County are given as embracing 
all that part of Illinois lying north and west 
of Rock River. The northern boundary of Jo 
Daviess County, as shown by this map, very 
nearly coincides with the boundary as estab- 
lished by act of the Legislature of Illinois, as 
above set forth. 

Before passing to the next act of the Legis- 
lature bearing upon the territorial boundary 
of Illinois, it may be well to give a short sketch 
of Colonel Daviess, after whom the county was 
named. 

He was born in Bedford County, Va.. March 
4. 1774, but moved with his parents to Lincoln 
County, Ky., in 1779. He was given an excellent 
classical education, was admitted to the bar in 
1795. and located in Danville, that State, where 
he entered upon a remarkably brilliant career 
and soon attained a high position at the bar. 
It is said that he had many eccentricities; that, 
instead of riding the circuit as other lawyers 
did. he would shoulder his rifle and range the 
woods from town to town, usually appearing 
in court in hunting costume. In 1799. by rea- 
son of his acting as second in a duel in which 
one of the principals was killed, he fled to avoid 



HISTOiRY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



621 



prosecution, and for some time was a fugitive 
from justice; t)ut tiiat, liearing that tiis prin- 
cipal had been arrested, he returned, appeared 
in court as his counsel and secured his acquit- 
tal. It is claimed that he was the first West- 
ern lawyer that ever argued a ease in the 
United States Supreme Court ; that he appeared 
before that tribunal in a hunting costume and 
gained his suit. He married a sister of Chief 
Justice Marshall and became United States At- 
torney for Kentucky, in which capacity, in 1806, 
he moved for an order requiring Aaron Burr to 
appear and answer to a charge of levying war 
against a nation with which the United States 
was at peace. Burr appeared in court with 
Henry Clay as his cotinsel and boldly courted 
investigation. Witnesses could not be procured 
to sustain the charge; and such was the mag- 
netic influence of Burr and the rising popular- 
ity of Henry Clay, that this act almost destroyed 
the popularity of Daviess. 

In 1811 he joined the army of Gen. William 
Henry Harrison as Major of Kentucky Volun- 
tary Dragoons, and served in the campaign 
against the Northwestern Indians. In the Battle 
of Tippecanoe, seeing that an exposed angle of 
Gen. Harrison's lines was likely to give way 
before a determined assault, he led a cavalry 
charge against the savages at that point. The 
charge was completely successful, but Daviess 
fell shot through the breast. 

Aside from being a fine scholar, an able 
lawyer and a gallant soldier, he was also an 
author, and published a work entitled: "A View 
of the President's Conduct concerning the Con- 
spiracy of 1806." It is supposed that he was 
of Welsh descent, but of this little is known. 

The Legislature of the State of Illinois, on the 
16th day of January, 1836, passed an act the 
third section of which reads as follows: "All 
that tract of country within the following line 
and boundaries, to-wit: Beginning at a point 
on the Mississippi River where the northern 
boundary line of Township twenty-two strikes 
said river; running thence east along said line 
to the dividing line between Ranges 3, 7 and 8 
of the Fourth Principal Meridian; thence north 
along said boundary line to the northern bound- 
ary of this State; thence west with said line 
to the Mississippi River; thence down the Mis- 
sissippi River to the place of beginning, shall 
constitute Jo Daviess County." The boundary 
of Jo Daviess, as thus established, would take 
in the whole of Carroll County, a part of Ogle 



County, the west half of Stephenson and the 
whole of Jo Daviess County, as now formed. 

Afterwards several legislative enactments 
were passed creating Carroll, Stephenson and 
Ogle Counties, which confined Jo Daviess 
County to its present limits, and which may be 
properly described as follows: Commencing at 
the extreme northwest boundary of the State 
at the northwest corner of fractional Section 
17, Range 2 West; thence south along the Mis- 
sissippi River to the south boundary of Section 
31, Township 26 North, Range 2 East; thence 
east to the southeast corner of Section 33, Town- 
ship 26 North, Range 5 East; thence north to 
the State line between Illinois and Wisconsin; 
thence west to the place of beginning. The 
general boundaries of this area may be de- 
scribed as follows: On the south by Carroll 
County, on the east by Stephenson County, on 
the north by Wisconsin and on the west by 
the Mississippi River. 



CHAPTER II. 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 



.SURFACE AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES — PRINCIPAL 
STREAMS — SOIL AKU ITS PRODUCTS — SCENERY — 
MINERAL WEALTH. 

The physical characteristics of Jo Daviess 
County are peculiar and, in some respects, . 
rather remarkable. The land generally is roll- 
ing and, as a rule, there is not a great quan- 
tity of what is known as prairie land. The 
general dip of the county is toward the south 
and west, generally terminating in a high bluff 
along the banks of the Mississippi River. 

It contains within its borders the highest 
point in the State of Illinois. Many of the hills 
of the county are conical in form and one of 
them, called "Pilot Knob," has been a mark for 
pilots on the Mississippi River ever since that 
stream has been navigated along the borders 
of the county. 

Many of its hills or mounds are capped with 
Dolomitic Niagara Limestone. Under this lies 
the green and blue shale and limestone of the 
Cincinnati Group, but the great bed-rock of the 
county is the Galena Limestone. 



622 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



The principal streams in the county are the 
Ualena River. Smallpox Creek, the Sinsinawa 
River. Plum River, Apple River (the latter, 
with its branches, being the longest river in 
the county). Big Rush Creeic, and Little and 
Big Menominee. Nearly all of these streams 
flow in a .southwesterly direction and water 
nearly the entire county. 

The Sinsinawa River flows through portions 
of Vinegar Hill, the Menominee through the 
west part of Rawlins and West Galena Town.s. 

The Galena River flows through Council Hill. 
Vinegar Hill, along the east portion of the 
Town of Rawlins, and divides East and West 
Galena. 

The SmalliM5x flows through Guilford. East 
Galena and Rice. 

Apple River, with its branches (one of which 
is called Mill Creek, another Hells Branch, 
others Clear Creek, Wolf Creek, Coon Creek and 
Welch Creek), waters the Towns of Scales' 
Mound, Apple River, Guilford, Thompson, War- 
ren, Rush, Nora, Woodbine. Elizabeth and Han- 
over. 

Big Rush Creek, with its branches, waters 
Stockton, Rush, Woodbine and Derinda. 

Plum River, with its branches, waters Stock- 
ton, Ward's Grove, Pleasant Valley and Berre- 
man. 

So that every township within the county 
has some stream, either rising within its bor 
ders or passing through it, which leads directly 
to the Mississippi River, generally flowing into 
that stream in a southwesterly direction. Many 
of these streams — namely, the Sinsinawa. 
Galena River. Smallpox and Apple River— were 
formerly navigable for a considerable distance 
from their mouths. 

The soil of .lo Daviess County is generally a 
black loam, and there is no kind of grain or 
fruit that can be grown in this latitude which 
the county cannot produce. A large percentage 
of the timber of the county is oak, although 
other varieties exist to a considerable extent ; 
but these are now being rapidly cut off for fuel 
and railroad ties. and. unless such destruction 
ceases, it will not be many years before .lo 
Daviess County will he almost void of timber. 

It has been noted that, for several years past, 
timber that has been left standing has. for 
some cause, ceased to live; but what that cause 
is has not, as yet, been fully determined. Some 
attribute it to a small insect, while others claim 
it is due to a lack of moisture in the soil: but. 



whatever the cause, steps should be taken to 
prevent its further ravages and thus protect 
the timber from entire destruction. The Town- 
ship of Menominee was formerly heavily 
wooded, with few farms within its borders; now 
the timber, excepting along the bluffs, has 
been almost entirely destroyed and the land is 
used for agricultural purposes. And what is 
said of Menominee is true of every other town 
in the county. 

.Jo Daviess County also abounds in mines, of 
which we shall speak more in detail later on. 
and it is claimed that lead ore, to a greater or 
less extent, has been found in every town in 
the county. 

The county is peculiarly adapted to the rais- 
ing of all kinds of stock, as both upland and 
meadow grass can be found in every town in 
the county. 

For agricultural purposes and mineral wealth 
Jo Daviess County has not its superior in the 
State. The county has never been thoroughly 
examined by geologists, but there seems now to 
be an awakening to its vast resources, and there 
is reason to believe it will soon take its posi- 
tion as one of the wealthiest counties in the 
Stale, 

Nature has been lavish of her gifts to the 
county: some of the most beautiful scenery 
along the banks of the Mississippi is to be found 
within its borders; untold wealth lies beneath 
its surface, while its soil will produce in abun- 
<lance anything that will grow in this latitude; 
and, for stock-raising, it is not excelled by any 
county of like size in the State. 



CH.\PTER III. 



EARLY SETTLEMENT. 



PIKKHK I.K SlKt'I! .SIPPOSEI) FIRST WIIITK VISITOK 
TO THE C.M.ENA RIVER .\XI) THE LE.VI) MINE 
RE<;IOX — IXI>I.\XS AS WORKERS OF THE MIXES — 
(iAI.EXA RIVER FIRST KXOWX AS MIXE RIVER — 
EARLY TRADER.S AXn MIXE OPERATORS — FIR.«iT 
PERMANENT SETTLEMENT OX SITE OF GALENA. 

It is not known, and cannot definitely be 
ascertained, who were the first occupants of the 
territory within the bounds of what is now 
,To -Daviess County. 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



623 



It is more than probable that what is now 
known as Galena River was discovered by the 
French trader Pierre Le Sueur, who is said to 
have visited the mines long before any perma- 
nent settlement was made. That lead-mines 
existed near the site of the present city of 
Galena prior to 1810 is fairly well established; 
but they were worked by the Indians and the 
product of the mines were used only for the 
purpose of making bullets. It is also probable 
that traders and trappers made annual visits 
to the mines near Galena prior to 1820. There 
is on file with the Secretary of State at Spring- 
field an old map. published in 1820, wherein 
Galena River is named "Mine River;" but just 
how it came to be called Mine River is not 
definitely known, and it is more than probable 
that many people visited the mines who left 
no record of their visit. The late John Lor- 
rain in his life-time published a short history 
of Jo Daviess County, in which he says that, 
"in 1820, one Jesse Shull and Samuel Muir 
opened a trading-post near the present site of 
the city of Galena, which was then called Jan- 
uary's Point, and by this name was known to 
the early settlers. The supposition is that, prior 
to this time, one Thomas H. January, a Penn- 
sylvanian, had a log smelting-furnace some- 
where within the limits of Galena, but just 
where it was it is now impossible to ascertain." 

It is probable, also, that Julian Dubuque, 
after whom the city of Dubuque, Iowa, was 
named, visited the mihes of Galena prior to 
1820. It is reasonably certain that the first set- 
tlement in the county was made on the banks 
of Galena River and was occasioned by the 
mines, but where the first location was is not 
known and cannot be definitely ascertained. An 
old copy of the "Gazetteer of Illinois and Mis- 
souri," published in 1822, speaks of a small 
stream twenty miles below Dubuque's mine and 
about seventy above Rock River, as emptying 
into the Mississippi, the bank of which stream 
and the hills are filled with lead-ore of the best 
quality; and that three miles below the mines 
is a trader's village, consisting of ten or twelve 
cabins, and that, at this point, the ore is smelted 
and sent by boats to New Orleans. It is prob- 
able that the trader's village above spoken of 
was afterwards known as Portage, which is near 
the junction of the Illinois Central Railroad 
with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the 
Chicago Great Western, in Section 35, Town 28, 
Range 1 West, and being in West Galena. It is 



claimed that Col. George Davenport, agent of 
the American Fur Company trading with the 
Sacs and Foxes, occupied a trading-post at Port- 
age, but just how long he remained there is not 
known. It is also claimed that the post was 
afterwards occupied in 1821 by Amos Farrar of 
the firm of Davenport, Farrar & Farnam, agents 
of the American Fur Company, but this does not 
rest upon any recorded evidence. Little atten- 
tion was at first paid to its agriculture, the 
mines being the attraction and, like all mining 
camps, few left any record of their location 
there. 

In the years 1822 and '23, emigrants of a more 
permanent character began to flock to the 
mines. Among them were a Dr. Samuel C. 
Muir, Thomas H. January, Amos Farrar, Jesse 
W. Shull, Francois Barthillier, A. P. Van Matre, 
D. G. Bates, John Connell, John Ray, James 
Johnson and others. It is claimed that a Mrs, 
Adney was the first white woman who came to 
the mines and located in Galena. In 1824 Lieut, 
Martin Thomas was appointed Superintendent 
of the mines on the Upper Mississippi, and 
authorized to grant leases and permits to smelt- 
ers and miners, and to farmers, provided they 
did not interfere with mining interests. 

It is claimed that the first white child born in 
Jo Daviess County was James Smith Hunt, who 
was born on the 9th day of October, 1824. 

There is a fairly well authenticated tradition 
— though not sufficient to amount to a certainty 
— that a white man married an Indian woman, 
built a log cabin and did some farming near 
the mouth of the Sinsiniwa River In Jo Daviess 
County, in the year 1810: but just who he was 
or where he came from it is impossible to ascer- 
tain. Tradition also has it that his squaw-wife 
informed him that her tribe had determined to 
kill him, and warned him to fiee; but that he 
refused to heed the warning and was massacred, 
and that his bones lie buried somewhere near 
the mouth of the Sinsiniwa River. 

From the best information obtainable, it 
would appear that the first permanent settle- 
ment made in Jo Daviess County was upon 
Lots 10, 11 and 12 in Block 5. east side of 
Galena River — which lots are directly south 
of the Chicago & Northwestern depot and 
directly west of the passenger depot of the 
Illinois Central Railroad — and that the person 
making such permanent location was Francois 
Barthillier (which has been corrupted into 
"Bouthillier"), and that a street running from 



624 



HISTORY OF JO D.WIESS COUXTY. 



said lots up past the residence of General Grant 
was named after him. It seems probable that 
he made such location about the year 1819. 
He was an Indian trader, and. a year or so after- 
wards, moved further north. It was not for 
some years after this that Jo Daviess County 
began to have permanent settlers in any great 
numbers. Space will not permit me to give in 
detail the names of all the settlers who became 
permanent inhabitants after the year 1S20. and 
no complete list of the same is obtainable. 



CHAPTER IV. 



MINING HISTORY. 



THE LEAD MIXES ATTK.\CT FIRST SETTLERS — l.E 
StEVR, A FRENCH TRADER, SEES THE MIXES IX 

1700 MIXIXd REGION IX THE CROZAT (iRANT — 

.10 DAVIESS THEN PART OF LOflSlAXA — "BUCK 

IIIXE" the first DISCOVERED OTHER MI.XINti 

EXTERI'RISES — OtTTPl'TOFTHE MIXES FROM 1821 
TO 1853 — AVERAGE PRICES OF LEAD ORE — 

SMELTIXO METHODS DESCRIBED DEVELOPMENT 

OF ZINC MINIXO A STORY ABOfT THE ORIGIN 

OF ILLINOIS AND MISSOIRI XICKXAMES. 

There is no question but that the early set- 
tlement of -To Daviess County was caused by its 
mines. Just when those mines were first discov- 
ered is shrouded in mystery, although it is cer- 
tain that a Frenchman by the name of I^eSueur 
saw the mines as early as the month of August, 
1700. 

He was on a trading expedition to the Indians 
in what is now the State of Minnesota and, in 
his report of that expedition, he says he discov- 
ered a small river entering the Mississippi on 
the right side and describes it as "a river run- 
ning from the north, but it turns to the north- 
east. On the right of said river, seven leagues 
from the Mississippi River, is a lead mine," 
and he named the small river, thus discovered 
by him, the "River of the Mines." 

This river was, beyond doubt, what is now 
known as Galena River. The writer has exam- 
ined a map of the State of Illinois which was 
published in 1820, and Galena River is named 
on said map as the "River of Mines." The 
geography of the country was then but little 



known. In 1712 Louis XIV. of France granted 
in perpetuity to one Anthony Crozat and his 
heirs, all the property of the lead mine coun- 
try of Louisiana, which was then supposed to 
include the mines of what is now included 
within the bounds of Jo Daviess County. 

The best evidence obtainable points to the 
fact that the mine known in early history as 
"The Buck Mine," located on Section 8 in West 
Galena, on lands now owned by the Hughlett 
estate, was the first discovered, and is doubtless 
the one seen by LeSueur. It has been worked 
more or less up to the present time. 

From a short historical account of the lead 
mines of the Northwest, published by the New 
England & Galena Mining Company, other early 
mines near Galena are mentioned as follows: 
The Harris Leads; Tomlin & Burrichter; The 
Tomlin: The Doe; The Krengle Mine; The Gaff- 
ner Range; The Hog Range; The Graves; Com- 
stock and Rosemeyer; Wallo & Quick; Sanders 
& Co.; Molitore; Crumbacker; Evans & Adams; 
A. C. Davis; Armbruster & Co.; Ottawa Dig- 
gings; Drum, Rare & Co.; Benninger & Co.; P. 
Smith & Co.; Hostetter & Co.; Dueer & Co,; 
Alleniiorf & Co.; Tom Evans; Bolton; Stephen 
Marsden; The AUenrath; The Egan ; The J. E. 
Conislock; Britten & Wilkins; The Cady 
Range; The Roberts Range; The William Rich- 
ards Range; The Wilcox & Co. Range. All 
these, with many others of lesser note, were 
within a short distance of the present limits of 
the City of Galena, and were all good producing 
mines. 

In addition to the above there were valuable 
mines located in the Township of Vinegar Hill, 
Council Hill. Rice and Elizabeth — the latter, 
however, being a later discovery than those first 
named. At a still later date valuable mines 
were discovered in the Township of Rice, better 
known as the Black Jack Mine and the New 
California Diggings, and these have been 
worked more or less continuously up to the 
present time. It is rather remarkable that, up 
to within recent years, all of the mines in Jo 
Daviess County were worked for lead ore exclu- 
sively. The vast quantities of zinc ore, which 
seems to underlie all lead ore in Jo Daviess 
County, was considered a worthless ore — a de- 
spised material — and, as the miners used to 
express it, "it burned the mineral out." 

It is to be regretted that no accurate account 
of the output of the lead ore from said mines 
has been preserved, and any statement of such 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



625 



output would be largely speculative; but it can 
be said with truth that the product has been 
very large. 

Prof. Whitney, who is perhaps the best 
authority on the lead-mining region, states that, 
from 1853 to 1859, the out-put of lead-ore from 
the mines of Jo Daviess County was thirty mil- 
lion pounds. 

The late Henry Green in 1875 stated that, up 
to that time, the out-put of the Elizabeth mines, 
alone, had been at least seventy-five million 
pounds. 

The late H. H. Houghton, in his work, en- 
titled, "The Marsden Mines" (now known as 
the Black-Jack Mines), states that the out-put 
of the mines of Vinegar Hill has now reached 
the enormous sum of one hundred million 
pounds. 

A writer from Galena, whose name I have not 
been able to ascertain, in Harper's publication 
for the month of May. 1866, states that the 
value of the lead ore, produced by the mines of 
Jo Daviess County up to that time, was $40,- 
000,000. 

I give the following statement of the product 
of the mines in and about Galena per year, 
commencing with the year 1821 and closing 
with the year 1857. These figures are taken 
from reports made to the General Government 
and from records kept in the City of Galena by 
the various smelters during these years, and 
were given me by Mr. M. L. Johnson, of this 
city, through wliose courtesy I am allowed to 
re-produce them: 
Year. Pounds. Year. Pounds. 

1821 to 1823 335,130 1841 32,071,410 

1824 175,220 1842 31,353,680 

1825 664,530 1843 39.148.270 

1826 958,842 1844 43,728,040 

1827 5,182,180 1845 54,494,850 

1828 11,105,810 1846 51,268,219 

1829 13,343,150 1847 54,085,920 

1830 8.323.998 1848 47,737,830 

1831 6,381,783 1849 44,025,380 

1832 4,281,876 1850 38,801,230 

1833 7,941,792 1851 33,188.050 

1834 7.971,579 1852 28,603.960 

1835 11,083,100 1853 29.806,980 

1836 13,422,500 1854 29,653,190 

1837 15,355,200 1855 30,125.550 

1838 14,032,550 1856 30,495.780 

1839 25,044,950 1857 34,183,250 

1840 22,249,150 

It will be seen from the above that, from the 



year 1821 up lo and including the year 1857, 
the out-put of the mines in lead-ore alone 
amounted to the enormous sum of over 820,- 
000,000 pounds, and the value of the same has 
been estimated to be over $30,000,000. Since 
the latter date no account of the out-put of the 
mines has been kept that is at all reliable, but 
the out-put did not materially decrease until 
the close of the War of the Rebellion. I also 
subjoin herewith the average price of lead ore 
of the Galena mines from 1853 to 1868, both 
inclusive, for which I am indebted to the admir- 
able work of the Hon. James Shaw, now one of 
our Circuit Judges, on the Geology of Jo Daviess 
County. The price given is the price per thou- 
sand pounds during each year, and is as fol- 
lows: 
Year. Per 1.000. Year. Per 1,000. 

1853 $37 1861 $28 

1854 38 1862 40 

1855 32 1863 55 

1856 35 1864 75 

1857 34 1865 65 

1858 29 1866 60 

1859 30 1867 60 

1860 32 1868 55 

In the above table the average price of lead- 
ore only is given. 

During the early history of the mines, ore 
was sold as low as $8 per thousand: and it is 
on record that a thousand pounds of mineral 
has been exchanged for a barrel of flour. In 
one instance, at least, five thousand pounds 
were given for a barrel of flour. The highest 
price per thousand that has been Icnown to have 
been paid was $110, which was during the War 
of the Rebellion — and this price was paid only 
for a short time. Since the year 1878 the aver- 
age price of lead-ore per thousand has not 
exceeded $30, and it is doubtful if it has equaled 
that figure. It is now (1902) $22 per thousand. 
The ore is found in veins and flat sheets, the 
horizontal veins being known to geologists as 
gash veins. It is found at various depths from 
the surface as far down as explorations have 
been made. The principal veins run east and 
west, and are known in the mines as "Easts 
and Wests;" other veins run north and south, 
and are known in the mines as "Norths and 
Souths." The north and south veins generally 
cross the east and west ranges at right angles. 
Besides these there are what are known as 
"quarterings," which usually cross the east and 
west crevices diagonally. Some of these quar- 



626 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



terings, so-called, run from the northeast to 
the southwest, and some from the southeast to 
the northwest: these are locally called either 
"ten o'clocks" or "four o'clocks." according to 
the direction they assume. There are also 
smaller crevices, which usually cross the east 
and west ranges in various directions; these 
are locally called "swithers," though just why 
they are so called we have not been able to 
ascertain. The ore found in the crevices that 
run east and west is generally known as "cog 
mineral;" that found in the veins running 
north and south is generally of a sheet forma- 
tion. It is a remarkable fact that no ore is 
found in any of the crevices without the same 
having been crossed by some other crevice, and 
the local expression is, "you will not find lead- 
ore until you strike a crossing," Just why this 
is so is not known. 

The first work done in the mines was, beyond 
doubt, performed by the squaws, and their 
method of extracting the ore from the ground 
where it was found attached to the rock, was to 
build great fires and. when the rock had been 
sufficiently heated, throw water upon it, thus 
causing it to crack and enable it to be more 
easily worked. It may be added that the 
method of working the mines is still rather 
primitive. 

The Indians reduced the ore by piling up 
wood, putting the ore thereon and setting the 
wood on fire, thus melting the ore. Many such 
places, called "Indian furnaces," may still be 
found in the county. 

When the white miners first came they re- 
duced the ore in much the same manner, only 
more skilfully, and their furnaces were called 
"log furnaces." Afterwards the Drummond fur- 
nace was introduced, also the cupola and the 
blast furnace — the latter being nothing more 
than the old "Scotch Hearth," a full descrip- 
tion of which is subjoined, taken from .Judge 
Shaw's geological work of ,To Daviess County. 

The hearth consists of a box of cast-iron, two 
feet square, one foot high, open at top, with 
the sides and bottom two inches thick. To the 
top of the front edge is affixed a sloping shelf, 
or hearth, called the work-stone, used for 
spreading the materials of the "charge" upon, 
as occasionally becomes necessary during smelt- 
ing, and also for the excess of molten lead to 
fiow down. For the latter purpose a groove, 
one-half an inch deep and an inch wide, runs 
diagonally across the work-stone. A ledge, one 



inch in thickness and height, surrounds the 
work-stone on all sides except that towards the 
sole of the furnace. The hearth slopes from 
behind forward, and immediately below the 
front edge of it is placed the receptacle or 
"melting pot," An inch from the bottom, in the 
posterior side of the box, is a hole two inches 
in diameter, through which the current or 
"blast" of air is blown from the bellows. The 
furnace is built under an immense chimney 
thirty to thirty-five feet high and ten feel wide 
at its base. Behind the base of the chimney 
is the bellows, which is propelled by a water- 
wheel, the tuyere, or point of the bellows, enter- 
ing at the hole in the back of the box. The 
fuel, which consists of light wood. coke, and 
charcoal, is thrown in against the tuyere and 
kindled, and the ore is placed upon the fuel to 
the top of the box. The blast of air in the rear 
keeps the fire burning, and, as the reservoir, or 
box, is filled with molten lead, the excess flows 
down the grooved hearth into the "melting pot," 
under which a gentle fire is kept, and the lead 
is ladled from it into the molds as is conve- 
nient. Before adding a new "charge," the blast is 
turned off. the "charge" already in is turned for- 
ward upon the work-stone, more fuel is cast in, 
and the "charge" is thrown l)ack with the addi- 
tion of fresh ore upon the wood. The combus- 
tion of the sulphur in the ore produces a large 
amount of the heat required for smelling. The 
furnace is thus kept in operation sixteen hours 
out of the twenty-four. 

The ore is of different degrees of purity, but 
I he purest galena does not yield, on an average, 
over 65 i)er cent of lead from the first process 
of smelting. The gray slag is very valuable, 
though the lead procured from it is harder than 
that of the first smelting. There is left about 
75.000 of gray slag from each 1,000,000 pounds 
of ore. The slag furnace is erected under the 
same roof with the Scotch Hearth, and has a 
chimney of its own a few feet from that of the 
hearth, and the "blast" is secured from the 
same water-power by an additional blast-pipe 
driven by the same wheel. It consists of a much 
larger reservoir, built of limestone cemented 
and lined with clay, with a cast-iron door in 
front heavily barred with iron. It will burn out 
so as to require repairs in about three months. 
Open at the top. the slag and fuel are thrown 
in promiscuously. I'nder the iron door is an 
escape, and below it is the "slag-pot." This is an 
oblong iron basin about a foot in depth, with one- 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



627 



third of its length partitioned o£E to receive the 
lead, which sinks as it escapes, while the slag, 
being lighter, {lows in a flame-colored stream 
forward and falls into a reservoir that is partly 
filled with water, which cools the slag as it is 
plunged therein. As the reservoir fills, a work- 
man shovels the scoriae into a hand-barrow and 
wheels it off. This scoriae is black slag and 
worthless, the lead having now been entirely 
extracted. The smelter now and then throws 
a shovel-full of gray slag into the furnace, 
which casts up beautiful parti-colored flames, 
while the strong sulphurous odor, the red-hot 
stream of slag, with the vapor arising from 
the tub wherein the hissing slag is plunged, the 
sooty smelters and the hot air of the furnace 
room, suggest a thought of the infernal regions. 
Outside, the wealth of "pigs" — not in the least 
porcine — gives one a sort of covetous desire, 
that, if indulged in, we are taught leads directly 
to said regions. 

The Scotch Hearth requires less fuel than 
any other furnace. It "blows out" in from six 
to twelve hours, while the Drummond furnace 
may be kept in operation night and day. 

The Scotch Hearth, or blast furnace, is still 
the one most commonly used in the lead mines. 
None of these furnaces were able to get all of 
the lead out of the ore. The father of the 
writer owned and operated a blast furnace on 
the Sinsinawa from 1S52 until 1875, and during 
part of that time the writer kept his father's 
books, and the highest percentage that he ever 
knew to be made in his father's furnace was 
74 per cent, and his father's furnace was prob- 
ably an average. It is doubtful if the average 
percentage of lead extracted from the ore by 
any of the furnaces that were ever operated in 
Jo Daviess County would exceed sixty-eight, 
although it is known that a much greater per- 
centage of lead exists in the ore. and it is prob- 
able that, if all the lead that exists in the ore 
could he saved, the average would reach eighty- 
five per cent. From an old Directory of Galena, 
published in 1848 by E. S. Seymour, I gather 
that, when the Directory was published, there 
were twenty-four smelting furnaces within the 
county of Jo Daviess, but 1 am unable to give 
the location of all. 

It may not be amiss in this connection to 
state that, in the early history of the mines, 
Illinoisans ran up the Mississippi River in boats 
in the spring, worked in the mines during the 
warm weather, and returned to their homes for 



the winter. This was supposed to be after the 
manner of a certain kind of fish, and for this 
reason they were called "suckers" by Missouri- 
ans. Very soon, however, many miners from 
Missouri came to seek their fortune in the new 
El Dorado. A boat-load of these, landing at the 
wharf in Galena, a resident miner sang, "Hello! 
Missouri has taken a puke." Ever after that 
Illinoisans were called "Suckers," while Mis- 
sourians were called "Pukes" — names by which 
they will be called by the vulgar for some time 
to come. 

It is also a remarkable fact, when you take 
into consideration that ore has been discovered 
in every one of the twenty-three townships in 
the county, what a small portion of the county 
has been explored for ore — or "prospected, " as 
the mining term is. As compared with what is 
unexplored the explored portion is very insig- 
nificant. It can be stated with certainty that, if 
all the mines in the county were placed side 
by side, they would not cover more than a sec- 
tion of land, or six hundred and forty acres; 
and some idea can be gathered from this, to 
justify the assertion that untold quantities of 
ore still lie under the surface of Jo Daviess 
County. It can be stated with certainty, that, 
so tar, little or nothing has been done more 
than surface mining. 

It is also a little remarkable that the zinc ore 
(called by the miners, "dry-bone" and "black- 
jack"), which, in the earliest history of the 
county, was a despised material, is now being 
sought for more than lead ore — the reason being 
that, while not as valuable as the lead ore, the 
output, prospectively, is much greater, and 
companies are being formed to develop the zinc 
mines. 

A Wisconsin Company is now operating a 
zinc mine on the lands of Oldenburg in Section 
1, about three miles from the City of Galena, 
which bids fair to be a mine of great value. 
The company is operating the mine with a view 
of reaching deposits much lower than have 
heretofore been developed, and the prospects 
are that the enterprise will be richly rewarded. 
At the California Mines in Rice Township. Har- 
ris & Co.. of Chicago, are developing a mine 
which promises large returns, in both lead and 
zinc ore. 

Within the City of Galena, Wm. Waters has 
been working a mine for the past two or three 
years, and has been rewarded with good returns 
in the shape of zinc ore. It is claimed that 



628 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



his mine, which runs entirely through the cor- 
porate limits of the City of Galena from west 
to east, is a true "Fisher vein." His mine has 
been worked down to the water-level only, but 
has been worked at that level for a distance 
of over half a mile. The product has been 
largely zinc ore. although the mine also pro- 
duces some lead ore, and it is claimed with a 
strong probability of truth, that far greater 
deposits exist in those mines below the water 
level than have yet been developed. Mr. 
Waters claims that he can walk on ore at the 
water-level for a distance of over six hundred 
feet. 

The mines in Elizabeth Township seem to 
have taken on a new lease of life, but they 
as yet produce only lead ore. although many 
believe — and with good ground for such belief 
— that, at a lower depth under the lead ore, 
exists a still greater deposit of zinc ore. We 
shall treat of the mines of that township more 
at length when we speoifirally speak of the 
township. 

As before stated, so far the mines of the 
county have been w'orked only to a limited 
extent; and in no sense have they been worked 
to any great depth, as no mine of which the 
writer has any knowledge has been worked to 
the depth of two hundred feet. The most of the 
ore has been taken from a depth of less than 
one hundred feet from the surface. It can be 
safely asserted that, nowhere in the United 
States are there mines which offer a fairer 
return for capital invested, than the mines of 
Jo Daviess County. 

Thus far mining in Jo Daviess County has 
been prosecuted by men with limited means, 
and in no instance has any mine been devel- 
oped to any great depth. 

In the judgment of those whose opinion is 
of value, with a larger use of capital and more 
adequate machinery, the mines of Jo Daviess 
County would be found to be practically inex- 
haustible. 

Besides lead and zinc, iron ore to a consider- 
able extent has been found in the township of 
Derinda. and traces of copper have also been 
discovered. 

In one locality the writer has personally 
picked up specimens of quartz, and has seen 
"black sand." such as is found in the placer 
gold mines in the West, washed out of the 
ground, although he saw no gold. 

Mixed with the ores in the county is an ele- 



ment called sulphur, but which is really a Sul- 
phide. Until recently it had no commercial 
yalue, but now it is worth six dollars per ton, 
and is used in the manufacture of sulphuric 
acid. Arsenic is also found mixed with the 
ores; but as yet has no market value. In fact, 
no effort has been made to save it. 



CHAPTER \". 



OFFICIAL HISTORY. 



KKPKKSK.\T.\TIVF..S IX COXCBESS — JO OAVIESS 
COfXTV IX ST.\TE COXSTITUTIOXAL COXVEX- 
TIOXS — REPRESEXTATIOX IX THE GEXEBAL AS- 
SE.MBLY. 

As already set forth. Jo Daviess County was 
not a separate and distinct corporation until 
the year 1827; so that those who represented 
the Territory in Congress only represented the 
territory of Jo Daviess County in a general way. 
Shadrach Bond was the first Delegate to Con- 
gress from Illinois Territory, serving in the 
Twelfth and Thirteenth Congresses. He took 
his seat at the second session of the Twelfth 
Congress, December 3. 1812, and served until 
Oct. 3. 1814. when he was appointed Receiver 
of Public Moneys. 

Benjamin Stephenson succeeded Bond and 
took his seat at the third session of the Thir- 
teenth Congress, Nov. 14, 1814, and served dur- 
ing the third session of the Thirteenth and first 
session of the Fourteenth Congresses, when he 
also was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys, 
April 29. 1816. Nathaniel Pope was elected 
the successor of Benjamin Stephenson, and 
entered Congress at the second session of the 
I'ourteenlh Congress, Dec. 2, 1816, and served 
during that session and the first session of the 
Fifteenth Congress, he being the Delegate at 
the time of the admission of the Territory as a 
State. It must he remembered that these were 
only Territorial Delegates, and had only the 
power of making speeches in Congress; they 
had no vote. 

John McLean was the first Representative in 
Congress from the State, taking his seat at the 
second session of the Fifteenth Congress. He 
was succeeded by Daniel P. Cook in the Six- 



HISTORY OiF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



629 



teenth Congress, which met in December, 1819, 
and he continued to represent the State during 
the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth and 
Nineteenth Congresses, a period of nearly nine 
years, from December, 1818, until March, 1827. 

Joseph Duncan succeeded Daniel P. Cook, 
taking his seat at the first session of the Twen- 
tieth Congress, in 1827, and represented the 
State in the Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twen- 
ty-second Congresses, covering the period from 
1827 to 1833. 

A new apportionment was had under the cen- 
sus of 1830, and the State having been divided 
into three Districts, Jo Daviess County fell Into 
the Third. Joseph Duncan was again elected 
to the Twenty-third Congress, but having been 
elected Governor before the close of his term, 
resigned his seat in Congress and was suc- 
ceeded by William L. May, of Springfield, who 
filled out the unexpired term, afterwards being 
elected to the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth 
Congresses and serving until 1839. 

May was succeeded by John T. Stuart, of 
Springfield, who served in the Twenty-sixth and 
Twenty-seventh Congresses (1839-43). 

Under the apportionment of 1843, following 
the census of 1840, Illinois was divided into 
seven districts. Jo Daviess being assigned to 
the Sixth, and for the first time the county 
was represented by one of its own citizens, 
Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, of Galena, who repre- 
sented the District by re-election in the Twenty- 
eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses (1843-47). 

In 1847 to 1849, Thomas J. Turner, of Free- 
port, represented Jo Daviess County in the Thir- 
tieth Congress, the county being still a part 
of the Sixth District. 

In the Thirty-first Congress (1849-51). the 
Sixth District was represented by Edward D. 
Baker, of Galena. 

In the Thirty-second Congress (1851-53), the 
Sixth District was represented by Thompson 
Campbell, also of Galena. 

Under the re-apportionment based upon the 
census of 1850, Illinois was given nine Con- 
gressmen. Jo Daviess County was then placed 
in the First Congressional District, and was 
represented by E. B. Washburne from 1853 to 
1863, when a new apportionment was made 
whereby Illinois was given fourteen Congress- 
men, of whom thirteen were elected from regu- 
larly organized districts and one from the 
State-at-large. Under this apportionment Jo 
Daviess County was placed in the Third Con- 



gressional District, represented by E. B. Wash- 
burne until the Forty-first Congress (1869), 
when, having been appointed Secretary of State 
by President Grant, he resigned and Horatio 
C. Burchard, of Freeport, was elected Congress- 
man in his place, taking his seat Dec. 6, 1869. 
Mr. Burchard. by re-election in 1870. repre- 
sented the Third District, which included Jo 
Daviess County, in the Forty-second Congress 
(1871-73). 

Another congressional apportionment was 
made in 1873, when Jo Daviess County was 
placed in the Fifth District and. in the Forty- 
third, Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses 
(1873-79), it continued to be represented by Mr. 
Burchard under this apportionment. 

In the Forty-sixth Congress (1879-81), the 
Fifth District, including Jo Daviess County, 
was represented by R. M. A. Hawk, of Mt. Car- 
roll, who was re-elected to the Forty-seventh 
Congress to serve from 1881 to 1883, but died 
while in office, when Robert R. Hitt (the pres- 
ent incumbent) was elected his successor. 

In 1883 another congressional apportionment 
was had, when Illinois was given twenty Con- 
gressmen and Jo Daviess County placed in the 
Sixth District, with Robert R. Hitt as its Con- 
gressman, who has continued to serve Jo 
Daviess County in that capacity up to the pres- 
ent time. 1904. Two apportionments have been 
made since that of 1883— the first in June, 1893, 
under the census of 1890. and the second May 
13, 1901. under the census of 1900. Under the 
first of these the State was divided Into 22 
Congressional Districts, with Jo Daviess 
County in the Ninth; and under the second 



(now in force) there are 



Districts. Jo 



Daviess being in the Thirteenth. As already 
indicated, however, there has been no change 
during this period in the representation of the 
county in Congress. 

It will thus be seen that the Congressional 
Districts in which Jo Daviess County has been 
placed, have been represented by men who have 
had more than local reputation. Some of them 
can fairly be claimed by Jo Daviess County, 
of whom we shall speak more at length in the 
chapter devoted to a short history of the many 
citizens of Jo Daviess County who became men 
of national reputation. 

Deleo.\tes to Co'stitutioxal Conventions. — 
Jo Daviess County, since its organization, has 
played its part in the formation of the various 
Constitutional Conventions which have been 



630 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



held during that period. In the Convention of 
1847 it was represented by Thompson Camp- 
bell (of whom a brief sketch has been given 
elsewhere), 0. C. Pratt and William B. Green, 
all of whom exerted a marked influence in the 
convention. In the Constitutional Convention 
of 1862 Jo Daviess County was represented by 
Wellington Weigley. one of the most brilliant 
advocates of the Galena Bar. At that time the 
nation was torn by civil strife, so that careful 
deliberation was almost out of the question, and 
the result of the convention was so distasteful 
to Mr. Weigley, that he took the stump and 
earnestly advocated that the work of the con- 
vention be rejected by the people, which was 
done. Mr. Weigley is still living, residing with 
his daughter in Chicago at the age of nearly 
90 years. In the convention of 1869-70. William 
Gary, an attorney then in practice in Galena, 
represented the county, the result of which con- 
vention was the present Constitution of the 
State. 

Sk.NATORS and RFl'lttSKNTA 1 IVK.S I.N TIIK GkN- 

EKAL Assembly. — The following named persons 
have directly represented .lo Daviess County 
in the State Legislature since the organization 
of the State. The list is believed to be correct 
and the services rendered in the order named: 

Several of the persons mentioned below, 
namely: Wallace A. Little. Henry Green. R. H. 
McClellan and .1. C. McKenzie. L. P. Sanger. G. 
W. Harrison. Jas. W. Stephenson. A. G. S. 
Wight and H. H. Gear were State Senators. 
Wallace A. Little. R. H. McClellan. Henry Green 
and .1. C. McKenzie served in the House before 
becoming Senators. 

The list is as near complete as the records 
show: 

Benjamin Mills. .1. R. .lones. 

Jas. W. Stephenson. R. H. McClellan. 
Elijah Charles. Henry Green. 

A. G. S. Wight, Jno. D. Piatt, 

S. M. Bartlett. William Gary, 

James Craig, A. M. Jones. 

G. W. Harrison, Forest Turner, 

Germanicus Kent. Hiram Tyrell. 

Thos. Drummond, C. S. Burt. 

Hiram W. Thornton, .Joseph Moore. 
Jno. McDonald, Julius A. Hammond, 

Cyrus .Mdrich, D. A. Sheffield, 

Abner Eads. G. W. PepooB. 

L. P. Sanger. .lames Carr. 

H. H. Gear, George AV. Curtiss, 

C. B. Denio, Henry Frentress, 



B. B. Howard. J. C. McKenzie. 

Wallace A. Little, James Berryman, 

H. S. Townsend, M. H. Cleary, 

J. C. McKenzie is the present State Senator 
(1903). 



CHAPTER \1. 



JUDICIARY AND THE BAR. 



EARLY COIRTS — JUSTICES OF THE PEACE HOLD 
FIR.ST CIRCIIT (OIRTS — ADVE.NT OF THE REGU- 
LAR CIRCUIT JUDGES — RICHARD M. VOU.NG, STE- 
PHEN T. LOGAX AND THOMAS FORD NOTED EARLY 
.lUDGES — JUSTICE THOMAS C. BROWNE. OF THE 
STATE SUPREME COURT. PRESIDES IN GALENA 
ClHCl IT — THOMP.SON CAMPBELl-'S WITTICISM — 

.70 DAVIESS COUNTY BAR COUNTY AND PROBATE 

.lU.STICES' COURTS LIST OF JUDICIAL OFFICERS. 

It is exceedingly difficult to get accurate 
information with reference to the early courts 
of Jo Daviess County. The raining interests 
overshadowed all others, and before the organ- 
ization of the county many disputes were set- 
tled by arbitration, of which no record has been 
preserved. When the county was first organ- 
ized in 1827. Galena was named as the county 
seat. The territory comprised in the first 
bounds of the county was so vast — and the 
county-seat being placed in the northwest cor- 
ner of this territory — it was not until several 
years elapsed before anything like system could 
be maintained. The county at first was made 
a part of the First Judicial Circuit and the first 
term of the Circuit Court ever held in the 
county was held in June. 1828. by three Justices 
of the Peace, although a County Commissioner's 
Court was held in Galena on the 18th of June, 
1827. The names of the Justices who held the 
first term of the Circuit Court were John Con- 
nolly. Hugh R. Coulter and Abner Field. 
Another session of the court was held in Octo- 
ber. 1828. at which five Justices presided. These 
Justices sat as Circuit Judges and must have 
been impressed with their official dignity, as 
the record discloses that several attorneys were 
fined for contempt of court, and the fines were 
probably just, as the lawyers unquestionably 
had a profound contempt for the legal ability 
of the Justices of the Peace before whom they 
were then compelled to practice. In May. 1829, 



HISTO^RY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



631 



the Hon. Richard M. Young presided as Cir- 
cuit Judge and, in 1835, was succeeded by 
Stephen T. Logan, who was, in his day, one of 
the most profound lawyers. Logan was suc- 
ceeded by Thomas Ford in 1836, who was fol- 
lowed by Daniel Stone. Stone was legislated 
out of office with the other Circuit Judges in 
1841, and Judge Thomas C. Browne, of the Su- 
preme Court, was assigned to duty on the Ga- 
lena Circuit. The administration of the office 
of Circuit Judge by Judge Browne does 
not appear to have been a marked success, as 
many of the attorneys seemed to feel that he 
favored a lawyer at the bar who was his son- 
in-law. The late M. Y. Johnson told the writer 
of a witticism that Thompson Campbell got off 
at the expense of Judge Browne, which I will 
relate — not vouching for its truth, however. 
It seems that Judge Browne, while attempting 
to cross Galena River, accidentally fell into the 
stream and came near being drowned. He was 
relating the circumstance in the presence of 
Campbell, describing the narrow escape he had 
had. Campbell retorted: "Judge, you were in 
no danger. Corruption always floats." 

Judge Browne continued to preside as Cir- 
cuit Judge until the adoption of the Constitu- 
tion of 184S, when he was succeeded by Benja- 
min R. Sheldon, who held the position of Cir- 
cuit Judge until elevated to the Supreme 
Bench in 1870. He was succeeded by the Hon. 
William Brown, of Rockford, who was a far 
different man from Judge Thomas C. Browne, 
with whom he has sometimes been confounded. 
It can be said with truth that the bar of Jo 
Daviess County has included some of the ablest 
and most eloquent attorneys that Illinois or 
any other State can boast. Space will not per- 
mit me to name all of the attorneys who prac- 
ticed at its bar. Among them were John Tur- 
ney, William Smith, James M. Strode, Benja- 
min Mills, Thomas Ford, Jesse B. Thomas, 
Thomas Hoyne. Thomas Drummond, Charles 
S. Hempstead, Joseph P. Hoge. Samuel M. Wil- 
son, E. B. Washburn. John M. Douglass, E. D. 
Baker and Thompson Campbell. These may all 
be said to have been the more prominent among 
the early members of the bar of .lo Daviess 
County, and many of them rose to great promi- 
nence in other fields. Among them all, Thomp- 
son Campbell was probably the most brilliant, 
witty and eloquent, and it is said of him that, 
in the trial of a criminal case, he was probably 
the most eloquent man at that time in the State 



of Illinois. Jo Daviess County has always held 
its position as having among its members of the 
bar those who were leading lawyers of the 
State. At a later period Wellington Weigley, 
Robert H. McClellan, Madison Y. Johnson and 
David Sheean have been among the leading 
lawyers in Northern Illinois. David Sheean, 
at this writing (1903), is still in active practice 
and recognized as one of the leading lawyers 
of the State. 

CoixTV CiJUKT. — Thus far I have spoken only 
of the Circuit Court. Jo Daviess County also 
has a County Court which seems to have been 
somewhat of a development. In 1845 the Legis- 
lature of Illinois passed an act which may be 
said to have consolidated all prior acts relating 
to County Commissioners, which act provided 
that there should remain in each county of the 
State, and be established in each county here- 
after created, a court of record to be composed 
of three Commissioners, which court should 
be styled "The County Commissioner's Court," 
which Commissioners should be elected by the 
people. Said court should have a seal and a 
clerk, and said court was to have jurisdiction 
in all matters and things concerning the county 
revenue, and had power to issue all kinds of 
writs, attachments for contempt, etc. Prior to 
this act several acts of the Legislature had been 
passed with reference to County Commission- 
ers' Courts, the first of which was passed on the 
22d of March, 1819, Ijefore Jo Daviess County 
was organized. An appeal from said County 
Commissioners' Court was allowed to the Cir- 
cuit Court. 

On March 4, 1837, an act was passed by the 
Legislature of Illinois providing for the elec- 
tion of Probate Justices of the Peace, and on 
March 3, 1845, all former acts were amended 
and a law passed establishing in each county 
of the State a Court of Probate, to be composed 
of one officer to be styled a Probate Justice of 
the Peace. Said Probate Justice of the Peace 
was given all powers conferred by law on Jus- 
tices of the Peace, and was given further juris- 
diction in all cases of debt and assumpsit, ex- 
pressed or implied, where executors or admin- 
istrators should be parties to the extent of 
$1,000. He had power to administer oaths, to 
issue and grant letters of administration, let- 
ters testamentary, letters of guardianship, to 
take probate of wills, to receive and file inven- 
tories, and generally to do all acts necessary to 
settlement of estates. 



632 



HISTORY OF JO D.WTESS COUNTY. 



On the 12th of February. 1849. an act was 
passed by the Legislature of the State of Illi- 
nois establishing in each of the organized coun- 
ties of the State a Court of Record, to be styled 
the County Court of the proper county to be 
held by and consist of one Judge to be styled 
the County Judge of the proper county. The 
same act provided for the election of a Clerk 
of said County Court. The same act provided 
for the election of two Justices of the Peace, 
who should sit with the County Judge as mem- 
bers of the Court for the transaction ot county 
business only, and should have an equal vote 
with the County Judge on all questions, as the 
law puts it. "legally and properly before said 
court." Any two of the three Judges should 
constitute a quorum to do business. It is 
related that one of the witty members of the 
bar of Jo Daviess County, when that act was 
jiassed, said that "hereafter the County Court 
of Jo Daviess County would be composed of 
100 Judges, there being one Judge and two 
ciphers on the bench." 

From these acts much confusion arose, and 
the records do not give us much information 
that is reliable. \Vm. C. Bostwick acted as 
County Judge from 1849 to 1853; before him 
Hugh S. Dickey presided. George M. Mitchell 
was elected County Judge in 1853 and Richard 
Seal. County Clerk. Mitchell was followed as 
County Judge by John D. Piatt, who held the 
office until 1861. when Matthew Marvin was 
elected, he holding the office until 1869, when 
Richard Seal became County Judge. The 
pay of the County Judge was $2.50 per day for 
every day he held court; and this remained the 
law until the adoption of our present Constitu- 
tion in 1870. when by that instrument the 
Board of Supervisors were required to fix the 
compensation of the County Judge. It may not 
be improper, in passing, to say that, by the 
action of the Board of Supervisors, the office of 
County Judge is not as remunerative as it was 
thirty years ago — strange as such a statement 
may be — because prior to 1870, the County Judge 
was almost continually being allowed compen- 
sation for extra service. In 1828, in the month 
of July, Auburn Field was elected Judge of Pro- 
bate for the County. He died in June, 1830, 
and was succeeded by John Turney. who held 
the office until 1837. when Elijah Charles was 
elected Judge of Probate. It is uncertain just 
how long he held the office. 



CHAPTER \ II. 



TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. 



DATE OK OUOAXIZATIO.N A.\U EARLY TOW.NSUIPS — 
PRESENT OROANIZATIO.N OF TWE.NTV-TUKEE 
TOWNSHIPS OaiGIX OF TOWNSHU' XAMES. 

On February 17, 1851, an act was passed by 
the State Legislature providing that, at any 
general election that may be held in the sev- 
eral counties of the State, the qualified voters 
in any county might vote for or against town- 
ship organization, and the County Court, on 
petition of fifty legal voters of said county, 
should cause the question to be submitted to 
the legal voters ot the county. If the returns 
showed a majority in favor of township organi- 
zation, then the County Court should appoint 
three commissioners, residents of the county, 
who should divide the county into towns or 
townships, making as many towns as there are 
townships, according to government survey, and 
the towns should be named in accordance with 
the expressed wish of the inhabitants of the 
town; and if there should not be a degree of 
unanimily as lo the name, the commissioners 
might designate the name. The requisite num- 
ber of voters having petitioned the County 
Court, that tribunal called an election to be 
held in the month of November, 1852, to deter- 
mine whether or not Jo Daviess County should 
adopt township organization. The vote being 
in the affirmative, the County Court, at its 
December term. 1852, appointed Charles R. 
Bennet, George N. Townsend and David T. Barr 
as commissioners to divide the county of Jo 
Daviess into towns. At the February term of 
said Court in 1853 the commissioners made a 
report of their work and divided the county 
into seventeen towns, which were named as 
follows: 

Nora. West Galena, 

Courlland, Elizabeth, 

Rush, Jefferson, 

Thompson, Stockton, 

Scales, Ward's Grove, 

Mann, Pleasant Valley, 

Menominee, Derinda. 

Guilford. Hanover. 

East Galena, 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



633 



Afterwards the Town of Menominee was 
divided and a new township created called Dun- 
leith. West Galena was also divided at a later 
period, a new town being created called Raw- 
lins. East Galena was also afterwards divided 
and a new town created called Washington, 
which name was afterwards changed to Rice. 
The Town of Thompson was also divided after- 
wards, and a new town created called Apple 
River. Pleasant Valley was also divided and 
a new town created called Berreman. The 
Town of Scales was also divided and a new 
town created called Council Hill and the name 
Scales was changed to Scales Mound. By vote 
of the .people the name of the town of Mann was 
changed to Vinegar Hill, that of Courtland to 
Warren and the name Jefferson to Woodbine; 
so that, at the present writing (1903), Jo 
Daviess County contains twenty-three towns 
whose names are as follows; 
Nora, Elizabeth, 

Warren, Woodbine, 

Rush, Stockton. 

Thompson, Ward's Grove, 

Scales Mound, Pleasant Valley, 

Council Hill, Berreman, 

Vinegar Hill, Derinda, 

Menominee, Hanover, 

Dunleith. Rice. 

Guilford. Rawlins. 

East Galena. Apple River. 

West Galena, 

Township Nomenclature. — When East Ga- 
lena was divided and a new township formed 
out of its territory, the latter received the name 
Washington after the first President, but this 
was afterward changed to Rice, in honor of 
Henry A. Rice, who settled in the township in 
1821, and who. died there in 1874. 

East and West Galena were so named because 
of the lead ore found within their boundaries. 

The Township of Mann was named after Har- 
vey Mann, an early settler of the township, 
who was Chairman of the first Board of Super- 
visors that ever assembled in Jo Daviess 
County; but afterwards, by vote of the people, 
the name of the town was changed from Mann 
to Vinegar Hill, after a village, of that name 
in Ireland. 

The Township of Rawlins was named after 
General John A. Rawlins, formerly chief of 
Grant's staff. 

Guilford was uamed by General John A. 
Rawlins, its honored son. 



The Town of Scales Mound was first named 
Scales, in honor of an early settler within its 
borders, but was afterwards changed to Scales 
Mound — the same having reference to one of 
the highest points of land in the State of Illinois. 

Council Hill was so named because, before it 
was organized into a separate town, there had 
been a council held with Indian tribes within 
Its borders; and tradition has it that Black 
Hawk addressed his followers from the bluff just 
south of Lupton Station on the Illinois Central, 

The Town of Thompson was named after one 
of its early settlers by the name of Thompson. 
When it was first organized into a town, there 
was a large stream running through it upon 
the banks of which grew a large number of 
crab-apple trees, from which the stream took 
the name of Apple River; and when the town 
was formed, it took its name from this river. 

The Township of Menominee was named after 
the tribe of Menominee Indians. This name 
was suggested by James Finley, its first Supervisor. 

Pleasant Valley was so named because it is 
practically a valley with fine scenery, and is, as 
its name implies, a "pleasant valley." 

It is said that the Town of Berreman was 
given its name by one A. Mahony. a resident 
of the township, and that he named it after a 
friend of his then living in Tennessee. 

Derinda was named after a lady residing in 
the township at the time the town was organized. 

Stockton was so named by its inhabitants at 
the time the town was organized. Its name is 
said to have been suggested by Alanson Par- 
ker, who described it as a beautiful stock country. 

Ward's Grove is said to have been named in 
honor of Bernard Ward, who was its first set- 
tler, and who owned a fine grove of timber sit- 
uated within its borders. 

The first name of the present Town of War- 
ren was Courtland. which name was suggested 
by Mr. A. L. Brink to Charles Cole, who was 
present at the meeting of the Commissioners 
when the different towns were first named. 
The first postoffice in the Township of Court- 
land was named Warren by Alexander Burnett, 
and was named after Burnett's native place, 
which was Warren, Ohio. Afterwards, at the 
request of a majority of the people of Court- 
land, it was changed to Warren. 

The Township of Elizabeth was named in 
honor of Mrs. Elizabeth Winters, who kept the 
first hotel within the bounds of the township. 
Such was her popularity among the people of 



634 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



the township that, when they were called upon 
to give it a name, they named it Elizabeth in 
her honor. 

It is probable that the name of the Town- 
ship of Woodbine has a botanical derivation. 
There is a plant called the woodbine, the botani- 
cal name of which is cissus, which is found 
wild in woods and thickets and is a vigorous 
plant supporting itself firmly on trees by means 
of its radiating tendrils, and il is more than 
probable thai the town of Woodbine was given 
its name because of this plant. 

It is not certain just why the Town of Nora 
was so called. It is supposed to have been so 
named by some of the officials of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, probably after a daughter of 
one of them. 

The Town of Rush was named after two 
streams called Little and Big Rush Creek, which 
both start in said town, and they are supiwsed 
to have derived their names because of their 
rapid flowage. 

In the early 'forties, what is now the Village 
of Hanover was called Wapello, and t^iere was 
a postoffice at that place with .1. W. White as 
postmaster. There was also a postoffice callet". 
Wapello in Iowa, and much confusion arose iii 
the distribution of mail matter and. at the 
suggestion of Mr. White, the name of the Jo 
Daviess County postoffice was changed from 
Waiiello to Hanover, and when the town was 
formed it took the name of Hanover from the 
postoffice. It will thus be seen that the Town 
of Hanover owes its name to J. W. White, who 
still lives within its borders and who is one of 
its most honored citizens. 

nunleith is said to have derived its name 
from some town in Scotland. 



CHAPTER \ III. 



TOWNSHIP HISTORY. 



K.^ST AND WKST U.VLENA TOW.\.SHIPS — EARLY .SET- 
TLERS — GALENA FIRST CALLED "LA POIXTE" — 
THE LEAD MI.NES ATTRACT IMMI0H.\T10X — 

FIRST PLAT AND FIRST DEED POSTOFFICE 

ESTAm.ISIIED, 1826 — FIRST XEWSPAPER.S— 

BLACK II.WVK WAR PERIOD .\FRICAX .SLAVERY- - 

OALENA AS COUNTY SEAT— WARREN TOWNSHIP 
AND VILLAGE. 



In the foregoing pages I have refrained from 
naming some of the earlier settlers of the 
county in order that I might do so in a gen- 
eral review of the townships in the county. 
Neither have I mentioned all the various cities 
and villages of the county for the same rea- 
son. 

The Townships of East and West Galena are 
so situated, geograpliically, that a short sketch 
of the one necessarily is a short sketch of the 
other, because the city of Galena is formed out 
of portions of each township. There is no 
question that the mines near the city of Galena 
were the cause of the earliest settlement of the 
county, and for years Galena was practically 
isolated from the remainder of the State, the 
nearest settlement in the east being Chicago 
and the nearest inhabited point on the south 
being Peoria. Among the earlier settlers of 
Galena was Jesse W. Shull, and the village of 
Shullsburg, Wis., takes its name from him. We 
also find the name of Dr. Samuel C. Muir, A. P. 
Van Matre, David G. Bates, and Thomas H. Jan- 
uary. Afterwards came Dr. Newhall, Dr. Phil- 
leo, James Jones, James G. Soulard, Captain D. 
S. Harris, Robert Bonson (grandfather of the 
author), and many others whose names the 
writer has been unable to ascertain. 

Galena was first called by the early French 
explorers "La Pointe." which literally means 
"The Point." and it is probable that it was so 
called because of what is known as Shot Tower 
Hill, which makes the divide between what is 
now called Hughlett's Branch and Fever River, 
the earliest mines being discovered on Hugh- 
lett's Branch. As is the custom in all Western 
towns, there was quite a large collection of 
houses in Galena before the city became incor- 
porated: in fact, it seems to have been the 
practice for the early settlers to build their 
houses without any regard to city formation. 
In 1823 the tide of immigration set toward the 
mines, and in August of that year. Lieutenant 
Martin Thomas was appointed to act on behalf 
of the Government in granting leases, collect- 
ing rents and generally superintending the 
mines, as at that time they were located upon 
government property. The tide of immigra- 
tion increased until 1827, when the mines 
became overrun with newly arrived emigrants 
and speculators, and in that year. Lieutenant 
Thomas, who had by that time been promoted 
to a captaincy, in company with James Craig, 
made the first survey of the city of Galena, 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



635 



notes of which do not appear of record, but 
still exist in the office of the Surveyor-Gen- 
eral in the City of Washington. 

Permits were granted to Individuals to oc- 
cupy and improve lots as they had been 
laid out by Captain Thomas and Mr. Craig, 
conditioned that they be surrendered to the 
Government upon thirty days' notice. The first 
permit was granted June 22, 1827, and these 
permits were the only title the citizens had to 
their lots or improvements up to 1838. In Feb- 
ruary, 1829, an act was passed by Congress 
authorizing the Surveyor-General to lay off on 
Green River (as Galena River was then called) 
a town embracing 640 acres, and to sell lots at 
auction, reserving to actual settlers a pre- 
emption right to purchase their lots at $10 to 
|25 per acre. This act was not complied with, 
and another act was passed in July, 1836, and 
three Commissioners — Samuel Leach, John 
Turney and Daniel Wann — were authorized to 
perform the duties previously assigned to the 
Surveyor-General. These Commissioners were 
to constitute a Board to determine all claims 
and grant certificates of pre-emption to be filed 
at the Land Office, and upon payment to the 
Receiver of the amount found to be due, he was 
required to grant certificates, as in other sales 
of public lands. Unclaimed lots were to be 
offered to the highest bidder and the proceeds, 
after deducting all expenses, were to be paid 
into the hands of the County Commissioners 
of Jo Daviess County, to be expended by them 
in the erection of public buildings and the con- 
struction of suitable wharves in the town ol 
Galena. 

The first plat of Galena, which appears of 
record in the Recorder's office of Jo Daviess 
County, was made by Charles R. Bennet. and 
is to be found in "Book F," page 65, of the 
Records of Jo Daviess County. The first deed 
to any lot in the city of Galena is a quit-claim 
deed, bearing date June 3, 1828. made by Will- 
iam Troy to James H. and Ezekiel Lockwood, 
for the consideration of $400. This deed is 
recorded in "Book A." of the Records of Jo 
Daviess County, on page 1, and the description 
of the lot conveyed is as follows: "A piece or 
parcel of land, being a village lot in Galena, 
bounded on the east by the Triangular Street, 
and on the west, north and south by a lot 
claimed by the said Lockwood: the same being 
originally a part of said lot. and having thereon 
a dwelling house twenty-six by twenty-five 



feet." It is a little difficult, from the above 
description, accurately to locate the above- 
named lot, for the reason that there is no street 
in the city of Galena— and never was, so far as 
1 have been able to ascertain — known by the 
name of "Triangular Street;" but it was prob- 
ably meant for Diagonal Street, and the lot of 
ground was probably Lot 57, Diagonal Street, 
upon which is located the brick building lately 
belonging to the Duverry estate and now occu- 
pied by Fred Burgdorf as a feed store. 

A postoffice was established in Galena in 
1826 and Ezekiel Lockwood appointed Post- 
master. There was but one mail in two weeks, 
the same being conveyed to and from Vandalia. 
As Galena grew it began to put on metropolitan 
airs, and from the first of July, 1847, it was 
announced that the eastern mail would arrive 
every evening except Monday, and depart every 
morning except Sunday; that all mails closed 
precisely at 8 o'clock P. M.; that office hours 
on Sunday would be from 7:30 to 8:30 o'clock 
A. M., and from half-past 12 to half-past 1 
P. M. The time-table from Galena for passen- 
gers east was announced as follows: "A daily 
line of four-horse post-coaches leaves Galena 
for Chicago at 3 o'clock A. M., and goes through 
in forty hours." 

The city of Galena was incorporated on the 
7th of January. 1835. The first newspaper pub- 
lished in Galena was issued on the 4th day of 
July. 1828. It was called "The Miners' Jour- 
nal/' and edited by James Jones. In 1832 
Jones sold out to Dr. Philleo, who changed the 
name of the paper to "The Galenian." "The 
Galenian" having died out in 1834, a newspaper 
called "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena 
Advertiser" was started; and, although it has 
changed its name, it is still published under 
the name of "The Galena Gazette," has never 
missed an issue for sixty-nine years and is now 
more vigorous than when it was started. 

The city of Galena did not suffer directly dur- 
ing the Black Hawk war, although a fort or 
block-house was erected within its borders, 
being located on the southeast corner of Bench 
and Perry Streets, while a lookout was estab- 
lished on the hill immediately west of the fort, 
on Lot 8, in Block 1. A magazine for the stor- 
ing of war materials was located on Magazine 
Street, between Bench and Spring Streets. As 
this location is more than a quarter of a mile 
from where the fort was situated, it is difficult 
to tell why the two were located so far apart. 



636 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



That African slavery once existed in Galena 
is beyond question. In Book A, page 54, of the 
Records of Jo Daviess County, we find that, on 
the 11th day of November, 1829, one Charles D. 
St. Vrain, John Campbell, Alexander Scott and 
William H. Rule entered into an agreement 
according to which a black girl named Matilda 
figured as part consideration of a contract be- 
tween said parties; and also in Book A, on 
page 120, we find that J. \V. Stephenson, on the 
6th day of October, 1830, by bill of sale, for the 
sum of $300, transferred to John H. Rountree 
a negro girl nineteen years of age, named Maria, 
together with a boy aged eighteen months 
named Felix. I have been unable to trace any 
of those negroes, and do not know what became 
of them, although the boy named Felix would 
not now be a very old man; but I do know that 
John H. Rountree, now dead, to whom he was 
conveyed, earnestly desired that slavery should 
be destroyed. The smallness of the price paid 
for those two negroes is probably due to the 
fact that, by the terms of the bill of sale, the 
woman was to be free when she became twenty- 
eight years of age. and her son when he reached 
the age of twenty-one years. 

It is also a matter of history that one of 
Galena's early settlers, named Samuel Hugh- 
lett, inherited a large number of slaves from 
his father, who had a plantation in Kentucky, 
and that he brousht these shive.s to Galena and 
gave all of them their freedom. There was liv- 
ing in Galena about that lime a free negro by 
the name of Brooks, who had located there 
with his wife and seven children. While work- 
ing on a steamboat he was kidnapped and taken 
to Missouri and, as is supposed, his kidnappers 
attempted to sell him as their slave. The inci- 
dent created intense excitement in Galena and 
several of her prominent citizens went to Mis- 
souri in his interest and with a view to securing 
the punishment of his captors; but, for some 
reason which has never been explained, they 
could get no trace of Brooks, and the supposi- 
tion was that his captors became so hard- 
pressed that they murdered him. At all events. 
he was never heard of afterwards. The inci- 
dent created sls much excitement in the city of 
Galena as the capture of Burns by the United 
States Marines did in Boston. It is worthy of 
remark that both Democrats and Whigs (the 
Republican party not having been organized at 
that time) condemned the capture of Brooks, 
and the incident did much toward shaping pub- 



lic opinion in and about Galena in opposition 
to African slavery. 

Galena always has been, is now, and prob- 
ably always will be, the county-seat of Jo 
Daviess County; and, as a city, in historical 
importance is second to none in the West. I 
have heretofore called attention to the fact 
that she furnished the first volunteer in the 
Northwest to aid in the suppression of the 
Rebellion. I have also called attention to 
the fact as to the number of great men she has 
furnished to the nation. These facts, therefore, 
need not be recounted here; and while the city 
has decreased in population somewhat from 
what it was in former years, it does not take 
a prophet to foretell that it will, in the near 
future, resume its old-time position as the center 
of the mining district in the northwestern por- 
tion of the State. The history of Galena is the 
history of the townships of East and West 
Galena, and also of the township of Rawlins, 
which was formerly a part of the Township of 
West Galena. 

The Township of Hanover was among the 
earliest stttleii townsiiiijs in ilie county. Among 
its early settlers were James Craig, Nathan B. 
Craig. John Armstrong, Charles Ames, Daniel 
Fowler, Samuel Jamieson and Archer and 
Thomas Drummond. James Craig was prob- 
ably the first man who handled mail in that 
township. Running through the town is a 
stream called Apple River, and upon this river 
in said township was located what was called 
Craig's mill, and it was here that James Craig 
handled the mail, although I have not been 
able to find that he was a regularly appointed 
Postmaster at that place. There is a record 
that James W. White was Postmaster in 1847. 
Located within the Township of Hanover is the 
Village of Hanover. It was formerly called 
Wapello, after an Indian chief of the Sacs and 
Foxes, and by this name it was incorporated 
February 12, 1849. The name was afterwards 
changed to Hanover, and this was the second 
incorporated city or village within the county. 
It is now an active, energetic, thriving busi- 
ness place, and its people are among the most 
cultured and intelligent in the county. 

The first settler in the Township of Warren 
was unquestionably Alexander Burnett. He 
built himself a log house very near the center 
of what is now the village of Warren. After 
him came Freeman Tisdel, Kingsley Old and 
family and a Mr. Newville. Mr. Burnett kept 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



637 



the first hotel in the village, and as near his 
house what was known as the "Sucker 
Trail" and another road crossed each other, hia 
place was known for years as "Burnett's Cor- 
ners." The first postofllce was established at 
the house of Mr. Tisdel in 1S47. Owing to the 
fertility of the soil and the development of the 
mines not far from the "Corners," Warren 
began to develop very rapidly and many enter- 
prising men, such as A. L. Brink, John D. 
Piatt, B. T. Sandoe, Manly Rogers, C. A. Smith, 
Thomas E. Champion, John Tear, George W. 
Pepoon and others settled within her borders. 
On February 24, 1859, the village of Warren 
was incorporated, and from that time until now 
it has had a steady, healthy growth, so that at 
present it ranks as one of the most enterprising 
villages in Northern Illinois. It has never had 
what, in western parlance, could be called a 
"boom," but whatever advance it has made it 
has retained. Its citizens are enterprising, 
wide-awake and constantly on the lookout for 
that which would improve their village. It 
owns its own waterworks, is well lighted, and 
has secured manufacturing plants which have 
been profitable from the start. It has an acad- 
emy and one of the best high schools in the 
State, and altogether is a delightful village in 
which to dwell. 



CHAPTER IX. 



TOWNSHIP HISTORY. 
(Continued.) 



THE RIRAL TOWNSHIPS OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY 

EARLV SETTLERS AND LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS 
— APPLE RIVER AND SCALES MOUND HISTORIC 
LOCALITIES — PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES — 
EAST DUBUQUE. ELIZAllETITTOWN, HANOVER AND 
."i^TOCXTON. 

The Township of Apple River had for its 
first settlers Daniel Robbins, Melzer Robbins, 
William Colvin and later came the Maynards 
and Levitts, also Lot L. Dimmick. William Hud- 
son and Samuel Warner. The village of Apple 
River was incorporated on the 18th day of 
July, 1876, and was the fourth of the cities and 
villages to become incorporated in Jo Daviess 
County. Where the village of Apple River now 



stands was originally called "Bean's Mound," 
being named after a man who had a black- 
smith shop situated near what was then called 
the Big Woods. The village of Apple River 
is an enterprising place and is keeping up 
with the spirit of the age. 

As already noted, Scales Mound Township 
received its name from Samuel Scales, and 
among the first settlers of the township were 
Messrs. Napper, Conley, Maupin and Woods. 
The village of Scales Mound was incorporated 
June 9, 1877, being the fifth of the cities or 
villages in the county to become incorporated. 
Within the borders of the township are valu- 
able mines. The first postoflSce ever estab- 
lished within the bounds of the township was 
called Baltimore, and Fleming C. Maupin was 
the first postmaster. The inhabitants of the 
Township of Scales Mound are an intelligent, 
thrifty and prosperous people, and, on an aver- 
age, are among the wealthiest citizens of the 
county. 

It is a little diificult to ascertain who were 
the first settlers of the Township of Dunleith, 
as that township borders upon the Mississippi 
River and it is possible that many, while seek- 
ing locations near the lead mines, may have 
settled within its borders. It contains some 
lead mines, but they are not very extensive. It 
is probable, however, that many miners have 
prospected there. The first permanent settler 
of which we have any record was Eleazer 
Frentress, who settled on a claim south of 
East Dubuque, and the land is still owned by 
his descendants. The city of Bast Dubuque, 
which is within the borders of the township, is 
a place of considerable importance and bids 
fair to become more so in the not distant fu- 
ture. It owns its own light plant and water- 
works and has the second best public school 
building in the county. 

The Township of Elizabeth has long been a 
township of great importance in the county. 
Its early settlers were attracted thereto by the 
mines. Jefferson Clark, John McDonald. John 
D. Winters and Clark Stone were among the 
earliest settlers. Afterwards came Benjamin 
Clark. Within its bounds was a fort which 
was attacked by the Indians during the Black 
Hawk War, but the Indians were repulsed. 
The village of Elizabeth is within the town- 
ship. For years it was an inland village, but 
since the Chicago Great Western Railroad has 
passed through its borders, it has become a 



638 



HISTORY OF JO D.WIKSS COUNTY. 



plate of great importance and is constantly 
improving. Near the village of Elizabeth was 
one of the best mines ever discovered in the 
county, which was called the 'Wishon Mine." 
Here were turned out vast quantities of lead 
ore. It had not been operated tor the past 
thirty years until during the year 1903. when 
a company called the Wishon Mining Company, 
with a capital of $1,000,000, leased the mine and 
contemplate searching for a lower run of ore. 
Elizabeth has been of importance in a political 
sense. It has furnished to the State at least 
three State Senators, namely: W. A. Little, 
Henry Green and John C. McKenzie, one of 
whom (John C. McKenzie) was acting Governor 
of the State. In 1847 there were within the 
bounds of Elizabeth Township, two postofflces 
— one at Elizabeth, with William Boutwell as 
postmaster, and one at Weston, with Otis C. 
Bennet as postmaster. 

The Township of Nora is the northeastern 
township of the county, and for fertility of 
soil is unsurpassed by any township in the 
State. Its first settler was George B. Stanch- 
field, although it has been claimed by some 
that one Garret Garner was the first settler. 
Afterwards came Samuel and Tilman H. Dob- 
ler and Asher Miner. The village of Nora is 
located within its borders and is on the line of 
the Illinois Central Railroad. It was laid out 
by George B. Stanchfield and John C. Gardner, 
the latter being then County Surveyor. It was 
incorporated May 7, 1883. 

It is quite probable that the early settlers of 
the Township of Stockton were attracted to that 
part of the county by its lead mines, as the 
county was pretty thoroughly prospected for 
such mines, and quite a quantity of lead ore has 
been raised within its borders. Henry Rice, 
John Hayes. John Wilkins. Elanson and Ben- 
jamin Parker, William Stainer and Asahel 
Morse were among its earliest settlers. George 
L. Dow, Chester Parker and the Johnsons came 
at a later date. In the southeast part of the 
township, near where the lead mines were, Mr. 
Morse planted a village which was called 
Morseville. but it never became incorporated. 
For a time it was a very busy, thriving place, 
and was a point of considerable importance. 
Ijater the Chicago Great Western Railroad 
Company built its lines through the northern 
portion of this township, and a village was 
laid out in Sections 11 and 12 called Stockton. 
It became incorporated on the 15th of April. 



1890, and from the day it was first platted, it 
has continued to grow until, today, it Is one of 
the most important villages in the county. Its 
people are intelligent and progressive. It has 
the finest and best equipped public school build- 
ing in the county. It owns its water plant 
and. from the hill where the standpipe is lo- 
cated, is one of the finest views in the State. 
It is fast becoming a great shipping point for 
stock. 

The Township of Council Hill is said to have 
been quite a resort for the Indian tribes, and 
there are various legends as to councils — or, 
as tho early settlers called them, "powwows" 
— having been held there. Its earliest settler 
was probably John Batty, who, it is claimed, 
built the first blast furnace for the reduction 
of lead ore that was ever built in America. 
Patrick Hogan and Ezekiel Lockwood, Simon 
Alderson. Mr. Branton and Richard Arthur 
came later. There are within the township 
two villages, neither of which has ever been 
incorporated, one being called Council Hill and 
the other Council Hill Station on the line of 
the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter place, 
however, is now called Lupton in honor of one 
of her prominent citizens. There is consider- 
able business done at both villages and vast 
quantities of lead ore have been taken from the 
mines in this township. 

The Township of Vinegar Hill was first set- 
tled because of its mines; in fact, farming was 
little thought of by the early settlers until the 
sober second-thought of its early settlers began 
to assert itself. One of the earliest mines in 
the county was worked in this township and 
was known as the "Old Cave Range." It is 
very difficult to ascertain who were its first 
settlers, but it is very probable that John Fur- 
long and Harvey Mann were among the first 
to settle in the township, although Jacob 
Doxey, George Todu and Thomas AUinson were 
early residents of the township. Richard 
Spensley. the father of the writer, settled in 
the township in 1852. and operated a lead fur- 
nace in the western portion. He had. however, 
reached Galena in 1839. There are no villages 
or cities within the township. Its mining in- 
terests seem now (1903) to be taking on a new 
lease of life. 

The Township of Menominee has a history 
peculiar to itself. At first it was mostly cov- 
ered with heavy timber. Its surface is rolling 
and. for a number of years, the land was 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



639 



thought to be of little value except for its 
mines and its timber. Gradually, however, as 
time passed, it began to be settled up by a 
thrifty class of Germans who grubbed out the 
timber and have made valuable and productive 
farms. Its population is now almost entirely 
German. Politically it is called by Republicans 
the "Black Belt," as nine out of every ten of 
its voters vote the Democratic ticket. There is 
not an incorporated city or village within its 
borders, and no plat of any village therein has 
ever been made. Among its earlier settlers 
were Joseph Shipton. Nathaniel Laird, Thomas 
Prowse and Joseph Finley. The latter was at 
first Supervisor of the Township, but later 
joined the Mormon church and went west. 

The Township of Rice, like the Township of 
Dunleith, borders upon the Mississippi. Its 
land is rolling and, in some parts, is heavily 
timbered. Its earlier settlers were Messrs. 
Rice, Lane, Schurl and Robinson, although 
Nicholas Peschang and others located in the 
township at an early day. Its mines, both of 
zinc and lead ore, have been very productive, 
and Just now two large corporations are seek- 
ing to further develop the same with every 
prospect of success. The California Diggings, 
located in this township, have been the oc- 
casion of much litigation. Owing to the hills 
being high and steep, the Government did not 
make a very acurate survey of the township; 
hence there was what was commonly called a 
"lost forty," upon which a valuable lead mine 
was discovered, the right to which was only 
settled by the Supreme Court of the State. 

The principal glory of the Township of Guil- 
ford lies in the fact that it produced a Major- 
General in the War of the Rebellion, and also 
a Secretary of War in the person of John A. 
Rawlins, who was early known as the "coal 
boy." Its earliest settlers were Elliot T. Isbell, 
James D. Rawlins (father of General Rawlins), 
William Avery, Joh^ W. Taylor and Samuel 
Hathaway. The first postoffice ever established 
in the township was at the house of William 
Avery, and was called Avery. This postoffice 
was established in 1S50 and is still in existence 
with the same name. Mr. Avery's home was 
on thg direct road between Elizabeth and Ga- 
lena. Mining has been prosecuted to a consid- 
erable extent in the township, but not with as 
good results as in some other townships of the 
county. There are no cities or villages within 
its borders. 



What now constitutes the Township of 
Thompson was formerly known as Indian 
Grove, and the last council of Indians ever 
held in the county is said to have taken place 
in this township. It is named after C. C. 
Thompson, one of its earliest settlers. Thomp- 
son's Mill was, for years, a landmark in the 
county. There are no incorporated cities or 
villages within the township, but there is an 
unincorporated village called Schapville within 
its borders, in which considerable business is 
done. 

The Township of Pleasant Valley is. as its 
name implies, a pleasant valley. Plum River 
extends through the township, and the soil of 
the township — especially in the valley — is very 
productive. But little mineral has been found 
in the township and but little prospecting has 
been done. Among the earliest settlers were 
Thomas Deeds, Eli Thomas, G. Miller and 
Darius Myers. The Troxells were also early 
settlers there. George Edwards, Watkins Wil- 
liams (father of County Clerk Williams), came 
later. There is a record to the effect that a 
postoffice existed in Pleasant Valley in 1847, 
with Thomas Deeds as postmaster, but just 
when this office was first established I have not 
been able to ascertain. There are no organized 
cities or villages within the township, although 
there is a place called Moville within its bor- 
ders, at which considerable business is trans- 
acted. The people of this township are well- 
to-do. energetic and thrifty. 

The Township of Ward's Grove is one of the 
small townships of the county, and takes its 
name, as heretofore stated, from Bernard Ward, 
its first settler, while James Blair. Samuel 
Tyrrell, Joseph Moore and William Graves set- 
tled in the township very soon after Mr. Ward 
located there. Very little effort has been made 
to discover ore in this township, although 
traces have been found in various places. There 
are no incorporated villages within the town- 
ship, although a portion of Morseville was laid 
out on its western border. Its soil is very pro- 
ductive and it contains as good land as there 
is in the county. 

The Township of Berreman, also, one of the 
smaller townships, is situated in the south- 
east corner of the county. It was formerly 
well supplied with timber. But little mineral 
has been discovered within its borders, and but 
little effort has been made in that direction. 
There are no villages within the township. Its 



640 



HISTORY OF 10 D.W'IESS COUXTV. 



first settler was D. Tiffany, and his descendants 
still own the land upon which he first located. 
S. B. Gates, J. Parkinson and Isaac Parkinson 
were also early settlers. The first postoffice 
established in this township was located at a 
place called Willow, and the first postmaster 
was I. W. Parkinson. The township of Ber- 
reman was intensely loyal during the War of 
the Rebellion, and furnished as many sol- 
diers for the I'nion Army, in proportion to its 
population as any other towuship in the county. 
The Township of Derinda derives its name, 
as has heretofore been noted, from a woman. 
The first settlement was made in the township 
about the year 1836 and, among the first 
settlers— if not the very first— were the Olivers, 
the Hermans and the Hendershots. It is 
claimed that one Robert Campbell was the first 
individual to own land within the township. 
Mier the persons just named came Robert Mc- 
Grath. The face of the country is rather hilly 
and rocky, but is quite well timbered. Farming 
is the principal business of the inhabitants. 
There are some signs of mineral deposits in 
the township. Considerable iron ore has been 
found, and an attempt has been made to develop 
an iron ore mine. The township has no rail- 
road facilities, however, and, so far. the ore 
has not been found in suflicient quantities to 
prove profitable. There are a large number 
of Germans within the township, and it was 
first proposed to call the township New Ger- 
many, but the proposition failed. There are 
no organized cities or villages within the town- 
ship but there are two places— one called Der- 
inda Centre and one Massbach— at which con- 
siderable business is transacted. Its inhab- 
itants are a well-to-do, law-abiding people. 

Woodbine Township is very near the geo- 
graphical center of the county. Owing to the 
fact that the village of Elizabeth joins the 
township near the center of its west boundary, 
and that the mines in and about the village 
attracted its first settlers, it is a little difficult 
to separat'> the history of the two townships. 
It is probable that two men named .lames 
Flack and John D. Winters were its first set- 
tlers. The land of the township is generally 
rich and well watered, and there was formerly 
an abundance of timber. The Chicago Great 
Western Railroad now runs through it near 
the central portions, and the village of Wood- 
bine, which is an energetic, thriving place, has 
been established, but has not been incorporat- 



ed. The inhabitants of the township are among 
the best people of the county and are a loyal, 
industrious and law-abiding class of citizens. 

The Township of Rush has probably had as 
much influence in shaping the destiny of the 
county as any other township outside the 
Township of West Galena. Immigration began 
to flow in quite rapidly in the year 1828, when 
a large number of energetic, thrifty people were 
attracted toward it — much more so than to 
many other townships in the county — among 
them being George N.. Ira L. and Halstead 
S. Townsend. The Townsends were fine speci- 
mens of physical manhood and could trace their 
lineage back to noble ancestry. They were of 
English descent, their ancestors having emi- 
grated to America at an early day. Eber Town- 
send of this family was a soldier in the Revo- 
lutionary War and was wounded and captured 
by the Indians. Halstead S. Townsend rose to 
considerable prominence and represented the 
county in the State Legislature two terms — 
1859 and 1871. Later there came to the town- 
ship such men as Asher Miller, Ira Bowker, 
Seth Post and Ellas Stanton, the descendants 
of many of whom still reside in the town- 
ship. In early times there was a race-track 
within the township, where people from all 
parts of the country came annually to attend 
the races and. for several years, there were 
large annual gatherings. The population have 
always been intensely loyal, and during the 
War of the Rebellion the township sent 125 
men of its best blood into the Union Army. 
In politics it has always been almost as strong- 
ly Republican as the township of Menominee 
has been Democratic. The first postoffice with- 
in the township was established at Millville in 
1S47. with Hiram Ames as postmaster. 



CHAPTER X. 



RELIGIOrS AND CHURCH HISTORY. 



-SOME C.-VTHOLIC MI.SSIO.NAIIY BKI.IEVEI) TO HAVE 
HELD THE KIHST KELKIIOIS SERVICE IN JO 
DAVIESS COfNTY — EAHl.Y PROTE.STANT MI.NIS- 
TER.S — .lOIIN" DEW A.Nl) ARATIS KENT — DATE OF 
VAKlOfS CIIfRCH OROAMZATIONS. 

It is rather strange that a people who call 
themselves Christian should, in their mad 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



641 



search for wealth, forget, for a time at least, 
the obligations they owe to Deity. There is 
little evidence that is reliable to show when the 
first religious services were held within the 
county. Willie there is no direct evidence to 
prove it, it is not improbable that the first relig- 
ious service ever held in the county was held by 
a Roman Catholic priest. There is evidence 
which establishes the fact that the ministers 
of that denomination, as missionaries, traveled 
all over the Northwest before the beginning of 
the nineteenth century, and it is hardly possi- 
ble that they would have overlooked the mines 
in Jo Daviess County, and the Indian tribes 
which were known to be located in the country 
round about Galena. It is unfortunate that, 
so far as my researches have extended, I have 
been unable to find any record that is reliable 
of such early religious services, although, as 
I have said, it is hardly possible that the lead 
mines of Galena, which were producing ore 
prior to ISIO, would have escaped the notice 
of such missionaries. 

In a pamphlet entitled, "Some Notes by the 
Rev. Samuel J. Yundt, Referring to Persons, 
Dates and Changes in Their Relation to Grace 
Church Parish, Galena, Illinois," I find the fol- 
lowing: "In 1821, Galena, Illinois, was a port 
of entry of all steamboats on the Mississippi 
which passed the mouth of Fever River. In 
that year a young man traveling north on the 
'Father of Waters.' came into Galena in order 
that the boat might receive and discharge 
passengers and freight, and where, under the 
law, the boat must be registered. The name 
of this young man, and that of the boat upon 
which he journeyed, has been forgotten. The 
fact that he was a layman of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, assembled on Sunday the 
scattered members of that body, held a public 
religious service and, while so doing, used the 
Book of Common Prayer, is maintained by 
trustworthy tradition. Witnesses of and par- 
ticipators in that service related certain cir- 
cumstances connected with the service to Mr. 
Frederick Stahl, who came to Galena about 
1829. Mr. Stahl, many years afterwards, im- 
parted much of his information to the rector." 

It is claimed also that a minister, who was 
on his way east from the Selkirk settlement, 
conducted religious services in Galena in 1826, 
but I have been unable to ascertain the name 
of such preacher, to what denomination he 
belonged, or where such services were held. 



It is also claimed that religious services were 
held in Galena in 1827 by lay-readers of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, but I have been 
unable to properly authenticate the same. The 
question as to who was the first regularly ap- 
pointed minister in the county is a matter of 
some dispute, the contention lying between 
the Methodists and the Presbyterians. It is 
certain, however, that the first regularly ap- 
pointed preachers to Jo Daviess County, from 
any denomination, were John Dew of the 
Methodist Church and Aratus Kent of the 
Presbyterian Church, and they were appointed 
to charges in Galena in April, 1829. Although 
it is claimed that Mr. Dew was in Galena 
the year previous, yet I find no record to sustain 
such claim. John Dew was a Virginian, but 
began his ministerial labors as a member of an 
Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

There is no record that I have been able to 
find as to where he went on leaving Galena, 
and, so far as the writer has been able to as- 
certain, he sleeps in an unknown grave. Aratus 
Kent commenced his labors in Galena with 
great zeal. Through his efforts the First 
Presbyterian Church, as it now exists, was 
built. He was one of the incorporators of Be- 
loit College and of Rockford Seminary. His 
influence will be felt fot- ages yet to come. 
His remains lie in the old cemetery in the 
City of Galena, but his grave, I regret to say, 
is sadly neglected. The first authentic record 
of the Roman Catholic service being held in 
Galena fixes the date in 1827, when mass was 
said by Rev. Steven Vincent Baden. The first 
church edifice in the county was erected by 
the Methodists in the City of Galena In the 
year 1834. The second church erected was 
built by the Presbyterians in Galena in the 
year 1837. A Roman Catholic church was also 
erected in 1837. A Primitive Methodist church 
was organized in Galena in the summer of 1847. 
The first Associate Presbyterian Church was 
organized in October, 1845. The Second Presby- 
terian Church in Galena was organized in Sep- 
tember, 1845, and a building was erected on the 
corner of Bench and Green Streets in that year. 
The South Presbyterian Church was organized 
January 1, 1846, and a building was erected the 
same year. A Protestant Episcopal Church was 
organized in Galena in the year 1835 and the 
title Grace Church chosen. The First Congrega- 
tional Church was organized here in June, 1846. 



642 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



Tne Colored Union Baptist Church was organ- 
ized in April. 1842. and the African Methodist 
Episcopal Church in the fall of 1843. The relig- 
ious spirit spread so that, to-day. there is 
scarcely a township in the county without one 
or more places of religious worship. 



LlIAr'TER XI. 



SCHOOLS. 



UOV. REYNOLDS" ST.VTE.ME.NT OF tOXDITIOX.S I.N 1829 
— .MRS. SARAH RKED\s AWOfNT OF EARLY 

.SCHOOLS GALE.NA ACADF.MT AXI) OTHER 

HKiHFR IXSTITUTIO.NS — ST.\TLSTI<S OF JO 
DAVIESS COUNTY HKIH AXI) COMNfDN SCHOOLS 
OF THE PRESENT DAY. 

Governor Reynolds, who visited Galena in 
1829. in his report of his visit says: "I visited 
Galena in 1829, and found a most singular and 
mysterious medley of people located in that 
place. People from all quarters of the earth 
have flocked there on account of the celebrity 
of the lead mines. I presume every State in 
the V'nion was represented in the population 
of Galena. I know, at that day, there was a 
great amount of intelligence in Galena; but 
still many indulged in habits not recognized 
in any part of the decalogue. I could hear 
and see. within a small "compass on the Sab- 
bath Day, preaching, dancing, cards, billiards 
and other games, together with an occasional 
horse-race on the flat ground between the town 
and the river." 

With this condition of things existing at an 
early day in the county, it is not to be won- 
dered at that schools received but little at- 
tention, and it is very diflicult to get at any 
accurate information with regard to the same. 
I am indebted for the following information 
to Mrs. Sarah Reed, who came to Galena in 
1827. and who still survives with a remarkable 
memory of events of that period. She states 
to the writer that, in 1830, she attended school 
taught by a Mrs. Farrar, and that this school 
was kept in a building on the southwest corner 
of Perry and Bench Street; that the tuition 



paid by her parents for her schooling was $4 
per term; that in 1832 she attended school in 
a log-house in Old Town, now Broadway, which 
was taught by a Miss Miller; that afterwards 
she attended school in a building on Hill Street 
where the First Presbyterian parsonage now 
stands. She further states, as an incident of 
her school days, that there was a great lack of 
ink and pens, and that, as a substitute, little 
troughs were made and filled with sand; that 
the pupils were provided with sharpened sticks 
and were taught to write in the sand. This 
is the first authentic information that I have 
been able to obtain with reference to the first 
schools being kept in the county. A. B. Camp- 
bell taught a school on Rush street near where 
the First Presbyterian church now stands, in 
1835. His school contained from forty to sixty 
pupils and his terms were $4 per term. 
Hon. John Speer, now of Hanover, was 
one of the pupils. Afterwards, and about the 
year 1847, the Galena Academy was organized 
on Hill Street in the building now occupied 
by the Lutheran church parsonage, with Rob- 
ert H. McClellan as Principal. Also about the 
year 1848 a Galena Female Academy was start- 
ed on Hill Street, with Mr. C. Foster and wife 
as Principals. There was also in the year 1848 
what was known as the Galena Seminary in 
the ' baaeraent of the Methodist church on 
Bench Street, with James N. Martin as Prin- 
cipal and Mary T. Cook, preceptress. In 1848 
the Galena Branch of St. Francis Xavier. 
of Chicago, a sr-leot and free school for young 
ladies under charge of the Sisters of Mercy, 
was established at what was known as the Con- 
vent on Broadway, with Mary Agatha as Prin- 
cipal, assisted by five Sisters of Mercy. Thero 
was also in 1848 what was known as the En?;- 
lish High School, taught by S. Sanford at the 
Baptist church. Afterward a seminary was 
established on what is now known as Seminary 
Hill, but it did not continue very long, as it 
accidentally caught fire, burned to the ground 
and has never been rebuilt. The public school 
idea has. ever since its commencement on 
Bench Street, been, prominent in Jo Daviess 
County, until now we have in the county six 
high schools with an enrollment of 273 pupils, 
and 112 common schools, with an enrollment of 
5,175 pupils. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



643 



CHAPTER XII. 



PROMINENT CITIZENS. 



JO DAVIESS COUNTY S SEVEX UISTIXGIISHED CITI- 
ZENS — GENERAL GRANT'S REMARKABLE CAREER — 
JOHN A. RAWLINS — HIS LETTER TO HIS CHIEF — 
SKETCHES OF E. B. WASHBURNE, COL. E. D. 
BAKER, THOMI'.SUX ( A.MPBELL, JUDGE THOMAS 
DRUMMOND AND LEN. JOHN E. SMITH. 

Jo Daviess County can boast of seven of its 
citizens who became men of national reputa- 
tion, one of wliom became of world-wide fame. 
Tliey are: 

GEN. U. S. GRANT, 

GEN. JOHN A. RAWLINS. 

HON. E. B. WASHBURNE. 

COLONEL EDWARD D. BAKER.. 

HON. THOMPSON CAMPBELL. 

JUDGE THOMAS DRUMMOND. 

GEN. JOHN E. SMITH. 

Can any other county in the Nation match 
them? 

Among these U. S. Grant stands first, and 
his career, while meteoric as to suddenness, 
will stand as a fixed star for all time. 

It would serve no good purpose to give 
an extended account of his career in this vo!- 
*ume. He was bom at Mount Pleasant, Cler- 
mont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822, of Scot- 
tish ancestry. He received a common school 
education, entered the Military Academy at 
West Point, graduating therefrom in 1S43, 
standing twenty-first in a class of thirty-nine. 
He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in 
September, 1845, and took part in many battles 
with the Mexicans during the Mexican War 
He was commissioned First Lieutenant in the 
fall of 1847 and remained with the army in 
♦■he City of Mexico until the withdrawal of 
the troops in 1848. August 5, 1853, he was com- 
missioned Captain. He resigned from the 
army July 31, 1854, when he removed to St. 
Louis, and here engaged in farming for a time 
r.nd afterwards in the real-estate bii.=-inets 
While living in St. Louis he was a Ciiudidaie 
for County Engineer but failed to secure the 
otfice. He then removed to Galena, Jo Dnviess 
County, Illinois. As the world knows Grant, 
it is hard to realize that, while living in Galena, 



he was one of the least known men in that 
( onimuuity. He came to that city m May, 
1860, and remained until the breaking out of 
the War of the Rebellion in 1861. 

From John McNeilly, who now resides at 295 
Orchard Street, Chicago, and who was at work 
in the currying shop in Galena owned by the 
father of General Grant, and who well remem- 
bers the General's first appearance in Galena, 
I gather the information that the first duties 
performed by the General, upon his arrival in 
that city, were to sweep out his father's store 
and attend to customers, although he was not 
always very familiar with prices. He also did 
collecting for the firm of which his father was 
a member, and he made himself generally use- 
ful, frequently coming into the currying shop, 
when Mr. McNeilly was at work, and carrying 
rolls of leather from there into the store. He 
never was a tanner, and Grant's father never 
owned a tan-yard in Galena. All the talk 
about Grant's being a tanner is, as another puts 
it, "catchy, but not true." William Jewell, of 
Warren, who was in the stock business while 
the General was in Galena, and who frequently 
sold hides to the General's father, confirms Mr. 
McNeilly in his statement. 

There are few persons living in Galena who 
knew General Grant before the war. From one 
(Thomas M. Roberts) I have the staiement 
that, when the General left Galena for Spring- 
field, he left his home on High Street alone, 
walking to the Illinois Central depot with a lit- 
tle hand-satchel, unnoticed and unhonored. It 
is almost beyond belief that, in less than five 
years, he was to return to his former home the 
foremost military chieftain of the century. His 
subsequent career is so well known that it need 
not be repeated here. 

It seems peculiarly fitting and proper that 
the last place upon which General Grant's eyes 
should rest, should be the battle-field of one of 
the decisive battles of the world — the battle of 
Saratoga, where Liberty and Oppression con- 
tended for the mastery; where Liberty tri- 
umphed, and the zeal inspired by that result 
largely contributed to the independence of the 
United States. He died July 23, 1885. 

John A, Rawlins was born in East Galena, Jo 
Daviess County, 111., on the 13th of February, 
1«31. He was of Scotch-Irish extraction. The 
early years of his life were passed upon his 
father's farm, where, during the winter months, 
he attended the district school. During his 



644 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUXTY 



early life charcoal was in much demand, and 
he assisted in producing that commodity, haul- 
ing the same to Galena, his nearest market 
town. Being a youth of great native ability, 
he early began to acquire a local reputation 
and used to be called the "Jo Daviess County 
Coal Boy." His thirst for knowledge was so 
great that by great effort he attended, for a 
short time, the Mt. Morris Seminary in Ogle 
County, 111., and it was his intention to com- 
plete a course in that institution, but changing 
his mind he entered the law office of Isaac P. 
Stevens in the city of Galena, and in October, 
1854, was admitted to the bar, and was at once 
taken into partnership by Mr. Stevens. In 1885 
he commenced practicing on his own account. 
Subsequently the Hon. David Sheean, now a 
leading lawyer of Northern Illinois, entered the 
office of Mr. Rawlins as a student, and upon 
being admitted to the bar, was taken into part- 
nership by Mr. Rawlins, which partnership 
continued until the breaking out of the War of 
the Rebellion. At a war meeting held at the 
Court House and presided over by U. S. Grant, 
Mr. Rawlins delivered an address which made 
such an impression upon Grant that it probably 
laid the foundation for the intimate friendship 
which afterwards existed between them. When 
Grant became a Brigadier-General he wrote to 
Rawlins offering him a position upon his staff. 
The reply of Mr. Rawlins is so characteristic 
of the man, that it is herewith produced in full: 

"G.VLK.NA, III.. Aug. 12th, A. D. 1861. 
"Brigadier General U. S. Grant: 

"Dear Sir: — Your letter, bearing date St. 
Louis, Mo.. August 7th, A. D. 1861, tendering 
me the position of aide-de-camp on your staff, 
is before me. It is a compliment unexpected: 
but fully appreciating your kindness and 
friendship for me, and believing from your long 
experience in, knowledge of, military service 
and its duties, you would not have offered me 
the position were you not satisfied I could fill 
it, gladly and with pleasure I accept it. and 
whatever duties and responsibilities may 
devolve upon me by virtue of the same I will, 
with the help of God. discharge to the best of 
my ability. Wishing you success in the cause 
of constitutional freedom, for which you are 
fighting, I remain, 

"Yours obediently, , 

"John A. Rawmns." 

His first rank under Grant was that of Aide- 
de-Camp on Grant's staff. He was made Cap- 



tain and Assistant Adjutant General Aug. 30, 
1861. He was promoted Major, April 14, 1862; 
Lieutenant-Colonel. Nov. 1, 1862; Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers, Aug. 11, 1863; Brevet 
Major-General of Volunteers, Feb. 24, 1865, and 
Chief of Staff to Lieutenant-General Grant, 
with the rank of Brigadier-General in the U. S. 
Army, March 3, 1S65. and Brevet Major-Gen- 
eral. U. S. Army. March 13. 1865. 

When it is remembered that, previous to his 
appointment upon Grant's staff. General Raw- 
lins had no experience whatever in military af- 
fairs, and bad probably never seen a company 
of soldiers, and when it is further considered 
that General Grant's judgment of men for mili- 
tary positions was unquestioned, it must be 
conceded that General Rawlins possessed abil- 
ities of a very high order; and his remarkable 
rise from comparative obscurity to a leading 
military position, is only excelled by that of 
his great chief. His intimacy with General 
Grant was probably closer than that of any 
other man, and his influence with the great 
War Chief was unquestionably great. When 
General Grant was elected President of the 
United States, it was but natural that he should 
make General Rawlins his Secretary of War. 
General Rawlins died in Washington Septem- 
ber 6, 1869, while holding that position. 

In politics General Rawlins was a Democrat 
and worked for the election to the Presidency 
of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a forcible 
speaker at the bar — a fierce advocate of what 
he believed to be right. 

Elihu Benjamin Washburne was born in 
Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816. He was edu- 
cated in the public schools and. after working 
on his father's farm for a time, entered the 
office of the "Christian Intelligencer" at Gardi- 
ner, Me., in 1833, as apprentice. Staying there 
for a year, he afterwards taught in the district 
schools in that place. In May. 1835. he entered 
the office of the "Kennebec Journal," at Au- 
gusta, continuing there for a year. He then 
decided to study law and entered Kent's Hill 
Seminary in 1836. After attending there for a 
year he began his professional studies in the 
office of John Otis in Hallowell. 

In March, 1839, he entered the law school at 
Harvard and was admitted to the bar in 1840. 
Moving west he settled in Galena. Jo Daviess 
County. 111., and formed a partnership with 
Charles S. Hempstead. In 1848 he was nom- 
inated for Congress in the Galena District, but 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



645 



was defeated by Col. Edward D. Baker. He 
ran again for Congress in 1S52, was elected and 
continued in Congress until 1869. From the 
length of his service in Congress he came to be 
called "the Father of the House," and from his 
habit of closely watching all bills appropriating 
money, was dubbed the "Watch-dog of the 
Treasury." When Grant was inaugurated 
President of the United States, he appointed 
Washburne Secretary of State, which office he 
soon resigned to become Minister to France, 
holding this position during the Franco-Prus- 
sian War and also during the reign of the Com- 
mune. When the empire was overthrown, Mr. 
Washburne was the first foreign representative 
to recognize the new republic. On his return 
to the United States he settled in Chicago and, 
in ISSO. his name was brought forward as a 
candidate for the Presidency, and he received 
several votes for that office in the Republican 
National Convention of that year. 

Mr. Washburne edited the "History of the 
English Settlement in Edwards County, 111.," 
and also the "Edwards Papers." He also con- 
tributed a series of articles to the magazines 
and wrote "Recollections of a Minister to 
France," which has been published in two vol- 
umes. He was not eloquent; neither can it be 
said that he was remarkably profound; but he 
was a prodigious worker, had unbounded ambi- 
tion, and these qualities brought him success. 
He died in Chicago Oct. 22, 1887, and is buried 
in Greenwood Cemetery, near the city of Ga- 
lena, being one of the two out of the famous 
seven who lie buried in that beautiful city of 
the dead. 

Edward Dickinson Baker was born in Lon- 
don, England, February 24, 1811, and came to 
the United States in 1815. Settling in Phila- 
delphia he learned the weaver's trade and, in 
1825, removed with his family to Illinois, where 
he attended public school, read law and was 
admitted to the bar in Greene County and com- 
menced the practice of law at Springfield. He 
participated in the Black Hawk and Mexican 
Wars, during the latter commanding a brigade 
at Cerro Gordo. After the war he removed to 
Galena and was elected to the Twenty-first Con- 
gress, but, declining a re-election, removed to 
California in 1851, where he practiced law for 
a time, after which he removed to Oregon and 
was elected a United States Senator from that 
State in December, 1860. At the breaking out 
of the Civil War he raised a regiment and took 



the field as its Colonel, commanding a brigade 
at the battle of Ball's Bluff, where he was 
killed, Oct. 21, 1861. He was one of the most 
eloquent men who ever practiced law in Galena. 
The last speech he ever made was in the United 
States Senate in reply to one made by John C. 
Breckenbridge, and for dramatic effect if is said 
never to have been excelled in that body. 

Thomas Druramond was one of the most pro- 
found lawyers that ever practiced at the bar 
of Jo Daviess County. He was not as eloquent 
as either Campbell or Baker, but was more 
profound than either. He was born at Bristol 
Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 1809, 
graduated at Bowdoin College in 1830, studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in Philadel- 
phia in 1833. Removing to Galena, 111., in 1835, 
he practiced his profession with success until 
1850, when he was appointed United States 
District Judge for the State of Illinois, as 
successor to Judge Nathaniel Pope. Previous 
to this (1840), while a resident of Jo Daviess 
County, he was elected a Representative in the 
Legislature, serving one term. In 1855 the State 
of Illinois was divided by act of Congress into 
two judicial districts, and Drummond became 
Judge of the Northern District. In December, 
1869. he was made Judge of the United States 
Circuit Court for the Seventh District, which 
included the States of Illinois, Indiana and 
Wisconsin. He resigned July, 1884, and died 
at Wheaton. 111., May 15, 1890. He was an 
able, upright and just Judge. 

Thompson Campbell was one of the most elo- 
quent and witty lawyers that ever practiced 
at the bar of Jo Daviess County. He was born 
in Pennsylvania and received his education in 
the public schools of that State. After being 
admitted to the bar he removed to Galena where 
he practiced law for several years. He was 
appointed Secretary of the State of Illinois by 
Governor Ford in 1843, and served until De- 
cember. 1846. when he resigned and the follow- 
ing year was elected a Delegate from Jo 
Daviess County to the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1847, in which he was one of the most 
prominent members. In 1850 he was elected 
to Congress, serving one term. He was de- 
feated for re-election and removed to Califor- 
nia, where he was appointed by President Pierce 
to the position of Land Commissioner in that 
State for the purpose of adjusting titles under 
the treaty with Mexico, in accordance with 
grants made by the Mexican government. He 



646 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



served for a time in the California Legislature. 
In politics he was a Democrat, but, lilie Gen- 
eral Rawlins, ardently supported the Govern- 
ment during the civil war. It is stated by those 
who knew Mr. Campbell, that a person could 
not talk with him five minutes without hearing 
something worth remembering. 

Gen. John Eugene Smith was born in the 
Canton of Berne, Switzerland, Aug. 3, 1816. 
His father was an officer under Napoleon and 
marched with that great Captain to Moscow. 
L'pon the downfall of the Emperor and the read- 
justment of affairs in Europe, General Smith's 
father removed with his family to Philadel- 
phia, where the General received an academic 
education and became a jeweler. He moved 
to Galena, 111., in 1836, and engaged in the 
jewelry business in connection with one Safely. 
The business was discontinued after a time 
and Smith was elected Treasurer of Jo Daviess 
County. At the breaking out of the War of the 
Rebellion Smith enlisted and was elected Col- 
onel of the Forty-fifth Regiment Illinois Vol- 
unteer Infantry. He participated in the cap- 
ture of Forts Henry and Donelson, was made 
a Brigadier-General Nov. 29. 1862, commanded 
the Eighth Division of the Seventeenth Army 
Corps, and engaged in the Vicksburg campaign, 
leading the Third Division of the Seventeenth 
Army Corps, in June, 1863. At the close of the 
war he became Colonel of the Twenty-seventh 
Infantry, and did service on the plains against 
the Indians. He was brevetted Major-General 
of Volunteers, Jan. 12. 1865. and Major-Gen- 
eral V. S. A.. March 2, 1867. He was trusted by 
both Grant and Sherman. He did his duty and 
did it well. General Smith retired in May. 
1881. and dying Jan. 29. 1897. lies buried in the 
beautiful Greenwood Cemetery near the city 
of Galena, one of the two out of Jo Daviess 
County's Illustrious Seven, whose ashes repose 
■within the borders of the county. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



NOTABLE VISITORS. 



SOME niSTIN<itl.><HEI) MEN WHO HAVE VISITED JO 
DAVIESS rOfXTY — SPEECH AN"1) NEWSPAPER AR- 
TICLE BY ABIIAIIAM I.INTOI.S — STEPHEN A. 
DorOI.AS. PRESIDENT FII.I..MORE, f. S. GRANT. 
PRESIDENT M'KINI,EV. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 
AND OTHERS. 



Since Jo Daviess County was organized In 
1827 it has been visited by many men of the 
nation who have risen to prominence since that 
date. First among these is Abraham Lincoln. 
He visited Jo Daviess County in the month of 
July. 1856, and spoke from the balcony of the 
DeSoto House in Galena on the evening of the 
2d of that month. This was when he was com- 
paratively unknown, but was then a candidate 
for Presidential Elector-at-large for the state. 
He was then earnestly advocating the election 
to the Presidency of John C. Fremont. A full 
synopsis of his speech, as published the follow- 
ing day in the "Galena Advertiser" (now 
"Gazette") is as follows: 

"Hon. Abraham Lincoln hits the nail on the 
head every time, and in this instance, it will 
be seen, he has driven it entirely out of sight, 
it we succeed as well as we anticipate in repro- 
ducing from memory his argument in relation 
to disunion. 

"Mr. Lincoln was addressing himself to the 
opponents of Fremont and the Republican 
party and had referred to the charge of section- 
alism, and then spoke something in relation to 
another charge as follows, and said: 

" 'You further charge us with being dis- 
\inionists. If you mean that it is our aim to 
dissolve the union, for myself I answer that it 
is untrue; for those who act with me, I answer 
that it is untrue. Have you heard us assert 
that as our aim? Do you really believe that 
such is our aim? Do you find it in our plat- 
form, our speeches, our conversation or any- 
where? If not. withdraw the charge. 

"'But you may say that, though it is not our 
aim, it will be the result if we succeed, and 
that we are therefore disunionists in fact. This 
is a grave charge you make against us, and we 
certainly have the right to demand that you 
specify in what way we are to dissolve the 
fnion. How are we to effect this? 

" 'The only specification offered is volunteered 
by Mr. Fillmore in his Albany speech. His 
charge is. that if we elect a President and Vice- 
President, both from the Free States, it will 
dissolve the Union. This is open folly. The 
Constitution provides that the President and 
Vice-President of the United States shall be 
of different States, but says nothing as to the 
latitude and longitude of these States. In 1828 
Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, and John C. 
Calhoun, of South Carolina, were elected Pres- 
ident and Vice-President, both from slave 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



647 



states; but no one thought of dissolving the 
Union then on that account. In 1840, Harrison, 
of Ohio, Tyler, of Virginia, were elected. Har- 
rison died and John Tyler succeeded to the 
Presidency, and William R. King, of Alabama, 
was elected acting Vice-President by the Sen- 
ate; but no one supposed that the Union was in 
danger. In fact, at the very time Mr. Fillmore 
uttered this idle charge the state of things in 
the United States disproved it. Mr. Pierce, of 
New Hampshire, and Mr. Bright, of Indiana, 
both from free States, are President and Vice- 
President, and the Union stands and will stand. 
Do you contend that it ought to dissolve the 
Union and the facts show that it won't? There- 
fore, the charge may be dismissed without fur- 
ther consideration. 

" 'No other specification is made, and the 
only one that could be made is, that the restora- 
tion of the restriction of 1820, making United 
States territory free, would dissolve the Union. 
Gentlemen, it will require a decided majority 
to pass such an act. We, the majority, being 
able constitutionally to do all that we purpose, 
would have no desire to dissolve the Union. 
Do you say that such restriction of slavery 
would be unconstitutional, and that some of 
the States would not submit to its enforce- 
ment? I grant you that an unconstitutional 
act is not a law. but I do not ask and will not 
take your construction of the Constitution. The 
Supreme Court of the United States is the 
tribunal to decide such questions, and we will 
submit to its decisions; and, if you do also, 
there will be an end of the matter. Will you? 
If not, who are the Disunionists, you or we? 
We, the majority, would not strive to dissolve 
the Union; and if any attempt is made, it must 
be by you who so loudly stigmatize us as Dis- 
unionists. But the Union, in any event, won't 
be dissolved. We don't want to dissolve it, 
and if you attempt it we won't let you. With 
the purse and sword — the army and navy and 
treasury — in our hands and at our command, 
you couldn't do it. This Government would be 
very weak, indeed, if a majority, with a dis- 
ciplined army and navy and a well filled treas- 
ury, could not preserve itself when attacked by 
an unarmed, undisciplined, unorganized piinor- 
ity. 

" 'All this talk about the dissolution of the 
Union is humbug — nothing but folly. We won't 
dissolve the Union, and you shan't.' " 

Mr. Lincoln reached Galena in the morning 



of the day of the delivery of this speech, and 
during the day was shown an article printed 
the day before in a paper then published in 
Galena, called "The Courier," which was advo- 
cating the election of James Buchanan, and 
which article attempted to show that foreigners 
who had not been naturalized according to the 
laws of the United States, even though they 
resided in the State of Illinois prior to the 
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, could not 
legally vote for Presidential Electors. Mr. Lin- 
coln wrote the following reply, which was pub- 
lished in the "Galena Dally Advertiser" (now 
"Gazette") of the same evening on which he 
spoke. The article is headed, "What's in the 
Wind?" and is as follows: 

"In the Buchanan paper of this city we saw 
yesterday morning, a labored communication to 
prove that foreigners who have not been nat- 
uralized according to the laws of the United 
States, even though they resided here previous 
to the adoption of our Constitution, cannot 
legally vote for Presidential Electors. This is 
a grave error, and we presume the writer was 
led into it by assuming that none but citizens 
of the United States can vote for Electors; 
whereas, the United States Constitution ex- 
pressly provides that each State may appoint, 
in such manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole 
number of Senators and Representatives to 
which the State may be entitled in Congress. 
Our Legislature has directed that unnatural- 
ized foreigners who were here before the adop- 
tion of our State Constitution shall, in common 
with others, vote for and appoint Presidential 
Electors. There is no room for cavil in this. 
The whole is left to the State Legislatures. The 
Legislatures need not use the voters at all as 
instruments in the appointment of Electors. 
So well is this understood everywhere, that 
several of the State have heretofore appointed 
their Electors directly by the Legislature, and 
we believe South Carolina does so yet. Let not 
this class of foreigners be alarmed. Our Leg- 
islature has directed that they may vote for 
Electors, and the United States Constitution 
has expressly authorized the Legislature to 
make that direction. But what's in the wind? 
Why are Mr. Buchanan's friends anxious to 
deprive foreigners of their right to vote? We 
pause for an answer." 

My authority for saying that the above was 
written by Abraham Lincoln is the Hon. R. H. 



648 



HISTOKV OF JO D.WIESS COUNTY. 



McClellan, now deceased, with whom Mr. Lin- 
coln spent most of his time while in Galena, 
and in whose oflRce the article was written; and 
Mr. McClellan tokl the writer that he took it 
to the paper for publication. Mr. McClellan 
also told the writer that a collection was talten 
up among a few of the friends of the cause to 
defray Mr. Lincoln's expenses; that the collec- 
tion amounted to a little over $20, but Mr. Lin- 
coln refused to receive the full amount of the 
collection, saying that his expenses did not 
amount to that much. Mr. I^incoln's great 
competitor, Stephen A. Douglas, visited Jo 
Daviess County in the year 1853. and spent a 
day within its boundaries; but just what the 
occasion was, or why his visit, I have not been 
able to ascertain. It is probable that it was 
purely a business visit. In 1856 he again vis- 
ited the County and spoke in the grove near 
the residence of the late William H. Snyder 
in Galena, and in the evening held a reception 
at the DeSoto House. It is to be regretted that 
no extended synopsis of this speech has been 
preserved. Lincoln and Douglas were intel- 
lectual giants and did more than any other 
men of their day to clearly define the issues 
between the two great political parlies. 

President Fillmore visited .lo Daviess County 
— as near as 1 can name the date — in 1855. He 
came up the Galena River with what was then 
considered a small fleet of steamers, was roy- 
ally entertained by the people of Galena, and, 
among other places he visited, was the Mars- 
den Mines, better known as the "Black Jack 
Mines." Senator Lyman Trumbull also visited 
Jo Daviess County in IStiO. and spoke in the 
open air on the east side of Galena River, about 
where the residence of Mrs. Sampson now is. 

Joseph Jefferson in the early part of his 
career visited and acted in Galena, if. in fact, 
he did not commence his career in that city. 

Vice-Presidents Wilson and Colfax also hon- 
ored Jo Daviess County with their presence. 

U. S. Grant, while President of the United 
States, visited his old home in Galena. 

William MrKinley. when Governor of Ohio, 
visited Galena on the 27th of April. 1893, and 
addressed the citizens from the stage in Turner 
Hall; and, it is claimed that, from the plat- 
form and in that hall, he was first publicly 
named for the Presidency of the I'nited States 
— a position to which he was afterwards elected. 

Theodore Roosevelt — now President of the 
United States, but then Governor of the State 



of New York — visited Galena on the 27th o£ 
April, 1900, and addressed the people from the 
stage in Turner Hall — the occasion being the 
memorial exercises held in memory of U. S. 
Grant. 

Chauncey Depew visited Galena and Jo 
Daviess County, and dedicated the Grant mon- 
ument which now stands in Grant Park on the 
east side of Galena River. Besides these. Gen- 
eral John A. Logan, Senator Allison and Ex- 
Speaker Henderson have frequently visited the 
County and delivered addresses. 

It is doubtful if any other county in the 
State has had so many distinguished visitors, if 
we except Cook and Sangamon Counties; and, 
even as to these, it is not at all likely that a 
person who was the cause of one of the most 
bitter judicial contests that ever took place 
before the Supreme Court of the United States, 
was ever within the borders of these two coun- 
ties, while it is more than probable that he 
was within the borders of Jo Daviess County. 
I refer to Dred Scott. He was taken by his 
master by boat up the Mississippi River to Fort 
Snelling and returned the same way, and as 
nearly every boat that then navigated the Mis- 
sissippi River stopped at Galena, it is fair to 
assume that the boats upon which Dred Scott 
was transported called at that place, and it is 
more than probable that Dred Scott, for a brief 
time at least, was located in Galena. It will be 
remembered that the decision of the Supreme 
Court with reference to Dred Scott was bitterly 
assailed by Abraham Lincoln and ably defended 
by Stephen A. Douglas. That decision was 
more far-reaching, and caused more discussion 
in its day. than any other decision of that 
august tribunal. 



CH.M'TER XI\' 



WAR RECORD. 



.10 IIAVIE.SS n,.\IMS THE FIR.ST VOLfSTEER OF THE 
rivn- WAB IN THE .NORTHWEST — LONG LIST OF 

DlSTINUtriSHEll WAR HEROE.S GENERAL V. 8. 

GRANT AND HIS COMRADES ,J0 DAVIESS COfNTT 

LIST OF DEAD ON BATTLEFIELDS AND IN REBEL 
rmSONS THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

The record made by Jo Daviess County dur- 
ing the War of the Rebellion is an enviable one. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



649 



To her belongs the proud distinction of having 
the first man to enlist in the Northwest. This 
man was Augustus L. Chetlain, afterwards 
Brevet Major-General of Volunteers, and who at 
this date (1904) still lives as a citizen of Chi- 
cago. When Sumter was fired upon, political 
and religious differences disappeared and a 
strong desire that the Union should be pre- 
served was almost universal. While it is true 
that slavery, under another name, once existed 
In Jo Daviess County, its people were liberty- 
loving and determined that the Government, as 
established by its founders, should live, and it 
is the proud boast of the county, that it fur- 
nished the man who commanded the mighty 
host which composed the Federal Army, and to 
whom the final surrender of the Confederates 
was made; and it can be said, to his everlast- 
ing honor, that when the rebellion was crushed, 
he regarded those lately in opposition to the 
Government as brethren and, in the spirit of 
the Divine Master, said, "Let us have Peace." 
Dying on Mount McGregor, looking into the 
future with prophetic vision, he foretold the era of 
peace and unity which now pervades the Nation. 

It may be doubted if any other single county 
in the State furnished as many men who rose 
to prominence, during the late rebellion, as did 
Jo Daviess County. The roll of honor includes 
such names as those of Generals U. S. Grant, 
John A. Rawlins, John E. Smith, Augustus L. 
Chetlain, Jasper A. Maltby, John C. Smith, 
John O. Duer, Alfred T. Smith. W. R. Rowley 
and Thomas E. Champion; Colonels E. S. 
Parker, E. D. Kittoe, Scheller DeBuol, Wallace 
Campbell. D. G. Chapin. Bates Dixon and James 
Raney; Lieutenant-Colonel George Hicks, 
Ninety-sixth Illinois Infantry; Majors George 
S. Avery, Third Missouri Cavalry, and 
Luther H. Cowen and Joshua Van Devert, 
Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. 

The regular military organizations formed in 
and going to the field from Jo Daviess County 
were as follows: 

Company F, Twelfth Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry. 

Company E, Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry. 

Company I, Nineteenth Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry. 

Companies B. C and D, Forty-fifth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry. 

Companies A, E, H, F, I and K. Ninety- 
sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. 



There were also scattering enlistments from 
the county in the Ninety-second, the Twenty- 
first and Forty-sixth Illinois Infantry; the 
Seventh Illinois and Third Missouri Cavalry; 
Companies F and I, Seventeenth Illinois Cav- 
alry; also- in the One Hundred and Forty- 
second Illinois Infantry (100-days' regiment) 
and Company B, Ninetieth Infantry — the last 
named regiment being known as the "Ryan 
Guard." 

The list of volunteers from Jo Daviess 
County embraces the following names of com- 
missioned officers connected with regiments or- 
ganized, in whole or in part, in the county, 
viz.: 

Twelfth Illinois Infantry. — Captain Wallace 
Campbell and Charles Mayer, Company F. 

Fifteenth Illinois Infantry. — Captains John 
W. Luke, Daniel J. Benner and Allen T. 
Barnes, all of Company E. 

Nineteenth Illinois Infantry. — Captains Bush- 
rod B. Howard, John R. Madison and James 
Longhorn. Campany I. 

Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. — Captains 
Thomas Burns, James Rouse, Joseph Vincent 
and James Clifford, Company C; and Thomas 
D. Conner, Joseph W. Miller and Otto C. Hager, 
Company D. 

Ninetieth Illinois Infantry. — Captain Michael 
W. Murphy, Company B. 

Ninety-Sixth Illinois Infantry. — Captains Wil- 
liam F. Taylor and Joseph P. Black, Company 
E; William Vincent. Company A; Thomas A. 
Green and Charles E. Rowan, Company F; 
Alex. Burnette and Joseph L. Pierce, Company 
H; John Barker and John P. Tarplay, Com- 
pany I; Timothy D. Rose, Edward E. Town- 
send and George W. Pepoon, Company K. 

One Hundred Forty-Second Illinois Infantry. 
— Captains Jacob D. Holmes, Company B, and 
Samuel J. Tompkins, Company E. 

It is impossible to get at the exact number of 
men that Jo Daviess County contributed to the 
Union Army, for the reason that the calls for 
troops were so rapidly filled that many, being 
unable to secure positions in companies which 
went from this county, were obliged to enlist 
in companies from other States. It may be 
said with reasonable certainty, that not less 
than 2.500 men were furnished to the Union 
forces by the county, or very nearly one-tenth 
of its entire population. This is a record 
which, we believe, is unsurpassed, if paralleled, 
by any county in the United States; and it 



650 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUXTV. 



may be said wilh certainty, that no great battle 
of the war was fought without some soldier 
from Jo Daviess County participating therein. 
Space will not permit me to enter into more 
extended details, pleasant as such a task 
would be. 

LI.ST OF PATItlOTIC DEAD. 

"On Fame's eternal camping ground 
Their silent tents are spread." 

The following is a list of the .Jo Daviess 
County soldiers killed in battle during the War 
of the Rebellion, prepared from the Illinois 
Slate Records by the Adjutant of the E. D. 
Kittoe Post, G. A. R.. Galena: 

Company F, Twelfth Illindis Infantry. — Ser- 
geant Fred Ehman and Private Daniel Daly. 
Galena— killed at Shiloh. April 6, 1862; Pri- 
vate Henry Hagey, Woodbine — killed at Al- 
toona Pass, Oct. 5, 1864; Private Burkhardt 
Suter, Galena— killed at Atlanta. July 
22. 1864; Private W. H. Dean. Galena 
—killed at Atlanta. Aug. 4. 1862; Pri- 
vate Myron Hamilton. Galena — killed at At- 
lanta. July 28. 1864; Private Lewis Hoppe. 
Galena— killed at Altoona Pass. July 28, 1864; 
Privates John McCrea and Frank Smith, 
Galena— killed at Atlanta, July 22. 1864; Pri- 
vate Nicholas Bettinger. Galena — died of 
wounds. Nov. 23. 1864; Ezekiel Kramer. Galena 
— died of wounds. .'Vug. 18. 1861: Thomas Sin- 
cock. Elizabeth — died of wounds. Oct. 15. 1864. 

Company E. Fifteenth Illinois Infantry. — Ser- 
geants James R. Hastie. Apple River, and Wil- 
liam Lathrop. Warren; Corporals William Park- 
inson. Berreman. and Lycurgas Haskell, Nora; 
Privates Horace Ashkettle. Warren: Emory H. 
Cowen. Nora; John W. Conlee. Apple River; 
Marion Flack. Stockton; Daniel W. Davis and 
Charles W. Helsby. Warren; S. W. Godfrey. 
Stockton; John Huet. Warren; John Jerman. 
Berreman: James Kenny. Nora; A. J. Lever- 
ton and W. Vrooman. Apple River; Silas Wiley. 
Rush; Ed. Watson. Warren; David McClanion. 
Thompson— killed at Shiloh. April 6. 1862. 

Company I. Sincteenth Illinois Infantry. — 
Captain Uushrod B. Howard. Corporal Jeremiah 
Ingrahani and Privates Henry Barras. John 
Brown. Jacob Coleman. Samuel Clark. Law- 
rence Carroll. Henry Conner. John Douglas. 
William Harwick, Anthony Roffner. Joseph 
Smith. Robert Bruce. Michael Connelly. John 
Rhine and William Riner. Galena — killed Sept. 
17. 1861; John R. Barton. Galena — died of 



■wounds. Oct. 10. 1863: John Trittean. Galena 
—killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. 

Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry. — 
Colonel U. S. Grant — died at Mount McGregor. 
N. Y., July 23, 1885; Private L. S. Powell. 
Galena, Company H — killed at Chickamauga. 
and William R. Mulledy. Derinda. Company I — 
died of wounds at Chickamauga. 

Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. — Major Luther 
H. Cowen, Warren — killed in battle. May 22. 
1863; Isaac M. Hammond. Galena — killed at 
Champion Hills. May 16. 1863. 

Company A. Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. — 
Private John B. Harrison. Pleasant Valley — 
killed at Vicksburg. June 4. 1863. 

Company B. Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. — 
Sergeant Nelson Blineberiy. Warren, and First 
Lieutenant Bangler Nesbitt. Galena — killed at 
Shiloh. April 6, 1862; Sergeant Axel P. Esping. 
Warren — killed at Vicksburg, June 25. 1863; 
Private Harvey M. Dimmick. Apple River 
—killed at Corinth, May 19. 1862; Pri- 
vate James M. Estes, Apple River — killed 
at Shiloh. April 6. 1862; Private James L. 
Harding. Apple River — killed while carrying 
dispatches; Privates Israel Lohr, Derinda; 
George P. Warner and Holoway Wood. Apple 
River— killed at Shiloh. April 6, 1862; Private 
James H, Dinwell. Warren — killed by Wheeler's 
Cavalry. 

Company C. Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. — 
Private Francis L, Belknap. Galena — killed at 
Medon. Tenn.. Aug. 31. 1862; Privates William 
W. Beldin and John Casey. Guilford — killed at 
Shiloh. April 6. 1862; Privates David Hill. 
Elizabeth, and John B. Metz. Galena — killed at 
Shiloh. April 7. 1862: Privates John Murray. 
Oliver H. Towle and Caleb H. Rouse. Galena — 
killed at Shiloh. April 6. 1862. 

Company D. Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry. — 
Captain William Bryson. Elizabeth, and Cap- 
tain Thomas 1). Conner. Galena — killed at 
Shiloh. April 6. 1862; Privates John Garland. 
Elizabeth; T. Thornberry and Robert Young. 
Hanover; Hugh Logan, Woodbine; George 
Skene. Derinda. and Richard Greening. Han- 
over-killed at Shiloh. April 6. 1862. 

Company B. Sinetieth Illinois Infantry. — Ser- 
geant James McCabe. Galena, and Privates 
James Conners. Michael Donahue and Thomas 
L. Ryan, Galena — killed at Mission Ridge, 
Nov. 25. 1863; Quartermaster Sergeant William 
S. Bean— killed at Chickamauga. Sept. 20. 1863. 

Company A, Xinety-sixth Illinois Infantry. — 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



651 



Sergeant J. G. Schaefer, Corporal William 
Price and Privates Christian Karefman and 
John H. Whitman, all of Galena — killed at 
Chickamaiiga, Sept. 20, 1863; Private Andrew 
Disch, Galena — killed at Lovejoy Station. Sept, 
20, 1864; Private William Lewis. Galena— killed 
at Atlanta, Aug. 19. 1864. 

Company E. Xinety-Sixth Illinois Infantry. — 
Corporal Edgar Warner, Apple River — killed at 
Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863; Private Robert 
C. Allison, Apple River — killed at Nashville, 
Oct. 12, 1863; Private Stephen F. Blackstone, 
Apple River — died of wounds at Chickamauga, 
Oct. 21, 1863; Sergeant W. F. DeGroff. Apple 
River — died of wounds at Chickamauga. May 
16, 1864; Corporal Henry Cashman, Apple 
River; Privates Alfred Elderkin, Apple River; 
William Edge, Daniel Harrington, Joseph Tink- 
ler and James A. Thomas, Scales Mound — killed 
at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863; Corporal James 
Junken, Apple River — died of wounds. June 3. 
1864; Private Thomas Martin. Galena — died of 
wounds. Nashville, Dec. 19, 1863; Private 
Henry Mack, Apple River — killed at Chicka- 
mauga (wounds), Oct. 12, 1863; Private Dennis 
O'Leary. Apple River — died of wounds at 
Chickamauga, Oct. 26, 1863; Private Frank 
Redfearn, Apple River — died of wounds. June 
24, 1864. 

Company F. Xinety-sixtli Illinois Infantry. — 
Sergeant Hiram L. Bostwick, Hanover — killed 
at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863; Corporal Rob- 
ert A. Fowler, Hanover — died of wounds at 
Chattanooga. May 11, 1864; Corporal James R. 
Oatey, Council Hill, and Private Augustus Arm- 
bruster. Galena — killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 
20, 1864; Private Andrew W. Jelly, Guilford— 
died of wounds at Chattanooga, Sept. 10, 1864; 
Privates James Pinley, Pleasant Valley, and 
Walton Reed, Vinegar Hill — killed at Chicka- 
mauga. Sept. 10. 1864; Private William Cal- 
vert, Hanover — killed at Jonesboro, Sept. 4, 
1864; Sergeant Michael Sullivan, Galena — died 
of wounds, Jan. 19, 1865; Private James M. 
Scott, Galena — killed at Franklin, Tenn., April 
14, 1863; Private Francis S. Bailey, Galena- 
died of wounds at Chattanooga, Dec. 17, 1864; 
Lieutenant Nelson R. Simms, Galena — died of 
wounds at Chickamauga. 

Company H, Xinety-sixth Illinois Infantry. — 
Private Robert Burbridge, Warren — killed June 
23, 1864; Private J. J. Curry, Stockton — died 
of wounds at Chickamauga, Oct. 1, 1863; Pri- 
vate Albert Farley. Nora — killed at Chicka- 



mauga, Sept. 20, 180:j; Private James 
Forsyth. Rush — killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 
22, 1863; Private Thomas Johnson, War- 
ren — died of wounds, Nov. 10, 1863; 
Corporal W. L. Morton, Warren — killed at 
Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863; Corporal Thomas 
Morris, Warren — died of wounds at Chicka- 
mauga, Oct. 13, 1863; Corporal Henry Simons, 
Warren — killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. 

Company I, Xinety-Sixth Illinois Infantry. — 
Lieutenant Thomas J. Smith, Galena — died of 
wounds, June 9, 1864; Private John Adams, 
Galena — died of wounds at Chickamauga; Pri- 
vates Thurman F. Bennett, Thompson and 
Gains W. Young, Elizabeth— killed at Chicka- 
mauga, Sept. 20, 1863; Patrick Hewitt, Pleasant 
Valley — killed at Lovejoy Station, Sept. 2, 
1864. 

Company K. Xinety-sixth Illinois Infantry. — 
Sergeant Thomas S. Leland, Nora— killed at 
Resaca, May 14, 1864; Privates Anson Brinker- 
hoff, Warren, and Joseph Bowker, Rush — killed 
at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863; Private Albert 
E. Benton. Rush— killed at Dallas. Ga.. May 30, 
1864; Private Frederick Blackman. Warren- 
killed at Atlanta, Aug. 19, 1864; Private Charles 
L. Courter, Warren — killed at Resaca, Ga., May 
11. 1864; Private Hamilton D. Crane, died of 
wounds at McMinnville, Oct. 10. 1863; Privates 
Matthew Dunbar. Warren and Michael Fox, 
Apple River— killed at Chickamauga. Sept. 20, 
1S63; Private Ross P. Rayne, Stockton— killed 
at Kenesaw Mountain. June 23. 1864; Private 
John J. Vrooman, Apple River— killed at 
Resaca. May 14, 1864; Private James Vaugh, 
Rush— killed at Rocky Face Ridge, May 6. 
1864; William Kimble, Apple River— died of 
wounds, Nashville, Jan. 12, 1865. 

1)II:D IX EEBEL PEISOXS. 

The following is a list of the soldiers from 
Jo Daviess County who died in Southern Mili- 
tary Prisons during the progress of the war: 

At Amlersonville. — Sergeant J. B. Leekley. 
Co. P, 96th 111. Inf., Oct. 1, 1864; Private B. 
Holtcamp, Co. F, 96th 111. Inf.. Sept. 13, 1864; 
Private John Kerby, Co. H, 96th 111. Inf., Aug. 
15, 1864; Corporal A. Marshall, Co. H, 96th 111. 
Inf., July 2, 1864; Private G. Stanchfleld, Co. H, 
96th 111. Inf., June 26, 1864; Private A. Wheel- 
ock, Co. H, 96th 111. Inf., May 10, 1864; Private 
Charles Menzimer, Co. A, 96th 111. Inf., June 16, 
1864; Private William Williams, Co. A, 45th 111. 
Inf., Oct. 14, 1864; Private Mike Sullivan, Co. 



652 



HISTORY OI- JO DAMESS COUNTY. 



E, 15th 111. Inf.. Jan. 18, 1865: Private A. G. 
Dilly, Co. E. 15(h 111. Inf., Jan. 28, 1865; Pri- 
vate R. L. Ward. Co. C, 15th 111. Inf.. Nov. 18. 
1864; Private Frank Kline. Co. C, 15th 111. Inf.. 
Nov. 16, 1864; Private J. Steinhauser, Co. B. 
loth 111. Inf., March 3, 1865; Corporal E. Den- 
ton, Co. B. loth III. Inf., Feb. 16. 1865; Private 
John Bowman. Co. I. 96th 111. Inf. 

At Lihhy Prison. — Corporal J. A. Boothby, 
Co. H, 96th 111. Inf.. Dec. 26, 1863. 

At Florence. S. C. — Private H. Williams, Co. 
I, 96th 111. Inf., Nov. 29. 1864. 

At Danville. Va. — Corporal Pat Flannery. Co. 
H, 96th 111. Inf.. Dec. 8. 1863; Private William 
Ingersoll. Co. H, 96th 111. Inf.. Jan. 17, 1864. 

The following is a list of those who were 
captured by the Confederates al Chickamauga 
and. never being heard from afterward, were 
returned as "missing": 

Corporal Henry Bonitel, Co. I, 96th 111. Inf.; 
Private John Adams, Co. I, 96th 111. Inf.; Pri- 
vate George W. Dimmick, Co. E. 96th 111. Inf.; 
Corporal David Isbell. Co. A, 96th 111. Inf. 



The above list of those killed in battle, or 
who died from wounds or in rebel prisons, does 
not include the names of many from Jo Daviess 
County who enlisted in regiments in other 
counties or States, nor does it include those 
who died of disease while in the service. 

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 
The record of Jo Daviess County soldiers in 
connection with the Spanish-.\merican war of 
1898 was no less honorable, in proportion to 
the imi)ortance of the conflict, than was that of 
participants in the Civil War of 1861-65. 
although the necessities of the latter struggle 
did not call forth the effort that the War of 
the Rebellion did. Its duration, as compared 
with the War of the Rebellion, was extremely 
brief, and the call for troops was not great; 
yet. in the patriotic spirit of 1861, Jo Daviess 
County responded with one company of infantry, 
and more would have followed had the length 
and importance of the struggle called for such 
a demand. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



653 



CHAPTER XV. 



CITIZENS OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



The verdict of mankind has awarded to the 
Muse of History the highest place among the 
classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, 
appears to be, by many minds, but imperfectly 
understood. The tasic of the historian is com- 
prehensive and e.xacting. True. History reaches 
beyond the doings of court or camp, beyond the 
issue of battles or the effects of treaties, and 
records the trials and the triumphs, the failures 
and the successes of the men who make history. 
It is but an imperfect conception of the philoso- 
phy of events that fails to accord to portraiture 
and biography its rightful position as a part — 
and no unimportant part — of historical narra- 
tive. Behind and beneath the activities of out- 
ward life the motive power lies out of sight, 
just as the furnace-fires that work the piston 
and keep the ponderous screw revolving are 
down in the darkness of the hold. So, the im- 
pulsive power which shapes the course of com- 
munities may be found in the molding influ- 
ences which form its citizens. 

It is no mere idle curiosity that prompts men 
to wish to learn the private as well as the pub- 
lic lives of their fellows. Rather is it true that 
such desire tends to prove universal brother- 
hood; and the interest in personality and bi- 
ography is not confined to men of any particu- 
lar caste or avocation. 

The list of those to whose lot it falls to play 
a conspicuous part in the great drama of life 
is comparatively short ; yet communities are 
made up of individuals, and the aggregate of 
achievements — no less than the sum total of 
human happiness — is made up of the deeds of 
those men and women whose primary aim, 
through life, is faithfully to perform the duty 
that comes nearest to hand. Individual influ- 
ence upon human affairs will be considered 
potent or insignificant according to the stand- 
point from which it is viewed. To him who. 
standing upon the sea shore, notes the ebb and 
flow of the tides and listens to the sullen roar 
of the waves as they break upon the beach in 
seething foam, seemingly chafing at their limit- 
ations, the ocean appears so vast as to need no 
tributaries. Yet, without the smallest rill that 



helps to svi-ell the "Father of Waters," the 
mighty torrent of the Mississippi would be less- 
ened, and the beneficent influence of the Gulf 
Stream diminished. Countless streams, cur- 
rents and counter-currents — sometimes ming- 
ling, sometimes counteracting each other^ 
collectively combine to give motion to the ac- 
cumulated mass of waters. So is it — and so 
must it ever be — in the ocean of human action, 
which is formed by the blending and repulsion 
of currents of thought, of influence and of life, 
yet more numerous and more tortuous than 
those which form "the fountains of the deep." 

In the foregoing pages are traced the begin- 
ning, growth, and maturity of a concrete thing. 
.To Daviess County. But the concrete is but the 
aggregate result of individual labor. The acts 
and characters of men, like the several faces 
that compose a composite picture, are wrought 
together into a compact or heterogeneous 
whole. History is condensed biography: "Bi- 
ography is History teaching by example." 

It is both interesting and instructive to rise 
above the generalization of history and trace, 
in the personality and careers of the men from 
whom it sprang, the principles and influences, 
the impulses and ambitions, the labors, strug- 
gles and triumphs that engrossed their lives. 

In the pages that follow are gathered up, 
with as much detail as the limits of the work 
allow, the personal record of many of the men 
who have made Jo Daviess County what it is. 
In each record may be traced some feature 
which influenced, or has been stamped upon, 
the civic lite. 

Here are pioneers who. "when the fullness of 
time had come." came from widely scattered 
sources, some from beyond the sea, impelled by 
diverse motives, little conscious of the import 
of their acts, and but dimly anticipating the 
harvest which would spring from their sowing. 
They built their little cabins, toiling for a pres- 
ent subsistence while laying the foundations of 
private fortunes and future advancement. 

Most have passed away, but not before they 
lieheld a development of business and popula- 
tion surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy. 
A few yet remain whose years have passed the 
allotted three score and ten, and who love to 
recount, among the cherished memories of their 
lives, their reminiscences of early days in Jo 
Daviess County. 

Among these early, hardy settlers and those 
who followed them may be found the names of 



654 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COL'XTV. 



many who imparted the first impulse to the 
county's growth and home-likeness; the many 
who. through their identification with agricul- 
tural pursuits and mining interests, aided in 
her material progress; of skilled mechanics 
who first laid the foundations of beautiful 
homes and productive industries, and of the 
members of the learned professions — clergymen, 
physicians, educators and lawyers — whose in- 
fluence upon the intellectual life and develop- 
ment of a community it is impossible to over- 
estimate. 

Municipal institutions arise; Commerce 
spreads her sails and prepares the way for the 
magic of Science that drives the locomotive en- 
gine over the iron rails. Trade is organized, 
stretching its arms across the prairie to gather 
in and distribute the products of the soil. 
Church spires rise to express, in architectural 
form, the faith and aspirations of the people, 
while schools, public and private, elevate the 
standards of education and of artistic taste. 

Here are many of the men through whose 
labors, faith and thought, these magnificent re- 
sults have been achieved. To them and to their 
co-laborers, the Jo Daviess County of today 
stands an enduring monument, attesting their 
faith, their energy, their courage and their 
self-sacrifice. 

ROBERT II. .M.CI.El.LAX (deceased), law- 
yer and banker, was born in Washington 
County. N. Y., Jan. 3. 1823; graduated at Union 
College, Schenectady, in 1847. and then studied 
law with Hon. Martin I. Townsend, of Troy, 
being admitted to the bar in 18.50. The same 
.%ear he removed to Galena. 111.: during his first 
winter there, edited "The Galena Gazette." and 
the following spring formed a partnership with 
John M. Douglas, afterwards General Solicitor 
and President of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
which ended with the removal of the latter to 
Chicago, when Mr. McClellan succeeded him 
as local attorney of the road at Galena. In 
1864 Mr. McClellan became President of the 
Dank of Galena — later the "National Bmk of 
Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. He 
was also largely interested in local manufac- 
tories and financial institutions elsewhere. He 
served as a Republican Representative in the 
Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-62). 
cind as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a 
high rank as a sagacious and judicious legisla- 
tor. Liberal, public-spirited and patriotic, his 



name was prominently connected with all 
movements for the improvement of his locality 




i(. II. >!<'< i,i:i.i.\\. 

r.nd the ailvancemtnt of the interests of the 
State. Mr. McClellan died July 23. I'.IOS. 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FELT (deceased), 
born at Plattsburg, N. V.. Jan 3. 1821, son of 
Samuel Webster and Lydia (Wheeler) Felt, 
both natives of Temple, N. H.. the former born 
Sept. 21. 1777. The paternal grandparents of 
Mr. Felt were Aaron and Tabitha ( I'pton ) 
Fell, the former born at Lynn. Mass.. Sept. 1. 
1712. and the latter at Temple. N. H., and his 
Kieai-grandparents, Aaron Felt, born at Casco 
Bay, Me., and Mary (Wyatt) Felt, born at 
Lynn, Mass. Mr. Felt was educated in his 
native town of Plattsburg, N. Y., and on Sept. 
11. 1854. married Ann E. Piatt, also a native of 
Plattsburg. and they had children named: 
Zophaniah Charles. Benjamin Franklin, Anna 
E. and Mary B. In religious belief he was a 
Presbyterian and politically a Republican. Mr. 
Felt died at Galena, Illinois. July 31. 1899. Dur- 
ing his life he was one of Galena's most pub- 
lic-spirited citizens. The splendid Public Li- 
brary was a gift to the city from his gen- 
erous hand, and in all works of public and pri- 
vate benevolence, he was always in the front 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



655 



rank, assisting in all those measures which 
tended to the betterment of the city and the 




elevation of mankind. It can truly be said of 
him. that "the good he did lives after him." 

DAVID SHEEAN, lawyer. Galena. 111., was 
born in Boston, Mass.. .July 3, 1S33, the son of 
James and Mary (Lorden) Sheean. both natives 
of County Cork. Ireland, and at three years of 
age was brought by his parents from Boston 
to Galena, where the family located. His grand- 
parents on the maternal side were Jeremiah 
and Johanna Lorden, also of County Cork. Ire- 
land, and his ancestors on both side were na- 
tives of Ireland for an indeanite period. After 
acquiring his education in the common and pri- 
vate schools and a local academy in Jo Daviess 
County. Mr. Sheean went to California in 18.51. 
where he spent four and a half years mining. 
Then returning to Galena, he began the study 
of law and, after his admission to the bar, 
entered into partnership with John A. Rawlins, 
who became Chief of Staff under Gen. Grant 
during the Civil War, and later Secretary of 
War. From 1862 to 1867, he practiced alone, 
but the latter year formed a partnership with 
bis brother, T. J. Sheean, and in 1893, his 
nephew, G. M. Sheean. was admitted to the 



firm. Mr. Sheean was elected City Attornej 
in 1859, serving several years; for one term 
(1864-65) was Mayor of Galena; has also 
served as President and Director of the Galena 
Public Library and of Greenwood Cemetery for 
several years. Sept. 21, 1876, he was married 
to Miss Cora L. Spare, who was educated in Ga- 
lena, and died April 5, 1895, leaving no chil- 




U.Win SIIKIiAN. 



dren. Politically Mr. Sheean is a Sound-Money 
Democrat, and has been a member of the Iro- 
quois Club. Chicago, but not connected with any 
secret organization. As a lawyer he has been 
connected with a number of important cases in 
the State courts and the Supreme Court of the 
United States. 

JAMES SIMPSON BAUME. Judge Appellate 
Court, Third District, residence Galena, 111., 
was born in the city of Chicago, April 13, 
1857. the son of James and Marie A. (Haw- 
kins) Baume, the former a native of England 
and the latter of Pennsylvania; finished his 
education In Northwestern University, Evan- 
ston. 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1879, 
after which he began practice at Galena. In 
1897 ho was elected Judge of the Circuit Court 
for the Fifteenth Circuit: in 1903 he was as- 
signed to duty on the Appellate bench for the 



656 



HISTORY OF JO D.W'IESS COUNTY. 



Third District. .Judge Baume was married in 
1S83 to Lizzie Bergh. wlio died in 1889. leaving 
two children: Marie Antoinette, born in 1884, 




.1 \>ii':.s s. II \ I >ii:. 

and Henry Berirh, liorn in 1887. In 1892 he 
married his second wife. Kanny G. Estey. and 
they have one daughter. Ruth Estey. horn in 
1894. Judge Baume is a Republican in poli- 
tics, a member of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church and fraternallv associated with the Ma- 
sonic Ordor. 

THOMAS FOSTER, President Merchants Na- 
tional Bank. Galena 111., was born at Carlisle. 
I'enn.. Oct. 17. 1817. the son of Crawford and 
V>lizabeth (Pattison) foster, the former a na- 
tive of Carlisle, and the latter of Mount Rock, 
Penn. His paternal grandparents, Thomas Fos- 
ter and wife I the latter born a Crawford), and 
his grandfather on the maternal side, named 
Pattison. were all born in Ireland. Mr. Foster 
was educated in his nai've town of Carlisle, 
find at seventeen years of age (1834) began his 
business life as 'lerk at the Washington Fur- 
nace, Tenn. In 1838 he visited Northern Illi- 
nois, making the trip from his Tennessee home 
on horseback; in 1840 removed from Tennes- 
see to St. Louis, Mo., whence three years later 
he came to Galena. III., which has been his 



home ever since. For seventy years he has 
lived on the borders of the Mississippi River. 
February 27, 1845. he was married to Mary 
Campbell, bom and educated at Albany, N. Y., 
but who lived only six months after marriage. 
On August 31. 1848. he married Cynthia Torode, 
a native of Pittsburg, Penn.. and educated at 
St, Louis, Mo. His third marriage, June 23, 
1861, was with Mary Lisa Hempstead, born and 




educated in St. Louis. The children by the sec- 
ond marriage were: Annie H., Thomas A. and 
George T., and those by the third marriage; 
Mary .M., .\ugusta II., Grace P., William H.. 
.lessie M. and Alfred T. From early manhood 
a member of the Presbyterian Church, Mr. Fos- 
ter has been for sixty-one years an active elder 
in that denomination. I'olitically be is a Demo- 
crat. 

WALTER FORD, cashier Galena National 
Bank. Galena. III., was born in London. Eng- 
land. April 21, 1834, was educated in his native 
city, and for many years has been identified 
with the banking business successively as clerk, 
teller and cashier. November 27, 1857. he was 
married at Galena. III., to Anna G. Seal, who 
was educated in that city, and they have two 
children: Mary M. and Bertha B. .Mr. Ford is 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



657 




KH F<IUI>. 



a member of the Episcopal Church, politically 
a Republican and fraternally associated with 
the Masonic Order. 

MAJOR GEORGE SMITH AVERY, merchant 
and Postmaster. Galena, 111 . was born in Jo 
Daviess County, 111., April 16, 1835, the son of 
William and Phobe (Reed) Avery, the former 
born in Chenango County, N. Y., August 15, 
1807, and the latter in Middletown, Delaware 
County, N. Y. His maternal grandparents were 
Aaron and Sally (Golt) Reed, who were natives, 
respectively, of Pittstown, Rensselaer County, 
N. Y., and Towanda. Bradford County, Penn. 
On the paternal side Major Avery is a descend- 
ant of Capt. James Avery, who was one of the 
founders of the Avery family in America, born 
in England about 1620, came to America with 
his father, Christopher Avery, and lived at Glou- 
cester, Mass. Abraham Avery, a grandson of 
James Avery, was a blacksmith by trade, be- 
came a line officer under Gen. Washington, and 
many of his family and near relatives were sol- 
diers in the Revolutionary War. A number 
of them were killed in the battle of Groton 
Heights, defending New London, Conn., against 
the attack of Benedict Arnold. This Abraham 
Avery, the great-grandfather of the subject of 
this sketch, was born at Stonington, Conn., May 



20, 1754, married Mary Packer, and their son, 
Elias Packer Avery, born at Guilford, Vt., Au- 
gust 16, 1781, married Sally Covill, born in New 
York in 1783. Elias Packer Avery and William 
Avery, the grandfather and father of Major 
Avery, were pioneer settlers in Northwestern 
Illinois, and were both soldiers in the Black 
Hawk War of 1832. George Smith Avery grew 
up on a farm in Jo Daviess County, was edu- 
cated in the common schools and at Mt. Morris 
Seminary, and, in April, 1861, enlisted for three 
months' service in Company F, Twelfth Illinois 
\ olunteer Infantry, the first company organ- 
ized in Jo Daviess County, going to the front 
with the rank of First Sergeant. In September 




gkok(;e s. avkky. 

of the same year he enlisted in Company I, 
Third Missouri Cavalry for three years' service, 
was soon after elected First Lieutenant; in 
July, 1862, was promoted to the rank of Cap- 
tain and. in September, 1864, to that of Major 
of the regiment. He was honorably discharged at 
the muster-out of his command in March, 1865, 
alter a service of over three years in the West- 
ern Army, participating in all the campaigns 
and engagements of the Seventh Army Corps. 
After the close of the war he engaged in farming, 
which he continued until 1876. when he was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Jo Daviess 



658 



HISTORY OF 10 DA\li:SS COLXTY. 



County, serving continuously in that capacity 
twelve years. He has also served as President 
of the Board of Education lor the city of Ga- 
lena, and. at the present lime (1904) is Post- 
master of the city. On .lune 7. 1863. Major 
Avery was married to Elizabeth Little, born in 
Oneida County, N. Y., and educated at Mt. 
Morris and Aurora Seminaries, 111., and they 
have the following named children: William 
Cuyler, George Wynne. A,2;nes Rae. Elizabeth 
Florence, Alexandra and Marie lone. In reli- 
Kious faith Major Avery is a Methodist, and in 
political relations a Republican; is also a mem- 
ber of the Grand Army of the Republic (in 
which he is Past Commander of his Post), and 
of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Com- 
mandery of the State of Illinois. 

RICHARD SPEXSLRY, one of the pioneers 
of the leadniining region, was born in York- 
shire, England. May lf<. ISO.t, and on April 24. 
1S24, he was united in marriage with Alice 
Bonson, a native of the same place. Twelve 
children were born to this union, six boys and 
six girls, eleven of whom reached maturity and 
live still survive, namely: Hon. James Spens- 
ley, of Mineral Point, Wis.: R. M. Spensley, 
Clerk of the Circuit Court of .lo Daviess County, 
111.; Alice A. Bailey, of Black Hawk. Colo.; 
Ellen Gray, wife of John J. Gray, and Judge 
William Spensley of Galena. Mr. Spensley re- 
ceived such an education as the schools of 
Yorkshire then afforded, which was but meager. 
His early life was spent in the lead and coal 
mines of his native county, and for several 
years he held the responsible position of banks- 
man in the famous Barnsley cosl mines in that 
county. Being impressed with the better oppor- 
lunitie" offered for a man in his condition in 
the I'nited States, in the year 1839, with his 
wife and family, then consisting of six chil- 
dren, he emigrated to this country, crossing 
the ocean in a sailing-vessel which was six 
weeks on the way. Landing in New York he 
went by canal to Buffalo, thence across the 
lakes to Chicago and from thence by team to 
Dubuque, Iowa. Mr. Spensley himself walking 
the entire distance from Chicago to Dubuque. 
He erected a log cabin near the city of Dubuque, 
in which he and his family lived for many 
years enduring all the hardships and privations 
incident 10 a pioneer life. By industry and fru- 
gality, he accumulated what would now be con- 
sidered a pittance, but al that time was consid- 



ered a fair sum of money, and in 1852 pur- 
chased what was then known as the Blair lead 
smelting furnace on the Sinsinawa River in the 
township of Vinogar Hill, .lo Daviess County, 




111., about five miles north of Galena, and 
removed there with his family. Here he prose- 
cuted the lead-mining and smelting business 
with marked success until advancing years 
admonished him to cease active business, when 
he sold out to his sons and. with his wife, 
moved to the city of Galena, to spend their 
declining years. His wile died Aug. 24. 1887, 
in the eighty-second year of her age. Mr. Spens- 
ley was a man of splendid physique, standing 
over six feet, straight as an arrow and weigh- 
ing about 240 pounds. He was a man of great 
force of character, of deep religious convic- 
tions, never knowingly wronged a human being 
and always possessed the entire confidence of 
his neighbors and the business community. 
Early in life he united wiui the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, and retained his membership in 
this church to the end of his life. In politics 
he was originally a Whig, and when that party 
disappeared he united with the Republican 
party and. up to the date of his death, advo- 
cated its principles. He never sought political 
preferment, although there were few offices 
within the gift of his neighbors that he could 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY 



659 



not have had for the asking. Knowing the 
benefits of an education, the common schools 
always had his ardent support. Born under a 
monarchy, he yet believed in the right of man 
to govern himself, and while he loved the land 
of his birth much, he loved the land of his 
adoption more. He detested the institution of 
slavery. On the 24th of November, 1892, with- 
out a struggle or a pain, "he was gathered to 
his fathers" in the eighty-eighth year of his 
age. It can truthfully be said of him, that he 
went to his grave in full age, like a shock of 
corn fully ripe in its season. 

WILLIAM SPENSLEY was born in Dubuque 
County, Iowa. His parents were English, hav- 
ing emigrated to the United States in 1829. 
He was reared to manliood in the township of 
Vinegar Hill, .Jo Daviess Ccnnly. 111., where. 




A\lLLI.V.n Sl'Ii-NSI.KY. 



during the winter months he attended the com- 
mon school and, in the summer worked for his 
father who was engaged in the smelting busi- 
ness. P'or two terms he attended Platteville 
Academy, located at Platteville, Wis., but did 
not graduate. In the year 1864 he began the 
study of law in the office of the late E. A. Small, 
then a leading lawyer in the city of Galena, 
was admitted to the bar on the 27th of Janu- 
ary, 1866, and at once opened an office in Ga- 



lena. On June 4, 1868. he was united in mar- 
riage with Mary J. Low. Six children were 
born to this union, four of whom survive, 
namely: Jsssie E., Harriet A., William R. and 
Mary E. In 1873 he was elected County Judge 
of Jo Daviess County, 111., serving in that posi 
tion four years, but declined a re-election and 
has ever since devoted himself to his profes- 
sion. In politics he has always been a Republi- 
can and, in 1888, was a delegate to the Repub- 
lican National Convention at Chicago, which 
nominated Benjamin Harrison for President. 
In religious matters he has always cast his lot 
with the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

CAPT. WILLIAM VINCENT. Collector Port 
of Entry and farmer. Galena, Jo Daviess 
County, 111., born in Cornwall, England, Jan. 
19, 1826, son of Henry and Sarah (Vincent) 
Vincent, also natives of Cornwall. Captain 
Vincent was educated in his native country and 
came to America in 1837, locating in East 
Galena, Jo Daviess County, 111. On December 




29, 1847, he was married to Eliza Beay, a native 
of Cornwall, England, and they are the parents 
of five children: Milton, Emily, Minnie, Annie 
and William, Jr. In political relations the Cap- 
tain is a Republican, and in religious convic- 
tions a Methodist. 



66o 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIP:SS COLXTV 



JOHN ROSS, banker. Galena, 111., was born 
in South Shields. County Durham. England. 
Dec. 9. 1815. the son of John and Ann ( Bran- 
son) Ross, the former a native of Rothshire. 
Scotland, and the latter of County Durham. 




.lOIIN IIOSS. 

England. Mr. Ross' maternal grandfather was 
Launcelot Branson, also born in Durham. Eng- 
land. The subject of this sketch received his 
education in the schools of his native county. 
October 31. 18.57. he was married to Phebe Cor- 
with. who was born in Flatlsburg. N. Y., and 
was there educated, and they have had four 
children: Henry. John S.. Isabella G. and 
Phebe L. Mr. Ross has been President of the 
Galena National Bank since 1889 — a period of 
fifteen ye^rs. In politics he is a Republican 
and in religious belief a Presbyterian. 

THOMAS J. SHEEAN. Attorneyat-law. Ga- 
lena, III., was born in Guilford Township, Jo 
Daviess County. Dec. Vi. 1838. the son of James 
and Mary ( Lorden) Sheean. and was educated 
in the common schools, at Sinsinawa College. 
State of Wisconsin, and Rock River Seminary, 
Mt. Morris. 111. Deceml)er 25. 1865. he was 
married to Frances Delahunt. who was born 
in Ireland and educated in the common schools 
of Jo Daviess County, and the names of their 




■riKni \s .1. siiioK \N. 

children are; James M.. Mary S. U.. Clara K., 
Henry D. and Frank T. Politically Mr. Sheean 
is a Democrat. 

JOHN C. BOEVERS. States-Attorney. Jo 
Daviess County, born in Petersburg. Menard 
County. 111.. Nov. 22. 1866. the son of Frederick 
C. and Caroline Boevers. both natives of Ger- 
many who came to this country in their youth. 
The father was a carpenter by trade, and after 
(oming to this country followed that occupation 
and farming. The subject of this sketch at- 
tended the common and preparatory schools, 
and then, after being engaged in teaching one 
year, took a four years' course in the German- 
English College, now located at Charles City, 
Iowa, from which he graduated in 1888 with the 
degree of B. S.. after which he entered the Law 
Department of the Michigan University, gradu- 
ating there in 1891 with the degree of LL. B. 
During the same year he came to Galena, where 
he began the practice of law. which he has con- 
tinued to the present time. Mr. Boevers. while 
in geneial practice, during his career at the 
bar has represented one side or the other in 
many cases in the Jo Daviess Circuit Court, 
besides being retained in connection with many 
important cases in the Iowa and Wisconsin 
courts. At the present time he is serving his 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



66i 



second term as States-Attorney for Jo Daviess 
County, and has been renominated for a third 
term; is also Attorney for the Galena National 
Bank and the Galena Axle Grease Company, 
of that city. On Sept. 23, 1898, he was married 
to Jessie A. Crooks, who was born in Galena, 
May 15, 1872, the daughter of Jesse Grant and 
Martha (Clark) Crooks, the father a native of 
Kentucky and the mother of Galena. Mrs. 



Racine, Wis., and on Feb. 8, 1876, was married 
to Emma E. Childs, born at Preeport, 111., who 
was educated at Sinsinawa College, and they 
had two children: John G. and Clarence C. 
Mrs. Schmohl died in September. 1SS9. and on 




J. <■. BOKVEHS. 

Boevers received her education in the Galena 
public schools, graduating from the high school 
of that city in 1892. They have two children: 
Helen Marie and Charles John Boevers. Mr. 
Boevers is a member of the South Presbyterian 
Church, Galena; a 32d degree Mason, belonging 
to the Preeport Consistory, Freeport; the 
Galena Commandery, Jo Daviess Chapter, and 
the Miners' Lodge, all of Galena, and a Knight 
of Pythias. 

JOHN GEORGE SCHMOHL. hotel proprietor. 
Galena, 111., was born in the city in which he 
now resides, August 4, 1854, the son of J. G. 
and Lena ( Brucklacker) Schmohl, the former 
born at Metzinger, Wurtemberg, Germany, and 
the latter at Reutlingen, Wurtemberg, Ger- 
many, his grandparents being of the same name 
and having the same birthplace as his parents. 
Mr. Schmohl was educated at Racine College, 




.I<»H\ (;. StHJIOHL. 

August 1.5, 1897, he was married to his second 
wife. Bertha E. Prince, born at Worcester, 
Mass., Sept. 15. 1869. By his second wife Mr. 
Schmohl has had three children born to him: 
Stuart P., born in 1898; Hazel E., born in 1899; 
and Robert, born in 1900 — all born in Galena. 
Mr. Schmohl is a Presbyterian in religious 
faith and politically a member of the Demo- 
cratic party. 

WILLIAM THEOPHILi;S HODSON, lawyer. 
Galena, 111., was born at Council Hill, Jo Dav- 
iess County, Feb. 21. 1852, the son of Mark and 
Elizabeth (Coates) Hodgson, both born in 
Yorkshire, England. Both the paternal and 
maternal branches of the family were English, 
the name of the former branch being spelled 
"Hodgson." By common consent, however, the 
"g" has been dropped from the family name 
by members of a later period. William T. Hod- 
son was educated in the common schools, Mt. 
Morris Seminary and Michigan University. 
Graduating from the law department of the 



662 



HISTORY OF lO DAVIESS COUXTY 



latter in 1877 he was at once admitted to the 
bar, and established himself in practice at 
Galena, 111., which he has continued to the 
present time. In 1887 he was elected County 
Judge, by successive re-ele;tions serving until 




\\ . •!•. II«»I)S<»\ 



li»03 (sixteen years), when he declined a re- 
nomination, preferring to devote his attention 
exclusively to his profession. He has also 
served the city of Galena as Alderman, City 
Attorney and as a member of the Board of 
Education. Mr. Hodson is a model public ofli- 
cer, careful, accurate and especially competent. 
On July 17. 187S. he was married al Ajiple River 
to Addle E. Rivenberg. who was born at ShuUs- 
burgh. Wis., and received her academic edu- 
cation at the Slate Normal School, Platteville, 
Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Hodson have two children: 
Effie May and Charles M. In his church rela- 
tions Mr. Hodson is a Methodist, politically a 
Republican and fraternally associated with the 
Knights of Pythias. 

WILLIAM S. HICKS, farmer and stock- 
buyer, Warren Township, Jo Daviess County, 
111., was born in Cornwall. England, Jan. 1, 
1833, and came with his jiarents to Jo Daviess 
County. 111., when ten years of age. They 
reached Galena by boat and drove overland to 



the old homestead, which is located two miles 
south of Warren and has since remained in 
possession of the family. In 18.52 Mr. Hicks 
went to California, and dug the first shade trees 
planted in Sacramento City. In 1856 he re- 
turned to Jo Daviess County, and the following 
year made the journey to England, where he 
spent some twelve months. In 1878 he removed 
to his present farm, where he has since been 
engaged in agricultural pursuits and buying 
stock, being at the present time one of the 
most extensive land owners in the county. In 
1861 he married Miss Rosetta Tear, daughter 
of the late John Tear, and of this union seven 
children have been born — five sons and two 
daughters: Aratus W., Lucy R. Baldwin, Pres- 
ton T., Edith. Byron W. and David J. Of this 
family of children. Aratus W. is a mechanical 
engineer, and his wife. Sophie, is a daughter 




A\ . S. Hl< KS. 

of Ralph Dawson of Warren: Lucy R. married 
L. A. Baldwin, of Warren: Preston T. is con- 
nected with the "Warren Sentinel-Leader;" 
Edith is at home: Byron W. is a civil en- 
gineer, and Assistant Chief Engineer of the 
Wisconsin & Michigan Railroad: David I., 
farmer. Mrs. Hicks" father. John Tear, was a 
native of the Isle of Man. and when ten years 
old was brought to this country by his parents. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



663 



Her mother, Betsy (Brakeman) Tear, was a 
native of Lake County, Ohio. Mr, and Mrs. 
Tear settled in Jo Daviess County in the fall 
of 1851. 

PRESTON THOMAS HICKS, civil engineer 
and publisher. Warren, 111., born in Nora Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, June 1, 1871, son of 
William S. and Rosetta (Tear) Hicks, and 
grandson of Thomas and Martha ( Solomon ) 
Hicks, both his father and his paternal grand- 
parents being natives of Cornwall, England. 
John Tear, his grandfather, on the maternal 
side, was born on the Isle of Man and his 
mother and maternal grandmother were natives 
of Painesville. Ohio. Preston T. Hicks received 
his preparatory education in the Jo Daviess 
County schools, graduating from the Warren 
High School in 18S7, after which he took a 
four-years' course in civil engineering in the 
University of Illinois at Urbana, completing his 
course in 1894. He now owns a half-interest in 
the "Warren Sentinel-Leader," is a director in 
the Warren Independent Steel Company, and 
President of the Babel Lead Mining Company; 
is also interested in the Warren Gas Plant, the 
Academy, the Elliott Manufacturing Company 
and other enterprises. In 1895 he engineered 
and promoted the Warren water-works, which 
marked the beginning of the city's progress. 
Mr. Hicks is a member of the Baptist Church, 
a Republican in politics and fraternally allied 
with the Royal Arch Masons and the Knights 
of Pythias. 

RICHARD ALLANSON, retired farmer and 
stock-dealer, Stockton, 111., was born in Albany. 
N. Y., Nov. 18, 1834. the son of Arthur and 
Alice (Stringer) Allanson. Arthur AUanson 
was born in Yorkshire, England. June 29, 1800, 
and came to Montreal, Canada, in 1822, while 
his wife, Alice Stringer, was born at the same 
place, July 12, 1804, and came to Montreal in 
1818. They were married at Sherinton, N. Y.. 
Sept. 25, 1822, and came to Illinois on April 1, 
1861. Mr. Allanson was a farmer and stock- 
dealer by occupation, and died at Elgin. III.. 
July 25, 1864, while his wife survived until 
Feb. 20, 1889, dying at the same place. Richard 
Allanson first engaged in the live-stock busi- 
ness when seventeen years of age. and has fol- 
lowed that occupation continuously for the last 
forty years, and in connection with that enter- 



prise, conducts his 260-acre farm in Berreman 
Township. On August 30, 1863, he married Sal- 
lie Dadswell, who was born at Sussex, England, 
in 1843, and came to the United States in 1858. 
To Mr. and Mrs. Allanson nine children have 
been born, six of whom survive, viz.: Mary 
Ann, who married Jesse Miller: Richard, Jr., 
who married Eliza Polhill; Fred, who married 
Mabel Lawfer: Amy J., who married John 
Werkheiser; Maggie, and Edwin— those de- 
ceased are Henry Arthur, Sally and Elice. 

JOHN APPEL. farmer and stock-dealer. Rush 
Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
Germany, Jan. 18. 1851. the son of John and 
Dorothy (Hofner) Appel. both of whom are 
now deceased. In 1875 the subject of this sketch 
came to Jo Daviess County, where he married 
Dorothea Miller, and they have four children, 
Ben, Eldora, Wesley and Willie. Mr. Appel 
owns 375 acres of land in Section 19. Rush 
Township, and is very extensively engaged in 
farming and stock-raising. In early life he 
served as a soldier In the German Army, and 
was engaged to work for Jo Markes. 

ANDREW G. ARTMAN, farmer. Woodbine 
Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in the 
township where he now resides, in 1875, a son 
of Joseph J., and a grandson of Joseph Artman, 
a native of Prussia, Germany, who came to 
America in 1851, and located in Woodbine 
Township, Jo Daviess County. Joseph J. Art- 
man, the father, was born in Germany in 1847, 
and resided with his parents in Woodbine 
Township, where he grew to manhood. When 
his father died he still remained on the old 
homestead, where he died in 1899. He was 
married to Josephine Banworth. and they had 
the following family of children: Charles, 
Ann (now Sister Oswin). Henry, Andrew G.. 
Rev. Anton and Mary. Andrew G. Artman was 
educated in the public schools of Woodbine 
Township, the Galena schools, and completed 
his educational training in the agricultural 
department of the University of Wisconsin. 
In 1899 he was married to Mary Powers, daugh- 
ter of James and Mary (McPhillips) Powers, 
of Elizabeth Township, Jo Daviess County, and 
they have two children. Alma and Clara. Mr. 
Artman makes a specialty of breeding short- 
horn cattle and Poland-China hogs. Since 1900 
he has been president of the Elizabeth Butter 
and Cheese Company. 



664 



J11SJ"(JKV OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



RICHARD S. HARNETT. President Wishon 
Mining Company. Elizahpih. 111., is a native of 
New .Jersey. This corporation was organized 
by hfm in 1902. under the laws of South 
Dakota, with a capital stock of Jl.OdO.noO fully 
paid up and nonassessable. It has a perpetual 




lease of two hundred acres of valuable mineral 
land near Elizabeth. III., and. since acquiring 
the lease, has sunk a shaft 180 feet deep. 5x8 
feet, set with 8x8 inch timljers. flagged with 
Iwo-inch pine. In sinking the shaft several 
tour-inch sheets of mineral were struck, pitch- 
ing north into a second opening. The original 
vein is 150 feet wide, and half a mile long. 
Thorough equipment has been installed at the 
mines, consisting of one lOO-horse power boiler, 
one 80-horse power boiler, two Cameron sink- 
ing-pumps with a capacity of l,20ii gallons per 
minute, one air compressor, one steam holster 
of 3.000 pounds capacity, and an electric light 
plant of 250 lights, each of Hj-candle power. 
From the properties controlled by this com- 
pany more than 30.000.0OO pounds of lead have 
been taken out of the dry, assaying more tl\an 
82%' per cent. The State Geologist's report 
states that lead and zinc will be found for a 
depth of 500 feel. The management of the 
company is efficient. William Burns, the super- 
intendent, has had many years' experience as a 



miner. The officers of the company are: R. S. 
Barnett, President: \V. Jackson. Vice-Presi- 
dent: L. Meynick. Secretary; A. H. Gere. Treas- 
urer. The directors are: R. S. Barnett. L. 
Meynick. \V. .Jackson. A. H. Gere. Edward Junk. 
John Spellacy. John Burkhard. F. L. Duplesses 
and J. Fred Sheehy — all competent business 
men of Chicago. The offices of the company are 
at Elizabeth. 111., and at 802 West Sixty-third 
Street, Chicago. 

JOHN P. BEALL. farmer. Apple River Town- 
ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in 
Holmes County. Ohio, in 1S35. son of Josiah 
Heall. a native of Virginia who moved to Ful- 
ton County. 111., when John P. was but two 
years old. and from the latter place removed 
to Galena in 1847. where he died in 1861. His 
widow, also a native of Virginia, survived him 
one year, and died in Galena. Tne subject of 
this sketch came to Apple River in 1882. He 
married Jennie P. Weston, a native of Scot- 
land, who came with her parents to this country 
when she was seven years old. and lived with 
them in Cincinnati and St. Louis before com- 
ing to Galena. Her parents died at the latter 
place. Mr. and Mrs. Beall have had the fol- 
lowing children: Hugh J., who is living in 
Nebraska: Weston P.. who married Miss May 
Barry, of Apple River, and is a resident of 
Waukegan, HI.: Minnie E.. a nurse residing in 
Peoria, III.; Celeuah. deceased wife of George 
Dimmick. of Monticello, Wis.: John W.. a resi- 
dent of Nora. 111.; .lean, Caroline, wife of Jesse 
Winans. of Gratiot. Wis.; Nonie. Robert E. 
and Harry. 

.M.-VTIHEW BEATON, dry-goods merchant. 
Galena, 111., was born in the city where he now 
resides. Feb 19, 1816, the son of Donald and 
Elizabeth (Dwen) Beaton, the former born at 
Ix)chabar, Invernesshire, Highlands of Scotland, 
and the latter in Baltimore, Md. The Beaton 
family had been for generations identified with 
I he old Scottish town of Lochabar. The grand- 
father of the subject of this sketch. Angus Bea- 
ton, married Sarah McPherson. while the great- 
grandfather, also named Angus, married Sarah 
Gillis — all born at I.ochabar. On the maternal 
side, the grandfather. Matthew Dwen. was a 
native of Parish of Athy, County Kildare, Ire- 
land, and 'lis wife, Ann Caton. of Baltimore. 
Md. Matthew Beaton received his education in 
the Galena schools and, on July 16, 1868, mar- 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



665 



ried Sarah A. Brehany. born in Galena. They 
have had the following named children: Irene. 
Catherine. Sarah, Donald. Mary. Eleanor and 
Matthew. Mr. Beaton's religious affiliations 
are with the Catholic church, politically he is a 
Republican and fraternally a Knight of Colum- 
bus. 

BERT BELL, liveryman. Warren, 111., born at 
Warren. 111.. June 12, 1877, the son of Thomas 
and Lavina Bell, the former born in England 
and the latter in Illinois. Mr. Bell's grand- 
father, Richard Bell, was also a native of Eng- 
land. Bert Bell was educated in Iowa; his re- 
ligious affiliations are with the Methodist 
church, politically he is a Republican and fra- 
ternally associated with the Stars of Equity. 

EDWARD M. BENCH, physician and sur- 
geon. Galena. 111., was born in the city where 
he now resides. May 18, 1872, and graduated 
from the Northwestern University (Department 
of Medicine), Chicago, in 1898. serving as an 
interne in the Cook County Hospital for the fol- 
lowing two years. He began the practice of his 
profession Feb. 1. 190ii. 

THOMAS T. BIRKBECK. farmer and mine 
operator, Council Hill Township, Jo Daviess 
County, was born in Millbrig, Jo Daviess 
County, 111., in 1837. His father, Samuel Birk- 
beck, who was a native of England, after com- 
ing to the United States spent some time in 
Pennsylvania, and located at Millbrig, Vinegar 
Hill Township, in 1837. The following year he 
removed to the farm adjoining where Thomas 
T. Birkbeck now lives, and there died in 1881. 
Mr. Birkbeck. the subject of this sketch, was 
elected Supervisor in 1903, and has been Com- 
missioner of Highways for five years. For a 
number of years he has served on the School 
Board. His wife. Elizabeth, was a daughter 
of Benjamin Lethleam. of Council Hill. To 
them have been born six children: Samuel. 
who is a physician at Gratiot. Wis.; Camilla, 
the wife of Thomas Graham, of Vinegar Hill; 
Sarah, who is living at the paternal home; 
Benjamin, Principal of the high school at Lady- 
smith, Wis.; Thomas A., living at home, and 
Ella, the wife of George Graham, of Vinegar 
Hill. 

HIRAM 0. BLAIR, farmer, Ward's Grove 
Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 



the township where he now resides. May 15, 
1875, the son of William and Nancy M. (Tyr- 
rell) Blair, natives of Illinois and Vermont 
respectively. James Blair, grandfather of 
Hiram O., was one of the earliest settlers in 
Wards Grove Township, and resided on Sec- 
tion 32, where hi.s son, William Blair, also 
located and owned 350 acres of land, but later 
sold his estate to his sons — Hiram O. and Wil- 
liam — and purchased property at Kent, Stephen- 
son County. Hiram 0. Blair was married at 
^pple River, 111., July 27, 1892, to Florence 
Werkheiser, daughter of George and Alice (Zel- 
lars) Werkheiser, natives of Pennsylvania, who 
came to Jo Daviess County at an early day and 
settled in Wards Grove Township. To Mr. and 
Mrs. Blair two children — Ethel and Glenn — 
have been born. Mr. Blair, in partnership with 
Ills brother William, owns and conducts the old 
Blair homestead in Section 32. William Blair 
married Alma Werkheiser. a sister of Mrs. 
Hiram Blair, and they have one child. Vertal. 

L. F. BOURQUIN. insurance agent. Apple 
River. 111., was born at Diesse. Switzerland, 
Nov. 6. 1862. and came to this country in 1880. 
making his first location at Galena, 111., but 
from 1881 to 1892, was engaged in farming in 
Warren Township, Jo Daviess County. In the 
latter year he moved to Apple River, where, in 
insurance matters, he is agent for the New 
York Life Company, and has won special hon- 
ors for work in this connection. Since 1903 
Mr. Bourquin has been Deputy County Sheriff 
of Jo Daviess County; is also manager of the 
Grand Opera House at Apple River. 

PATRICK BOYLE, farmer. Stockton Town- 
ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Ire- 
land, in 1822. In 1843 Mr. Boyle came to the 
United States, locating in Galena, 111., in 1844, 
but shortly afterwards returned to Philadel- 
phia, where he remained for seven years, re- 
turning at the expiration of that period to 
Galena, purchasing a farm in that vicinity in 
1852. On September 1, 1861, he enlisted in what 
was known as Fremont's Batavia Rangers, but 
shortly afterwards was transferred to St. Louis, 
Mo., to Company G. Third Missouri Cavalry 
with which he served three and a half years 
and was mustered out of the service Nov. 11, 
1864. During his military service Mr. Boyle 
received a severe wound in the right arm. Re- 
turning to Jo Daviess County after the close of 



666 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



the war, he purchased 200 acres of land in Sec- 
tion 18, Stockton Township, where he has since 
resided. He married Emma Berkman, who was 
born in Jo Daviess County, the daughter of 
Fred Berkman, and they have two children, 
Owen and Rose. Mr. and Mrs. Boyle are mem- 
bers of the Catholic Church. 

ANDREW BRACKEN, railroad man, born in 
Watertown. County Westmeath, Ireland, March 
10, 1822, the son of Thomas and Ann (Hughes) 
Bracken, and grandson of .lohn and .Julia 
(Murry) Bracken, also natives of Ireland, the 




WDiii'.w iiii \< ixi;>. 

father born in Watertown anil the grandfather 
in the central part of Ireland. The grand- 
father on the maternal side. Christian Hughes, 
was also a native of Ireland. .Andrew Bracken 
married Mary McNaniara. who was born in Ire- 
land. March 17. 1S3B, and educated in her native 
country. Mr. Bracken came to America in 1852, 
and has spent most of his time in Illinois, 
chiefly in ,Io Daviess County. The living chil- 
dren of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Bracken are: 
Robert. William. Teressa. .lulia and .Andrew. 
The following are deceased: Mrs. Ellen 
(Bracken) Gunn. -Mrs. Mary (Bracken) Gilles- 
pie. Elizabeth. Thomas. Stephen, .lohn P.. James 
and Ann. Mrs. Bracken died in 1880. In 



church affiliations Mr. Bracken is a Catholic, 
anil In his pol'tir-al relations a Democrat. 

JULIA M. BRACKEN, sculptor, born at Apple 
River. Jo Daviess County, 111., June 10. 1871, 
the daughter of Andrew and Mary (McNamara) 
Bracken, both natives of Ireland, the former 
born at Watertown. County Westmeath. and 
the latter in Dublin. Her paternal grandpa- 
rents were Thomas and Ann (Hughes) 
Bracken, and her great-grandparents John and 
Julia (Murry) Bracken, while her grand- 
parents on the maternal side were Hugh and 
Julia McNamara — all natives of Ireland, the 
last born near Dublin. Miss Bracken came to 
Galena. HI., with her parents in 1876; in 1887 
began her art studies in the Art Institute, Chi- 
cago, and between 1887 and 1892 assisted 
Lorado Taft in his studio, later assisting in the 
decorations for the Worlds Columbian Expo- 
sition. She also executed a number of inde- 
pendent commissions. She is now engaged as 
a sculptor with a studio at No. 19 Studio Build- 
ing, Chicago. In 1898 she took the first sculp- 
tor prize offered in Chicago, and during the 
last year has executed a statue of James Monroe 
for the St. Louis Exposition. Miss Bracken is 
a communicant of the Catholic Church, and is 
identified with several or,ganizations associated 
with art work, including the Cosmopolitan Art 
Club, the Western Society of Artists, the Chi- 
'•ago Society of Artists, the Municipal Art 
League of Chicago and the Industrial Art 
League. Chicago — in the last three organiza- 
tions holding the position of Director. Miss 
Bracken was first encouraged to study art by 
Alice B. Stahl, of Galena. 111., whose helpful 
sympathy in her work she gratefully acknowl- 
edges. 

A. L. BREED, farmer and stock-raiser. Rush 
Township, Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in 
Stockton Township. Jo Daviess County. Nov. 4. 
IStil. son of Charles A. and Catherine (Smith) 
Breed, natives of Otsego County. N. Y.. the 
former being born in February, 1829. At a very 
early day Obadiah Breed, grandfather of the 
subect of this sketch, came to Jo Daviess 
County. 111., where he secured large tracts of 
land, and owned what is now called Breed's 
Hill. The father. Charles A. Breed, settled in 
lo Daviess County in 1854. and purchased a 
farm in Section 3. Stockton Township. Mr. 
and Mrs. Charles .A. Breed have retired from 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



667 



the farm, and now live in Warren, 111. A. L. 
Breed was married in 18S4 to Herma Gardner, 
who was born in Albany. N. Y., August 9. 1865, 
daughter of George and Abigail (Van Dusen) 
Gardner, and was brought to Stephenson 
County, III., the same year of her birth. Her 
parents are still living and reside at Nora. 111. 
Mr. and Mrs. Breed are the parents of three 
children: George R., Eunice C. and Lola A. 
March 1, 1904, Mr. Breed sold his farm of 1011/2 
acres in Section 36, Rush Township, for $110 
per acre, and March 4th bought another farm 
of 196% acres, known as the J. P. Shaw estate, 
in Nora Township, where he now resides. 

PHILIP BRICKNER, farmer, Thompson 
Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in Ger- 
many, Dec. 7, 1842, a son of Jacob and Rachel 
Brickner, both of whom were born in the 
Fatherland. While in his native country the 
subject of this sketch served in the Prussian 
army, and was twice wounded. After complet- 
ing his term of military service he came to the 
United States and settled in Jo Daviess County, 
111., where, nine years later, he purchased a 
farm of 200 acres in Thompson Township. Here 
he has served several terms as School Director, 
and is a member of the Lutheran Church. His 
wife, who was Elsie Smith before her mar- 
riage, was born in Switzerland. Seven children 
have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Brickner. viz.: 
August, Philip, Ernest D., Henry C. Anna. 
Julia and Herbert T. 

JACKSON BRUSHONS. farmer and stock- 
breeder, Berreman Township, Jo Daviess 
County, was born in Northumberland County, 
Penn., Sept. 4. 1827, son of George and Julia 
Ann (Cole) Brushons. The father having died 
when Jackson was but six years of age, the 
mother was married to Peter Yohn, who brought 
the family to Jo Daviess County, III., where 
they settled on a farm in Berreman Township, 
after a residence of about one year at Morse- 
ville, Jo Daviess County. Here Jackson Brush- 
ons purchased a farm, and at the present time 
owns 438 acres. The subject of this sketch was 
first married to Mary Ann Bishop, daughter of 
Peter Bishop, one of the most successful farm- 
ers of Berreman Township, and of this union 
eleven children were born: George, Peter, 
Josiah, Catherine, Amelia, Ella, Julia, Emma, 
Jackson, Wallace and William. Mr. Brushons 
married for his second wife Catherine ( Brean) 




,l-\fKS<»X III(I8HU\S. 

Broomgard, who. by her first marriage, had 
three children, viz.: Jane, who died when 
young, and Newton and Harrison, who are now 
living. To her marriage with Mr. Brushons 
eight children were born: Sylvester, Maud, 
Rodella, Daisy, Oliver. Mazy. Mabel, and Lydia 
Ann. Two children died in childhood. 




MRS. JACKSOX HRISHONS. 



668 



J11SJ(JRV OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



ALVAN F. BUCK.NAM. physician. Warren. 
III., is a native of Yarmoiitli, Maine, born Nov. 
27, 1838. and was a student of Bowdoiu Col- 
lege, from which he twice sraduated. receiv- 
ing the degree of M. A. and that of M. D. in 
1863. Dr. Bucknam enlisted in Company G. 
Twenty-fifth Regiment Maine Volunteer In- 
fantry, of which he became First Lieutenant, 
and at the e.xpiration of his term of enlistment 




\. I'. Ill < K N V^l. 

became Assistant Surgeon oi the Second Mas- 
sachusetts Cavalry. Remaining in the army 
until the close of the war, he was much of the 
time under the command of Gen. Sheridan, in 
the army of the Potomac and along the Shen- 
andoah Valley. After being mustered out he 
spent a year in the New York hospitals, after 
which he came west, locating at first at Nora. 
Jo Daviess County, and, after spending four 
years there, removed in IS'u to Warren, where 
he is now the oldest physician in the place. Dr. 
Bucknam has always been a Republican, and 
has been a member of the School Board for 
many years. His marriage occurred ,Iune 28. 
1871. when Miss .lane, daughter of .Judge Ivory 
Quinby, of Monmouth, 111., became his wife. 
They have two living children, Mary Lizzie and 
Annabel 



HENRY L. BUNKER, farmer and stock- 
raiser. Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, was 
born in Canada, in 185(1. the son of Thomas 
.Jefferson Bunker, a native of New Hampshire, 
who was twice married and reared a family of 
twenty-two children. Henry L. Bunker was 
four years old when his parents removed from 
Canada, and settled near Freeport. 111. For 
eighteen years he lived on one place near Wins- 
low. Stephenson County. 111., and from there 
removed to his present home in Nora in 1895. 
He married Almira Baird. daughter of William 
and Elizabeth (Woodle) Baird. of Monroe, 
Wis., and of this union seven children were 
born: Cora E., who died Oct. 30, 1903; Wil- 
liam Frank, married Elma Clark, of Lena. 
Stephenson County. 111., who died in 1898; Mary 
Edna, wife of Albert Schultz. of Nora; Charles 
E.: Nancy E.. who died Jan. 9. 1884; Arthur 
B. and Rachel P. 

FRANK JOSEPH BIRRICHTER. wholesale 
liquor dealer. Galena. 111., torn in the city 
where he now resides. Sept. 6, 1866, the son of 
John and Mary (Strothman) Burrichter. natives 
of Germany; was educated at Galena and St. 
Paul, Minn., and is engaged in the wholesale 
liquor trade as a proprietor of the firm of Bur- 
richter Brothers, the business having been es- 
tablished by his father in connection with .1 
H. Hellman and 0. Sander, in 1844. The firm 
keep three salesmen on the road in Iowa. South 
Dakota. Minnesota. Wisconsin and Illinois. 
I'rank J. Burrichter is a Director of the Mer- 
chants' National Bank, of Galena. He was mar- 
ried May 20. i;tOO. at Burlington. Iowa, to Julia 
M. Wolf, a native ot that city, and they have 
had three children: F. Robert (deceased). Dor- 
othy and John Anton. Politically Mr. Bur- 
richter is a Democrat, and in religious faith a 
Roman Catholic. 

JEREMIAH CARROLL, farmer and stock- 
breeder. Pleasant Valley. Jo Daviess County, 
was born in Canada West. May lo. 1839. the son 
of John and Johanna ( Buckley l Carroll, 
natives of County Cork. Ireland. The father 
and mother lived for a time in Canada West, 
and then removed to Chicago, where they re- 
sided two years before locating in Pleasant 
Valley Township. Jo Daviess County, where the 
father secured government land in 1848. on 
v.hich he passed the remainder of his life. Jer- 
emiah Carroll was married in June. 1869, to 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



669 



Mary Ann Sweeney, who was born in Cork, 
Ireland, and became by her marriage with Mr. 
Carroll the mother of nine children, two ol 
whom — John and Mary — are deceased. Those 
living are: William, Patrick, Edward, Jeremiah 
R., Thomas J.. Elizabeth G. and Mary Ellen. 
The parents ot Mrs. Carroll, Patrick and Ellen 
(Callahan) Sweeney, were both born in Ireland, 
and in 1S60 came to the United States, where 
the father was employed in Ihe construction of 
the Illinois Central Railroad. Jeremiah Car- 
roll now owns a farm of 220 acres in Section 
23, Pleasant Valley Township, and he, with his 
family, belong to the Catholic Church. 

THOMAS F. CASSIDY, station agent Illinois 
Central Railroad Company, Apple River, 111., 
was born at Aurora, ill., in August, 1870, the 
son of Edward Cassidy, a native of Ireland. 
The father came to this country when a small 
boy, and made his home in Aurora, where he 
died in 1891, while his wife, who was also born 
in Ireland, is still living. The subject of this 
sketch was station agent for the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railroad Company, at Hills- 
dale. 111., from 1889 to 1S9G, and in the latter 
year entered the employ of the Alton Railroad, 
where he remained for about a year. In Feb- 
ruary, 1898, he entered the service of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, and was located at Apple 
River, where he has since remained. His wife, 
who was Miss Carrie Flick before her marriage, 
is a daughter ot William Flick, who established 
the first bakery in Aurora. To Mr. and Mrs. 
Cassidy three children have been born. Thomas 
J.. George H. and Esta. 

HENRY B. CHETLAIN, farmer, Rawlins 
Township, Jo Daviess County, was born Sept. 
1, 1846, on the farm where he now lives, the 
son of Louis Chetlain. who was a native of 
Neuchatel, Switzerland, and one of the early 
settlers of this section of Jo Daviess County. 
Henry B. Chetlain received his education in the 
home schools, and followed farming ■jnl'l 1''"^''. 
when he engaged in the sale of agricultural im- 
plements, continuing in that busin"?"; i;nrq 
1888. Sines the lattar year he has devoted his 
attention to the management of his farm. For 
thirty-seven years he has been intimately con- 
nected with the affairs of the Jo Daviess 
County Agricultural Society, and for eight years 
has served as Justice ot the Peace, half of this 
time being in Galena Township before the set- 



ting-off of Rawlins Township, and the other half 
in the new town. He was appointed Deputy 
Game Warden for Jo Daviess County on Au- 
gt'Kt 1, 1903. 

ALONZO CLOCK, farmer, Warren Township. 
Jo Daviess County, was born in Islip, Long 
Island, N, Y., and came to Warren Township 
with his mother in 1853, locating that year on 
the farm which has since been his home. Of 
his five brothers, three served in the Union 




AlAtWAt t I,Ot'K. 

army during the Civil War, H. C. and Henry 
A. enlisting from Iowa, and Charles L. from 
Warren, III. Alonzo Clock has been Township 
Supervisor for ten years, and School Director 
since 1865; has also served as School District 
Clerk since 1865. He married Rosana Lynch, 
daughter of Robert Lynch, of Painesville, Ohio, 
and of this union four sons and three daugh- 
ters have been born: Eugene, William. Frank, 
Edwin, Ella M., Ida and Alice. Of this family 
of children, Frank married Elizabeth Scace, of 
Gratiot, Wis., and Edwin married Elizabeth Mil- 
ler, of Warren, III. 

FRANK CLOCK, liveryman, Warren, 111., was 
liorn in the village where he now resides, in 
l>t93. He married Elizabeth Scace. of Gratiot, 
Wis., and of this union there is one child. Erwin 
Alonzo Clock. 



670 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIKSS COUNTY 



BRYAN H. CONNOR, farmer. Vinegar Hill 
Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in St. 
Louis, Mo., August 24, 1850, the son of John 
Connor and wife, both of whom were natives 
of Ireland, the former born in 1806. In 1823 
Mr. Connor's father removed to London, Eng- 
land, where he remained until 1831, when he 
emigrated to the United States and in 1844. in 
company with his brother ( an uncle of the sub- 
ject of this sketch). Thomas Connor and fam- 
ily, came to Vinegar Hill Township, Jo Daviess 
County, remaining there until after the Gov- 
ernment land sale in 1847. The father then 
returned to St. Louis, leaving his brother 
Thomas aad family on the farm, and here 
Thomas and his wife died of cholera in 1850. 
On April 4, 1851, John Connor and family re- 
turned to the farm at Vinegar Hill, the sou 
Bryan H.. being then about seven months old. 
and this hns continued to bf the family home 
10 the present time. The father died here 
April 19, 1879. Bryan H. Connor served as 
Town Clerk in 18S3-4. and held the office of 
Justice of the Peace eight years. In 1881 and 
in 1890, he was a member of 'he Jo Daviess 
County iioard of Supervisors, and a.nain in 
1900 was appointed to fill an unexpired term 
in that body, being successively elected to the 
same position in 1901 and in 1903. 

ALFONSO CLEMENS CZIBl'LKA. physician 
and surgeon. Warren, 111., was Ijorn at Vienna, 
Austria, Sept. 27, 1806, son of Alfonso and 
Caroline (Kolbay) Czibulka, the former born at 
Vienna and the latter at Oratz. Austria. For an 
indefinite period Dr. Czibulka's ancestors have 
been of Austrian nationality, his paternal 
grandfather being Roman Czibulka of Vienna, 
and his maternal grandparents, F. and Marie 
Kolbay, natives of the same city. His grand- 
father on the father's side was a surgeon with 
the rank of Major in the Austrian army for 
thirty-eight years, while his father served as 
Lieutenant-Colonel in the Fourteenth Austrian 
Infantry from 1859 to 1892. The latter was a 
noted composer of light operas and piano 
music, his compositions amounting to some 300, 
and he was the recipient of a number of medals 
from the crowned heads of Europe. Dr. 
Czibulka came to America in 187t). and spent 
his early years in this country in the schools 
ot New York City and the State of Connei'ti- 
cut. In 18St) he began the study of medicine, 
three years later madiiaiiug from the med- 



ical department of the University of Vermont, 
after which he spent two years abroad, chiefly 
in Berlin and Vienna. On his return to the 
United States he began practice at H"reeport, 
111., in partnership with Drs. Caldwell and 
Slealy. later removing to Warren. Jo Daviess 
County, where he enjoys a large practice. Since 
1894 he has been connected with the Illinois 
National Guard as Assistant Surgeon of the 
Sixth Infantry, and four years ago was elected 
Coroner of Jo Daviess County. During the 
Spanish-American War he went to Springfield 
and was assigned to duty as Examining Surgeon 
for the Eighteenth Regiment United States 
.\rmy, examining recruits for that regiment at 
various points in the State. Dr. Czibulka was 
married Nov. 16, 1892, to Josephine S. Barton, 
who was born at Warren. III., and educated in 
the high school of that city, and they have one 
child. Marion Barton. Fraternally he is a mem- 
ber of the Knights of Pythias: was appointed 
surgeon for the Illinois Central Railroad in 
place of Dr. Buchanan, who resigned May 31, 
TJ04; is also a member of the Association ot 
Military Surgeons United States Army, mem- 
Inr of State Medical Society and of the Jo 
Daviess County Medical Society. 

MARTIN J. DILLON, lawyer. Galena. 111., was 
born on a farm in Jo Daviess County. 111., 
March 29, 1872, and attended the local school, 
the German-English College, and Charles City 
College (Charles City, Iowa». Mr. Dillon read 
law with E. L. Bedford, at Galena, and attended 
the Law Department of the University of Mich- 
igan, from which he graduated in 1S94. being 
admitted to pra-tice before the Supreme Court 
of Michigan the same year, and in Illinois the 
year following. In 1897 he was chosen City 
Attorney for Galena, and has retained that office 
10 the present time. Mr. Dillon is active in 
politics and is an enthusiastic Democrat. 

DANIEL W. DIMMICK. farmer. Apple River 
Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
1840 in a log cabin on the same farm where he 
now resides and which has been his home dur- 
ing his whole life. His father. Lot L. Diramick. 
born in Knox Coun'y. Ohio, in 1807, was one 
of the pioneers of Jo Daviess County, coming 
to this part of Illinois and settling in Galena 
in 1825. He was here during the Black Hawk 
War. and in 1850 went to California, where he 
spent one year. His wife. Mary A. Mann, whom 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



671 



he married in Galena, April 10. 1831, was born 
in Cayuga County, N. Y., June 20, 1809; in 1820 
came west with her parents who lived about a 
year near Kaskaskia, 111., whence they removed 
to Waterloo. Monroe County, and finally to 
Galena in 1829. She was one of the thirty-six 
inmates of the Fort on what is now known as 
the Wiley Farm during the Black Hawk War. 




n. AV. UIMMK K. 



Three of her sons participated in the War of 
the Rebellion: Daniel W.. of the Ninety-sixth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry; Harvey M., of the 
Forty-fifth Illinois, who died at Corinth. Miss.. 
from typhoid fever contracted in the army; 
and George W., of the Ninety-sixth Illinois, who 
was wounded and taken prisoner and, after 
being exchanged, died from disease contracted 
while in prison. Lot L. Dimmick died in 1863. 
his widow surviving until Feb. 3. 1876. Daniel 
W. Dimmick, the immediate subject of this 
sketch, enlisted in the Union army August 10, 
1862, being mustered in at Rockford, Sept. 4. 
1862, as a Corporal in the Ninety-sixth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry. This regiment was as- 
signed at first to the defense of Cincinnati, 
under command of Col. Thomas E. Champion, 
and did good service in repelling the rebel ad- 
vance under Bragg and Kirby Smith. With 
his regiment he took pan in the engagements 
at Fort Donelson (second battle). Spring Hill, 



Franklin. Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
Resaca, Kingston. New Hope Church, the bat- 
tles in front of Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw 
Mountain (June 20 to 27), Smyrna Camp 
Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
Lcvejoy Station, Nashville, and many minor 
and less important engagements. Mr. Dimmick 
was on leave of absence in the fall of 1864, and 
when on his way back to the army returned 
from Nashville. Tenn.. to his home at Apple 
River to cast his vote for Abraham Lincoln at 
his second election. He participated in all the 
movements of his regiment and the Army of 
the Tennessee from Murfreesboro until the close 
of the war. excepting the battles of Chicka- 
raauga and Lookout Mountain, during which 
he was disabled by sickness. He was promoted 
Sergeant, and made a creditable record, and 
was honorably discharged at Chicago, June 30, 
1865. His children are: George Irvine, who 
married Celena, daughter of John P. Beall, of 
Apple River: Mary, wife of James King, of Mon- 
ticello. Wis.; Frank, who is deceased; and 
Sarah A. and Lot S.. who are still living at 
home. Mr. Dimmick was one of the audience 
in the Iroquois Theatre. Chicago, at the time 
of the disaster of December 30, 1903, which 
resulted in the destruction of that building with 
the loss of several hundred lives, but fortunately 
escaped. 

ALBERT DITTMAR, farmer and Supervisor, 
Derinda Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was 
born in Bavaria, Germany, April IS, 1847, the 
son of George and Margaretha (Grebner) Ditt- 
mar. He, with his parents, came to America 
in 1854 and the following year they located in 
Derinda Township, Jo Daviess County, 111. 
George Dittmar, the father, was born October 
18, 1799, and died June 10, 1885, while his wife, 
who was born June 24, 1810, died March 12, 
1865. They reared the following named chil- 
dren: George. Erhard (deceased), Adam, Al- 
bert and Barbara (deceased). Albert Dittmar, 
who was seven years old when he came to this 
country with his parents, was married in 1871 
to Miss Anna M. Praeger. who died in 1877 
leaving four children, namely: G. Walter, J. 
Bettie, M. Clara and L. Herman. The latter died 
in 1881. In 1879 Mr. Dittmar married his sec- 
ond wife. Miss Mary Wurster. who died in 1899 
leaving four children: Otto (deceased). Lottie, 
Emma. William and Lydia. In political views 
Mr. Dittmar is a stanch Republican, and has 



672 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



served as a member of the Republican County 
Central Committee at various times. Since his 
majority he has been entrusted with various 
township ofhces. having served as School 
Director six years, as Township Clerk four 
years, and as Township Treasurer ten years. 
In 1893 he was elected Township Supervisor, 
continuing to hold that position to the present 
time. He is a charter member of the Derinda 
Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and has Ijeen 
Secretary of the Derinda Creamery Company 
since its organization in 1S!^^I. 

Rl'DOLPH Dl'l TMAK. merchant. Massbach. 
.Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Derinda 
Township. Jo Daviess County. June 20. 1S74, the 
son of G'?orge and Dora ( Thain ) Dittmar. The 
father was born in Germany in 1836. and came 
to this country in 1854, locating in Derinda 
Township. The mother, Mrs. Dora (Thain) 
Dittmar, died in 1877, leaving four children, 
William A.. Fredoline. Rudolph and George F. 
Rudolph Dittmar was reared and educated in 
his native town, and for four years was 
engaged in leaching school. In 1896 he started 
a general store at Massi)ach, under the firm 
name of Held & Dittmar. Casper Held being 
senior partner. Mr. Dittmar married Miss 
Clara Thain. daughter of Nicholas and Dorothea 
(Fehler) Thain, of Derinda Township, Jo 
Daviess County, and they have one child, Ray- 
mond. Fraternally Mr. Dittmar is a member 
of the Knights of the Globe ajid the American 
Stars of Equity. In political views he is a 
Republican. 

SAMUEL DOBLER. farmer and stock-raiser. 
Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, was born 
in Lycoming County, Penn,, Feb. Id, 1835, and 
came to Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1870. remov- 
ing to his present farm in 1892. His wife, who 
was Emma Poeth before her marriage, is a 
daughter of William Poeth, of Lewisburg, 
V'nion County. Penn.. and to them the follow- 
ing children have been born: Sadie, wife of 
George Stine. of Freeport: Herst. who married 
Lillie, daughter of Jacob Price, of Stephenson 
County; Bert, who married Elsie, daughter of 
Robert Wilson, of Nora; Elizabeth, wife of 
James Miller, of Stephenson County; Samuel, 
Jr., and Ira — the last two are living on the 
home farm. One child of Mr. and Mrs. Dobler 
died in infancy. 



WILLIAM H. DOXEY, farmer and miner, 
Vinegar Hill Township, Jo Daviess County, was 
iKjrn in Galena, 111., in 1847, the son of Jacob 
Doxey, who was born in Derbyshire, England, 
in 1803, and died in 1887. Jacob Doxey was the 
father of eight children: Hannah. Margaret. 
Alice. James. William H.. Thomas. Joseph and 
Hanford. Before coming to Galena the elder 
Doxey lived for a time in Pennsylvania. He 
cams to the lead mines at Galena. 111., in 184o, 
and purchased a farm in Vinegar Hill Township 
in 1847. which is still owned by his children. 

BENJAMIN E.\D1E. banker. Hanover. 111., 
was born in Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess. 
County. 111., in 1846, the son of John Eadie. a 
native of Glasgow. Scotland. The father. John 
EJadie, came to America in 1841. locating in 
Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., 
ivhere he was engaged in farming, but in 1850 
went to California, where he remained a year 
and a half. The subject of this sketch was 
reared in his native township, and in 1871 went 
west, returning to Illinois in 1879, and located 
in Carroll County, III., where he resided until 
1892. when he removed to Hanover Township, 
Jo Daviess County. In 1900 he bought a half 
interest in the Hanover I'nion Bank, of which 
he has since been cashier. 

WALTER S. EATON, attorney, Stockton, 111., 
was born at Pleasant Valley, Jo Daviess County, 
III., Oct. 22, 1872, the son of Daniel and Har- 
! ift (House) Eaton, natives of Oswego County, 
N. Y. Daniel Eaton came with his parents to 
Jo Daviess County. 111., in 1844. and while still 
a young man made an overland trip to Califor- 
nia, where he remained for eighteen months 
and then returned to Jo Daviess County and 
located at Pleasant Valley. The elder Mr. 
Eaton died August 8, 18S0, but his wife still 
survives and is living at Elizabeth, 111. Walter 
S. Eaton graduated at Fulton, III., was admit 
ted to the bar in 1894. and began practicing his 
luofession at Stockton in 1894. On May 22, 
1895. he married Rhoda Wilcox, who was born 
at Elizabeth. 111.. Nov. 5. 1S75. and they have 
two children. Donald M.. born .\pril 3.1S9G. and 
Harold R.. born Nov. 5. 1897. 

CHARLES EBY, Sr., retired, Elizabeth, III., 
was born in Baden, Germany, on the Rhine, 
in 1822, and civil strife in his native country 
caused him to rtee from the Fatherland in 1850. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



673 



He landed in New York with five dollars in his 
possession, and when he reached Philadelphia, 
had twelve and a half cents of this amount left 
In the home land he had learned the dyer's 
trade, and. on reaching America, immediately 
secured a situation to work at his trade for 
good wages, at which he presently won the 



R. A. M.: and Harden Lodge, 
Elizabeth. 



I. O. O. F.. at 




t'HAKl-KS KIM. 

reputation of an expert workman. In 185.5 he 
came to Jo Daviess County, 111., where he fol- 
lowed his trade until 1867, when he bought an 
interest in the Apple River Woolen Mills, be- 
coming sole owner of the establishment in 1877. 
which he conducted independently as a woolen 
mill for twenty years. In 1897 the machinery 
was taken out, alterations extensively made, 
and the building thoroughly refilled as a flour- 
ing mill. His son, Charles Eby, .Ir.. became a 
partner in the latter enterprise, and Mr. Eby 
retired from active business. In 1902 a half 
interest was sold to Lonie Winters, and the 
business is now conducted under the firm name 
of Eby & Winters. Mr. Eby was a Union sol- 
dier in 1865. being a member of Company I, 
Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and 
did service in Georgia, Tennessee and Texas: 
was mustered out in 1S66. Fraternally he is a 
member of David Hill Post, No. 532. G. A. R.: 
Lodge No. 36. A. F. & A. M.; Galena Chapter, 



GEORGE EDWARDS, retired farmer. Pleas- 
ant Valley. .Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in 
Monmouthshire. England, son of William and 
Mary (Watkins) Edwards, both natives of 
Herefordshire, England, whose entire lives 
were passed in their native land. George Ed- 
wards came to the United States in 1856, land- 
ing at Philadelphia, and, in 1860. located in 
.To Daviess County, 111., where he purchased a 
farm in Section 9, Pleasant Valley Township, 
which by subsequent purchases he has in- 
creased to 475 acres. Mr. Edwards married 
Emily Buss, who was born in England. June 
1(J. 1839. and in 1850 came to this country in 
company with her parents, who are now de- 
ceased. 

.lOHN FIDDICK. dry-goods merchant. Galena. 
111., was born in Cornwall. England, Feb. 22. 
1S26. the son of John and Anna Fiddick. both 
natives of Cornwall, as also were Thomas and 
Nancy FiddicI;, the grandparents of the sub- 
ject of this sketch. After receiving his educa- 
tion in the schools of his native county in Eng- 
land, in 1841 he came to the United States, 
arriving on July 13th of that year, and imme- 
diately coming to Galena, found employment as 
clerk with his uncle. William Fiddick, with 
whom he remained until 1851. He then went 
to California, where he spent two and a half 
years, after which, returning to Galena, in 1853, 
he became the partner of his former employer, 
William Fiddick. and has ever since been one 
of the leading dry-goods merchants of Galena. 
Mr. Fiddick was married in 1850 to Mary Bas- 
tian, who was also a native of Cornwall, Eng- 
land. In politics he is a Republican and in 
religious belief a Methodist. 

JOHN E. FURLONG, farmer and breeder of 
high-grade stock. Vinegar Hill Township. Jo 
Daviess County, was born Nov. 16. 1837. in a 
log house which is still standing on the farm 
where he is living at the present time. His 
father. John Furlong, a native of Ireland, came 
to the United States about 1835, and two years 
later located on ihe farm where John E. Fur- 
long was born. Seven children were born to 
the parents of the subject of this sketch, of 
whom he is the only survivor. He was eight 
years old when his father died, his mother 



674 



HISTORY OF JO D.W^IESS COUNTY. 



dying two years later. Mr. Furlong has been 
twice married; his first wife, who was Ellen 
Gray, daughter of Martin and Catherine Gray, 
became the motlier of one child, William. His 
second wife. Catherine Murray, daughter of 
Patrick and Mary Murray, was the mother of 
six children: Anna C, I.,awrence, William P., 
James E.. Mary C. and Agnes E. Mr. Furlong 
has served seven years as Township Supervisor. 

HERST C. GANN, editor of "The Warren 
Sentinel," Warren, 111., was born in Lycoming 
County, Penn., June 25, 1844, and was taken 
by his parents to Cedarville, 111., in 1853. After 
a brief stay there they came to Warren in Sep- 
tember, 1854. where the father of the subject 
of this sketch died soon after. When thirteen 
years of age Herst C. entered the office of the 
"Warren Independent" as an apprentice to the 
printing trade, with the object of aiding his 
widowed mother to care for her other children. 
With but brief exceptions Mr. Gann has worked 
as a printer all his life. In 1862 he worked 
about a year at his trade in Mineral Point. Wis., 
and then returning to Warren, 111., was em- 
ployed first in the Warren Independent printing 
office and then as clerk for a time in a store. In 
1864 he purchased a half-inlerest in the "War- 
ren Independent." which he condu'^ted for about 
a year. Early in the sjiring of 1865 he leased 
his interest in the printing office and enlisted 
ir. Company M. Eleventh Illinois Volunteer 
C^avalry, the famous regiment commanded by 
Col./'Bob" Ingersoll, and was assigned to the 
Arjny of the Tennessee. For nearly a year he 
was stationed with his regiment near Mem- 
phis, and on guard duty along the Memphis & 
Charleston Railroad, doing duty also at the 
mouth of the Wolf River al)o\e Memphis and 
at White Station, and on detached service as 
patrol guard at La Grange. Tenn. Being finally 
honorably discharged and mustered out with 
his regiment, he returned to Warren and again 
became editor and publislier of the "Indepen- 
dent," in company with S. R. Smith. This part- 
nership continued until (he following spring, 
when Mr. Smith retired from the paper, being 
succeeded by J. W. Levered. Shortly after this 
new partnership was formed, the name of the 
paper was changed to "The Warren Sentinel." 
In 1868 Mr. Gann purchased the entire outfit, 
and continued in absolute control as sole pro- 
prietor until March, 1900. when the "Warren 
leader" was consolidated with "The Warren 



Sentinel" under the name 'Warren Sentinel- 
Leader." In 1901 the plant was incorporated 
under the state law as "The Sentinel-Leader 
Printing Company," and Mr. Gann was elected 
and is yet President of the company. In 1879 
he was appointed Postmaster of Warren, a po- 
sition he held until the administration of 
President Cleveland, when he was removed un- 
der the pretext of "offensive partisanship." Mr. 
Gann has frequently served as a delegate to 
County, District and State Republican Con- 
ventions, and at different times was respect- 
ively secretary, treasurer and chairman of 
the Republican County Central Committee. For 
over thirty years he was Chairman of the Re- 
publican Senatorial Committee of his district, 
was a Committee Clerk in the Twenty-eighth 
General Assembly and also in the Legislature of 
1901. Mr. Gann was married Nov. 5, 1868, to 
Miss Sadie E. Haynes, of Fulton, III. He is a 
Knight Templar Mason, a Knight of Pythias, 
and a member of numerous other orders. 
L'nder the administration of Governor Tanner 
he was a member of the State Insurance De- 
partment as an Examiner. In the fall of 1902 
he resigned the office of Parole Commissioner 
of the Pontiac Reformatory for Northern Illi- 
nois, having been elected County Treasurer of 
Jo Daviess County as an acknowledgment of his 
unswerving fidelity to the Republican party and 
his support of the Republican ticket as a news- 
;)aper man under any and all circumstances. 
Mr. Gann may almost be called the Nestor of 
the press of his Congressional District, having 
been continuously in the printing office since 
1857 and continuously in the "editorial har- 
ness" since March, 1864, with the above two 
exceptions as noted. He was Commander of 
the Grand Army Post of Warren for three terms, 
and has frequently been and is now an Aide- 
<le-Camp on the staff of the Department Com- 
mander G. A. R.. Department of Illinois. 

NORMAN A. GAULT, cattle-dealer, Elizabeth. 
III., was horn in Pleasant Valley Township, Jo 
Daviess County, III., April 4. 1868, the son of 
Mathew and Celinda (Morton) Gault. and lived 
in Pleasant Valley and Woodbine Townships 
until 18S9. when he removed to Elizabeth, where 
he still maintains his home. Mr. Gault has won 
a high standing as an enterprising and pro- 
gressive citizen, and is noted as an extensive 
dealer In stock. He is also engaged in farming, 
and owns and operates the grain elevator a* 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



675 




\. A. <i\ll.T. 



Elizabeth, where he manages a livery stable 
and owns a blacksmith shop. His wife, Mina. 
is a daughter of Henry and Lotta (Stieneke) 
Polker. of Elizabeth. 

JOHN GERNER, farmer and stoek-raiser, 
Stockton Township, Jo Daviess County. 111., 
was born in Seberia, Germany, Oct. 27. 1840, the 
son of John and Elizabeth (Knies) Gerner. He 
came with his parents to America in 1854, set- 
tling with them in Derinda Township, Jo 
Daviess County, in the same year. His parents 
both died in Jo Daviess County. The subjeot 
of this sketch enlisted in Company D. Eighth 
Illinois Cavalry, and during his term of enlist- 
ment was injured by a horse falling upon him. 
In 1868 he was married to Bertha Dupont, and 
they are the parents of seven children: Charles. 
John, Amelia, Charlotte, August, George and 
Clara. Mr. Gerner's farm embraces 200 acres 
in Section 28. Stockton Township, where in 
addition to general farming and stock-raising, 
he conducts an extensive dairy. Socially he 
belongs to the G. A. R. Post at Stockton. 

JAMES G. GLASGOW, farmer. Guilford 
Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in Ire- 
land, June li. 1833, son of James and Jane 
I Ramsey) Glasgow, both of whom were of 



Irish parentage, the latter being a native of 
County Tyrone. The paternal grandparents, 
James and Peggy (Slowne) Glasgow, were both 
natives of Scotland, while the maternal grand- 
parents, John and Jane (Patterson) Ramsey, 
were born in Ireland. The subject of this 
sketch received his educational training In the 
common schools, and after coming to the 
United States in ISal, for seven years made 
his home in New York, when he came to 
Galena, 111., and there bought a farm of 160 
acres in Guilford Township, upon which he now 
resides. Mr. Glasgow has been twice married, 
his first wife bein.g Eliza Pratt, to whom he 
was married in Galena in 1860, and who died 
in 1863 leaving one son. William H. Glasgow, 
now a practicing lawyer at Warren. 111. His 
present wife was Miss Sarah Mayow, born in 
Berkshire, England, the daughter of John and 
Elizabeth ( Macbeth ) Mayow. also natives of 
England. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Glas- 
gow took place in Galena in 1864. 

WILLIAM HENRY GLASGOW, lawyer, War- 
ren, 111., born in Guilford Township, Jo Daviess 
County, Oct. 15, 186.3. was educated in the local 




schools and at the German-English College, 
Galena, graduating from the latter in 1883. and 
after spending a year at the State Normal Uni- 



676 



HISTORY (JF 10 D.WIESS COUNTY. 



versity. at Normal. 111., taught for two years, 
still later, completing his courses in the State 
School. In. June. 1891. he graduated from the law 
department of the Wesleyan Tniversity at 
Bloorainglon. 111., after which he entered into 
partnership with .Judge Hodson of Galena, con- 
tinuing in practice there for the next two years, 
when he removed to Warren, there establishing 
himself in his profession, which he has since 
followed successfully. In 1887 he became con- 
nected with the Illinois National Guard, first as 
a member of Company I. Third Regiment, which 
some years later became Company M, in the 
Sixth Illinois National Guard, .\fter havin.t; 
been successively advanced from the rank of a 
private to First Sergeant. First Lieutenant 
and Captain in his company, during the admin- 
istration of Governor Tanner, he was appointed 
a member of the Governor's staff with the rank 
ol Colonel. September 16. 19u2. Colonel Glas- 
gow was married at Denver. Colo., to Miss Mar- 
garet A. Alderson. a popular and well-known 
>oung lady born near ShuUsburg. Wis., but who 
had spent most of her life in Warren, 111. Mrs. 
(;iasgow is well educated, highly accomplished 
in music and art. has traveled extensively and 
they have a delightful home in Warren. Col- 
onel Glasgow is depcribed as a leader in busi- 
ness, political, civil and social circles, being a 
director in the State Bank of Warren, a 
Director and stock-holder in the Elliott Manu- 
facturing Company, besides having held the 
office of City Attorney, and being an extensive 
property owner. He is also a prominent mem- 
ber of the Masonic and Pythian fraternities, and 
a liberal contributor to churches, institutions 
and puUlK' charities. Popular and highly 
respected at home, he has a promising future. 

WILLIAM GOLDTHORP (deceased), farmer. 
Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess County, was 
born in Horbury, Yorkshire. England. April 5. 
1812. a son of .loseph and Elizabeth Goldthorp. 
He began working in a woolen factory when 
nine years old. tollowin.g that occupation until 
1829. In the latter year he came to America, 
and remained in Philadelphia until 18,'i2, when 
he came to .lo Daviess County, 111., where he 
was engaged in mining in the vicinity of Galena 
and Mineral Point, Wis., until 1844. He then 
(1844) located on a farm in Elizabeth Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, where he remained 
until his death. Mr. Goldthorj) owned a quar- 
ter interest in the firm of Tait. Green & Co.. 



who operated a furnace until 1870. and was also 
a very extensive land owner. He assisted in the 
organization of the National Bank of Galena. 
In 1831 he was married to Ellen Ellis, and of 




\\ 11,1,1 \M <.<ii.i) riKiit 



this union thirteen children were born, of 
whom three survive, namely: Elizabeth, 
widow of S. G. Havermale. now living at 
Spokane. Wash.: T. R. Goldthorp. who lives at 
Galena. 111.: and Mrs. Araminta Tapley, of Eliz- 
abeth Township. Jo Daviess County. Mr. Gold- 
horp died in 1898. his wife's death having 
occurred just seven weeks previous. 

GEORGE GRAHA.M. farmer. Vinegar Hill 
Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in 
County Northumberland, England, in 1833; 
came to this country with his parents, who 
located at Vinegar Hill, and four years later 
removed to the farm on which Mr. Graham 
has continued lo reside to the present time. 
\'ith the exception of four years spent in Col- 
orado and Montana. Mr. Graham married 
Mary Ann Wonders, daughter of Henry and 
Elizabeth Wonders, of Vinegar Hill, who died 
in 1893. Of their ten children, eight are living 
and are married. 

GEORGE GRCBE. blacksmith. Council Hill 
Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in Ger 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



677 



many. May 10, 1S49, and at seven years of age 
came to this country with his parents, who 
located at Hazel Green, Wis. His father. 
Charles August Grube, here followed mining 
until after the beginning of the Civil War, 
when he enlisted in the Ninth Wisconsin Vol- 
unteer Infantry, in which he served two years. 
The father died in 1896 and the mother in 
1895. George Grube married, Nov. 15, 1871. 
Lena Cable, daughter of Charles Cable, of Guil- 
ford Township. He first engaged in blacksmith- 
ing at Schapville, until 1886, when he farmed 
four years in Thompson Township, then sold his 
farm and again engaged in his former business 
as a blacksmith at Apple River and Council 
Hill. 

JOHN HAAS, farmer. Derinda Township. Jo 
Daviess County. 111., was born in the township 
where he now resides, in 1854, the son of Jacob 
and Barbara (Schaffer) Haas. The father was 
l)orn in Wittenburg, Germany, and came to the 
United States in 1846, and settled in Derinda 
Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., where 
he died at the age of fifty-seven years, his 
widow living to attain the venerable age 
of eighty-seven. Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Haas 
reared the following family of children: Paul. 
Jacob. Jr.. Barbara (Mrs. Fohler), Mary (Mrs. 
Heitz), and John. The subject of this sketch 
was married to Mary Hannes, daughter of John 
Hannes, of Woodland Township, Carroll 
County, 111., by whom he has had the following 
children: Henry, Elmer, Charles, Arthur and 
Clarence. Mr. Haas owns a 500-acre farm in 
Derinda Township, and is one of the progres- 
sive agriculturists of that section of country. 
In political sentiment he is a Republican, and 
now holds the office of School Director. 

WALTER HALL, mason, Warren. 111., was 
bom in Cadiz, Green County, Wis., in 1859, and 
is a son of John J. Hall, one of the oldest set- 
tlers of Cadiz. The father went to California in 
1850. returning in 1853, when he came to War- 
ren, where he established himself in the gun- 
smith business. He was a native of Kentucky, 
while his wife was born in Ohio. Walter Hall 
married Rosata Spittler. daughter of Daniel 
Spittler, of Stockton. II!.. and of this union 
there are four children: Walter. Dana J.. Edna 
E. and Lilian. 

EDWARD ALEXANDER HARDT, lawyer, 
bom in Galena. III., May 30, 1870, is of German 



and French Huguenot descent, the son of Alex- 
ander and Henrietta (Stratman) Hardt, both 
of whom were natives of Kronenberg, Prussia. 
The subject of this sketch was educated in the 
Galena High School and the law department of 




EDW VltO \. HA RUT. 



the University of Michigan. In politics Mr. 
Hardl is a Republican and an active worker. 
As a reward for political service Governor Tan- 
ner appointed him to a position in the State 
Grain Office in Chicago in 1897. and he is now 
Chief Clerk in that office; during the cam- 
paigns of 1900. 1902 and 1904 he was in charge 
of the speakers' bureau at the Republican State 
headquarters in Chicago, and he led the suc- 
cessful fight in behalf of Governor Yates in Jo 
Daviess County, in the preliminar.v campaign 
of 1904. Fraternally he is a member of the 
orders of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and 
Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Mr. 
Hardt is unmarried. 

WILLIAM HEMPSTEAD (deceased), pioneer 
merchant. Galena, 111., was born at New Lon- 
don. Conn.. Dec. 23, 1800, the son of Stephen 
Hempstead, a soldier of the Revolution and 
the head of one of the most prominent pioneer 
families connected with St. Louis and Galena 
history. William Hempstead spent the first 
eleven years of his life in his native State 



678 



HISTORY OF TO DA\'1I£SS COUXTY. 



when, in 1811. about the time ot the organiza- 
tion of the new Territory of Missouri out of 
the Territory of Louisiana, the family removed 
to St. Louis, whither two of the older sons 
had preceded them. Here the subject of this 
sltetch remained until 1829, when he removed 
to Galena, 111., and there entered into the gen- 
eral mercantile business, in which he had been 
engaged during the later years of his residence 
in St. Louis. He was also interested in leaJ- 
mining to a considerable extent, being the 
owner of the Hempstead Mines at ShuUsburg, 
Wis. Mr. Hempstead was married May 26. 
1836, to Miss Sarah Bouton. a native of New 
York State. He was prominent in religious 
work, being on« of the founders of the South 
Presbyterian Church in Galena, in which he 
held the office of elder from its organization. His 
death occurred ,Iune 20, 1854. Mr. Hempstead 
was a younger brother of Edward Hempstead, 
who was the first Delegate in Congress from 
the newly organized Territory of Missouri, and 
of Charles S. Hempstead, a prominent pioneer 
lawyer of Galena. Another relative. Stephen 
Hempstead, was the second Governor of the 
State of Iowa, serving from 1850 to 1854. 

WILLIAM K. HKK.vlANN, merchant and 
Postmaster, Woodbine, 111., was born in Wood- 
bine Township. .lo Daviess County, 111., March 
£2, 1863. His father, who is now deceased, 
was, at one time. County Surveyor of Jo 
Daviess County. William F. Hermann engaged 
in the mercantile business in 1888, at Wood- 
bine, under the firm name ot Evans & Her- 
mann, but in 1892, in consequence of the retire- 
ment of Mr. Evans, Mr. Hermann became sole 
owner, and in his establishment carries a large 
general stock of goods suitable to a country 
trade, and conducts a very successful business. 
Mr. Hermann married Margaret Evans, daugh- 
ter of .John E. and .lane Evans, of Woodbine, 
and they have reared a family of four children, 
Ralph, Cecil. Beatrice and Edwin. In fraternal 
relations Mr. Hermann is a member of the M. 
W. A., and in politics a Republican; has served 
as Collector and Constable and, since 1892, has 
been Postmaster at Woodbine. 

THOMAS H. HICKS, farmer. Scales Mound, 
111., born in Guilford Township, Jo Daviess 
County, May 19, 1857, and when six weeks old 
was removed by his parents to Scales Mound, 
where he grew up on the farm upon which he 



now lives. His father, Thomas Hicks, was a 
native of Cornwall, England, born June 15, 
1818, and in 1846 came to this country, first 
settling in Guilford Township, Jo Daviess 
County, but durin.g the same year went to Lake 
Superior, where he was employed in the cop- 
per mines for three years. In 1849 he went to 
California by way of Cape Horn, remaining on 
the Pacific coast two years, when he returned 
to Jo Daviess County. Two years later he 
went to Australia, returning to his Jo Daviess 
County home in 1855. July 17, 1856, he mar- 
ried Philippa White, who was born in Corn- 
wall, England, August 29, 1836, and was 
brought by her parents lo this country when 
about five years old, the family first locating in 
Philadelphia, Penn. In 1857 Thomas Hicks and 
wife removed to Scales Mound, where he died 
about 1894, aged seventy-six years, and where 
his wife is still living. Thomas H. Hicks, the 
subject of this sketch, was married Feb, 28. 
1897, to Olive Spensley, daughter of Jonas and 
Hannah Spensley, of New Di.ggings. Jo Daviess 
County, and they have two children, Leta V. 
and Olive T. Mr. Hicks has been Township 
Supervisor and School Director for a number 
of years. 

CELIA A. BILLIARD, Pleasant Valley, Jo 
Daviess Oonnty. 111., was born in Oswego 




III. 1. 1 Mill. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



'79 



County. N. Y.. March 24, 1822. daughter of John 
and Rachel (Smith) Myers, both natives of New 
York, who settled in Jo Daviess County in 
18-56, where they spent the remaining years of 
their lives. Their daughter. Celia A., married 
Lonson H. Hilliard, who was born in Pratts- 
burg, Steuben County, N. Y.. the son of Marion 
Hilliard, who settled on a farm in Section 14, 
Pleasant Valley Township, Jo Daviess County, 
in 1845. Mrs. Celia Hilliard bore her husband 
eight children, all but two of whom are now 
living: Rachel Elizabeth, Smith Edward. Allen 
Horatio. Bryan. Alva J. and Loren Wintield. 
Frank and Amy are deceased. Mr. Hilliard, who 
died in February, 1896, held, in his active days, 
several town offices, and was a man possessed 
of more than ordinary character and business 
sagacity. 

SUMNER H. HILLIARD. physician and sur- 
geon, Warren, III., was born in Oneco. Stephen- 
son County, III., in 1S58. He graduated from 
the State Normal School at Whitewater, Wis., 
in 18S6, and was engaged in school teaching 




several years. In 1891 he graduated from the 
Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, after 
which he located at Warren the same year and 
began the practice of his profession. Dr. Hil- 
liard was married May 4, 1897, to Miss Mary 



Bayne, the only daughter of James Bayne, of 
Warren. The doctor continues to take an active 
interest in educational work, having been a 
member of the board of directors of the Warren 
public school and of Warren Academy. 

OWEN HOGAN, farmer and stock-raiser. 
Rush Township, Jo Daviess County, was born 
in Stockton Township, Jo Daviess County, 111.. 
March 28, 1875, son of Patrick and Elizabeth 
(Linck) Hogan, the former born in Ireland, 
and the latter in Jo Daviess County, 111. Mr. 
and Mrs. Patrick Hogan owned a farm in 
Stockton Township, but have long since entered 
into their rest. Besides the subject of this 
sketch, Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Hogan had two 
sons — Garrett and Frank — and one daughter. 
May, who became the wife of Dennis A. Dona- 
hue. Owen Hogan was married in 1899 to Miss 
Nellie Cahill, daughter of James and Nancy 
(Sheridan) Cahill. She was born in Pleasant 
Valley, May 6, 1878. They are the parents of 
one child, Clement. Mr. Hogan owns a farm 
of eighty acres in Section 3G, Rush Township, 
and with his wife belongs to the Catholic 
Chitrch. He is a Democrat in political views, 
and has served his party on the County Cen- 
tral rommiltee. 

LOUIS HOMRICH. monumental works, 
Galena, HI., was born in the city where he now 
resides, June 25, 1858, and has been in business 
in his native city for more than twenty-fivo 
years. He was elected Sheriff of Jo Daviess 
County in 1890, and filled that office for eight 
years, being re-elected in 1898. Mr. Homrich 
was married to Miss Adella Weston Charter, 
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Charter, resi- 
dents of Galena, and of this marriage sevei. 
children have been born. 

HENRY DANFORTH HOWARD, Secretary 
and Manager Galena Water Company, born at 
Ballston, N. Y., May 5, 1840; was educated in 
the State of Vermont, and on Sept. 3, 1862, 
married Catharine A. Wonderly, who was a 
native of Ohio, but educated in Galena, III. Mr. 
and Mrs. Howard have four children: Leslie 
W., Katharine R., Harry H. and Elizabeth S. 
Mr. Howard's religious affiliations are with the 
Presbyterian Church, politically he is a Dem- 
ocrat, and fraternally a member of the Masonic 
Order. 



68o 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



JOHN A. HOWELL, slockbuyer. Stockton, 
111., was born in Geauga County. Ohio. Dec. 19, 
1848. the son of Gary and Mary Ann (Baird) 
Howell, and came with his parents to Jo 
Daviess Counly in 1.S52. His early manhood 
was spent on the farm, but for the past twenty- 
five years he has been engaged as a stock-buyer. 
On October 1. 1869, he was married to Mariah 
Warren, daughter of William Warren. In 
political sentiment Mr. Howell is a Republican, 
and has served his fellow-citizens as Marshal, 
Streel Commissioner and Constable. His iden- 
tification with the city of Stockton has been 
from its origin, as he has the distinction of 
having built the first house within the present 
city limits in 1887. 

ERNEST F. Hl'NT, farmer and stock-raiser. 
Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was 
born in the townshii) where he now resides, in 
April. 1S,54. son of Hiram and .\bigail ( Com- 
stock) Hunt, and a grand.son of Benson Hunt, 
who came to Galena, 111., from Xenia, Ohio, in 
1823. Hiram Hunt was born in 1822, followed 
farming for an occupation, and married Abigail 
Comstock, who bore him the following chil- 
dren: Emma (deceased). Abigail I Mrs. Rob- 
inson), of North Platte. Neb., Arthur. Ernest 
I''.. Kittle I Mr.5. Schank). and Irene Fraser. 
Mrs. Abigail Hvinl died in 1872, and in 1876 Mr. 
Hunt married his second wife. Permelia Van- 
doran, by whom there was one child, Paul B. 
Hiram Hunt died in 1901. Ernest F. Hunt has 
followed farming and stock-raising all the 
years of his active life. He married Lizzie 
Schmeck. and they have four children: Orin, 
Nina, Lawrence and Lora. In political views 
Mr. Hunt is a Republican, and has served as 
Highway Commissioner three years. Frater- 
nally he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of 
America. 

P.\\\. H. Hl'NT. engineer. Hanover Town- 
ship. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in the 
township where he now resides, in 1884, the 
son of Hiram Hunt, mention ot whom appears 
in another part of this volume. The subject of 
this sketch was reared in his native township, 
and now lives on the old Hunt homestead. He 
is a Republican in politics, and fraternally 
belongs to the .Modern Woodmen of .'Vmerica. 

WILLIAM HCTTON. M. D. (deceased), phy- 
sician and surgeon. Elizabeth. III., was born in 



France, May 27, 1848, the son of William and 
Catherine Hutton. who came to this country in 
1S50, making their home in Elizabeth Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County. The subject of this 
sketch was educated in the German-English 
Normal School. Galena, studied medicine under 
Dr. B. F. Crummer, and graduated from the 
Medical Department of the University of Mich- 
igan in 1874. For a time he practiced his pro- 
fession at Highland. Wis., but in 187? located 
in Elizabeth. 111., afterwards look post-gradu- 
ate courses in New York, and in Rush Medical 
College. Chicago, and continued in practice 
until his death by drowning Nov. 22. 1903. This 
sad calamity was caused by the attempt to 
cross Apple River upon the ice, and was deeply 
deplored by a large circle of friends. He was 
a valued member of the Knights of the Globe 
and the Masonic Fraternity. Dr. Hutton built 
three brick blocks in Elizabeth. III. 

WILL1.\.M 1) IHWI.V. farmer and Supervisor, 
Hanover Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., 
was born in the township where he now resides, 
the son of Robert and Helen (Williamson) 
Irwin. The father was born in County Mona- 
ghan. Ireland, in 1819, and the mother, also a 
native of the Emerald Isle, was born in 1838. 
Robert Irwin came to America in 1845. and 
three years later settled in Jo Daviess County. 
111., removing into Hanover Township in 1855. 
To himself and wife the following children were 
born: Mary (Mrs. Kirkpatrick), Drury, Ellen 
(Mrs. Speer). Matilda (Mrs. Edgerton). Rob- 
ert. Rebecca (Mrs. Barnes), and William D. 
Roljert Irwin, the father, died April 9. 1903. 
and his wife Jan. 21. 1902. William D. Irwin 
was educated in the public schools at Hanover, 
and in the Northern Indiana Normal School. 
Valparaiso, Ind. His wife, who was Elizabeth 
Michael before her marriage, is a daughter of 
James and Sarah (Smith) Michael of Elizabeth 
Township. They have one child. Gail. In pol- 
itics Mr. Irwin is a Republican and was first 
elected sui)ervisor in 1901. He is now filling 
his second term in that official position. 

GEORGE JEFFERS. retired. Hanover III., 
was born in Hanover Township. Jo Daviess 
County, 111., Dec. 21, 1844. the son of Major Ste- 
phen Jeffers. and a grandson of Stephen Jeffers. 
a native of New Hampshire. The father was 
born in Broome County. N. Y., in 1820 and 
tame to Whiteside Counly, III., in 1837, remov- 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



681 



ing two years later to Jo Daviess County, III., 
where he married .Julia Maxwell. On Sept. 
fi. 1862. he enlisted as a private in Company F. 
Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, 
at the time of his discharge in 1865, was bre- 
vetted Major. He was an extensive land owner, 
his estate embracing 1,300 acres at the time 
of his death, which occurred Dec. 9. 1897. He 
was also extensively engaged in the manufac- 
ture of brick. In politics Major Jefters was a 
Republican, and had served as Supervisor, As- 
sessor. Collector, Justice of the Peace, Postmas- 
ter and School Director. To himself and wife 
the following named children were born: 
George, Perry, Albert and Willard (deceased). 
The subject of this sketch became a partner in 
the firm of Jeffers, Moore & Company, general 
store, in 1866, which, in 1871, was changed to 
Moore & Jeffers. In 1883 Mr. Moore retired 
from the business, and the enterprise was after- 
wards conducted by Mr. Jeffers until his retire- 
ment in 1902, when he sold the establishment 
to A. W. Anderson. In 1867 Mr. Jeffers was 
married to Louise Rowan, a native of New 
York City, by whom he has had two children, 
Stephen and George. August 15, 1862, he en- 
listed in Company F, Ninety-sixth Illinois Vol- 
unteer Infantry and was mustered out June 9. 
1865. He also served as Postmaster at Han- 
over, 111., for ten years. 

ALFRED JEWELL, retired farmer. Scales 
Mound, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
July, 1831. the son of James and Sarah (Wil- 
liams) Jewell, who came to this country in 
1847, locating in Scales Mound Township. In 
1850 he went to California, where he remained 
two years, when he returned to Scales Mound; 
Ihe following year (1853) went by way of Eng- 
land to Australia, whence he returned in 1855, 
After remaining at Scales Mound until 1861, he 
next went to British Columbia, and later depart- 
ing from New York, successively visited Cen- 
tral America, Old Mexico, San Francisco, Cal.; 
Portland, Ore. : Victoria and Vancouver, B. C, 
after which he made the trip to Fort George, 
traveling to the mines, a distance of 350 miles. 
He returned home the same year, but in 1864 
made the journey by team from Scales Mound 
to Virginia City, Mont., returning a few months 
later. Mr. Jewell bought the farm on which 
he now resides in 1852. 

HORATIO KEAST, farmer, Nora Township, 



Jo Daviess County. III., was born in Canada in 
1860, the son of English-born parents, who 
came to Warren. 111., when the subject of this 
sketch was four years old. They are still living 
and have their home in Warren, 111. Horatio 
Keast was married to Ida Mahan, daughter of 
John Mahan, of Lena, Stephenson County, 111., 
and of this union were born the following 
family of children: Elma, who died In 1900; 
Frederick, Nellie and Maud. Mr. Keast has 
served three tenns as School Director. 

U. S. G. KELLER, physician and surgeon, 
Warren, 111., was born in Boalsburg, Center 
County, Penn., March 20, 1867, and was pre- 
pared for college in the public schools and 
academy of his native town. In 1885 he en- 




IT. S. G. KISLLBR. 

tored the Pennsylvania State College, from 
which he graduated four years later. The same 
year he became a clerk in the Interior Depart- 
ment at Washington. D. C, and in 1891 was en- 
rolled as a student in the Medical Department 
of the Columbian University. From this insti- 
tution he graduated and the same year began 
the practice of his profession at Osceola. Ohio. 
After three years spent at that place he came 
to Warren, Jo Daviess County, where he lias 
won deserved prominence in his profession. 
Ur. Keller was married in 1895 to Miss Kath- 



682 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUXTY. 



erine S. Hamilton, of Washington, D. C and 
to them have been born two children: Daniel 
Hamilton, who was born Oct. 10, 1898, and 
Martha M., born April 1, 1903. 

ERASTUS P. KEPNER. farmer and stock- 
raiser. Nora Township. .Jo Daviess Count.v, 111., 
was born in Pennsylvania, in 1847. and was 
brought by his parents to Nora when only one 
year old. His father, Benjamin H. Kepner, 
was born in Juniata County, Penn., July 21, 
1817, and married Sarah E. Bushey. In 1848 
they came to Nora, making the entire journey 
with team and wagon, and settled on the farm 
where Erastus P. Kepner is now living. The 
father died April IK. 1893. and the mother Dec. 
1. 189.5. Erastus P. Kepner married Miss Clara 
P. Myers, daughter of Enoch and Nancy (Mus- 
ser) Myers, of Nora, and of this union the fol- 
lowing children have been born: Benjamin 
Franklin, who married Miss Agnes Crowley, 
and is a school teacher at Stockton; Dolly .M.; 
Jennie Maud, wife of Joseph L'llom of Alta. 
Iowa: Albert C; Edna N.; Charles E.; Mildred 
S. and Gladys. 

JOSEPH T. KNEBBONE. Postmaster, Scales 
Mound, 111., was born in the village where he 
now resides, July 22, 1862, the son of Josiah 
and Ann (Rowe) Kneebone. the former born 
in Cornwall. England, in 18:54. arid the latter, 
also a native of England, born Jan. 26. 1840. 
Josiah Kneebone came to this country in 18.54, 
and after living for a time at Lupton. Jo Da- 
viess County. 111., in 1861, about the time of his 
marriage, settled in Scales Mound. There were 
seven children of this marriage, of whom five 
are now livin.i;, viz.: .loseph T.. Philippa J.. 
John F.. Elsie A. and Carrie E. Two other chil- 
dren. William H. and Amelia, are deceased. 
Joseph T. Kneeboni'. the oldest son of this 
family and the subject of this sketch, after 
reaching his maturity, followed farming until 
thirty years old, when he engaged in mercan- 
tile business for about ten years. September 
27, 1897, he was appointed Postmaster at 
Scales Mound, a position which he still occu- 
pies. December 19. 1888. he was married to 
-Vraminta .1.. daughter of John G. and Jane 
(Harvey) Jackson, of Scales Mound, and they 
have three ;-hildren: Beatrice and Bernice 
(twins) and Florence L. Josiah Kneebone, the 
father of Joseph T., died Jan. 19, 1896, but his 
widow is still living. 



HERMAN HENRY KOHLSAAT, Chicago, was 
born in Edwards County, 111., March 22, 1853, 
the son of Reimer and Sarah (Hall) Kohlsaat, 
his parents being respectively of German and 
English ancestry. In 1854 his father removed 
to Galena. 111., where the family remained until 
the subject of this sketch was about twelve 
years old. when they removed to Chicago. In 
Chica.go Herman H. attended the Scammon and 
Skinner schools, and in 1868 became a cash- 
boy in the dry-goods store of Carson, Pirie & 
Co., where he was advanced to the position of 
cashier, remaining two years. He next entered 
into the employment of the firm of Richards, 
Crumbaugh, Shaw & Co. In 1880 he became 
connected with the Dake Bakery, on Clark St.. 
(luring the same year established a lunch coun- 
ter in connection with the bakery, and on July 
1. 1883, became proprietor of the entire con- 
cern, by the establishment of branch houses 
doing the most extensive business in this line 
of any firm in the world. In 1891 Mr. Kohl- 
saat bought a controlling interest in the Chi- 
cago Inter-Ocean, which he retained about 
tnree years, when he sold out and. in 1895, 
became principal proprietor of the Chicago 
Times-Herald, which later by consolidation with 
the Chicago Record, became the Chicago Rec- 
ord-Herald. He was also for a time proprietor 
of the Chicago Evenin.g Post, which he later 
sold to other parties. Mr. Kohlsaat was one 
ot the original incorporators of the University 
of Chicago, of which he was one of the Trustees 
for many years, and has been prominent in 
real estate transactions. He has been a liberal 
contributor to educational and charitable enter- 
prises, and in 1890 presented to the city of 
Galena a life-size statue of Gen. Grant, which 
was erected in Grant Park and dedicated with 
imposing ceremonies June 3. 1890. Senator 
Depew delivering the dedicatory address. Mr. 
Kohlsaat was married in 1880 to Miss Mabel 
E. Blake, daughter of E. Nelson Blake, of Chi- 
cago. 

J. STEWART LAMONT. Postmaster and 
.Mayor. .Vpple River. 111., and the oldest native 
of that live and prosperous village, where he 
was born Nov. 19. 1S5S. still lives in the house 
where he first saw the light and never tires ot 
praising his little city and people. He has 
been prominently identified with every enter- 
lirise connected with the history of the place, 
is the present Mayor of the city, having been 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



683 



elected by the unanimous vote of the people 
In the spring of 1902, and re-elected for a two- 
years' term in 1903. Backed by a strong Board 
of Aldermen, a large number of improvements 
have been inaugurated during his administra- 
tion. Mr. Lamont was appointed Postmaster at 
Apple River by President McKinley in Novem- 
ber, 1S97, and has given entire satisfaction to 
the patrons of the olTice by treating all in a 
courteous manner. He has been a member of 
the Republican County Central Committee for 
a number of years, is at present Chairman of 
the Committee, and has proved a successful 
political and social leader in his community. 
Socially he is a member of Apple River Lodge 
No. 859, A. F. & A. M.; Olive Chapter 167 R. 
A. M.; Warren, Masovia Lodge No. 304 K. of P.: 
Ridgeley Lodge I. O. O. P., Warren; Apple 
River Camp, No. 1017 M. W. of A.: Charles 
E. Maynard Garrison, No. 20, K. of G.. and Oak 
Camp No. 292, R. N. of A. He was united in 
marriage to Miss Fannie Miller of Fostoria. 
Ohio, April 17. 1901, and they have a little 
(laughter, and all his spare time from business 
affairs is given to entertaining Maurine, who 
was born Aug. 13. 1902. 

ANNIE ELIZA LEEKLEY. Chicago, 111., was 
born in Galena. 111., August 26, 1838, the 
daughter of James A. and Mary Catherine 
iSchwatka) Gallaher — the former born in 
Frederick, Md., and the latter in Baltimore. 
She was educated in her native city of Galena 
and at Mt. Morris Seminary, 111., and, on May 
19, 1859, was united in marriage to John Arm- 
strong Leekley. born at Pottsville, Penn., and 
educated at Mt. Morris, 111. Mr. Leekley's par- 
ents, named Mark afid Mary ( Sedgwick ) Leek- 
ley. were from Middleton, England, and after 
residing for a time in Pennsylvania, removed 
10 Council Hill, Jo Daviess County, 111. He was 
engaged in the grocery trade in Galena, under 
the firm name of Leekley & Roberts, but later 
turned his attention to the agricultural imple- 
ment business as a member of the firm of 
Spare & Leekley. He died Dec. 2. 1876. Mr. 
and Mrs. Leekley's children are: Ada M.. 
Charlotte A. and Harlow A. Ada M. married 
Charles E. Bergmann. of Indianapolis, Ind., and 
they have two children: Ruth and Adele. Har- 
low A. married Miss Harriett Curtis, of Chicago, 
daughter of Dr. George Curtis, of Hawley, 
Penn., and they have two children: Harriett 
Curtis and Harlow Addison. Harlow Leekley, 



is LTnited States Commissioner for Indian Ter- 
ritory. The daughter, Charlotte A., is a teacher 
of Latin in William McKinley High School in 
Chicago. Mrs. Leekley is a Methodist in re- 
ligious belief and a woman of high intelligence 
and strong force of character. 

JOHN LEITZEN, Sr., farmer . and stock- 
raiser. Wards Grove Township. Jo Daviess 
County, 111., was born in Germany, Jan. 27, 
1846, the son of John and Catherine (Schuer) 
Leitzen. Mr. Leitzen came to the United 
States in 186S, residing first in the State of New 
York for nine months, and then removed to Jo 
Daviess County, 111., where, for several years, 
he was engaged in farming in Nora Township, 
but in 1882 purchased his present farm in Sec- 
tions 4 and 7, Wards Grove Township. His 
mother having died in the Fatherland, Mr. 
Leitzen's father came to Anierjca and spent the 
remainder of his days with his son. On March 
6, 1869, Mr. Leitzen was married to Anna Mary 
Trappen, who is also a native of Germany, and 
of this union there are two children, Katie and 
John, Jr. Mr. Leitzen is a Democrat in poli- 
tics, and has served as School Director and 
Road Commissioner. He and his wife are mem- 
bers of the Catholic Church. John Leitzen, Jr.. 
married Helen Biehl, and they have eight chil- 
dren, viz.: Clara. John. Oscar, Florence. Thomas, 
Mary, Rosa and Walter. 

JAMES S. LEWIS, retired farmer. Rush 
Township, Jo Daviess County, was born near 
Montreal, Canada, July 15, 1833, the son of 
Joshua O. and Melinda (Hall) Lewis, who re- 
moved from Canada to Chautauqua County, N. 
Y.. in 1835. where the father died in 1840. The 
subject of this sketch, after having taught two 
winter terms of school in Chautauqua County, 
came west in 1855 and. for two years, was lo- 
cated at or near Warren, 111. In the fall of 1857 
his mother and four sisters joined him at Ap- 
ple River, 111., where he resided until the fall 
of 1876. From July, 1862. to June. 1865, he 
served in the Civil War as a member of Com- 
pany E, Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry, being attached to the Army of the 
Cumberland under the command of Generals 
Sherman and Thomas. For twenty-five years 
he was mainly engaged in teaching, nine years 
of this time being spent in the Apple River 
schools, where he taught two generations. In 
1882 he bought five acres of land in Rush 



684 



HISTORY OP^ TO DAVIESS COUNTY 



Township, which has grown to a fine farm of 
135 acres, which is now owned and successfully 
managed by his sons. Mr. Lewis was the first 
person to start a rural mail route in Jo Daviess 
County. In 1869 he married Miss Harriet A. 
Stebbins. who was born in Portage County. 
Ohio, in 1840, and of this union there are four 
children: Minnie A., who married S. I. Pool; 
Harry H.: Ernest E.. who married .-^my Haflich; 
and Inez Viola, the wife of Charles D. Arnold. 
The family are members of the United Evan- 
gelical Church, and in political views Mr. Lewis 
and sons are stanch Republicans. 

ULYSSES S. LEWIS. M. D., physician and 
surgeon. East Dubuque, Jo Daviess County, 
111., was born in Grant County. Wis., in 1866, 
and obtained his elementary education in the 
public schools at Cassville and Patch Grove, 




I. ji, 1, lew IS 



Wis. For about three years he taught school, 
and then studied medicine under the direction 
of his brother. Dr. J. M. Lewis, of Bloomington. 
Wis. He graduated from Rush Medical College, 
Chicago, in 18M6, and the same year began prac- 
tice at Cassville, Wis., but the following year 
located at East Dubuque, where he has since 
conducted a successful practice. The Doctor is 
a member of the Jo Daviess County Medical As- 
sociation, the Illinois State Medical Society, 



and the American Medical Association: is 
Surgeon for the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany, Examining Physician for several life 
insurance companies, and belongs to a number 
of fraternal societies. 

EVAN' B. LOGAN, farmer, Woodbine Town- 
ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Der- 
inda Township. Jo Daviess County, in 1859. and 
obtained his education in the common schooKs 
and the German-English Normal at Galena. He 
remained in Derinda Township until 1897. when 
he moved to Woodbine Township. In 1885 he 
married Austie M. Snodgrass. daughter of 
Solomon and Mary Snodgrass. of Woodbine 
Township. Jo Daviess County, and they have 
the following children: Ray E.. Hilda A,. Ross 
H., Essie M., Violet H.. and J. Hugh. Mr. Lo- 
gan is a member of the School Board, and fra- 
ternally belongs to the Knights of the Globe. 

JESSE R. LOGAN, retired farmer, Elizabeth, 
111., was born in Derinda Township. Jo Daviess 
County. 111.. Oct. 1. 1854. the son of William 
Logan, who came to the county in 1836. Jesse 
R, Logan was engaged in farming until 1892, 
when he removed to Elizabeth, where he built 
a comfortable residence, and has since lived 
retired. He married Adelia Rankin, daughter 
of John Rankin, and is the father of two chil- 
'Iron. Winnie E. and Chester A. 

WILLIA.M LUPTON I deceased). Council Hill 
Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in 
Yorkshire, England, April 11, 1827, son of John 
and Martha Lupton, both natives of Yorkshire; 
was educated in the Yorkshire schools, came to 
.America about 1837, and soon after settled in 
Council Hill Township, Jo Daviess County, HI. 
In 1847 he went with the gold-seekers to Cali- 
fornia, accumulated enough money to return 
and adopted the life of a farmer: on Sept. 9. 
1850. married Margaret Red fern, who was a 
native of Pennsylvania, but educated in the 
schools of Jo Daviess County. Their children 
are: John T. and Sherman Lupton. Sarah Ann 
Atkinson. Etta Trevarthen and Ina Napper. In 
religious belief Mr. Lupton was a Methodist and 
politically a Republican. He died July 27, 
1900.— JOHN T. LUPTON. Lupton. Jo Daviess 
County, born March 24. 1858. the son of William 
Lupton (see sketch of William Lupton). and 
married Ella Kirkpatrick, daughter of George 
and Mary J. Kirkpatrick, of Mineral Point, Wis.. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



685 



natives of Cumberlandshire, England. Mr. Lup- 
ton has served as Supervisor of his township 
two terms. 

MICHAEL MAHONEY, farmer and stock- 
raiser, Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, was 
born in Ireland in 1846, and came to this coun- 
try when he was twenty years of age. Locating 
first at Dover Plains, N. Y., he afterwards came 
to Jo Daviess County, 111., and lived for a time 
in Warren, but later removed to Nora Town- 
ship, where he has been a successful farmer. 
Mr. Mahoney was married in 1S75 to Abigail 
Kelly, daughter of John and Kathryn Irene 
Kelly, and of this union eleven children have 
been born: Mary, John, Marguerite L., Kath- 
ryn I.. Thomas J., Frank J., Robert W., Julia V., 
Edward M., Jaihes L. and Lucille — the last two 
being deceased. Of this family of children 
Thomas married Miss Ella Gallagher, of Gratiot, 
Wis.: Mary is the wife of J. D. Hill, of Dixon; 
Marguerite is the wife of W. Edward Tucker, 
and lives in Iowa; John married Miss Josephine 
Hinden. of Galena. 111. 

ROBERT R. MARS, Evanston, 111., born in 
Galena, 111., March 15, 1845. the son of G. H. 
and Charlotte J. (Schwatka) Mars — the father 
born in Philadelphia, Penn., Sept. 12, 1808, and 
the mother in Baltimore. Md., July 19, 1818, 
G. H. Mars came to Galena. 111., in 1834, fol- 
lowed the business of a mei-chant tailor, and 
there married Miss Schwatka in 1839. Robert 
R. Mars was educated in the public schools of 
his native city, and has made farming his 
life occupation. On May 17, 1866, he was mar- 
ried to Sarah A. Clendening, born in Columbus, 
Ohio, and educated in the schools of her native 
State. In 1870 Mr. Mars went to Kansas, and 
there was engaged in farming and stock-raising 
until 1890, when they returned to Galena. In 
1891 they removed to Evanston, 111., where the 
father died in November, 1894. There were 
eight children in the elder Mars family — four 
sons and four daughters — viz.: August. Mary E., 
Robert R., Mary R.. Charlotte J.. William J.. 
Catherine H., and Garhardt C. Robert R. and 
wife have one daughter, Mary A., who is a 
physician. Mr. Mars is a member of the Meth- 
odist Church and politically a Republican. 

WILLIAM H. MARTIN, educator, was born 
at Scales Mound. Jo Daviess County, 111., the 
son of Henry and Keturah (Thomas) Martin, 



natives of Cornwall, England. His father came 
to America in 1846, settling at Scales Mound. 
Jo Daviess County, 111., and there followed 
farming and mining until his death, which oc- 
curred in February, 1900. William H. Mar- 
tin was elected Town Clerk at twenty-two years 
of age, later serving two years each in the offices 
of Town Collector and Supervisor. In 1890 he 
was elected Superintendent of Schools for Jo 
Daviess County, having previously been en- 
gaged for some time as a teacher, and in 1898 
was elected Superintendent for a second term, 
serving four years. His life has thus been 
spent chiefly in school work. An attendant 
upon the services of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, he is politically a Democrat and fra- 
ternally identified with the Knights of Pythias 
and Modern Woodmen of America. 

JAMES McFADDEN, farmer, Apple River 
Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
Ireland, Jan. 10, 1826, the son of Elias and 
Christiana (Russel) McFadden. He came to 
the United States when twenty-three years of 
age, locating first in New York City, where he 
remained six or seven years, but in 1858 
removed to Jo Daviess County, 111., locating in 
Apple River Township on the farm where he has 
since resided. On February 18. 1852, he was 
married to Miss Catherine Alice Stephenson, of 
St. Johns, New Brunswick, who died Dec. 22. 
1886, leaving six children, viz.: Anna, born 
Dec. 5, 1852; Maggie J., born Sept. 21, 1855; 
Mary E., born Oct. 15, 1857; William S., born 
June 16, 1860; James T., born March 23, 1863; 
Sarah M.. born June 15. 1866. Mr. and Mrs. 
McFadden's children have married as follows: 
Anna married Charles Thompson, of Apple 
River; Maggie married H. D. Thomas, who is 
now deceased; Mary E. married Samuel Charl- 
ton: William S. married Sarah Charlton: James 
I. married Sarah J, Wharton, and Sarah M. 
married G. H. Derstein. 

JAMES T. McFADDEN, farmer, Apple River 
Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
the township where he now resides, March 23. 
1863, son of James and Catherine Alice (Steph- 
enson) McFadden. (See sketch of James Mc- 
Fadden.) On February 16. 1893, the subject of 
this sketch was married to Miss Sarah J. Whar- 
ton, of White Oak, Wis., born July 10, 1872, 
daughter of Robert and Jane (Rodda) Wharton, 
and of this union there are four children, viz.: 



686 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUXTV 



Elmer \V.. born July 31, 1894; Mary E.. born 
August 12. 1895; Mildred A., born Jan. 4. 1898; 
and Harold J., born Sept. 8. 1901. 

WILIJAM S. McFADDEN. farmer. Apple 
River Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was 
born on the old McFadden homestead in Apple 
River Township. June 16, 1860. the son of 
James and Catherine Alice (Stephenson) Mc- 
Fadden; located on his present farm in March. 
1884. and in the same year was married to Miss 
Sarah Charlton, daughter of William and Mary 
Charlton. To Mr. and Mrs. McFadden two 
children have been born. Shelby R.. born 
August 6. 1886. and William C. born March 6. 
1889. In political views Mr. McF'adden is a Re- 
publican and has served as Highway Commis- 
sioner three years; was a member of the County 
Board of Supervisors from 1892 to 1896. and is 
now serving as school treasurer of his township. 
Mrs. McFadden 's parents were William and 
Mary (White) Charlton, of Apple River. The 
father. William Charlton, died in 1867. and the 
mother in 1885. 

FRANK J. MELLER. bookkeeper and ac- 
countant. Galena, 111., was born in the city 
where he now resides Nov. 21, 1857, the son of 
Joseph Meller. a native of Neuss. Germany, and 
grandson of Mathias and Christina (John.son) 
Meller, also born in Germany, the former at 
Miielheim-on-the-Rhine. and the latter at Neuss. 
Mr. Meller grew up in his native city of Galena, 
was educated in the public schools there, grad- 
uating from the Galena High School in 1877. 
after which he was engaged in teaching from 
1877 to 1880. During the year 1881 he attended 
the Phrenological Institute in New York City, 
where he received a degree in phrenology and 
kindred sciences. Returning to Galena he then 
read law for a number of years in the office of 
D. and T. J. Sheean; during the years 1883 and 
1884 served as tax collector for the Town of 
West Galena, to which he was elected on the 
Democratic ticket. He has been a wide reader 
in literature, science and general history, and 
being possessed of a musical voice, has given 
much attention to that branch of study for 
many years, assisting in many local entertain- 
ments and musical movements in the commu- 
nity. In 1891 he accepted a position with B. F. 
Felt as bookkeeper and accountant, which he 
still retains, having, in the meantime, served 
one year (1900) on the school board. Mr. Mel- 
ler was married Nov. 3. 1891, to Bessie Cory, a 



native of Cornwall, England, and they have 
had three daughters: Marguerite, Irene and 
Madeleine. His family are attendants upon 
the services of the Episcopal church. Mr. Meller 
has never belonged to any fraternal society, but 
is a devoted member of the Home Club, of which 
his wife and three daughters are the only mem- 
bers. In religion he is an Independent, be- 
lieving in the greatest good to the greatest num- 
ber without regard to sect or creed, accepting 
the tenets of the Christian belief under their 
broadest and loftiest interpretation. 

SAML'EL H. MILLER, farmer. Wards Grove 
Township. Jo Daviess County, III., was born in 
Carbon County. Penn.. Feb. 18, 1838, son of 
John and Kathrine (Moore) Miller, natives of 
Pennsylvania. John Miller was a soldier in the 
War of 1812. and his father. Abraham Miller, 
served in the Revolutionary War. .\t the age 
of twelve years Samuel H. Miller went to live 
with his uncle. Samuel Hodge, and removed 
with him to Packwaukee. Wis., where he lived 
for eleven years, and then came to Carroll 
County, 111. In 1862 he enlisted in Company I, 
Ninety-second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and 
was mustered out of the service in 1865. after 
having participated in all the engagements of 
his regiment. He also had four brothers in 
the L'nion army, two of whom were wounded in 
battle. In 1867 Mr. Miller was married in Car- 
roll County. III., to Mary E. Hunter, who was 
born in Ogle C^ounty, 111.. Feb. 12. 1846, the 
daughter of Henry and Mary (Hughes) Hunter. 
Henry Hunter was a native of Mississippi and 
removed from that State to Indiana and later to 
Ogle County. 111. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. 
Miller first settled in Carroll County, but later 
came to Jo Daviess County and purchased their 
present homestead in Section 32. Wards Grove 
Township. They have one child. Mary M., who 
married Ellis Evans. Mr. Miller is a member 
of the G. A. R. Post, No. 520. at Stockton, In 
politics he is a Rei)ublican, and has served as 
Highway Commissioner fifteen years and School 
Director sixteen years. 

H. R MIXER. Postmaster. Nori, III,, was 
born in the village where he now resides 
August 20, 1854. His parents, both natives of 
New York, came to Nora. Jo Daviess County, in 
1839, and are now living in Warren. The father 
was Sheriff of the cotinty two terms. The s-ib- 
ject of this sketch was educated in B?loit. Wis, 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY, 



687 



and Galena, 111., and has followed farming in 
Nora for twenty-five years. For many years he 
was School Director and is now serving his 
second term as postmaster at Nora. For Iwenty- 
one years he was a resident of Galena, but is 



ell, born at Angelica, Alleghany County, N. Y.. 
in June, 1820, and of this union there are three 




v./ 




MIN'EH. 



now thoroughly identified with the affairs of 
Nora. His wife, Mary A., is the daughter of 
R. W. Stanchfleld, of Nora, and their children 
are: Lucy, Mary, Elizabeth, and S. K. Miner, 
Jr. 

SIMEON K. MINER, retired, Warren, 111., 
was born in Canandaigua, Ontario County, N. Y., 
Dec. 17, 1820, son of Asher and Lydia Miner, 
and came to Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1839, 
settling on a farm in Nora Township, where he 
remained until 1855, in the meantime becoming 
widely known as a very successful pioneer 
farmer. During his residence In Nora Town- 
ship he almost continually represented the town 
on the County Board of Supervisors. In 1855 he 
was placed in charge of the court house, and 
the following year was elected Sheriff of the 
county, being re-elected in 1860. During the 
War of the Rebellion he was deputy district 
Provost Marshal of the Third District, and 
served about two years. On December 3, 1845, 
Mr. Miner was married to Miss Angeline Crow- 




children: Flora L. (Mrs. A. V. Richards), 
Henry B., and Nora A. (Mrs. Thomas McNeill). 

EDWARD W. MONNIER, farmer and stock- 
raiser, Elizabeth Township, Jo Daviess County, 
111., was born in Guilford Township, Jo Daviess 
County, Dec, 20, 1855, son of Charles Monnier. 
a native of Switzerland, who came to America 
in 1838 and settled in Jo Daviess County. Ed- 
ward W. Monnier was reared in his native 
township and educated in the public schools of 
that township and Galena, and was engaged in 
farming on the old homestead until 1893, when 
he bought the Senator Green farm of 327 acres 
in Elizabeth Township, where he devotes his 
attention to general farming, dairying and 
stock raising. Besides being interested in 
breeding Poland-China hogs, he also gives much 
attention to Shropshire sheep and Short-horn 
cattle. His first wife, Winifred Wier, died 
leaving three children: Cora, Harold and Wini- 
fred. He married for his second wife Sarah 
Eustace, and to them one child was born, Eus- 
tace. Mr. Monnier is a progressive farmer. In 
political views he is a Republican: is President 
of the School Board, Secretary of the Derinda 
Mutual Insurance Company, and fraternally 



688 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY 




Kll. \\ . flONMIOK. 

belongs to the Modern Woodmen of America. 
Knights of the Globe, and the Mystic Workers. 

JAMES F. MOREHEAD. farmer and stock- 
breeder. Pleasant Valley. .lo Daviess County. 
111., was born in Vermillion County. Ind.. Oct. 
27. 1844. son of Ferguson and Sally ( Benefield I 
Morehead. The father was born near Circleville. 
Ohio, in 1807. and the mother in Kentucky, 
in 1811, her birthplace being not far from Cin 
cinnati. The parents came to Illinois in the 
spring of 1848, and bought a farm at Woodland. 
Carroll County, on which the mother died, the 
father retiring afterward to Savanna. 111., 
where he spent the remaining years of his life. 
Ferguson Morehead died in 1896 and his wife 
in 1872. They had a family of seven children, 
iiamely: Stewart. Samuel. William, Robert, 
Betsy Ann. James and John. The subject of 
this sketch began farming in Carroll County, 
III,, but in 1874 came to Jo Daviess County, 
where he purchased a farm in Section 16, Pleas- 
ant Valley Township. His holdings now com- 
prise 200 acres, and he devotes his attention 
largely to raising cattle, hogs and horses. In 
1872 Mr. Morehead married Miss Margaret 
(born Sept. 15. 1846), daughter of Michael and 
Dorothea (Kech) Goodmiller, and of this union 
three children have been born: I^ettie, who died 



at the age of two years; lambia, who died when 
five years old, and Elmer, born in 1883, now a 
school teacher. A niece. Pearl Bohm. has also 
been a member of their family since three 
months old. Mr. Morehead is a stockholder in 
the Pleasant Valley Creamery Company, and is 
holding the office of school trustee. Mrs. More- 
head's father was born in Bavaria. Germany, 
and came to this country in 1839, living for a 
time in Ohio, but later removed to Iowa, where 
he was married to Dorothea Kech. who die<i in 
1S89. In the fall of 1844 he and his wife 
removed to Galena. 111., where they lived seven 
months, and then settled on a farm in Pleasant 
Valley. They had a family of seven children: 
John. Margaret. Louis. Michael, Franklin. Caro- 
line and Sarah Bohm. who is deceased. 

CHARLES E. MORTON, plumber. Warren. 
III., was born in the village where he now 
resides Sept. 21, 1855, the son of Ward L. Mor- 
ion, a native of Freeman, Franklin County, 
Maine, and a veteran of Company H, Ninety- 




sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, who was 
appointed corixjral of his regiment, and was 
instantly killed at the battle of Chickamauga, 
Sept. 20, 1863. while acting as color guard. Mrs. 
Ruth J.(Glidden) Morton, the mother of Charles 



HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



689 



E., was born in Lincoln County. Maine. March 
30. 1825, and was married to Ward L. Morton on 
Ma.v 8, 18.53. and ttieir only child is Charles E. 
Morton, subject of this sketch. On November 
5, 1876. Charles E. Morton was married to Ella 
M. Mathews, daughter of Luther B. and Ursula 
Mathews of Warren, and they have one child, 
born July 20. 188-5. Luther W., who is now a 
telegraph operator at Warren. Luther B. 
Mathews, father of Mrs. Morton, was a native 
of Cattaraugus County. N. Y.. and removed to 
Ohio in 1825. In 1852 he came with his family 
to Illinois, where he died August 20. 1894. but 
his widow still survives, and resides in War- 
ren. Mr. Morton was elected Alderman of 
Warren in 1898, and re-elected to the same 
office in 1900. In 1892 he was elected mayor of 
the city, and has served four years as assessor. 
He has been Master of Jo Daviess Lodge No. 
278. A. F. & A. M.. and High Priest of Olive 
Chapter. No. 167, R. A. M. 

ALFRED A. MOYLE. retired, born at Monti- 
cello, Wis.. Dec. 19. 1865. the son of Edward 
and Jane (Kistle) Moyle, both natives of Corn- 
wall, England. When the son was about eight 
years of age the family removed to Clayton 
County, Iowa, and there the father died in 
1886: the mother is still living. The subject 
of this sketch followed farming in Clayton 
County. Iowa, until 1898. when he removed to 
Scales Mound, Jo Daviess County. 111., and there 
engaged in mercantile business, but has been 
retired for several years past. On March 23. 
1898, he married Elizabeth A. Hicks, daughter 
of Thomas and Philippa (White) Hicks of 
Scales Mound. 

ANSON H. NASH (deceased), banker. Eliz- 
abeth, 111., was bom in Pleasant Valley Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, 111.. Nov. 5, 1853. the 
son of Northrup and Elizabeth (Williams) 
Nash, lx>th natives of New York State, who came 
to Jo Daviess County in 1845. Anson H. Nash 
began teaching when he was nineteen years of 
age. and then attended Humboldt College. Hum- 
boldt, Iowa, after which he learned the jeweler's 
trade at Elizabeth, which he followed on a small 
scale until 1877, when he enlarged his store and 
afterwards conducted a more extensive business 
until 1893, when he disposed of his store and 
retired from the trade. In 1888 he started the 
Elizabeth Exchange Bank, of which he was 
cashier until his death, which occurred March 



IS. 1903. In 1879 Mr. Nash was married to Miss 
Maggie J. Price, and he is survived by his widow 
and six children: Albert H.. Lois E. (cashier of 




A. H. iNASH. 

the Elizabeth Exchange Bank), Charles A., 
Clara A., Anna R. and Jessie I. Mr. Nash 
served as Village Trustee several terms and 
was also Treasurer of the School Board. 

K. A. NEWSOM (deceased), farmer and mine 
operator. Council Hill Township. Jo Daviess 
County, was born in England June 8, 1827, the 
son of Rev. John Newsom. who came to the 
United States in 1841. The father located in 
Edwards County. 111., where he preached six 
years, after which he removed to Jo Daviess 
County, 111., continuing in ministerial work 
until 1850, when he turned his attention to 
farming. K. A. Newsom accompanied his father 
to his home in Jo Daviess County in 1847. his 
mother having died in Albion, 111., in 1844. He 
began mining in 1848. and gave much of his 
life to that occupation, but in later years 
devoted his attention largely to farming. For 
five years he served as Supervisor, and for over 
twenty years was School Trustee. He was treas- 
urer of the Millbrig creamery from the time 
it was first established. Mr. Newsom married 
Martha, daughter of John and Mary (Matthews) 



690 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY, 



Wilde of Dubuque, Iowa, and of their eight 
children, five are still living: John W., who 
conducts the homestead farm; Richard Grant, 
who resides in Carroll County; Mary, at home: 
Carrie, the wife of Prof. J. G. Leokley, of Free- 
port, and Martha A., the wife of William Pat- 
ton, of Stephenson County. K. A. N'ewsom died 
at his home. Milllirig. 111.. March 18. 1904. 

UAVID L. NORRIS. farmer and breeder of 
thoroughbred Short-horn cattle, Rawlins Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born on the 
farm where he now resides in October, 1857. 
His father. Ralph S. Norris, born in Hartford 
County, Md.. Feb. 16. 1S17, settled in Galena. 
Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1837. and for a year 
was bookkeeper for the Galena branch of the 
State Bank of Illinois, and from 1838 to 1840 
was in the employment of G. W. Fuller in the 
same capacity, afterwards establishing himself 
in the mining and smelting business, which 
he carried on until 1854. For fourteen years 
he was cotinty treasurer, served as Alderman in 
Galena from 1846 to 1852, later as a director 
of the Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad, 
and in 1864 he was elected cashier of the Ga- 
I'ena Bank. He was married Sept. 21, 1842, 
to Miss Phoebe Wood of Mobile, Ala., and to 
them eleven children were born, seven of whom 
attained maturity. Their children were: Wil- 
liam Edward, who served in the Civil War as 
a member of the Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, and died while in service at Hunts- 
ville, Ala., when less than twenty-one years of 
age: Lucy, wife of Rev. Robert McLean; 
Charles L.. who married Miss Mary Bouton, and 
died when twenty-three years of age: Rebecca, 
wife of Augustus Bouton; David L., who man- 
ages the home farm for his mother; Phoebe, 
who died when twenty-one years old; John R.. 
who married Miss May Drake, and lives in Ash- 
land. Oregon: Mary E., who died when eleven 
years old, and three children who died In in- 
fancy. Mr. Ralph S. Norris died Sept. 6, 1885. 
David L. Norris. the subject of this sketch, mar- 
ried Helen C. Roberts of Galena. Oct. 22, 1891, 
and to them two children have been born: 
Ralph S. and Katherine R. Mr. Norris went to 
Wyoming in 1879 and spent about four years 
prospecting in the southern part of that State 
and the northern part of Colorado: was also 
in Leadville, Colo., eight months. Then going 
to Oregon he spent two years ranching in Kla- 



math County, returning to Galena after the 
death of his father in 1885. 

ORANGE H. OLMSTEAD, teamster. Plum 
River, Jo Daviess County. 111., was born at 
Boyle Branch. LaFayette County. Wis., the son 
of Jonathan Olmstead. a native of Buffalo. N. 
Y., who settled in Galena. III., in 1827. For a 
lime the subject of this sketch worked in the 
lead mines in Jo Daviess County, and then re- 
moved to Shullsburg. Wis., where he became the 
first sheriff of LaFayette County. He served in 
the Black Hawk War, and died in Willow 
Springs. Wis., in 1834. In 1836 his widow mar- 
ried for lier second husband, Asa Hutton. and 
they settled at Mor.seville. Jo Daviess County. 
111., the whole vicinity at that lime being an un- 
broken wilderness. Mr. Hutton lived to see the 
farm brought under a thorough state of culti- 
vation and all the buildings erected. Orange 
H. Olmstead married Delilah Ensign, who was 
born at Mesopotamia. Ohio, and to them seven 
children have been born: William H.. Adie. Ed- 
ward. Cora. Frank E.. George L. and Burton 
E. During the Civil War Mr. Olmstead served 
as a Union soldier, as a member of Company 
G, Third Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, and in 
consequence of severe injuries incurred by be- 
ing thrown from a horse, was mustered out 
Nov. 12. 1864. 

EDWARD G. PAGE, farmer, .\pple River 
Township. Jo Daviess County, was born Feb. 
9, 1847. on the same farm where his home is 
now located. His father, George A. Page, was 
born in Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 16, 1819, and 
came to Jo Daviess County in 1840, locating at 
Apple River at a time when there were not 
over a dozen families in the township. He 
was instrumental in having the first postoffice 
established in the township, and was appointed 
its first incumbent, a position he filled for 
many years. For eight years he served as 
Deputy County Surveyor, and was Justice of 
the Peace nine years; also served ten years as 
School Trustee. He took an active part in the 
organization of the county grange in his com- 
munity, and was also an active supporter of 
the old Greenback party. The stages then run- 
ning from Galena to Chicago put up at his 
place, continuing to do so until Frink & Walk- 
er, who operated the line, built the stage barn 
which is still standing opposite the Page farm. 
His wife, who was Ix)uisa Towne before her 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



691 



marriage, was born in Windsor County. Vt., 
April .30. 1819. and was married to Mr. Page In 
Woodstock. Vt. July 23. 1841. Mr. and Mrs. 
George A. Page were the parents of four chil- 
dren: Lucius, who was born Sept. 7. 1843. and 
died Oct. 16, 1846; Edward G., whose name in- 
troduces this sketch; Frances L., the wife of Dr. 
C. H. Carey, of Darlington, Wis., and Pluma, 
who was born June 14, 18.57, and died in March. 
1899. Mr. George A. Page died at Hot Springs. 
Ark., in 1890; his wife surviving him until 
1899. Edward G. Page married Miss Tilly 
Schultz, daughter of William Schultz. of Rush 
Township. Jo Daviess County. They have four 
children: Louisa W., George W., Frances E.. 
and Addie M. For over thirty years Mr. Page 
has filled the position of School Trustee. 

THOMAS R. PARKIN, farmer. Apple River 
Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
Yorkshire. England. Jan. 11, 1843, and in 1855 
came to this country with his parents, who 
made their home at New Diggings, Wis., until 
1857, when they came to Apple River and lo- 
cated on the farm which has since been the 
home of their son. whose name introduces this 
article. The iirst homestead building still 
stands on the farm. Thomas Parkin, the father, 
was a native of Yorkshire, England, and died 
in 1874; his wife was also born in Yorkshire 
and died in 1883. Mr. and Mrs. Parkin were 
the parents of ten children: Robert, who is now 
deceased; Mary Ann. Jane. Sarah, Elizabeth 
(deceased), Thomas R., Maggie. William. 
Grace (deceased) and one child who died in 
infancy. Of this family Mary Ann married 
George Everest, of London, and lives in South 
Dakota; Jane married George Groves, of Lon- 
don, and resides at home; Sarah married James 
Punton, of Hull. England, and has her home 
in Galena. Thomas R. Parkin entered the 
Union army as a member of Company B, One 
Hundred and Forty-second Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, and served until the close of the war. 
In 1890 Mr. Parkin built his present residence, 
which is regarded as one of the finest farm 
houses in the county, the original dwelling oc- 
cupied by his father and still standing on the 
farm, having been erected by John McElvey. 
the previous owner. In the early part of 1904 
Mr. Parkin sold 200 acres of this farm, but still 
owns 231 acres, which is known as French 
Town. Mr. Parkin's present residence is in 
Apple River. He has been Overseer of High- 



ways one year, Assessor two terms, and Super- 
visor of Apple River Township since 1899. 

ISAAC W. PARKINSON, Postmaster, Stock- 
ton, 111., was born in Berreman Township, Jo 
Daviess County, 111., Jan. 23, 1845, the son of 
James and Christina (Hoy) Parkinson. James 
Parkinson, the father, was a native of Central 
Pennsylvania and came to Jo Daviess County, 
111., in 1839, locating in what is now Berre- 
man Township, where he was engaged in farm- 
ing until his death at the age of seventy years; 
his wife died at the age of eighty-two. Mr. and 
Mrs. James Parkinson were the parents of 
twelve children — seven sons and five daughters. 
Isaac W. Parkinson was educated in his native 
town, and in 1863 ran away from home and 
enlisted in the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infantry. His parents brought him home, 
but shortly afterward he again enlisted as 
Sergeant in Company B, One Hundred and 
Forty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. After 
serving six months in Company B, he re-en- 
listed in Company G, Thirty-ninth Illinois Vol- 
unteer Infantry, where he remained until the 
close of the war, being mustered out Dec. 16, 
1865. Returning home from the war, he taught 
school for about three years, and then engaged 
in farming until 1891. when he moved to Stock- 
ton, and for a time was connected with the 
"Stockton Herald." In 1897 he was appointed 
Postmaster of Stockton, and was reappointed 
Jan. 29. 1899. and again reappointed Feb. 15, 
1904. Mr. Parkinson married Miss Maggie 
McLeuehen. daughter of Rev. Harvey and Mar- 
garet (Crissnian) McLenehen. of Freeport, III., 
and to them seven children have been born — 
four sons and three daughters, viz.: Minnie A., 
Warden W.. Fannie, James W.. Frank M.. Celia 
M. and John A. Logan. Mr. Parkinson is con- 
nected with the Knights of Pythias, Knights of 
the Globe. Modern Woodmen and the J. A. 
Maltby Post. No. 520, G. A. R. In political 
views he is a Republican, and while a resident 
of Berreman Township served as Supervisor 
and Assessor several terms. 

EDWARD S. PATTERSON, liveryman, 
Stockton, 111., was born in Grant County, Wis., 
Jan. 20. 1850, the son of David B. and Cornelia 
(Sheffield) Patterson. The father was born in 
New York April 12, 1812, and died at the age of 
seventy-seven. He was engaged in traffic on 
the great lakes, and settled in Wisconsin in 



692 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY 



1837, being one of the very early farmers in the 
southwestern part of that State, where he 
passed his last years. Mrs. Cornelia (Shef- 
field) Patterson was born in Toledo. Ohio, in 
1816. where she was married to Mr. Patterson. 
The subject of this sketch began teaming in 
Wisconsin, and spent several years in silver 
mining in Leadville. Colo. In 1896 he came to 
Stockton, where, at first, he was engaged in 
the hardware business, but having sold this 
enterprise opened a general store, which he 
afterward exchanged for a livery and sales 
stable, which he has since conducted in a very 
successful manner. Mr. Patterson married 
Nellie Harrison, daughter of George and 
Sarah (Blake) Harrison, natives of Washing- 
ton County, N. Y., and of this iinion there is 
one child. George F.. now a Universalist min- 
ister in charge of the church of that denom- 
ination at Morrison. 111. Fraternally Mr. Pat- 
terson is a Mason, and is affiliated with the 
Stockton Lodge. 




SAMUEL C. PEASLEE. cashier East Dubuque 
Savings Bank, East Dubuque. Jo Daviess 
County, III., was born at Sab\ila. Iowa, in 1862, 
son of Cornelius and Julietta Peaslee. and for 
thirty-four years has been a resident of Du- 
buque and of East Dubuque. With David B. 
Henderson, (he noted statesman and at one 
time Speaker of the National House of Repre- 
sentatives, and J. K. Deming, Mr. Peaslee 
organized the East Dubuque enterprise, which 
received its charter Nov. 30. 1891, having 
among its original stockholders Senator Wil- 
liam B. Allison. D. B. Henderson. George R. 
Burch, William L. Bradley. F. B. Daniels. H. 
N. Fentress. S. C. Peaslee. W. H. Day, and N. 
P. Mouton. W. H. Day has been president of 
the institution since its organization, and Mr. 
Peaslee its cashier. The first vice-president 
was N. P. Mouton. and he was succeeded by 
J. A. Meuser: .1. P. Kieffer is assistant cashier. 

A. C. PHILLIPS, physician and surgeon. 
Apple River. .To Daviess County. 111., was born 
.Time 14. IS.t". and obtained his medical train- 
ing in Keokuk Medical College. Keok\ik. Iowa, 
graduating from that institution in the class 
of 1880. In 1881 he located at Adel. Iowa, 
where he was engaged in the practice of medi- 
cine until 189-J, when he moved to Warren, 
III., but in 1896 located at .\pple River, where 



he has since conducte<l an extensive and suc- 
cessful practice. 

.JOHN F. PIERCE, Apple River. 111., was 
born the son of Thomas Pierce, who came to 
Illinois in 1842. and in 18.55 located in Apple 
River Township. ,Io Daviess County, where he 
is still living at the venerable age of eighty- 
seven years. He married Honora Shea, of 
Rush Township. Jo Daviess County, who died 
Feb. 27. 1875. John F. Pierce was elected 
Alderman in Apple River in 1899. having previ- 
ously served as Tax Collector since 1897. His 
marriage to Miss Mary Stahl. daughter of John 
Stahl, occurred Jan. 26. 1893. and of this union 
there were three children. Arlena. John C, and 
one child who ilied in infancy. 

THOMAS PIERCE, retired farmer, Apple 
River, 111., was born in Ireland, Dec. 10. 1817. 
and came to this country in 1842, making his 
home at first in Galena, but shortly afterward 
removing to Vinegar Hill. For a number of 
years he was unsettled, working for a time in 
the Lake Superior copper mines, and si>ent two 
years in South America, and about the same 
length of time in California. In 1855 he came 
to Apple River. Jo Daviess County, and located 
on the farm now occupied by his son. William 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



693 



T.. where he built the handsome stone house 
which is still the family residence. About 
eight years ago he retired from active farm 
life and settled in the village of Apple River. 
His first wife, Elizabeth Hayes, whom he mar- 
ried at Vinegar Hill. Sept. 10, 1848, was born 
in Ireland, and died in April, 1862, leaving five 
children: Mary C, Richard. William T.. Mar- 
garet and Ellen. The second Mrs. Thomas 
Pierce was Honora Shea of Rush Township, 
Jo Daviess County. They were married July 
2G, 1S63, and she died Feb. 27, 1875. To this 
marriage were born Elizabeth. Annie F.. John 
F., Dennis L.. Sarah C. and one child who died 
in infancy. Thomas Pierce served one year as 
Assessor of Vinegar Hill, and five years as 
Supervisor of Apple River Township. 

CHARLES HENRY PORTER. Mayor. Galena. 
111., was born at Galena. August 10. 1858. one 
of a family of seven brothers and one sister, 
children of Edwin and Mary Emily (Waddell) 
Porter, the father a native of Bridgeport. Conn., 
and the mother of Baltimore, Md., daughter of 
William Waddell, a linen merchant of that city. 
The Porters were descended from John Porter 
who came from England and settled in Con- 
recticut about 1637. Asahel Porter, great-grand- 
father of Charles Henry Porter of Galena, was 
born at Hadley, Mass., and married Lucy Kel- 
sey, and his son (grandfather of Charles H.), 
a native of the same place, married Kath- 
reen Hubbard. On the maternal side, the 
great-grandfather was James Waddell. who 
married Margaret Smith Spottswood. and the 
grandfather, William Waddell, born at Cam- 
bough. County of Armagh. Ireland, married 
Mary Agar Smith. Edwin Porter came to 
Galena at an early day and became a member 
of the dry goods firm of Porter, Spratt & Co. 
The son, and subject of this sketch, Charles H., 
was educated in Galena, but resided for a time 
in St. Louis, Mo,, after which he spent about 
four years in Kansas and the Southwest, when, 
returning to the home of his boyhood, on April 
1, 1882, he accepted a position with the dry 
goods firm of J. & R. H. Fiddick, which he has 
retained ever since, at the present time being 
salesman and buyer in the silk and dress goods 
department with Mr, John Fiddick, senior 
member of the firm. In April. 1901, Mr. Por- 
ter was elected Alderman for the Fourth Ward 
of the city of Galena, and two years later 
<1903) was chosen Mayor by a large majority 



on a citizens' ticket, for a term of two years. 
Mr. Porter has been a member of the Knights 
of Pythias for the past twenty years, and for 
thirteen years has held the office of Keeper of 
the Records and Seals tor his local lodge; has 
also for the past twelve years been a member 
of the Modern Woodmen of America. In 
religious faith he is a Presbyterian and polit- 
ically a Republican. Mr. Porter is unmarried. 

CHARLES PRICE, livery stable proprietor, 
Apple River. Jo Daviess County, was born Jan. 
24, 1868: was married June 8, 1899, to Miss 
Catherine Williams, daughter of J. F. Wil- 
liams, and they have one son, Herbert Clifford, 

WILLIAM HILL PUCKETT, retired farmer, 
Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, was born 
in Fountain City, Wayne County. Ind., June 22, 
1838, the son of Cyrus and Betsy (Thomas) 
Puckett, the former a native of North Caro- 




W. H. PICKETT. 

lina. On the paternal side Mr. Puckett is 
descended from Welsh ancestry, and on the 
maternal side is of Scottish blood. His paternal 
grandfather. Daniel Puckett. was born in Vir- 
ginia and married Celia Hill, a native of the 
same State, while his maternal grandparents, 
Benjamin and Ann ( Morman ) Thomas, were 
both natives of South Carolina. His parents 
came to Nora. Jo Daviess County. 111., in De- 



694 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS CO^^T^■. 



cember. 1848, when the subject of this sketch 
was ten years old. There he worked upon the 
farm in the summer and attended the district 
school during the winter until he was of age, 
when he engaged in farming on his own 
account. This he continued until the fall of 
1862, when he enlisted in Company I. Four- 
teenth Illinois Cavalry, was mustered in at 
Peoria as Second Sergeant, and participated 
among other battles in those of Knoxville. 
Cumberland Gap, Atlanta, in Stoneman's dis- 
astrous raid on Macon, Ga.. and later in the 
battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. He 
also took part in the capture of the celebrated 
guerrilla, John Morgan, in Ohio. In 1864 he 
was promoted to Second Lieutenant, and on 
-March 4, lS6o. was commissioned First Lievi- 
tenant, being mustered out at Pulaski, Tenn.. 
July 25, 1865. After the war he resumed farm- 
ing, but in his later years has been enjoying 
well-earned retirement from active business 
life. In 1870 he was elected Supervisor for 
his township, serving several terms by suc- 
cessive re-elections, and has also been Town 
Assessor several years. Mr. Puckett was mar- 
ried Oct. 28. 1862. at Nora, ,To Daviess County, 
to Miss Emerancy Crowell, and they have three 
children: Emeroy L., married Richard Berry- 
man, of Apple River; Nelson C, living in 
Wyoming, and Harry C, of Warren, 111. In 
politics he is a Republican. 

MOSES REES. attorneyal-law. Warren. Ill . 
was born on a farm two and a half miles north 
of Elizabeth. Jo Daviess County. 111., Or-t. 5. 
1846, the son of John and Mary (Harris) Rees, 
natives of Wales, who came to Jo Daviess 
County in 1844, The subject of this sketch 
attended the public schools, meanwhile work- 
ing on the farm during the intervening sum- 
mer months. On Oct. 10. 1864. he enlisted in 
Company I. Ninety-Sixth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, serving in the I'nion army until Oct. 
n, 1865, and participating in the battle of 
Nashville (Dec. 15 and 16, 1864), besides a 
number of skirmishes, which, in a war of less 
magnitude, would have been termed battles. 
Returning home from the battle-field he first 
attended the Wisconsin Slate Normal School 
(Platteville. Wis.), and afterward taught 
school for seven years. On Oct. 1(1. 1871. he 
was married to Miss Mattio J. Brooks, daugh- 
ter of W. A. and Almira (Burr) Brooks, and of 
this union (here are six children — one son and 



five daughters — all of whom are now living, 
viz.: Earl B., I. Leone, Jessie I., Lottie P„ Josie 
Fern, and Mabel V. Mr. Rees was admitted 




to the bar in September, 1882, and has practiced 
his profession mostly in Galena and Warren, 
111. At the present time he is a Trustee of the 
Warren Academy. 

JOHN RO.\CH. farmer and stock-raiser, Nora 
Township. Jo Daviess County, born in the 
South of Ireland in 1845. was brought to this 
country by his mother in 1854, his father, David 
Roach, having arrived in Warren, 111., the pre- 
vious year. About 1865 David Roach removed 
to Nora Township, where he engaged in farm- 
ing, and in 1869 moved to the farm now occu- 
pied by the subject of this sketch. The mother 
died in ISSO. and the father in 1886. Mr. John 
Roach is serving his second term as Road Com- 
missioner, and has been School Director since 
he was twenty-one years of age. His wife, 
Mrs. Mary Roach, was a daughter of Thomas 
Collins, and also a native of Ireland. Her 
parents came to this country in 1856, making 
their home in Warren. 111., where they followed 
a rural life. The father. Thomas Collins, died 
in ISSS and the mother in 1896. To the union 
of John and Mary Roach have been born fif- 
teen children, as follows: Margaret, Mary K.. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUXTY 



695 



David, Anna, Julia, Katherine, Alice, Thomas. 
John, Edmund, Francis, Claire. Andrew, Marie 
and Marsella. Margaret is the wife of Frank 
Schwindel of Stockton, and is now living in 
Iowa; Anna married John Ball of Stockton, and 
also lives in Iowa; David married Miss Emma 
Weber of Chicago, is a physiciaji, and is now 
practicing medicine at Burlington; Mary E., 
David, Julia. Katherine, Alice and John are all 
graduates of the Warren High School, where 
Francis and Claire are now (1904) students. 

FRED ROBERTS, farmer, Apple River Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, was born on the farm 
where he now resides, Aug. 15. 1868, the son of 
Joseph Roberts, who was born in Cornwall. 
England, Aug. 29. 1821, and came to this coun- 
try at an early day. The father spent about 
three years working in the Lake Superior 
copper mines and at Shullsburgh, Wis., and 
then returned to England, where he married 
Miss Jane Gray. Coming to the United States 
a second time, he lived at Scales Mound, Jo 
Daviess County, for several years, and then 
moved to the farm in Apple River Township, 
on which he lived for forty years, and where 
his son Fred was born, and has since made 
his home. For a number of years the elder 
Roberts served as Supervisor, and also as 
School Trustee. In 1891 he bought a residence 
in Scales Mound, where he died Nov. 20. 1903. 
Fred Roberts was married May 28, 1889, to 
Miss Ida, daughter of Charles E. Roberts, of 
Elmira, Cal., and of this union four children 
have been born: Edna May, born April 11, 1S91; 
Lucille, born June 25. 1893; Meredith and Ralph 
E.. the two last named being deceased. 

JAMES ROOD, retired. Evanston. 111., born at 
Johnstown. Fulton County, N. Y.. April 1. 1820; 
in the spring of 1811 came to Galena, where 
he remained until 1866. when he located in Chi- 
cago, but in 1890 removed to Evanston, 111., 
where he has since resided. While a resident 
of Galena Mr. Rood was engaged in the whole- 
sale grocery business, as junior member of the 
firm of Stillman & Rood, but after coming 
to Chicago entered upon the pig iron and iron 
ore business, which he pursued until his retire- 
ment. A self-educated man. Mr. Rood has had 
a conspicuously successful business career. 

JOHN SCHAMBERGER. farmer and stock- 
raiser. Pleasant Valley. Jo Daviess County. 111., 



was born in Coburg. Germany. May 3, 1842, 
the son of John and Margaret (Lubyid) Scham- 
berger. both of whom were born in Germany, 
where they lived and died. The subject of this 
sketch served three years in the German army, 
and on Feb. 9. 1867. was married to Miss Mar- 
garet Kaeb. Mr. and Mrs. Schamberger came 
to the United States the same year they were 
married, and stopped for a time at Guilford. 
111., where he learned the wagon maker's trade, 
which he followed for about two years, after 
which he bought a small farm of forty acres 
in Pleasant Valley, Jo Daviess County, which 
he has increased by later purchases until he 
now owns 170 acres of excellent land. Mr. 
Schamberger is a stockholder, and has been a 
director, in the Pleasant Valley Creamery Com- 
pany for six years. In 19(i2 he visited the old 
German home, where he has four sisters still 
living. In 1887 his home was burned and one 
child was lost in the fire, besides his household 
property and $500 in money. Mrs. Schamberger 
died in 1898. She was the mother of eight 
children: Andrew (deceased). Dora (deceased). 
John, Andrew, Peter. Lute, Elizabeth and 
Casper. 

WILLIAM SCHOPKE. manager of the Miller 
estate, Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County, 
HI., was born in Germany March 31. 1850, the 
son of Frederick Schopke, who was born in 
Germany in 181S, Frederick Schopke, the 
father, married Johanna Kuschke, and to them 
were born: Henry. Augusta (who married Wil- 
liam G. Miller) and William. The mother died 
in her fifty-sixth year, but the father still sur- 
vives and makes his home with his son William. 
William Schopke came to America in 1867. 
locating first in Carroll County, 111., from 
whence he removed to Texas in 1877. In 1883 
he returned to Illinois, and the following year 
came to Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County, 
to take charge of the SOO-acre estate of William 
G. Miller, which he has since conducted. 

EDWARD J. SCHRECK. merchant. Elizabeth, 
111., was born in Woodbine Township, Jo Da- 
viess County, 111.. May 12, 1878, son of Michael 
and Mary Schreck, who now reside in the vil- 
lage of Elizabeth. The subject of this sketch 
obtained his education in the schools of Eliza- 
beth and Woodbine, and in 1890 bought a half 
interest in the general store of Bray & Com- 
pany of Elizabeth, becoming sole owner of the 



696 



HISTORY OF JO 1)A\TESS COUNTY. 



enterprise in February. 1893, which he has since 
conducted. Fraternally he is a member of the 
Modern Woodmpn of America and the Knights 




of Colunil)iis. lie carries a good, up-to-date 
stock of goods in his establishment, and his 
store presents a bright and attractive appear- 
ance. 

BENJAMIN F. SIMMONS, farmer, Stockton 
Township. .lo Daviess County. 111., was born in 
Nora Township, ,Io Daviess County, 111.. May 22. 
1S52, the son of .Jacob and Mary (Coppernolli 
Simmons. .lacob Simmons was born in Mont- 
gomery County, N. Y„ Aug. 25, 1816, and his 
wife, Mary Coppernoll, was born Sept. 27, 1814, 
a native of the same place. They made the 
trip from Montgomery County. N. Y., to .lo 
Daviess County with team and wagon in 1845, 
locating on Section 31, Nora Township, where 
he lived the remainder of his days, and ai 
the time of his death, March 22, ISSu, owned 
500 acres of land. On ,Ianuary 26, 18S2, Ben- 
jamin F, Simmons married Delia ,Iuslus, who 
was born in Stockton, 111.. Oct. 21, 1860, Of this 
union there was six children, four of whom — 
Charles Justus, Arthur M., Florence A. and 
Carrie Irene — survive, and two — Alice and Ruby 
— are deceased. Mr. Simmons owns 35ii acres 
of land, of which 275 acres are within the in- 



corporated limits of Stockton. In politics he 
is an old line Democrat, and has served as 
Justice of the Peace and has been a member of 
the School Board for seven years. Socially he 
is a member of the Masonic Order, Plum River 
Lodge. No. 554. 

DO.MEK G. SMITH, M. D.. physician and sur- 
geon, Elizabeth, 111., was born in Central County, 
Penn., in 1866, and received his general educa- 
tional training at Spring Mills Academy, a 
noted institution of his native county. His pro- 
tessional studies were pursued at Jefferson Med- 
ical College, Philadelphia. He Ijegan medical 
practice in 1890, at Freiberg, Penn., where he 
remained until the fall of 1898, when he came 
west, and found a very desirable location at 
lOlizabeth, 111., where he has built up a good 
l.ractice and is regarded as a successful physi- 
cian. The Doctor belongs to Lodge No. 36, A. 
F. & A. M., and has taken the thirty-second de- 
gree in Masonry. He married Emma R. Hick- 
man of Center County, Penn. 

GENERAL JOHN CORSON SMITH, retired, 
was born in Philadelphia, Penn., Feb. 13, 1832, 




the son of Robert and Sarah (Harvey) Smith, 
who were natives of Carlisle, England. His 
grandfather. Robert Smith, Sr., and wife were 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



697 



natives of Scotland, while his grandmother on 
the maternal side. Ruth Harvey, and grand- 
father, were born in Carlisle. England. John C. 
was educated in the common schools and at 
sixteen years of age was apprenticed to a carpen- 
ter and builder; when about twenty-two years 
old (1854) came to Chicago, where he worked at 
his trade for a time, when he removed to Galena, 
and there engaged in business as a contractor. 
In August. 1862. he enlisted as a private in the 
Seventy-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry, but soon after received authority from 
Governor Yates to raise a company, of which 
he was chosen captain, and mustered into the 
Ninety-sixth Illinois. Sept. 6, 1862. He was 
soon elected Major and took part in a number 
of important battles in Western Kentucky and 
in Tennessee. Later, having been assigned to 
slaff duty, he served for a time with Generals 
Absalom Baird and James B. Steedman. taking 
part in the Tullahoma campaign and the bat- 
tles of Chickamauga. Lookout Mountain and 
Missionary Ridge. Having been promoted to 
the Lieutenant-Colonelcy after the death of 
Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, who was killed at 
Chickamauga, Sept. 20. 1863, he rejoined his 
regiment and was assigned to the command of 
a demi-brigade, after which he took part in 
the advance to East Tennessee and the Atlanta 
campaign, and was severely wounded at Kene- 
saw Mountain. Later his regiment took part in 
the bloody battles of Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta. 
Franklin and Nashville, in the latter of which 
he participated. In February. 1865. he received 
the brevet rank of Colonel and in June follow- 
ing was brevetted Brigadier-General "for meri- 
torious services." After his retirement from 
the army. General Smith was appointed Assist- 
ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Galena 
District, and after the abolition of that office 
in 1872 removed to Chicago, where he has 
since resided. Other positions held by him in- 
clude member and secretary of the Illinois 
Commission to the Centennial Exposition at 
Philadelphia (1874-76); Chief Grain Inspector. 
Chicago; State Treasurer two terms (1879-81 
and 1883-85); Lieutenant-Governor (1885-89), 
and delegate to the National Republican Con- 
ventions of 1872 and 1876. It was during his 
first term as State Treasurer that the office, be- 
ing unsecured, was robbed of $15,000, every dol- 
lar of which he made good out. of his own 
pocket, the State incurring no loss. March 24, 
1856, General Smith was united in marriage in 



Galena. 111., to Charlotte A. Gallagher, born in 
Baltimore, Md.. and they have had five children: 
Robert A., Samuel H.. Frederick Parker (de- 
ceased), Ruth A. and John C, Jr. In religious 
views General Smith is a Methodist, and politi- 
cally an ardent Republican; is also a Past 
Grand Master of the Order of Odd-Fellows; is a 
prominent 33d degree Mason, having held the 
positions of Grand Master; Grand Minister of 
State of the Supreme Council. N. S. C; Grand 
Treasurer of Grand Council. R. & S. M.; Grand 
Commander. K. T.. and Grand Sovereign of 
Supreme Grand Chapter; Grand Cross of Con- 
stantine, U. S. A., besides being associated 
with the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. 

WILL ALDER SMITH, M. D., physician and 
surgeon. Galena. 111., was born in Utah, Dec. 7, 
1872, the son of Alfred T. and Maria F. Smith 
and grandson of General John Eugene and 
Amy Annette Smith. His parents were na- 
tives, respectively of St. Louis, Mo., and Muncy, 
Penn. His grandparents on the maternal side 
were Edward D. and Elizabeth Kittoe — the for- 
mer born in Woolwich, England, and the latter 
in Lycoming County, Penn. Dr. Smith received 
his education in the Galena High School and 
the Northwestern University. In religious be- 
lief he is an Episcopalian, in political relations 
a Republican, and is fraternally associated with 
the Masonic Order, the Elks and Knights of 
Pythias. 

JOHN SPEER, retired farmer, of Hanover 
Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 
County Monaghan., Ireland. July 20, 1828. and 
was brought to this country by his parents in 
1833. Leaving his family in Philadelphia, the 
father, James Speer. came to Jo Daviess County. 
111., in the fall of 1834. The following spring 
he sent for 'his family and located in Galena, 
where he lived until the fall of 1838. when he 
removed to Irish Hollow, Elizabeth Township. 
Jo Daviess County. On October 28. 1857. the 
subject of this sketch was married to Miss 
Mary Moore, born in Jo Daviess County, 111., 
in Jtily, 1838, daughter of Charles and Hannah 
(Rogers) Moore, and of this union the follow- 
ing named children were born: Josiah, Mary 
H.. Elizabeth J.. John M., Agnes I.. Margaret 
T. (deceased!. Charles A. and James, who died 
at the age of eight years. In political views 
Mr. Speer is a Republican, but he places the 
man before the party and votes for "the best 



698 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY 



man for the place." regardless of party. In re- 
ligion Mr. Speer is one of the "old Scotch 
Presbyterians." and is a ruling elder in the 
Associate Presbyterian Church of Hanover. 111. 

JOHN M, SPEER. cashier of the "Bank of 
Apple River." Apple River. 111., was born in 
Hanover Township. .Jo Daviess County. 111.. 
July 11, 1871. son of John and Mary (Moore) 
Speer. and received his educational training in 
the public schools, in an academy at Hanover 
and the college at Burlington. Iowa. In 1S96 he 
came to Apple River. Jo Daviess County. III., 
and in company with his father organized the 
bank of Apple River, of which he is now 
cashier. In 1900 he married Miss Flora H. 
Adams, daughter of J. A. Adams, of Scales 
Mound. 111. 

WILLIAM ST.\CY. engaged in farming and 
mining. Council Hill Township. Jo Daviess 
County, 111., was born in Lafayette County. 
Wis., Oct. 17. 1846. For fifteen years he has 
been Justice of the Peace, for fourteen years 
a School Director, and was elected Township 
Treasurer in 1896. Since the starting of the 
Millbrig Creamery in 1894. he has been its sec- 
retary and niana.ger. 

GEORGE E. STEELE, farmer and stock- 
raiser. Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County. 
III., was born in the township where he now 
resides Oct. 24. 1856. the son of Cyrus and Susan 
(Gates) Steele, who settled in Hanover Town- 
ship in 1857. The subject of this sketch was 
married in 1880 to Sarah Watson and resides 
on the old homestead. He owns about 600 
acres of land and is engaged in raising cattle, 
especially of the Hereford stock. Mr. Steele 
has a family of nine children: Harriet Ellen, 
wife of Michael Burke: Arthur E.. Fraftk L.. 
Henry E.. Elsie E.. Beriha I.. George A.. Mar- 
vin C. and Clement R. 

WALTER STICKNKV, dealer in grain. War 
ren. 111., was born in Canada, in 1840, and 
came to Jo Daviess County in January. 1869. 
where he opened a general store at Nora. He 
was the junior member of the firm of Rlcker 
& Stickney. but a year later disposed of his 
interest in the concern to Alonzo E. Holcomb. 
For two years he was enga.ged in farming and 
then returning to Nora, was in the grain busi- 
ness until 1880, when he located in Warren 



and there established himself in the grain and 
farm implement business. This business he 
carried on for eighteen years, and then selling 
out to Joseph Hicks, moved to Staceyville. Iowa, 
where he spent three years in the grain trade, 
and for two years was engaged in the same 
line at London. Minn. In 1903 he returned to 
Warren, where he is still devoting his time and 
attention to the grain business. His wife. 
Helen E.. is the daughter of John Cowan, of 
Nora. 111., and to them have been born the fol- 
lowing children: Irving E.. J. Harold. David A . 
H. Irma and Ida M. H. Irnia married G. M. 
Spensley. of Mineral Point. Wis., who died in 
1902. 

ST. JOSEPH'S CATHOLIC CHTRCH AT 
APPLE RIVER.— The St. Josephs Catholic 
Church, at Apple River, was organized in 1858. 
The first settlement of this village dates back 
to 1832. The settlers of that period were so 
scattered that no religious services could be 
held until the nucleus of a village could be 
formed. This was done in 1854. Previous to 
that year mass was celebrated in private houses 
by visiting priests from Galena. New Dublin 
and Freeport. In 1858 Rev. Peter Corcoran was 
appointed the first permanent pastor of the 
new parish. The first house of worship was 
erected by him. a frame structure. 26x36 feet, 
being located on the property now used for a 
village park. This building was enlarged in 
1872 by Rev. C. Schilling, who was succeeded 
by the Rev. P. T. McElhern. and he. in turn, by 
Rev. Joseph Kindeken and the Rev I' .Me 
Mahon. Rev. J. E. Shennahon was appointed 
pastor in 1881 and remained nine years, after 
which he was transferred tc St. Michael's at 
Galena. The present church edifice was moved 
to where it now stands in 1898 and was en- 
larged and remodeled by the present rector, the 
Rev. Thomas F. Leydon. who was appointed to 
this charge and its sub-mission. St. Ann's 
Church at Warren. May 9. 1895. St. Joseph's 
Church has about eighty families, and the Sun- 
day School an attendance of fifty children. 
Father Leydon has also remodeled St. Ann's 
Church at Warren, greatly enlarging it and sup- 
plying it with a thousand-pound McShane bell 
of very clear tone. This parish has about 
sixty-four families and a Sunday School attend- 
ance of some fifty ihildren. 

REV. THOMAS LEYDON was born in Chi- 
cago in 1850. and received his elementary educa- 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



699 



tion in that city. When he was twelve years 
old he entered St. Mary's of the Lake Univer- 
sity, then standing on the site of the Cathedral 
of the Holy Name. The young student con- 




TH«»>IA»i K. I.EYDO>. 

eluded his studies at St. Francis Seminary, 
Milwaukee, Wis., where he was ordained to 
the priesthood. He Is a hard and successful 
worker, and his people love to follow where 
he leads. He has done much to build up the 
church by his sermons and lectures, and the 
people work with l.im in the utmost harmony. 
Success is the result. 

SAMUEL A. STUMP, farmer. Rice Township, 
Jo Daviess County, was born In Fulton County. 
Penn.. in 18.51, son of Ahram and Anna M. 
Stump. Samuel A. Stump lived in the East 
until 1881, when he came to Illinois and located 
near Decatur, removing two years later to 
Iowa, but in the fall of the same year made 
his home in Rice Township, Jo Daviess County, 
where he has since resided. His wife, who was 
Naoma Rebok before her marriage, died in No- 
vember, ISSO, leaving one child, Wilbur. Mr. 
Stump married for his second wife Miss Mary 
Rogers, and they have two children. Millie and 
Augustus. Mr. Stump has served seventeen 
years as a member of the School Board. 



TIMOTHY J. SULLIVAN, farmer and stock- 
raiser, Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, was 
born in the township where he now resides in 
1858, and is a son of Patrick Sullivan, a native 
of Ireland, who came to this country about 1856, 
locating in Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, 
111. Timothy J. Sullivan removed to his present 
farm in 1890. He married Julia Scanlon, 
daughter of Thomas Scanlon of Nora, and to 
them the following children have been l)orn: 
Frank, Charles, Louis and Nellie May. 

GEORGE BELL SWIFT, ex-Mayor of the 
city of Chicago, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
Dec. 14, 1845, the son of Samuel W. and Eliza- 
beth (Bell) Swift, natives, respectively, of Phil- 
adelphia and Cranberry Hill, Penn. His grand- 
parents on the paternal side were Samuel Swift, 
born in Philadelphia, and Rebecca (Worrell) 
Swift, born in Pittsburg, Penn., his maternal 
grandparents being James A. Bell, born in Mer- 
cer, Penn., and Rebecca (Orwig) Bell, born in 
Huntington County, same State. While still 
in his infancy Mr. Swift's parents removed to 
Galena. 111., and from there in 1862 to Chicago, 
where the subject of this sketch received an 
excellent education in the old Skinner School, 
the West Chicago High School, and the Uni- 
versity of Chicago, graduating from these sev- 
eral institutions with high credit. After grad- 
uating from the University he engaged in bus- 
iness, and, since 1870, has been "Vice-President 
of the Frazer Lubricator Company; at the pres- 
ent time is also President of the George B. 
Swift Company, contractors and general build- 
ers. In 1876 Mr. Swift began to take an active 
interest in politics, has since served several 
terms in the City Council, and during the 
administration of Mayor Roche was appointed 
Commissioner of Public Works. In the fall of 
1893. after the death of the elder Mayor Carter 
H. Harrison, he became Mayor ad interim of the 
city of Chicago, by choice of the City Council, 
and at the regular election in 1895 was chosen 
Mayor for the full term, being elected as the 
Republican candidate by a large majority over 
Prank Wenter, the Democratic nominee. By 
his previous experience in the City Council and 
his connection with the office of Commissioner 
of Public Works, he had acquired an intimate 
knowledge of municipal affairs, and it is gen- 
erally admitted that no man has ever entered 
upon the mayoralty better equipped for the 
duties of the office. He gave the city a most 



700 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



excellent administration, introducing, among 
other things, improvements in the various 
departments which have resulted to the advan- 
tage of the city and in great saving to the 
tax -pa.vers. On account of his extensive busi- 
ness interests and the need of rest, he declined 
a nomination for a second term, which would 
have been cheerfully accorded him. Mr. Swift 
was married Nov. 12, 1868, to Miss Lucy L. 
Brown, daughter of Joseph E. Brown, who came 
to Chicago in 183.5, where Mrs. Swift was born 
and educated. Their children are: Brown F., 
Herbert B., George L.. Grace B.. Pearl. Eldred 
B.. and Edith L. Mr. Swift is a member of the 
Methodist Church, is fraternally associated with 
the Masonic order, the Knights of Pythias, the 
Royal Arcanum and the Royal League, and is a 
member of the Union League, the Illinois, the 
Hamilton and the Hyde Park Clubs. An ear- 
nest Republican, although not an office-holder, 
he exerts a strong influence in political affairs. 

MARGARET TEETER. Stockton Township. 
Lee County, 111., was born in Orange County. 
N. Y., May 25, 1821, the daughter of Thomas 
and Elizabeth (Kernochen) Shaw, who were 
■also natives of the Empire State, but came 
of Irish ancestry. On March 11. 1841. Miss 
Shaw was married to Franklin Teeter, who was 
born in Tompkins County, N. Y.. July 12, 1819. 
In 1S48 Mr. and Mrs. Teeter came to Jo Daviess 
County, 111., settling first in Nora Township, 
but later purchased a farm in Section 6, Stock- 
ton Township, where he spent the remainder of 
his days. Mr. Teeter died July 24. 1894. his 
estate at that time comprising about 300 
acres. Mr. and Mrs. Teeter were the parents of 
two children. Annamette and Jerome. Anna- 
met to married C. S. Foster, and they have two 
children. Helies and Emma. Jerome married 
Lou Bordways, and they have two children 
named Francis M. and Jerome Leroy. He has 
been director of the School Board for about 
twenty-five years. 

NICHOLAS THAIN, farmer, Derinda Town- 
ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Ba- 
varia. Germany, Aug. 11. 1841. son of Lawrence 
and Dorothea (Schueller) Thain. the former 
born in Batavia in 1809, and the latter, also 
a native of Bavaria, born in 1811. Lawrence 
Thain and his wife came to America in 1855 
and settled in Derinda Township. Jo Daviess 
County, where they passed the remainder of 



their days, the former dying in 1884, and the 
latter in 1893. They reared the following named 
children: John, Margaret (Mrs. Strieker), 
Marg. Dorothea (Mrs. Treutlein), Nicholas, 
Dora (Mrs. Dittmar), Casper and Catherine 
(Mrs, Hammer). The subject of this sketch 
came to the L'niled Slates with his parents 
and here married Dorothea Fehler. daughter 
of John and Elizabeth (Schmidt) Fehler. of 
Derinda Township. Mr. and Mrs. Thain have 
a family of nine daughters, all of whom are 
married, viz.: Mrs. Emma Krug. Mrs. Lizzie 
Skene. Mrs. Annie Schubert. .Mrs. Dora Teich- 
ler. Mrs. Fannie Teichler, Mrs. Minnie Teichler, 
Mrs. Mary Streicher, Mrs. Clara Dittmar and 
Mrs. Caroline Albrecht. In political sentiment 
Mr. Thain is a Republican and has served two 
terms as Town Clerk, and Assessor one year. 
In 1865 he enlisted in Company H. Ninety-sixth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was assigned 
to the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
a part of the Fourth Army Corps; was mustered 
out of the service at San Anlonio. Texas, in 
1865. He is a member of the Savanna Post, 
G. A. R. 

WILLIAM C. TUCKER, farmer, Stockton 
Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born 
near the village of Union, Washington County, 
N. Y.. Dec. 9. 1823, the son of Nathan and 
Mercy (Clark) Tucker, natives of Rhode Island. 
Both of his parents died in Washington County. 
N. Y. In 1852 William C. Tucker came to 
Jo Daviess County, 111., locating in Section 1. 
Stockton Township, where he has since resided, 
and his holdings at the present time comprise 
120 acres in Stockton and twenty acres in Rush 
Township. On August 29, 1S47, he married 
Elizabeth Schofield, who was born in Washing- 
ton County, N. Y., in 1829. and of this union 
there were six children, viz.: Mary, Eliza. 
Helen (deceased), William H., I.«wis and 
Charles. Mrs. Tucker died in 1875. In political 
opinions Mr. Tucker is a Democrat and in 
religious belief a Universalist. 

F. S. TYRRELL, farmer and stock-raiser. 
Wards Grove Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., 
was born at Stockton, 111.. May 4, 1854, the son 
of Arthur and Eliza (Partridge) Tyrrell, natives 
of New Hampshire. Arthur Tyrrell came to 
Jo Daviess County in 1836 and settled in Wards 
Grove Township, where he look up land in 
Sections 17 and 20. He died in June, 1872. 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



701 



but his wife still survives and resides in Bel- 
videre, 111. In 1878 F. S. Tyrrell removed to 
Kansas, where he was engaged in farming for 
nineteen years, and then (in 1897) returned 
to Jo Daviess County, 111., where he purchased 
the old Tyrrell homestead of 168 V^ acres, which 
he has since conducted. In 1881 he married 
Amelia Burns, who was born near Philadelphia, 
Penn.. Aug. 1, 1858, the daughter of Andrew 
and Elizabeth Burns, and of this union there 
are four children, viz.: Cora, Luella, Edith and 
Florence. Mr. Tyrrell has been a member of 
the Masonic order since 1875, belonging to the 
Plum River Lodge, No. 554, and is also a mem- 
ber of the A. O. U. W. in Kansas. 

GEORGE M. TYRRELL, physician and sur- 
geon. Scales Mound, .Jo Daviess County, 111.: 
born at Stockton. Jo Daviess County, 111., Nov. 
11, 1862; graduated at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, March 1, 1888, 
when he immediately began practice at Stock- 
ton, 111., continuing there nearly four years. 
In December, 1901, he removed to Clearwater, 
Neb., remaining about a year, when, in March, 
1903, he returned to Jo Daviess County, 111., 
locating at Scales Mound, where he has since 
been engaged in the practice of his profession. 

ANDREW UEHREN, farmer, Rawlins Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, was born in Germany. 
Dec. 11, 1831, the son of Christian and Sophia 
(Oberbeck) Uehren, and came to the United 
States in 1851. For a time he worked at the 
tailoring business in Galena, 111., but in 1854 
entered the drug store of Mr. Newhall, as a 
clerk, and there remained for twenty-five years. 
In 1881 he located on the farm where he now 
resides, and has since been continuously 
engaged in farming. His wife, who was Sophie 
Casten before her marriage, was born in Ger- 
many and came to this country on the same 
ship with Mr. Uehren. They have had seven chil- 
dren, five of whom are now living, viz.: Henry, 
who lives in Aurora, 111.; Frank, a resident of 
Idaho: Elizabeth, wife of William Hartwick, 
now a resident of Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess 
County: August, who lives on the home farm, 
and George, a veterinary surgeon at Atlantic, 
Iowa. Mr. Uehren stands well in his com- 
munity, served as Assessor for Rawlins Town- 
ship the first two years after it was set apart 
from Galena Township, and is one of the fore- 
most citizens of said township. 



H. S. VAN DERVORT, Postmaster, Warren, 
111., was born in Jefferson County, Penn., in 
1832. When the Civil War broke out. he 
enlisted in Company H. and, on the organiza- 
tion of his company, was appointed Corporal. 
At Chickamau.ga he was promoted Sergeant, 
and in the battle there on Sept. 20, 1863, was 
wounded in the right leg below the knee, the 
bullet lodging between the bones, so that it 
has never been removed. Mr. Van Dervort 
rejoined his company in May, 1864, and after- 
wards participated in all the battles of the 
Atlanta campaign, being again wounded at the 
battle of Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864, when a bullet 
which had passed through the head of Corporal 
Hamilton, of Company C, and one of the Color 
Guard, struck him on the left shoulder, and 
passing across his back just outside the spine, 
lodged under his right shoulder blade, whence 
it was removed eight months afterward, two 
months after his return home, with fragments 
of Corporal Hamilton's skull still adhering to 
it. Early in the spring of 1865 Mr. Van Dervort 
rejoined his company, being finally mustered 
out with his regiment. Since his discharge 
from the service, he has been one of the most 
active business men of Warren, where he is 
now serving his second term ar; Postmaster. 
His first wife, who was Elizabeth, daughter of 
German Senter, of Gratiot. Wis., died in 1863 
while he was in tne army. Iiis second wife 
was a native of Canada, and his living children 
are: Frank, Jennie, Lou and Myrtle. Lou mar- 
ried T. Fay Wilcox, assistant cashier of the 
Warren State Bank; Jennie married Dr. F. J. 
Will of Eagle Grove, now of Des Moines, Iowa; 
Myrtle married Merton Jayne of Independence, 
Iowa. 

ORLANDO JOHN VICK, farmer and stock- 
raiser. Rush Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., 
was born in the township where he now resides, 
Feb. 22, 1849, the son of Joseph and Jane 
t Sharp) Vick, natives of Gloucestershire, Eng- 
land. The father and mother came to the 
United States in 1842, and. after living in the 
Eastern States for about two years, removed to 
Jo Daviess County, 111., locating on a farm in 
Section 15. Rush Township, where the former 
died at the age of fifty-five years; his widow 
surviving until she reached the venerable age 
of ninety-one. In 1875 the subject of this 
sketch was married to Miss Mina Clay, daugh- 
ter of David and Matilda (Snyder) Clay, and 



702 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



of this union five children were born, viz.: 
Edith, who died at the age of six years; Bessie 
B., died aged fifteen years; George R., died 
when thirteen years of age; Jane M., wife of 
Alley Stock; and Lulu E., who is living at 
home. Mr. Vick owns a farm of 290 acres, and 
has served as Road Commissioner ten years; 
was Assistant Assessor two terms, and is in his 
second term as Town Clerk. Fraternally he is 
a member of the Court of Honor. 

JOSEPH VIPOND (deceased), born at Mill- 
brig. Jo Daviess County. 111.. Oct. 12, 1841. the 
son of William and Elizabeth Vipond. natives 
of Durham, England, and a grandson of Wil- 
liam Vipond. also of County Durham. England. 
His maternal grandparents were John and 
Eliiabeth Cousin, also natives of England. Mr. 
Vipond's parents came to the United States 
prior to 1841, and there the father died in 
January, 1870, while the mother. Mrs. Elizabeth 
Vipond, is still living, a resident of Galena. 
Joseph Vipond was educated . in the public 
schools and at Mt. Morris. 111., engaged in farm- 
ing and mining; was married in 1870, and had 
four children, of whom two — Louis and Willis 
— are living. In religious belief Mr. Vipond 
was a Methodist, and politically a Republican. 
He died April 1, liliil. 

WILLIS VIPOND. farmer. Scales Mound, Jo 
Daviess County, 111., was born July 17, 1876, 
the son of Joseph Vipond. (See sketch of 
Joseph Vipond.) Willis Vipond was married 
to Katie Simcox. daughter of S. C. Simcox, of 
Scales Mound, and they have one child. Andis, 
horn Dec. 22. 1903. 

CHARLES ALFRED WALTERS, editor and 
proprietor "Elizabeth News." was born in Fen- 
nimore Township. Grant County. Wis., Jan. 17. 
1872, the son of John and Hannah (Grifliis) 
Walters. He was educated in the schools of 
his native county, and in 1896 bought the 
"Elizabeth News," a weekly publication, which 
he has since conducted on an independent 
basis. In political views Mr. Walters is a 
Republican, and for about six years has been 
a member of the Elizabeth School Board. Fra- 
ternally he is a member of Lodge No. 36, A. 
F. & A. M. Mr. Walters married Anna Hen- 
derson, a resident of Grant County. Wis. 

ANDREW J. WAND, farmer, W^oodbine 
Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 



Prussia. Germany, in 1825. the son of Joseph 
Wand and Anne Regiena G. C. (Iseke) Wand. 
Coming to this country in 1849. he worked as a 
blacksmith for about one year in St. Louis, Mo., 
and the year following located in Jo Daviess 
County, but returned to his native country in 
the fall of 1850. In 1851 he returned to 
America, locating in Woodbine Township. Jo 
Daviess County. 111., where he has since resided, 
and in 1854 purchased his present farm upon 
which he has since lived. In the latter year 
he was married to Mary Ann Wand, also a 
native of Prussia, and they reared a family of 
six children: Andrew, Ignatz, Harmon, Mary, 
Elizabeth, and Josephine. Of their children, 
Andrew married Rosana Hubercorn. and they 
have five children. Mary. Regina. Tracy. Joseph 
and Loraney; Ignatz married Miss Bertha 
Machannus. and their children are named 
Joseph, Bertha, August and Wilhelm; Harmon 
married Gertrude Dittmar, and they have two 
children, Gertrude and Mary Ann; Mary mar- 
ried Andrew Meyer, and their children are 
named Andrew. Tracy. Raymond and Lawrence; 
Elizabeth married Joseph Baker, and they have 
two children. Joseph and Clarence; Josephine 
married Frank Baker, and they have one child, 
Florence. Mr. and Mrs. Wand's children are 
all residents of Woodbine Township, Jo Daviess 
County, except Andrew, who resides at Gratiot, 
Wis. Mr. Wand has served on State and County 
juries, and has also been Assessor and Road 
Commissioner. 

CHARLES A. WATSON, farmer and cattle- 
breeder, Apple River Township. Jo Daviess 
County, was born in the township where he 
now resides, Jan. 4, 1860, the son of S. M. Wat- 
son, who was born in Susquehanna County, 
Penn., in 1826. The father came to Peoria. III., 
in 1844, and the following year located in Jo 
Daviess Ct)unty. He lived one year in New 
Diggings. Wis., and in 1854. settled in Apple 
River Township, where he died March 26. 1892. 
His wife. Mrs. Harriet (Jacobs) Watson, the 
mother of Charles A., was born in Franklin 
County. Ind., in 1836, and was brought by her 
parents to Galena, 111., when six years of age. 
The family lived in Galena several years, then 
moved to Elizabeth, where they spent four 
years, after which they again resumed their 
residence in Galena. Still later they removed 
to LaFayetto County, Wisconsin, where, in 
1852, Harriet Jacobs was married to Mr. Wat- 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



703 



son in a log house. Mrs. Watson's father died 
Dec. 15, 1901, her mother dying in 1867. 
The subject of this sketch has been twice mar- 
ried, his first wife being Mary A. Parkin, daugh- 
ter of Thomas H. and Ann (White) Parkin, of 
SbuUsburgh, Wis., whom he married in 1884. 
She died in 1893, leaving three children: 
Reuben A., Raymond C. and ArvlUa M. In 189(; 
Mr. Watson married for his second wife Louisa 
Hamman, of Thompson Township. Jo Daviess 
County, who died June 19, 1901. Mr. Watson 
went to California in 1881 and returned to Illi- 
nois in 1883, spending three months of the 
intervening time in Mexico. He was the prime 
factor in the organization of the Jo Daviess 
County Cattle Breeders' Association, organized 
Nov. 7. 1903, of which he is secretary. In 1S90 
he built the handsome residence on his farm. 

ALBERT B. WHITE, president of the Han- 
over Woolen Manufacturing Company, Hanover, 
111., was born in Hanover. Jo Daviess County, 
111., in 1848, the son of James W. White, who 
has been actively connected with the Hanover 
Woolen Mills since its organization in 1864. 
Albert B. White was educated in Hanover and 
at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. In 
1870 he became associated with the interests 
of the Hanover Woolen Manufacturing Com- 
pany, and In 1901 was elected its president. 

JAMES W. WHITE, manager and treasurer 
of the Hanover Manufacturing Company. Han- 
over, III., was born in Amherst. N. H.. in 1818. 
the son of Jonathan and Sarah B. ( Goss ) 
White. In 1837 he settled in Savanna, 111., 
removing to Jo Daviess County in 1842, and 
three years later bought the water-power and 
a considerable tract of land in Hanover, where 
he has since resided. In 1845 he built a flour- 
mill, which he operated until 1864, when the 
machinery was taken out and the mill con- 
verted into a woolen factory. Two sets of 
machinery were at first introduced, but the out- 
fit was later increased until eight sets are now 
operated. The goods made here have a national 
reputation for quality, and Mr. White has been 
general manager and treasurer of his company 
from the beginning, and has devoted his time 
and attention to its advancement. His first 
wife. Almlra Jenks, died leaving two children, 
Albert B. and Ella M. (Mrs. Coombes). His 
second union was with Harriet E. Fowler, by 
whom he has had four children, Florence W. 




JAMES AV. AVHITE. 

(Mrs. Howard), Ralph W.. Frank F. and Wil- 
liam J. 

JONATHAN WHITE, retired, Hanover. Jo 
Daviess County, 111., was born in Lowell, Mass., 
Dec. 25, 1833, and in 1850 came to Jo Daviess 
County, 111., where he was connected with the 
Hanover Flouring Mill Company until 1893. In 
1894 he was elected County Treasurer and 
served four years. On September 12, 1856, Mr. 
White married his first wife, Ellen H. Tregan- 
nown. who died Jan. 23, 1872, leaving three 
children: Mrs. Jennie (White) Cooper, Mrs. 
Carrie S. (White) Piatt, and Charles G. His 
.second marriage was with Awllda J. Llghtner. 
In 1863 Mr. White enlisted in Company D, 
Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was 
in the Seventeenth Army Corps, Army of the 
Tennessee, and participated in the Atlanta 
campaign and in the March to the Sea. He is 
a member and commander of John O'Duer Post, 
No. 399, G. A. R. In politics Mr. White is a 
Republican and has been Supervisor, and is 
now serving his second year as President of 
the Village Board. 

S. R. WHITE, farmer and stock-feeder, 
Galena Township, Jo Daviess County, was born 
at Hazel Green, Wis.. August 17. 1857, and 
removed to Galena Township in 1891, locating 



704 



HISTORY OF lO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



at first on the Henry Roberts farm, but chang- 
ing his residence the following year to the place 
where he now resides, commonly known as 
the James Roberts farm. Mr. While married 
Miss Carrie Tippert, daughter of William Tip- 
pert, and of this union the following children 
have been born: William G., who is a farmer 
at Elizabeth; Jesse L.: Clinton 0.. and Clara J. 

WILBl'R E. WHITE, merchant, Stockton, 
111., was born at Lena, Stephenson County, 111., 
in 1862, the son of Miles and a grandson of 
William White, both natives of Three Mile Bay. 
N. y. William White, the grandfather, moved 
west with his family in 1839, and located in 
Ward's Grove Township, Jo Daviess County, 
111. Miles White was born in 1839, and was 
reared in Ward's Grove Township, where he 
lived until the breaking out of the Civil War. 
when, in 1803, he enlisted in the Seventh Illi- 
nois Cavalry and served until the end of hostili- 
ties. Returning home after the close of the 
war, he engaged in the mercantile business at 
Lena, where he is still actively engaged in busi- 
ness. The subject of this sketch was educated 
in the public schools at Lena, and Eastman's 
Business College, Poughkeepsie. N. Y., graduat- 
ing from that institution in 1880, and in the 
same year entered his father's store, becoming 
a member of the firm in 1883. In 1891 he 
built the White block at Stockton, a brick struc- 
ture 60x100 feet and two stories in height, the 
entire floor space of the building being devoted 
to his mercantile business. Mr. White also 
own a 550-acre farm just east of Stockton, 
which he personally superintends. In politics 
he is a Republican, and has served as Alderman 
of the city since 1892; at the present time is 
President of the Village Board, having been 
elected to that position in May, 1903. In 
Masonry he has taken the Thirty-second degree 
and is also a member of the Knights of Pythias. 

AUGUST FRANCIS WILLIAM WIERICH, 
physician and surgeon. Galena, 111., was born 
in the city where he now resides, Nov. 17, 1843, 
the son of August and Therese (Heiman) Wie- 
rich. the former a native of Gettelde, Hanover, 
and the latter of Munster. Germany. Dr. Wie- 
rich was educated in .America and Germany, 
adopting the profession of medicine. In ch\irch 
relations he is a Presbyterian, politically is 
a Democrat and fraternally associated with the 
Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. 



GEORGE W. WILEY (deceased), father of 
George E. Wiley, of Nora Township, Jo Daviess 
County, 111., was a native of Tennessee, born 
in 1809. and came to Jo Daviess County at an 




early day. where he carried on mining to some 
extent, although devoting his life chiefly to 
farming. He served as a volunteer in the 
Black Hawk war, and. at its close, in 1832, set- 
tled in Nora Township, which continued to be 
his home for the remainder of his life. He 
married Miss Ann Metts, who was born in 
1818, and died in 1892. Mr. Wiley died in 
1888. 

GEORGE E. WILEY, farmer, Nora Township. 
Jo Daviess County, was born on the farm 
where he now resides, and which has been 
his life-long home, with the exception of four 
years (from 1885 to 1889), in which he was 
engaged in farming in Kansas. The father. 
George W. Wiley, was born in Tennessee in 
1809, and came to Nora Township just after 
the close of the Black Hawk War. he having 
served as a mounted volunteer in that conflict. 
For several years following 1828. George W. 
Wiley was engaged in mining, but farming 
was his principal occupation through life. He 
died in 1888. Ann (Metts) Wiley, the mother 
of the subject of this sketch, was born in 1818, 
and died in 1892. On February 26, 1885, George 



HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 



705 



E. Wiley was married to Winifred Cheney, step- 
daughter ot Washington Usher, and they are 
the parents of seven children, four of whom 
— Glen, Robert, Harold and Dale — are now liv- 
ing, and three — Vye, Lauretta and Daisy — are 
deceased. In political views Mr. Wiley is a 
Republican and has served on the School 
Board since 1892. 

JOHN F. WILLIAMS, farmer and stock- 
raiser. Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., 
was born in Woodbine, Jo Daviess County, July 
17, 1848, the son of Daniel Williams, who was 
a native of Wales, and came to this country 
in 1S44, locating in Woodbine, and died on the 
old homestead in 1865. His wife, Fannie (Wil- 
liams) Williams, also a native of Wales, died 
in 1897. John F. Williams lived for thirty years 
in Thompson Township, Jo Daviess County, 
where he was long a member of the School 
Board. He married Mary A. Thomas, daughter 
of David A. and Elizabeth (Evans) Thomas, 
of Woodbine, and of this union were liorn 
David R., Earl J., Hugh D. and George H. On 
March 1, 1902, Mr. Williams moved to Nora 
Township, where he has since resided. 

JASPER C. WILLIAMS, County Clerk, 
Galena, 111., was born in Pleasant Valley, Jo 
Daviess County, 111., Dec. 30, 1861, and served 
eight years as a member of the Jo Daviess 
County Board of Supervisors. For three years 
he was Chairman of the Board, and was elected 
County Clerk on the Republican ticket in 1902. 

JOHN WINTER, farmer, Thompson Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County, was born in Bavaria, 
Germany, August 15, 1840, the son of Henry 
and Elizabeth (Horch) Winter, who were also 
natives of the Fatherland. The father came to 
this country in 1840 and settled in Guilford 
Township, Jo Daviess County, where he fol- 
lowed the blacksmith's trade the remainder of 
his life, while the mother and son (John Win- 
ter) came across the ocean in October, 1841. 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Winter were members of 
the Presbyterian Church, as is also their son 
John. The subject of this sketch wa,s reared 
to manhood under his mother's care and early 
bought a farm of 166 acres in Thompson Town- 
ship, Jo Daviess County. His first wife was 
Elizabeth Beat, and two of the five children 
born to them are now living: Anna, who mar- 
ried Tadis G. Jely, and Louisa, who married 
Daniel Bahr. Those deceased are George, who 



died when three weeks old; Caroline, died at 
the age of eight years, and Harmon, who died 
when six years old. Mr. Winter's second wife, 
who was Barbara G. Winter before her mar- 
riage, has borne him twelve children, three 
of whom are deceased. Those living are: Eliza- 
beth, Martin C, Maria, Mary, Lovina, John C, 
Katie R., Fred P. and Roy R. Matilda died 
when a year and a half old. Rose at the 
age of three weeks, and Joseph when six yeafs 
of age. 

MARTIN WISHON, retired, Elizabeth, 111., 
was born in Cumberland County, Ky., and while 
young removed with his parents to Illinois, 
settling near Jacksonville. In 1844 the subject 
of this sketch located in Elizabeth Township, 




Jo Daviess County, where he was engaged in 
farming until 1861, after which, for majiy 
years, he conducted lead mining and operated 
the celebrated Wishon Mine, which is located 
on his land, and the Wishon Mining Company, 
now having management of the mine, pays him 
a royalty. 

C. E. WRIGHT, physiciasn and surgeon. 
Scales Mound, Jo Daviess County, was born at 
Villa Nova, Ontario, Canada, Feb. 6, 1869, 
graduated at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, Chicago, in 1901, beginning the practice 
of his profession at his present location, 
Scales Mound, during the same year. 



Si^ 



^^ 



\SSO 



sv 






%^^'' 



.0 . 



J o 



.0 



f 






-> «V 












..^^•. 






y 






^^^^■ 



•A^^' 









■n/. .X 



■':'■ ..^ 



x^-^^^ 



■xv^- 



.**^\ 



x<^ r. 



f^ 



^<- a\'«' 



^>^^•"^.. 









'^^,#' 

.s'^ "^-. 



tf s 



%.^^" 



•^/'♦^ 



.«.'•« -'b. 






4, 

s 



•C-V 






■u'-'\-A-" 






^^ v^ 



■ ,:^^-^ 






e*- ft ^^ t^ -i 
















-^^ 













% 


<^'- 


* 


.^^ 


>' 


\ 


\ 




4 




u 






Tn" 






.0' 








L- 


c 







0>' 



.\^-'^«l 






,0- 



* «N> 



^<^ 



.-.0' ^' 



':^ ^N 



N^ 



^°•n*. 



> ,0-^ 



v\ 



A^^ 





















A^ 



;^^'^::/'V"'"/^::-^■\'"'^>^co 






^^ rS 



'.p 






'"^.-* 






'•^^ 



\ ■ 



<^'\. 



%.<^'' 



l\ 



^/:>^^'/'^ 





















x>^^ — ..-c. 









- f. 






N^^c. 



■-o^- 






'^-.^^'' 



.%-% 



vV c " ■- '• * %. 





^^^,^^'' -^ 


*■ 





.^^■-«.A/-«>'.^'"- 






.^0' 



-^ 



A*- 









•l'<=i. 

oH -< 



. V 



V- 









*v' 



>5t 






io^' 
















A-i- 






c 



.•■*> 



0^' 



* * ^ "S 



.0 ^f 






^^ r>N 






.0^ 



.^•^ 



'■'■^■ 


c,"^"- 


- 




.^^^■ 


^^ 


%■ 


'^;^^E?*^' 


.-./ 






^ ' ' ^ ^ ^^ 


.*.-* 








-^ 


•s ■ 1 






« 

X 


•*^ 


cS'.\ 






-^ 


.N o.. 


'> / ; 





Ck ,*;?V%._ "^ 






'.-^c. 






"^. 



X^ 



''ft.-- <^' 






^°-.. 






V-^- 



' .-^"^ 



s^ •^^. 






^ * 






•' - ^' o- 



0- 






,>^- 



